Article(id=1156907874338296746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309043, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700150400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-17, revisedDate=1719158400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757931550, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757931550, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757931550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757931550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1047, endPage=1053, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156907876141847482, articleId=1156907874338296746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Melting and Solidification Characteristics of Phase Change Material Capsules with Different Encapsulation Shapes, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Macro-encapsulated phase change material (PCM) capsules are the core components that form the heat storage tank of the packed bed. In order to enhance the heat storage rate of the packed bed tank, it is necessary to optimize the heat storage and discharge rate of individual PCM capsules. Four different encapsulated shapes of PCM capsules were established while ensuring the uniform volume of individual PCM capsules. The capsules were placed in a flow field with an obstruction rate of 0.5, and the melting and solidification processes of PCM under different encapsulation shapes were analyzed with full consideration of gravity direction and heat transfer fluid flow direction in practical applications. The results show that the natural convection of liquid PCM inside the capsule can accelerate the melting and solidification process of PCM and increase the rate of charging and discharging; compared with the spherical encapsulation capsule, the heat transfer area per unit volume of cylindrical encapsulation capsule is increased by 14.47% and the melting time of PCM is shortened by 42.50%. Therefore, the cylindrical encapsulated capsule has the best thermal performance, and the cylindrical capsule can be applied to the packed-bed storage tank in future research to optimize its thermal storage performance.

, correspAuthors=Ying-guang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-pu HUANG, Jiu-yi ZHANG, Zhi-bo XING, Ying-guang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156907929971544301, articleId=1156907874338296746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=不同封装形状的相变材料胶囊熔化及凝固特性, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

宏观封装的相变材料(phase change material,PCM)胶囊是构成填充床储热罐的核心部件,为强化填充床储罐的储热速率,优化单个PCM胶囊的蓄放热速率是必要的。在保证单个PCM胶囊体积一致的情况下,建立了4种不同封装形状的PCM胶囊。将胶囊置于阻塞率为0.5的流场中,充分考虑实际应用过程中的重力方向及换热流体流动方向,对不同封装形状下PCM的熔化及凝固过程进行了分析。结果表明:胶囊内液态PCM的自然对流可加速PCM的熔化与凝固过程,提高蓄/放热速率;相比于球形封装胶囊,圆柱形封装胶囊单位体积下的换热面积提高了14.47%,PCM的熔化时间缩短了42.50%。因此,圆柱形封装胶囊具有最佳的热性能,在未来的研究中可将圆柱形胶囊应用于填充床储罐中,从而优化其储热性能。

, correspAuthors=刘英光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘英光(1983—),男,汉族,河北保定人,博士,副教授。研究方向:微纳米尺度传热、相变储热。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Bsn3W2DGIAmMEmRFMBVz4g==, magXml=82L+PdSi2hIZuw4utU9WKQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=DnAQcozHf8eQ8YA1/PtVwA==, pdfFileSize=6036248, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wzVkI5yRJro0plAXRMxI5g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=d5gH7Gb47419rI4MCn4wSg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄春朴(1993—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,实验师。研究方向:相变储热。E-mail:

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黄春朴(1993—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,实验师。研究方向:相变储热。E-mail:

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黄春朴(1993—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,实验师。研究方向:相变储热。E-mail:

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Study on lattice Boltzmann in the paste-like zone of solid-liquid phase transition[J]. 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Capsule shape and size parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例 3D形状 尺寸数据
案例1 圆柱体+
球体
案例2 圆柱体
案例3 球体
案例4 圆锥体
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胶囊形状及尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例 3D形状 尺寸数据
案例1 圆柱体+
球体
案例2 圆柱体
案例3 球体
案例4 圆锥体
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859396490192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874338296746, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Phase change material physical parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 参数值
密度/(kg·m-3) 848 (固)
767 (液)
导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.4 (固)
0.15 (液)
比热容/[J·(kg·K)-1] 1 650 (固)
1 863 (液)
相变潜热/(J·kg-1) 200 000
相变温度/℃ 50~52
热膨胀系数/K-1 7.7×10-4
运动黏度/(Pa·s) 5.6×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859518125016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874338296746, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

相变材料物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 参数值
密度/(kg·m-3) 848 (固)
767 (液)
导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.4 (固)
0.15 (液)
比热容/[J·(kg·K)-1] 1 650 (固)
1 863 (液)
相变潜热/(J·kg-1) 200 000
相变温度/℃ 50~52
热膨胀系数/K-1 7.7×10-4
运动黏度/(Pa·s) 5.6×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859664925664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874338296746, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation parameter values

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参数 熔化过程 凝固过程
初始温度/℃ 30 60
进口温度/℃ 60 30
进口流速/(m·s-1) 0.1 0.1
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模拟参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 熔化过程 凝固过程
初始温度/℃ 30 60
进口温度/℃ 60 30
进口流速/(m·s-1) 0.1 0.1
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不同封装形状的相变材料胶囊熔化及凝固特性
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黄春朴 , 张久意 , 邢志博 , 刘英光 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(3): 1047-1053
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(3): 1047-1053
不同封装形状的相变材料胶囊熔化及凝固特性
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黄春朴 , 张久意, 邢志博, 刘英光*
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学动力工程系, 保定 071003
  • 黄春朴(1993—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,实验师。研究方向:相变储热。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘英光(1983—),男,汉族,河北保定人,博士,副教授。研究方向:微纳米尺度传热、相变储热。E-mail:
Melting and Solidification Characteristics of Phase Change Material Capsules with Different Encapsulation Shapes
Chun-pu HUANG , Jiu-yi ZHANG, Zhi-bo XING, Ying-guang LIU*
Affiliations
  • Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309043
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宏观封装的相变材料(phase change material,PCM)胶囊是构成填充床储热罐的核心部件,为强化填充床储罐的储热速率,优化单个PCM胶囊的蓄放热速率是必要的。在保证单个PCM胶囊体积一致的情况下,建立了4种不同封装形状的PCM胶囊。将胶囊置于阻塞率为0.5的流场中,充分考虑实际应用过程中的重力方向及换热流体流动方向,对不同封装形状下PCM的熔化及凝固过程进行了分析。结果表明:胶囊内液态PCM的自然对流可加速PCM的熔化与凝固过程,提高蓄/放热速率;相比于球形封装胶囊,圆柱形封装胶囊单位体积下的换热面积提高了14.47%,PCM的熔化时间缩短了42.50%。因此,圆柱形封装胶囊具有最佳的热性能,在未来的研究中可将圆柱形胶囊应用于填充床储罐中,从而优化其储热性能。

封装形状  /  相变胶囊  /  熔化  /  凝固  /  蓄/放热速率

Macro-encapsulated phase change material (PCM) capsules are the core components that form the heat storage tank of the packed bed. In order to enhance the heat storage rate of the packed bed tank, it is necessary to optimize the heat storage and discharge rate of individual PCM capsules. Four different encapsulated shapes of PCM capsules were established while ensuring the uniform volume of individual PCM capsules. The capsules were placed in a flow field with an obstruction rate of 0.5, and the melting and solidification processes of PCM under different encapsulation shapes were analyzed with full consideration of gravity direction and heat transfer fluid flow direction in practical applications. The results show that the natural convection of liquid PCM inside the capsule can accelerate the melting and solidification process of PCM and increase the rate of charging and discharging; compared with the spherical encapsulation capsule, the heat transfer area per unit volume of cylindrical encapsulation capsule is increased by 14.47% and the melting time of PCM is shortened by 42.50%. Therefore, the cylindrical encapsulated capsule has the best thermal performance, and the cylindrical capsule can be applied to the packed-bed storage tank in future research to optimize its thermal storage performance.

encapsulation shape  /  phase change capsule  /  melting  /  solidification  /  charging/ discharging rate
黄春朴, 张久意, 邢志博, 刘英光. 不同封装形状的相变材料胶囊熔化及凝固特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1047 -1053 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309043
Chun-pu HUANG, Jiu-yi ZHANG, Zhi-bo XING, Ying-guang LIU. Melting and Solidification Characteristics of Phase Change Material Capsules with Different Encapsulation Shapes[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1047 -1053 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309043
潜热储热技术在发电领域内具有重要意义[1-3],其主要优点在于技术成熟、储热密度高、储热过程温度稳定;缺点是相变材料(phase change material,PCM)导热系数较低、体积变化易引起泄露等问题[4-5]。将PCM进行宏观封装,制成毫米级别以上的PCM胶囊,能够有效解决PCM的泄露问题,同时能够增大PCM与换热流体(heat transfer fluid,HTF)间的接触面积,强化PCM的储热性能。
目前,最常用的宏观封装形式分为球形、矩形板式及环形封装[6]。Wei等[7]早在2005年便对球形、圆柱形、板式和管式封装的PCM胶囊进行了研究,结果发现在封装直径相同的条件下,球形胶囊表现出了最佳的散热性能。但是他们的研究中却忽略了PCM的质量变化,这会导致不同形状胶囊的储热量发生变化。之后,Cheng等[8]便制造了5种体积相同的宏观封装胶囊,将其置于恒温水浴中进行实验研究,结果发现红细胞形状封装的PCM胶囊具有最佳的热性能。除此之外,还有大量的学者聚焦于单个胶囊形状和热性能优化的研究中[9-16],提出了许多新颖的封装结构;但是,过于复杂的封装结构将会使得加工难度增大,很难应用于实际应用。因此,优化结构简单,传热性能优良的封装形状仍是进一步的研究重点。
在单个PCM胶囊的实验与数值研究中,通常会在胶囊顶部预留一部分空间,以容纳PCM在熔化过程中所发生的体积膨胀[17-20]。但是对于由许多PCM胶囊构成的填充床储热罐而言,若考虑每个PCM胶囊内的空穴分布,则会使计算过程变得极其复杂。一种较为实用的方法是忽略PCM胶囊的内部空穴,认为PCM是完全填充的,这样可很大程度地减小相变过程中的计算量。例如,Tan[21]对比了等温条件下,球形PCM胶囊完全填充时的约束熔化过程和无约束熔化过程,分析了两种熔化过程的特点。另外,根据Kenisarin等[22]的研究综述,发现相较于无约束熔化,目前对于约束熔化过程还没有令人满意的描述。因此,约束熔化问题仍具有很大的研究价值,研究人员对此进行大量的实验与数值研究[23-28],以描述约束熔化过程中复杂的物理过程。
综合以上文献,发现中国在相变材料封装形状优化及其热性能研究方面已取得显著进展,但与世界先进水平相比仍有差距。中国研究在实验手段和仿真技术上具备优势,能够迅速转化为实际应用。然而,在基础理论和创新能力上仍需提升,特别是在高精度仿真模型构建和复杂工况下热物理性质的研究方面。相比之下,国际上多学科交叉合作较为普遍,研究成果更具广泛性和前沿性。
目前已有的关于胶囊封装形状的研究中,部分文献忽视了直径一致时单个胶囊中所能容纳的PCM质量会发生变化;另一部分文献则仅聚焦于等温加热条件下PCM胶囊相变过程的研究。少有研究考虑将体积相同的胶囊置于实际流场中进行实验或模拟,以考虑外部HTF流动方向的影响。因此,为解决以上问题,建立4种不同封装形状的PCM胶囊,将其置于流场中。在保证PCM质量一致的情况下,还原真实的HTF流动方向,对不同封装形状下胶囊内部PCM的约束熔化及凝固过程进行研究。得到最佳胶囊封装形状,可为优化填充床储热罐的换热性能提供参考。
拟对比4种不同的胶囊封装形状,分别为圆柱+球体、圆柱体、球体及圆锥体胶囊。为保证不同封装形状下的PCM胶囊的储热容量一致,只需保持胶囊的体积一致即可。根据刘英光[29]所设计的以链条形式进行有序固定的填充床储罐,设置相同数量级尺寸的封装形状,并以圆柱+球体为基础型胶囊,计算出其他封装形状的胶囊尺寸数据,具体如表1所示。模拟中采用的PCM物性参数[30]表2所示。
在进行数值模拟时,为简化所研究问题而进行如下假设。
(1)固相及液态PCM是均匀和各向同性的。
(2)胶囊内的PCM处于完全填充状态,相变过程中所产生的体积膨胀可忽略不计;同时忽略胶囊壁厚。
(3)除PCM的密度变化符合Boussinesq近似,其余物性参数被认为是常数。
(4)忽略固体PCM的运动,即仅考虑PCM的约束熔化过程。
(5)整个模拟过程中的流动及传热都是旋转轴对称的,故模拟过程中可简化为2D旋转轴对称模型。
利用Fluent对胶囊内约束熔化与凝固过程进行模拟。将4种不同封装形状的PCM胶囊置于阻塞率[17](B=d/D)为0.5的流场中;并且在建立模型时,2D模型的回转轴必须是X轴,2D模型必须位于X轴上方。图1展示了案例 1的网格示意图。
基于第1.1节中的假设,采用焓-孔隙率法[31-32]对PCM的相变过程进行求解。其中PCM的连续性方程为
$\nabla \cdot(\rho \boldsymbol{u})=0$
动量守恒方程为
$\rho \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{u}}{\partial t}+\rho(\boldsymbol{u} \cdot \nabla) \boldsymbol{u}=\rho v \nabla^{2} \boldsymbol{u}-\nabla p+\boldsymbol{S}_{\mathrm{b}}+\boldsymbol{S}_{\mathrm{m}}$
能量守恒方程为
$\frac{\partial \rho H}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho \boldsymbol{u} H)=\nabla \cdot(\lambda \nabla T)$
式中:ρ为密度,kg/m3;u为速度矢量,m/s;t为时间,s;υ为运动黏度,m2/s;p为压力,Pa;H为比焓,kJ/kg;λ为导热系数,W/(m·K);T为温度,℃。SbSm分别为浮力源项和达西阻力源项,其中浮力源项Sb的计算式为
Sb=-ρgβ(T-Tref)
而达西阻力源项Sm的计算式为
Sm=-C ( 1 - α ) 2 α 3 + εu
式中:g为重力加速度,m/s2;β为热膨胀系数,K-1;Tref为参考温度,通常设为PCM的熔化温度,℃;C为熔融前沿形态常数,取1×105 kg/(m3·s);而ε则是为了避免分母为零所取的一个较小计算常数,为0.001。
PCM的液相分数α的计算式[29]
α= 0 , T T m 2 T - T m 2 T m 1 - T m 2 , T m 2 T T m 1 1 , T T m 2
式(6)中:Tm1Tm2分别为PCM的液相线与固相线,℃。
另外,对于式(3)中PCM的比焓H,其计算式为
H=Href+ T r e f T  cpdT+αL
式(7)中:Href为参考焓,kJ/kg;cp为比热容,J/(kg·K);L为相变潜热,kJ/kg。
为保证数学模型的正确性,选用Li等 [25]的实验结果进行对比。取球形胶囊内径为101.66 mm,恒温壁面为40 ℃,初始温度为27.2 ℃。对比正十八烷在熔化过程中的液相体积分数,如图2所示。
图2可知,模拟结果与实验结果的吻合度较高,液相分数的模拟结果与实验结果间的绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)为4.77%,小于5%,说明本文所选用的数学模型是正确的,其计算结果是可信的。
为保证数值模拟结果的正确性,有必要对网格数量及时间步长进行无关性验证。本文中针对案例2胶囊选取4种网格尺寸及时间步长进行模拟,网格数量分别为3 340、6 353、9 724与13 339;时间步长分别为0.05、0.01、0.2、0.5 s。对比PCM胶囊在30 min时的液相率,其计算结果如图3所示。
图3可知,当网格数量达到6 353时,时间步长取0.1 s时,再增加网格数量或再减小时间步长对30 min时PCM的液相率影响较小。因此,考虑到计算精度和计算时间,可取网格数量为6 353,时间步长为0.1 s进行后续仿真计算。
通过对比各PCM胶囊在相同时间下的温度、流线及液相分布云图,以分析封装形状对PCM熔化及凝固过程的影响。最后综合PCM胶囊在熔化过程与凝固过程中的表现,指出了PCM胶囊的最佳封装形状。
表3为模拟过程中各模拟参数值。此外,根据流速可计算出HTF的流动状态为层流,故选取层流模型。模拟时的能量方程残差设为1×10-6,连续性方程与动量方程的残差为1×1 0 - 3
在填充床储热罐的储热过程中,HTF的流动方向一般与重力方向相同,而在放热过程中则相反。因此,本节在模拟PCM胶囊的熔化过程中也采用了相同的设置。图4为4种案例在熔化时间为30、60、120 min时,胶囊内PCM的温度分布、流线分布及液相分数云图。
图4中可知,受热流体流动方向及重力场方向的影响,胶囊顶部的换热效果更好,PCM温升速率及熔化速率最快。在30 min时,固态PCM以导热方式传递热量,其温度几乎呈“同心状”分布,胶囊中心仍保持较低温度。而液态PCM主要以自然对流方式进行热传递过程,在其胶囊上半部分会形成一个由壁面向上流动的涡流。另外,在案例 2与案例 3中还可以看到,胶囊底部也形成了若干个较为明显的涡流。这是因为在靠近壁面处的液态PCM温度高,密度小;而处于糊状区附近的液态PCM温度低,密度大。故在重力的作用下,壁面附近的液态PCM受浮升力的影响向上流动,糊状区附近的液态PCM则因为密度大而向下流动,由此便在胶囊上部形成了涡流。
随着熔化时间的延长,越来越多的固态PCM开始熔化,并且由于自然对流的作用,胶囊顶部的PCM熔化速度更快。在60 min时,胶囊内固态PCM的温度逐渐上升至最低熔点温度附近。而在液态PCM区域,胶囊上半部分的涡中心下移,涡流强度提高;同时胶囊底部的小涡合并,形成大涡,涡流强度增加,对流区域增大,上升的热流体会不断冲刷熔化边界,加速PCM的熔化过程。案例 1与案例3的胶囊底部出现明显的涡流线;案例 2中胶囊底部涡流强度最大;案例 4受胶囊壁面形状的影响,其胶囊底部并未形成明显的涡流现象。因此,案例 2中胶囊底部的PCM熔化速率最快,案例 4最慢。
在熔化后期(120 min),案例 2胶囊内的PCM已完全熔化,在没有了固态PCM的阻碍后,胶囊底部的涡流强度达到最大,液态PCM的扰动变得剧烈,温度差异迅速变小,液态PCM温度趋于60 ℃。而在其他未完全熔化的胶囊中,固态PCM的温度变化不大,仍保持在熔点温度附近。在案例 4中,PCM呈现出紧贴底部壁面的熔化方式。这是因为从顶部流下的温度高的液态PCM,受固态PCM的阻碍,会沿着固态PCM表面流动,流向胶囊壁面处;受热后又会沿着壁面重新流向胶囊顶部,形成涡流,并以此方式循环流动,不断冲刷固态PCM,直至PCM完全熔化。
图5展示了熔化过程中,不同封装形状胶囊的液相分数变化。可以看出案例 2的熔化速率最快,在115 min时完全熔化;案例 3最慢,在200 min时才能完全熔化。一方面是由于胶囊形状约束了内部液态PCM的对流运动,另一方面则是不同封装形状会影响胶囊的表面积大小。以胶囊的表面积与体积之比 S   *表征单位体积下的换热面积大小,如图6所示。结合图5可以看出,胶囊中PCM所需的熔化时间与 S   *的大小密切相关。 S   *越大,PCM所需熔化时间越短。并且胶囊底部的涡流强度大小并不是影响PCM熔化速率的关键因素,真正起主导作用的是PCM在单位体积下的换热面积大小。
如第3.1节所述,在放热过程中,HTF的流动方向通常设置为与重力相反的方向。图7为4种案例在凝固时间为30、60、120 min时,胶囊内PCM的温度分布、流线分布及液相分数云图。
在30 min时,与熔化状态相似,4种封装形状的PCM胶囊均呈“同心状”的凝固,固液PCM间的温度分界面明显,液态PCM温度已降低至最高熔点温度附近。但值得注意的是,胶囊内的液态PCM的流动方向与熔化过程是不一样的。在凝固过程中,近壁面处的液态PCM温度低,密度大;远壁面处的液态PCM温度高,密度小。故而会在胶囊内部形成沿壁面向下流动的涡流,这会加速胶囊底部PCM的凝固。此外,在案例 1~案例 3中,胶囊中心轴线附近还会形成一个额外的涡流。这是因为胶囊顶部中心轴线附近的低温液态PCM在重力的作用下,会直接向下流动,而无法沿着侧壁面向胶囊底部流动,故而会在胶囊中心轴线处形成涡流,这同样会导致胶囊中心轴线处的液态PCM凝固速率更快。
在60 min时,可以明显看出固液PCM间的温度过渡区间变厚,温度梯度减小。同时,胶囊底部PCM的凝固界面要略高于温度分界面。这是因为凝固后的PCM仅以导热方式传递热量,其温度下降速率较低,从而扩大了温度过渡区间;另外,处于糊状区附近的固态PCM刚完成潜热释放阶段,其温度仍接近于最低熔点温度,故在温度云图中表现出高于过渡区间的温度。
在120 min时,受HTF流动方向及胶囊内自然对流的影响,胶囊底部PCM的凝固速率要明显快于顶部。固态PCM温度过渡区间进一步变厚,液态PCM区域变小,自然对流强度减弱。到120 min时,案例 2中的PCM仍未达到完全凝固状态,说明凝固时PCM的相变速率是要慢于熔化过程的。这一点可通过提取凝固过程中胶囊内的实时液相分数证明,具体如图8所示。
通过图8可知,凝固时间越长,其凝固速率越慢。在凝固前期,仅需要25 min左右,胶囊内就已经有近50%的PCM凝固;但到了凝固后期(>150 min),在50 min的时间内,其PCM的液相分数仅改变了6%左右。这是因为凝固后的固态PCM导热系数较低,增大了传热热阻;同时液态PCM的区域不断变小,导致自然对流效果变弱,进一步的减慢了PCM的凝固速率。并且,纵观整个凝固过程,可以发现胶囊表面积与体积之比对凝固速率的影响较小,但仍会小幅度的加快胶囊内PCM的凝固。
在保证单个PCM胶囊体积一致的情况下,建立了4种不同封装形状的PCM胶囊,以研究封装形状对PCM熔化及凝固速率的影响,具体结论如下:
(1)在熔化过程中,胶囊内部液态PCM的自然对流可加速固态PCM的熔化,但对熔化速率起决定作用是单位体积下的换热面积。4种封装形状中,圆柱形胶囊单位体积下的换热面积最大,熔化速率最快。
(2)在凝固过程中,固态PCM主要以导热方式传递热量,而其较低的导热系数增大了传热过程中的热阻,导致放热时间越长,其凝固速率越慢。并且封装形状对胶囊凝固速率的影响较小,但仍会加速PCM的凝固速率。
综上所述,在体积一致的情况下,圆柱形封装比球形封装拥有更快的蓄放热速率。本研究结果在国民经济建设中具有重要意义。优化后的PCM胶囊可提高能源利用效率,减少能源浪费,推动绿色经济发展;同时,其高效储热性能有助于可再生能源的有效利用,提升能源系统的稳定性和可持续性。此外,改进的PCM胶囊在工业热管理和建筑节能中表现出显著优势,能够提升生产效率、降低能耗,促进节能减排。总之,优化封装形状的PCM胶囊为提升能源利用效率提供了新的解决方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52076080)
  • 河北省自然科学基金(E2020502011)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(2020MS105)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309043
  • 接收时间:2023-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-17
  • 修回日期:2024-06-24
基金
国家自然科学基金(52076080)
河北省自然科学基金(E2020502011)
中央高校基本科研业务费(2020MS105)
作者信息
    华北电力大学动力工程系, 保定 071003

通讯作者:

* 刘英光(1983—),男,汉族,河北保定人,博士,副教授。研究方向:微纳米尺度传热、相变储热。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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