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Article(id=1156907874153750645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402415, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712073600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-03, revisedDate=1721232000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757931507, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757931507, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757931507, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757931507, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=912, endPage=923, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156907875529482367, articleId=1156907874153750645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Exploration of Paleogene Low-amplitude Structure Traps and Evaluation of Favorable Targets in the Yakela Area of the Tarim Basin, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Yakela region is located in the northern part of the Tarim Basin. The review of old wells in 2021 shows that the new proven geological reserves of oil in the Paleogene Kumugeliemu Formation in the YK6H block of Yakela are 86.7×104 t, and the structural amplitude of the oil and gas reservoirs that have been discovered so far is low, and it is difficult to identify similar low-amplitude structural traps, and the matching relationship between the accumulation conditions is not clear. In order to find new favorable zones for oil and gas development and strengthen the development of remaining oil reservoirs, based on the high-precision 3D seismic data of the Yakela area and guided by the theory of high-precision sequence stratigraphy, the high-precision stratigraphic division and comparative analysis of the Yakela area were carried out. Through ant body extraction, automatic layer tracking, and variable velocity mapping technology, 105 micro-faults were identified, the identification accuracy of low-amplitude structures was improved, and the distribution of low-amplitude structural traps with a minimum closure height of 2 meters was implemented. Based on the reservoir control factors such as structural location, trap characteristics, sedimentary reservoirs and oil and gas migration channels, the newly implemented low-amplitude structural traps were analyzed and evaluated, and favorable targets were selected, and then the favorable reservoir zones were comprehensively analyzed. The “three-element reservoir control” favorable target optimization method suitable for low-amplitude structural traps was summarizes, which is suitable for low-amplitude structural traps, and provides a reference for the evaluation of favorable targets in areas with similar geological conditions.

, correspAuthors=Tao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=E FEI, Tao LI, Ji-chun ZHOU, Zhi-yuan SUN, Jia-chang ZHANG, Tong YUE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156907944823579488, articleId=1156907874153750645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=塔里木盆地雅克拉地区古近系低幅构造圈闭落实及有利目标评价, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

雅克拉地区位于塔里木盆地北部。2021年老井复查显示,雅克拉YK6H区块古近系库姆格列木组新增石油探明地质储量86.70×104 t,目前已发现的油气藏构造幅度低,相似低幅构造圈闭识别难度大,且成藏条件的匹配关系不明确。为寻找新的油气开发有利区带、加强剩余油藏的开发,以雅克拉地区高精度三维地震资料为基础,以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,对雅克拉地区开展了高精度地层划分与对比分析;通过层位自动追踪、多级嵌套断裂解释技术、变速成图技术,识别了105条微断裂,提高了低幅度构造的识别精度,落实了最小闭合高度为2 m的低幅构造圈闭的分布;通过构造位置、圈闭特征、沉积储层及油气运移通道等控藏要素,对新落实的低幅度构造圈闭进行分析评价,通过类比评价法,对新落实的构造圈闭进行了有利目标优选,并综合分析得到该区的有利成藏区带。总结了适用于低幅构造圈闭的构造圈闭-储层特征-运聚成藏三元素匹配控制成藏目标的“三元控藏”有利目标优选方法,可为相似地质条件地区的有利目标评价提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=李涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李涛(1982—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地震综合研究。E-mail:。
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费娥(1998—),女,汉族,湖北恩施人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震解释及处理。E-mail:。

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费娥(1998—),女,汉族,湖北恩施人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震解释及处理。E-mail:。

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费娥(1998—),女,汉族,湖北恩施人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震解释及处理。E-mail:。

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来源于中石化西北油田分公司

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articleId=1156907874153750645, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Diagram of the Yakela fault convex Tibetan model, figureFileSmall=aYOuaKKbSMuCPMPRDkg66w==, figureFileBig=ZhhDsoOxhuTn+LzFbFckHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204542858914148496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874153750645, language=CN, label=图11, caption=雅克拉断凸成藏模式图, figureFileSmall=aYOuaKKbSMuCPMPRDkg66w==, figureFileBig=ZhhDsoOxhuTn+LzFbFckHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204542859039977620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874153750645, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of the main acquisition parameters of old and new seismic data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 新资料 老资料
观测系统 28L-8S-336T-196F 4L-4S-60T-20F
面元大小 15 m×15 m 25 m×50 m
满覆盖面积 225 km2 225 km2
覆盖次数 14×14=196 24
主频 35~45 Hz 20~32 Hz
频宽 6~68 Hz
采样率 2 ms 4 ms
道距 30 m 50 m
采集时间 2019年 2000年
品质分类 好 较差
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859186778266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874153750645, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新老地震资料主要采集参数对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 新资料 老资料
观测系统 28L-8S-336T-196F 4L-4S-60T-20F
面元大小 15 m×15 m 25 m×50 m
满覆盖面积 225 km2 225 km2
覆盖次数 14×14=196 24
主频 35~45 Hz 20~32 Hz
频宽 6~68 Hz
采样率 2 ms 4 ms
道距 30 m 50 m
采集时间 2019年 2000年
品质分类 好 较差
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859295830179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874153750645, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Error of the bottom interface depth and variable velocity mapping of the Kumgelim Formation of typical wells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井名 YK6H YK5H YK36 YK20 YK18 YK14H YK13 YD1-4H-ZDY YD1
井深/m 4 351.28 4 351.42 4 354.5 4 435.07 4 441.96 4 355.26 4 402.5 4 522.79 4 422.91
井分层海拔/m -3 388.61 -3 386.56 -3 390.85 -3 471.18 -3 482.19 -3 393.89 -3 442.11 -3 561.46 -3 461.96
构造图海拔/m -3 388.61 -3 386.50 -3 390.90 -3 471.10 -3 482.00 -3 393.87 -3 442.11 -3 561.47 -3 461.96
误差/m 0 -0.06 0.1 0.08 0.19 -0.02 0 0.01 0
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859400687784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874153750645, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型井库姆格列木组底界面深度与变速成图构造图误差量

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井名 YK6H YK5H YK36 YK20 YK18 YK14H YK13 YD1-4H-ZDY YD1
井深/m 4 351.28 4 351.42 4 354.5 4 435.07 4 441.96 4 355.26 4 402.5 4 522.79 4 422.91
井分层海拔/m -3 388.61 -3 386.56 -3 390.85 -3 471.18 -3 482.19 -3 393.89 -3 442.11 -3 561.46 -3 461.96
构造图海拔/m -3 388.61 -3 386.50 -3 390.90 -3 471.10 -3 482.00 -3 393.87 -3 442.11 -3 561.47 -3 461.96
误差/m 0 -0.06 0.1 0.08 0.19 -0.02 0 0.01 0
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859522322604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874153750645, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table of trap elements in Yakela area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圈闭名称 层位 闭合等值
线/m		 圈闭面积/
km2		 高点
埋深/m		 圈闭
类型		 闭合
高度/m		 可靠性 备注
①号圈闭 E1-2km -3 410 4.24 -3 355 构造 28 可靠 等高线闭合+断层封挡、规模较大
②号圈闭 E1-2km -3 467 0.36 -3 458 构造 9 较可靠 断层封挡+等高线闭合
③号圈闭 E1-2km -3 489 0.41 -3 481 构造 7 较可靠 断层封挡+等高线闭合、规模较小
④号圈闭 E1-2km -3 497 0.4 -3 489 构造 8 较可靠 断层封挡+等高线闭合、规模较小
⑤号圈闭 E1-2km -3 587 3.39 -3 571 构造 16 可靠 等高线闭合+断层封挡、规模较大
⑦号圈闭 E1-2km -3 506 1.11 -3 494 构造 12 较可靠 等高线闭合+断层封挡
⑨号圈闭 E1-2km -3 817 0.16 -3 815 构造 2 一般 等高线闭合
), ArticleFig(id=1204542859673317559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907874153750645, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

雅克拉地区圈闭要素统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圈闭名称 层位 闭合等值
线/m		 圈闭面积/
km2		 高点
埋深/m		 圈闭
类型		 闭合
高度/m		 可靠性 备注
①号圈闭 E1-2km -3 410 4.24 -3 355 构造 28 可靠 等高线闭合+断层封挡、规模较大
②号圈闭 E1-2km -3 467 0.36 -3 458 构造 9 较可靠 断层封挡+等高线闭合
③号圈闭 E1-2km -3 489 0.41 -3 481 构造 7 较可靠 断层封挡+等高线闭合、规模较小
④号圈闭 E1-2km -3 497 0.4 -3 489 构造 8 较可靠 断层封挡+等高线闭合、规模较小
⑤号圈闭 E1-2km -3 587 3.39 -3 571 构造 16 可靠 等高线闭合+断层封挡、规模较大
⑦号圈闭 E1-2km -3 506 1.11 -3 494 构造 12 较可靠 等高线闭合+断层封挡
⑨号圈闭 E1-2km -3 817 0.16 -3 815 构造 2 一般 等高线闭合
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塔里木盆地雅克拉地区古近系低幅构造圈闭落实及有利目标评价
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费娥 1 , 李涛 1, * , 周吉春 2 , 孙致远 1 , 张珈畅 1 , 岳彤 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(3): 912-923
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(3): 912-923
塔里木盆地雅克拉地区古近系低幅构造圈闭落实及有利目标评价
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费娥1 , 李涛1, * , 周吉春2, 孙致远1, 张珈畅1, 岳彤1
作者信息
  • 1.长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
  • 2.中国石化西北油田分公司, 乌鲁木齐 841100

    • 费娥(1998—),女,汉族,湖北恩施人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震解释及处理。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 李涛(1982—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地震综合研究。E-mail:。
Exploration of Paleogene Low-amplitude Structure Traps and Evaluation of Favorable Targets in the Yakela Area of the Tarim Basin
E FEI1 , Tao LI1, * , Ji-chun ZHOU2, Zhi-yuan SUN1, Jia-chang ZHANG1, Tong YUE1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2. Sinopec Northwest China Petroleum Bureau, Urumqi 841100, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402415
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摘要
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雅克拉地区位于塔里木盆地北部。2021年老井复查显示,雅克拉YK6H区块古近系库姆格列木组新增石油探明地质储量86.70×104 t,目前已发现的油气藏构造幅度低,相似低幅构造圈闭识别难度大,且成藏条件的匹配关系不明确。为寻找新的油气开发有利区带、加强剩余油藏的开发,以雅克拉地区高精度三维地震资料为基础,以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,对雅克拉地区开展了高精度地层划分与对比分析;通过层位自动追踪、多级嵌套断裂解释技术、变速成图技术,识别了105条微断裂,提高了低幅度构造的识别精度,落实了最小闭合高度为2 m的低幅构造圈闭的分布;通过构造位置、圈闭特征、沉积储层及油气运移通道等控藏要素,对新落实的低幅度构造圈闭进行分析评价,通过类比评价法,对新落实的构造圈闭进行了有利目标优选,并综合分析得到该区的有利成藏区带。总结了适用于低幅构造圈闭的构造圈闭-储层特征-运聚成藏三元素匹配控制成藏目标的“三元控藏”有利目标优选方法,可为相似地质条件地区的有利目标评价提供借鉴。

雅克拉  /  构造解释  /  圈闭特征  /  成藏分析  /  圈闭评价

The Yakela region is located in the northern part of the Tarim Basin. The review of old wells in 2021 shows that the new proven geological reserves of oil in the Paleogene Kumugeliemu Formation in the YK6H block of Yakela are 86.7×104 t, and the structural amplitude of the oil and gas reservoirs that have been discovered so far is low, and it is difficult to identify similar low-amplitude structural traps, and the matching relationship between the accumulation conditions is not clear. In order to find new favorable zones for oil and gas development and strengthen the development of remaining oil reservoirs, based on the high-precision 3D seismic data of the Yakela area and guided by the theory of high-precision sequence stratigraphy, the high-precision stratigraphic division and comparative analysis of the Yakela area were carried out. Through ant body extraction, automatic layer tracking, and variable velocity mapping technology, 105 micro-faults were identified, the identification accuracy of low-amplitude structures was improved, and the distribution of low-amplitude structural traps with a minimum closure height of 2 meters was implemented. Based on the reservoir control factors such as structural location, trap characteristics, sedimentary reservoirs and oil and gas migration channels, the newly implemented low-amplitude structural traps were analyzed and evaluated, and favorable targets were selected, and then the favorable reservoir zones were comprehensively analyzed. The “three-element reservoir control” favorable target optimization method suitable for low-amplitude structural traps was summarizes, which is suitable for low-amplitude structural traps, and provides a reference for the evaluation of favorable targets in areas with similar geological conditions.

Yakela  /  structural interpretation  /  trap characteristics  /  reservoir formation analysis  /  trap evaluation
费娥, 李涛, 周吉春, 孙致远, 张珈畅, 岳彤. 塔里木盆地雅克拉地区古近系低幅构造圈闭落实及有利目标评价. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 912 -923 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402415
E FEI, Tao LI, Ji-chun ZHOU, Zhi-yuan SUN, Jia-chang ZHANG, Tong YUE. Exploration of Paleogene Low-amplitude Structure Traps and Evaluation of Favorable Targets in the Yakela Area of the Tarim Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 912 -923 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402415
正文
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雅克拉凝析气田的勘探工作始于20世纪80年代,2021年的老井复查结果显示,雅克拉凝析气田YK6H区块古近系库姆格列木组新增石油探明地质储量86.70×104 t(107.68×104 m3),储量综合评价为深层、低幅度、低丰度、高产的小型油气藏。由于前期研究对该地区低幅度构造的识别精度不够、构造与成藏的匹配关系不明确等问题,不能满足当前开发需要。进一步落实雅克拉地区低幅构造特征,优选有利目标,可为该地区的油气持续开发应用提供重要支撑。随着油田勘探开发程度的不断提高,最新勘探成果中那些易于发现的闭合度高、范围大的背斜油气藏逐渐减少,相对来说储量规模小、构造幅度低、被断层复杂化的低幅度油气藏所占比例逐年上升。低幅度构造油藏作为油气勘探的一个重要接替领域被人们重视起来,利用地震资料识别低幅度含油气构造是目前最有效的方法,编制高精度的构造图是识别该类油气构造的一个核心环节[1]。
近年来,国内外学者进行了大量相关研究,在低幅构造解释方面,目前主要运用的方法有运用相干体、蚂蚁体等地震属性提取,获取低幅度构造的层位位置以及构造的空间展布信息[2],及利用特征点法构建趋势面追踪识别低幅构造等[3],相对来说比较成熟;在高精度构造图编制方面,目前主要采用的是以地震速度转换或以测井速度内插为主的变速成图方法[4-5];低幅构造圈闭评价与常规圈闭有利目标评价相同,基本上都是围绕油气成藏的6大要素展开[6]。上述研究方法对低幅构造特征的研究受地震精度的影响都很明显。在雅克拉及其邻区的低幅构造解释,前人利用本征值相干属性提取及变速成图等技术对雅克拉邻区轮台地区进行了低幅构造的识别,由于地震资料及解释技术等各种条件限制,其构造识别幅度只到30~50 m,对幅度更低的构造圈闭的识别效果有限[7]。现今低幅度构造研究的重点仍是提高低幅度构造层位解释、小断层识别和速度分析精度。其难点主要在于层位的准确识别与时深转换的精确度提高[1-7]。研究区及邻区的低幅构造研究大都比较早,早期三维地震资料精度及解释技术有限,对该区的低幅构造刻画精度不够,对其有利目标的认识不深入。
为解决雅克拉地区低幅构造研究不够深入等问题。在前人研究基础上,以最新的雅克拉地区高精度地震资料为基础,以高分辨率层序地层学等理论为指导,通过层位自动追踪、多级嵌套断裂识别技术、变速成图等技术对雅克拉地区的低幅度构造进行了精细刻画,以地质-地球物理-成藏条件-圈闭评价相结合的综合解释和研究思路为依托,从构造条件、沉积储层、成藏规律、油气运移通道等方面综合分析各个圈闭的成藏条件,对新落实的圈闭进行了优选评价。本文中首次利用雅克拉高精度的三维地震资料开展低幅圈闭研究;将高分辨率层序地层学理论与层位自动追踪技术结合起来,并发挥研究区测井资料丰富的优势采用井震联合速度插值变速成图技术实现时深转换,将其结果进行已钻井资料检验,可大幅度提高雅克拉地区的低幅构造识别精度及可靠性;总结出了适用于低幅构造圈闭评价的“构造圈闭-储层-运聚成藏”三元素匹配控制成藏的“三元控藏”有利目标优选方法。可为地质相似地区低幅构造圈闭的研究提供思路。
1 区域地质概况
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如图1所示,雅克拉地区位于塔里木盆地北部,构造位置处在沙雅隆起雅克拉断凸中部,是塔里木盆地北部的一个三级构造单元。历经了多期构造活动,是古生界隆起与中新生界斜坡的叠加。油气成藏条件优越,是南北海、陆相油气运移指向区。
在印支晚期-燕山期,雅克拉断凸下降接受晚三叠世-早侏罗世沉积。到晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期,该区再次抬升,没有接受沉积。燕山晚期,断凸开始稳定下沉,接受白垩世-第三纪的沉积。该期持续的挤压应力,使断凸上产生低幅度的挤压背斜,成为本区中生界主要的构造变形组合和油气构造圈闭[7-8]。
本区接受了河流、三角洲、湖泊相等巨厚碎屑岩沉积,喜马拉雅构造运动引起库车前陆盆地的强烈沉降及塔北地区的整体向北倾斜,改变了早期的隆坳格局,形成了南高北低,新生代地层展布呈现南薄北厚的构造格架,并最终奠定了雅克拉断凸现今的构造格局[7]。
2 低幅构造圈闭落实
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雅克拉地区构造幅度低,横向速度变化较快的特征,严重制约着其构造特征及圈闭的精细识别。基于雅克拉地区新采集的高精度三维地震资料,和高分辨率层序地层学理论,通过层位自动追踪技术获取其高精度地层划分、多级嵌套断裂识别技术对其低幅度断裂进行精细识别、井震融合变速成图技术进行时深转换,获取高精度深度域构造图。最终对其低幅度构造发育特征进行精细解释,通过圈闭要素分析,落实其低幅度构造圈闭分布特征。进而提高了后续有利目标评价的可靠性,具体研究路线如图2所示。
2.1 地震资料品质分析
近几年的老井复查结果显示雅克拉地区剩余可开发资源储量可观,具有较大开发潜力。但前期采集的地震资料观测系统相对陈旧,采集密度及覆盖次数不够,导致其精度不足以支撑该地区的低幅构造的准确解释[8],进而限制了其低幅油气构造圈闭的识别,为了进一步加深雅克拉地区的勘探精度,2019年对该区进行了最新观测系统下的宽方位、高精度、高质量的地震资料采集。得到雅克拉地区新老地震资料剖面对比如图3、表1所示。
地震工区(图1)范围为雅克拉地区,目的层位为古近系库姆格列木组,面积约200 km2。雅东高精三维地震体面元15 m×15 m,覆盖次数196次,主频35~45 Hz,雅克拉区块地震纵向采样率是2 ms,决定极限断距分辨率为2 m以内[图3(a)]。雅克拉地区前期地震资料主频为20~32 Hz,纵向采样率为4 ms,前期地震资料的解释为其早期较大规模油气藏的落实做出了重大贡献,但其对于低幅度构造的显示精度不够[图3(b)]。地震频率是决定纵向分辨率的重要因素,地震道间距是决定断层平面延伸的因素[8]。
雅克拉高精度三维地震资料相对前期资料的频率、道间距大幅提高(表1),使其纵向、横向识别精度均得到大幅度提升,对低幅度构造的解释刻画结果较之前更加准确精细(图3)。
2.2 低幅构造解释
通过地震资料分析,采用人机交互层位标定、多级嵌套地震属性断层解释、三维可视化构造解释和变速时深转换成图技术,落实了雅克拉地区古近系低幅度构造解释,对其构造特征及其圈闭分布进行了分析及精细描述。
2.2.1 层位自动追踪技术识别低幅构造
由于雅克拉地区构造活动复杂,各地层厚度小且总体趋势一致,地震资料同相轴趋势一致,且信号相似。这种情况下,人工进行层位追踪,极容易发生串轴现象,加上人工解释地层易发生的手抖等因素而产生误差,会影响到后续低幅构造解释及其圈闭的识别。
层位自动追踪技术是基于地震数据相似性及地质一致性,在大量可能的地质框架中选取最优的地层模型。再根据地层沉积的继承性,细化内插形成研究区三维地层模型,从中抽取相应的层位从而实现层位的精细追踪。
层位自动追踪技术可以有效避免人工解释层位时出现的人为随意性和抖动的问题,并且确保层位严格按照反射界面解释,保证了层位识别的准确性,提高了后续低幅构造解释的精准性(图4)。这种地震解释方法颠覆了传统的地震解释先拾取有限的层面,然后再建立地质模型的方法,而是先建立地质地层框架模型,然后根据需要抽取层面。在此基础上将具有相同相对地质年代的补丁片连接成层,有了基于同相轴反射的层位框架后,再根据地层沉积的继承性,细化内插形成三维地层模型,该地层模型是无数等时地层层面的堆叠体,最后通过精细的标定抽取相应的层位,从而实现了层位的精细追踪。
基于高分辨率层序地层学理论,通过露头、钻井、测井和高精度地震资料,建立高精度时间地层对比格架,确定雅克拉地区的地震反射界面与层位的响应特征,进而通过层位自动追踪技术实现雅克拉地区的高精度层位划分。
2.2.2 多级嵌套断裂解释技术提高识别精度
受轮台走滑断裂影响,雅克拉构造发育大量雁列式、马尾状断裂,其内幕发育杂乱状断层,常规断裂检测手段对低序级断裂的识别效果有限,断裂刻画不清会严重制约后期开发调整和外围评价[2]。
通过构造导向滤波增强断点可识别性,基于倾角扫描得出断裂纵向错断、方位角扫描确定断裂横向展布,以相干体识别主断裂空间格架体系,最大似然和蚂蚁体判识次级断裂,子波重构+分频多属性融合搜寻派生断裂的多级嵌套断裂识别技术,可以识别出高陡破碎复杂背景下断距小于8 m的微断裂(图5)。
利用多级嵌套断裂识别技术对雅克拉地区的低幅度断层进行识别,明确其断裂发育特征,进而对其对油气成藏的控制作用进行分析,可提高其低幅度构造圈闭的识别精度,提高了后续有利目标评价的准确性。
2.2.3 变速成图技术时深转换获取精准构造图
以地震速度为主的速度场建模方法虽然有较高的横向分辨率,但纵向精度差,而测井速度有较高的纵向分辨率、横向分辨率则十分有限。基于雅克拉地区河流相沉积所具有的储层规模较小且横向变化快的特点,以及研究区前期钻井资料较多的特点。此次研究使用井震融合速度建模,通过变速成图技术,得到了研究区库姆格列木组的高精度、低幅度构造图[4-5]。
通过偏移成像处理得到的以地震资料为主的速度场与井点速度往往不匹配,由于雅克拉地区测井资料比较丰富,且测井沿层速度具有较高的纵向分辨率,为了提高速度场的纵向分辨率。本文对地震资料建立的速度场进行了井控校正,利用各井的合成记录,确定单井测井速度场与地震速度场的误差,为解决单点井校正不能代表全局合理性的问题,采用反距离加权平均法对单井点误差进行插值处理得到误差平面,将误差平面与原始速度场相加减得到井资料控制下的融合速度场[5][图6(a)~图6(c)]。该融合变速度场确保了测井速度和地震速度趋势的一致性,有效缩小了时深转换误差,提高了时深转换后过构造图显示的构造形态的准确性,得到雅克拉地区高精度、低幅度等深构造图[图6(e)、图6(f)、图7]。
将利用变速成图技术得到的YK6H井区区域构造图与其时间域等T0图进行对比,不难发现,其构造形态变化一致[图6(e)、图6(f)]。选择部分并未参与速度场建立的井,通过将其测井分层与时深转换后得到的深度域的地震资料分层数据进行读取分析,得到的误差显示小与0.2 m(表2)将过YK19井井轨迹、声波时差测井曲线与时深转换之后得到的地震剖面进行叠合,可以看出,时深转换之后的地震剖面与测井显示的海拔以及测井曲线的变化特征吻合[图7(b)]。通过以上对比,证实了通过井震联合变速成图技术对地震资料进行时深转换所得到的雅克拉地区库姆格列木组的构造图的可靠性。
2.3 低幅圈闭特征
雅克拉地区古近系地层整体呈现南高北低的趋势,海拔从北至南呈阶梯式增高。基于低幅构造解释确定了雅克拉地区发育走滑断裂体系。
平面上呈雁列式控制下的条带状圈闭分布规律,其断层平面组合样式主要为带状雁列式、线状雁列式、并列式、斜列式、反马尾状、人/入字形、杂乱状等;剖面组合样式主要有“Y”字形、反“Y”字形、半负花状、半地堑式、地堑式、地垒式、同倾阶梯式、负花状等[9](图7)。研究区圈闭主要沿断裂带分布,多为断背斜圈闭,多见由倾向相反的两条或多条断层与地层组合遮挡形成的圈闭分布,兼有少数地层高点形成的小型圈闭分布(图7),并统计圈闭要素如表3所示。
雅克拉地区圈闭幅度较小,其中:①号圈闭构造面积最大约4.24 km2,构造幅度为28 m,⑨号圈闭构造面积最小为0.16 km2左右,构造幅度为2 m,为小幅度的构造高点圈闭。除①号圈闭以外,其他圈闭构造幅度均在20 m以下,属低幅构造圈闭。其中①、②、③、④、⑤、⑦号圈闭构造落实可靠程度较高,构造面积相对较大,构造幅度落差相对较大,断裂发育特征与地层特征组合有利于油气聚集成藏[7-11]。
3 低幅构造圈闭评价
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本文中有利圈闭评价主要依据低幅构造圈闭的落实情况,通过类比分析评价法,将已落实的低幅构造圈闭与已开发井区对比分析,优先考虑构造条件,即构造落实可靠,构造幅度较大,构造组合样式适合油气聚集并且在目的层地发育稳定,无缺失的为成藏优势区;再分析沉积储层条件,圈闭所属沉积相带属于优势相带,储集层发育横向范围广,纵向厚度大,孔隙度大,渗透率好的为有利区;结合成藏模式分析,油气来源可靠,烃源岩生烃条件好,位于油气运移有利指向区的圈闭有利于油气聚集成藏[12-15]。
3.1 已开发有利圈闭分析
古近系YK6H井区①号构造圈闭,圈闭预计储量141.44万t(图8)。
(1)构造条件:构造位置位于优势成藏指向区轮台断裂带上,发育NE向带状地堑,早期发育的NW向断层被NE向主断裂带错动,使其构造高点交错分布。断层的封挡作用,使YK6H井位附近形成一个较好的断层封挡+构造高点组合圈闭,圈闭面积约4.24 km2,构造幅度约28 m。
(2)沉积储层条件:其沉积相属于曲流河三角洲前缘亚相,砂体发育,拥有较好的储盖组合,具有较好的油气成藏条件。
(3)油气运移条件:圈闭位置处于油气运移优势通道上,发育有较大规模断层且砂体发育,拥有有效的油气运移通道。
目前YK6H区块已正式投入生产,完钻井9口(包括水层井1口YK2井,油层井8口),均为开发井,生产效果良好。
3.2 有利目标优选
将其他低幅构造圈闭成藏要素与已开发的古近系YK6H井区①号构造圈闭的成藏要素进行比较,对其他低幅构造圈闭进行成藏分析,可以优选出其中的有利成藏目标,为下一步勘探开发提供指导。
(1)构造条件:处于构造位置相对高点,不发育断层,褶皱发育的位置可形成背斜圈闭,由地层封挡形成圈闭,这类圈闭相对来说规模较小,但构造幅度较大;背斜一侧发育有单条或多条断层的位置,地层与断裂组合起来可形成良好的构造高点+断层封挡型构造圈闭,此类断层构造幅度及规模相对来说都比较好,有利于成藏;由两条或多条倾向相反的正断层组合形成的地垒式构造,这类构造一般来说圈闭规模与断裂规模相关,组成地垒构造的断裂延伸越广,变形越大,其圈闭规模及幅度就越大[13-17]。从构造条件分析,圈闭成藏条件排序为:①号圈闭>⑤号圈闭>⑦号圈闭>③号圈闭>④号圈闭(图7)。
(2)沉积储层:雅克拉地区古近系展布的主要沉积相为滨、浅湖环境下的曲流河三角洲相,沉积亚相为曲流河三角洲前缘、浅湖砂坝,滨、浅湖相,其中主要的储盖组合为砂岩储层、泥岩盖层组合。
曲流河三角洲前缘亚相在库姆格列姆组广泛分布,库姆格列木沉积早期为湖平面低→高的转换时期,常发育砂泥互层。滨、浅湖亚相展布范围较大,在库姆格列木组的东南、正北方向分布较多。浅湖砂坝亚相展布较少,主要分布在库姆格列木组中部位置,发育有膏岩、膏质泥岩。
其中三角洲前缘是最有利的成藏相带,其次为浅湖砂坝、滨浅湖相,①、②、③、④、⑤、⑦号圈闭主要为三角洲前缘亚相,属于较有利的成藏相带(图9)。就雅克拉地区库姆格列木组发育的沉积相而言,三角洲前缘是最有利的成藏相带,其次为浅湖砂坝、滨浅湖相[18]。据该区孔渗关系及其与砂体厚度展布的关系结合沉积相分析,其成藏条件排序为:①号圈闭>⑤号圈闭>⑦号圈闭>③号圈闭>④号圈闭>②号圈闭(图9)。
基于研究区砂地比图(图9),发现雅克拉地区古近系砂体呈条带状、块状分布,砂岩预测厚度则是南西方向厚,向北东方向逐渐减薄,整体上呈条带状分布,多为块状砂体。相对来说以YK6H井区①号圈闭砂体最厚,YK20、YK18井区②号圈闭、S44井区⑤号圈闭次之。
根据雅克拉凝析气田YK6H区块YKE1-2X、S15井取得的油层岩心的孔隙度与渗透率交会图以对全区的储层物性进行简单分析,孔隙度与渗透率呈较好的正相关性,渗透率随孔隙度的增大而升高[18](图10)。通过岩心物性分析样品统计,古近系库姆格列木组砂岩有效储层孔隙度区间在14.5%~26.2%,中值为21.2%,渗透率区间在12.57~3 318 mD,中值为791.0 mD,说明雅克拉地区库姆格列木组属于中孔-高渗储层。
(3)油气运移条件:雅克拉断凸本身不发育有效烃源岩,属于其北部库车坳陷陆相烃源岩和南部的海相烃源岩所生成油气侧向运移的成藏区。过S44井的南北向演化剖面显示白垩纪是南低北高为南部海相源的有利运聚趋势区,古近纪开始发生构造反转,新近纪开始变为北低南高为北部陆相源的有利运聚趋势区。其古近系油藏为库车陆相烃源灶远源侧向供烃成藏,泥岩盖层分布控聚、断裂带控富。油气通过裂缝、断裂、不整合面以及有利的疏导层向雅克拉断凸运移[19-24]。据成藏模式及油气运移情况分析得到物源充足,与物源距离越近,处于油气优势运移通道上的为有利目标区带[23]。据其油气运聚趋势可以发现雅克拉地区油气聚集成藏优势区带主要位于亚南断裂、轮台断裂带上。其中①、②、③、④、⑤及⑦号圈闭处在优势运移成藏区带上。且发育有断层,可做有效运移通道(图11)。
其中⑦号圈闭与①号圈闭对比可见其沉积相展布相同,烃源岩及油气运移条件相似,储集层厚度与孔隙度,渗透率条件相似,据此分析其成藏潜力与YK6H井区相似,具较大开发潜力。⑤号圈闭与①号圈闭对比分析,构造组合样式成藏趋势较优,属于同一沉积亚相,烃源岩条件相同,油气运移通道均较好,据此⑤号圈闭成藏潜力与YK6H井区潜力相当,具有较大开发潜力。②号圈闭与①号圈闭相较,构造条件相似但幅度较小,沉积相展布相同,储层条件较优,烃源岩和油气运移通道条件相似,与YK6H井区相比可见②号圈闭开发潜力较大。综合分析认为YK6H井区①号构造圈闭(已开发)、S44井区附近⑤号圈闭、YD1-4H-ZDY井区⑦号构造圈闭、YK20、YK18井区②号圈闭为有利成藏圈闭。
根据有利圈闭位置及其沉积储层、油气运移及构造等多方面综合分析[25]认为雅2号断裂带和轮台断裂带为雅克拉地区古近系的有利成藏区带。
4 结论
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(1)地震频率是决定纵向分辨率的重要因素,地震道间距是决定断层平面延伸的因素,地震资料频率、道间距的提高,可以大幅度提升其纵向、横向识别精度得到,可以更加准确精细对低幅度构造进行识别刻画。
(2)层位自动追踪技术可以尽可能地层解释时的人为导致误差,多级嵌套断层解释技术可以识别尺度更小的断层,且使其边界显示更清晰,变速成图技术可以较精准地对地震解释结果进行深度域转换。三者结合进行低幅构造解释,可以有效地提高地震解释的精度及准确度。
(3)进行有利圈闭综合分析评价,需要优先考虑构造是否落实可靠,找准断陷主洼槽带;然后考虑目的层地层发育是否稳定,无缺失;再考虑其沉积相展布是否有利,储层厚度、分布及其物性条件是否有利,再看其是否有良好的油气运移通道。最后结合已开发井成藏条件,对比分析即可找出类似的有利成藏区,指导下一步的勘探开发。总结了适用于低幅构造圈闭的构圈闭-储层-运聚成藏三元素匹配控制成藏目标的“三元控藏”有利目标优选方法,可为其他相似地质条件地区的有利目标评价提供借鉴。
基金
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  • 中石化科研攻关项目(KY2021-S)
文献
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402415
  • 接收时间：2024-04-03
  • 首发时间：2025-07-29
  • 出版时间：2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-03
  • 修回日期：2024-07-18
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中石化科研攻关项目(KY2021-S)
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    1.长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
    2.中国石化西北油田分公司, 乌鲁木齐 841100

通讯作者:

* 李涛(1982—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地震综合研究。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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