Article(id=1156907873872728999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402574, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712592000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-09, revisedDate=1721232000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757931438, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757931438, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757931438, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757931438, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1087, endPage=1092, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156907874413794219, articleId=1156907873872728999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Game and Strategy Analysis of Power Price Incentive Response Frequency Modulation in Load Aggregation Based on Reinforcement Learning, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the efficiency issues in distributed load responses to frequency regulation commands, an innovative strategy was introduced based on reinforcement learning for load aggregators’ pricing incentives in response to frequency commands. Within this strategy, a game-theoretic model between the load aggregators and load clusters was constructed, and the load aggregators adjust incentive prices based on frequency commands and their pricing strategies, while loads adjust their power consumption based on their own electricity costs to flexibly respond to the frequency commands. The multi-agent soft actor-critic (MASAC) algorithm was used to investigate the solution. The results show that the pricing incentive method enables effective load response to frequency commands, and the use of the MASAC algorithm not only optimizes the decision-making process but also significantly reduces computational complexity, achieving efficient dynamic adjustment. It is concluded that this method provides an effective solution for frequency regulation in power systems, offering significant theoretical significance and practical value.

, correspAuthors=Wen-juan CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing WU, Wen-juan CHENG, Xiao LIANG, Zheng-feng WANG, Hao TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156907936825037143, articleId=1156907873872728999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频中的博弈与策略分析, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解决分布式负荷响应调频指令中的效率问题,提出了一种基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频创新策略,在该策略中,构建聚合商和负荷集群博弈模型,聚合商根据调频指令和激励电价策略调整激励电价,而负荷根据自身用电成本调节用电功率,灵活地响应调频指令,采用多智能体软演员批评家(multi-agent soft actor-critic,MASAC)算法求解。结果表明电价激励方法可以使得负荷有效响应调频指令,通过MASAC算法不仅可以优化决策过程,还能有效降低运算复杂性,实现高效的动态调节。可见,该方法为电力系统的频率调节提供了一种有效的解决方案,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。

, correspAuthors=程文娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 程文娟(1970—),女,汉族,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:强化学习及深度学习等智能优化方法,智能电网技术等。E-mail:
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吴静(2001—),男,汉族,安徽池州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:强化学习及深度学习等智能优化方法,智能电网技术等。E-mail:

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吴静(2001—),男,汉族,安徽池州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:强化学习及深度学习等智能优化方法,智能电网技术等。E-mail:

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吴静(2001—),男,汉族,安徽池州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:强化学习及深度学习等智能优化方法,智能电网技术等。E-mail:

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基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频中的博弈与策略分析
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吴静 1 , 程文娟 1, * , 梁肖 2 , 王正风 2 , 唐昊 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(3): 1087-1092
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(3): 1087-1092
基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频中的博弈与策略分析
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吴静1 , 程文娟1, * , 梁肖2, 王正风2, 唐昊3
作者信息
  • 1.合肥工业大学计算机与信息学院, 合肥 230601
  • 2.国网安徽省电力有限公司, 合肥 230061
  • 3.合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院, 合肥 230009
  • 吴静(2001—),男,汉族,安徽池州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:强化学习及深度学习等智能优化方法,智能电网技术等。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 程文娟(1970—),女,汉族,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:强化学习及深度学习等智能优化方法,智能电网技术等。E-mail:
Game and Strategy Analysis of Power Price Incentive Response Frequency Modulation in Load Aggregation Based on Reinforcement Learning
Jing WU1 , Wen-juan CHENG1, * , Xiao LIANG2, Zheng-feng WANG2, Hao TANG3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2. State Grid Anhui Electric Power Company, Hefei 230061, China
  • 3. School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402574
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为了解决分布式负荷响应调频指令中的效率问题,提出了一种基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频创新策略,在该策略中,构建聚合商和负荷集群博弈模型,聚合商根据调频指令和激励电价策略调整激励电价,而负荷根据自身用电成本调节用电功率,灵活地响应调频指令,采用多智能体软演员批评家(multi-agent soft actor-critic,MASAC)算法求解。结果表明电价激励方法可以使得负荷有效响应调频指令,通过MASAC算法不仅可以优化决策过程,还能有效降低运算复杂性,实现高效的动态调节。可见,该方法为电力系统的频率调节提供了一种有效的解决方案,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。

负荷聚合商  /  博弈  /  调频  /  强化学习  /  电价激励

In order to solve the efficiency issues in distributed load responses to frequency regulation commands, an innovative strategy was introduced based on reinforcement learning for load aggregators’ pricing incentives in response to frequency commands. Within this strategy, a game-theoretic model between the load aggregators and load clusters was constructed, and the load aggregators adjust incentive prices based on frequency commands and their pricing strategies, while loads adjust their power consumption based on their own electricity costs to flexibly respond to the frequency commands. The multi-agent soft actor-critic (MASAC) algorithm was used to investigate the solution. The results show that the pricing incentive method enables effective load response to frequency commands, and the use of the MASAC algorithm not only optimizes the decision-making process but also significantly reduces computational complexity, achieving efficient dynamic adjustment. It is concluded that this method provides an effective solution for frequency regulation in power systems, offering significant theoretical significance and practical value.

load aggregator  /  game  /  secondary frequency regulation  /  reinforcement learning  /  price incentive
吴静, 程文娟, 梁肖, 王正风, 唐昊. 基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频中的博弈与策略分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1087 -1092 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402574
Jing WU, Wen-juan CHENG, Xiao LIANG, Zheng-feng WANG, Hao TANG. Game and Strategy Analysis of Power Price Incentive Response Frequency Modulation in Load Aggregation Based on Reinforcement Learning[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1087 -1092 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402574
柔性负荷作为一种重要的用电侧灵活性资源,通过调整柔性负荷的用电功率可以有效降低电网频率波动[1-2],但单一柔性负荷难以受电网管理且调频能力有限,因此需要聚合商介入[3],统一管理多个柔性负荷集群参与电网调频。聚合商在电力系统中通常被看作需求侧资源的聚合者,负责将分散的负荷聚合成可控整体负荷,以更有效地参与电力市场和提供相关服务[4-5]。因此,为了更好地利用柔性负荷资源,聚合商需要采用智能化算法来优化柔性负荷集群的调频行为,从而更有效地参与电力市场和提供相关服务。在这一背景下,强化学习作为一种自适应、学习能力强的方法,近年来在电力系统调度和控制中引起了广泛关注。文献[6]提出了基于改进多智能体深度确定策略梯度(multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient,MA-DDPG)的多微网负荷频率控制策略,考虑了复杂网络拓扑和随机扰动,具备在线学习和鲁棒性,提高系统可靠性和稳定性。文献[7] 研究智能微电网运营机制,使用强化学习方法协调优化需求侧响应提高可再生能源消纳率和运营利润。文献[8]提出孤岛微电网的电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)、温控设备(temperature control equipment,TCL)和储能(energy storage system, ESS)联合调频策略,通过强化学习优化有功功率,验证其在调频中的有效性。文献[9]根据电动汽车快速响应性能对电动汽车负荷采用聚类算法将电动汽车负荷分组对不同调频容量分配,以实现电动汽车参与电网一次调频响应。文献[10]研究了电动汽车分布式存储频率响应控制策略,考虑电池老化和个性化需求,通过仿真展示频率调节效果。文献[11-12]研究了储能负荷聚合商参与电力市场的互动交易机制,促进储能设施提高利用率和新能源消纳。然而,现有的控制柔性负荷响应调频方法大多数采用集中式控制,针对分布式负荷采用集中式控制,缺乏对动态环境变化的适应性且计算量庞大,使得负荷响应调频延迟且效率低,因此需要新的智能化策略来提升柔性负荷响应调频的效能。针对这些问题提出一种基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频创新策略,并建立聚合商和负荷集群相互博弈模型,采用MASAC(multi-agent soft actor-critic)算法求解博弈模型纳什均衡解,最后搭建仿真环境验证了电价引导下采用MASAC算法计算速度更快,且负荷响应调频效率更高。
本文研究中,聚合商通过电价引导的方式激励内部负荷集群响应调频。系统上层为聚合商,下层为不同类型的负荷集群。以分层-集中管理为基础架构,负荷集群为单位,参与负荷聚合商调频。负荷聚合商框架如图1所示。
聚合商内部控制负荷单元为负荷集群,负荷集群统一调度内部所有负荷的用电功率。例如,工业园区所有空调为一个集群,电动汽车充电站为一个集群,各集群相对独立地管理自身内部的柔性负荷资源。调频系统引入市场机制,将底层聚合的调频资源纳入市场化交易平台,用于调频资源的买卖和分配。在系统中,聚合商充当中介的角色,与底层负荷集群建立合同,将聚合的调频资源参与到市场中,以获取市场收入。聚合商收到自动功率控制(automatic power control,APC)指令后,调整激励电价,负荷集群负责实时监测电价和用电状态,并根据系统需求调度底层资源,考虑用电成本最低,满足用户满意度等,在合理范围内调整用电功率以确保系统稳定运行。聚合商和负荷集群分别根据自身收益模型调整电价和用电功率。
聚合商参与调频市场可调节负荷具备APC功能且投运,签订并网调度协议,接受电力调度机构主站控制。聚合商收益模型表达式为
FL=max t T ( P L t+ I L t- C L t)
式(1)中: P L t为负荷聚合商在t时段的售电收益; I L t为负荷聚合商在t时段的调频收益; C L t为购电成本。调频补偿表达式为
IL= i = 1 n LiYAPC
式(2)中:IL为补偿总费用;n为响应APC指令次数;Li为第i次调用提供的与电力调度机构主站指令方向相同的调频里程,调频里程补偿条件与AGC(automatic generation control)相同; YAPC为APC调用补偿标准,数值为4.5元/MW。聚合商内部存在多种类型负荷资源,不同类型负荷存在调频性能差异和成本差异,对于负荷用户,响应需求获得收益的效用函数为
W( x i t)=G( x i t)+C( x i t,pt)
G(x i t)= α e β x i t - e - β x i t e β x i t + e - β x i t
C(x i t,pt)=2a|pt-p0| x i t 2+b x i t
式中: x i t为第i个负荷集群t时刻负荷响应有功调节量;ptt时刻激励电价;p0为基准电价;G(x i t)为用户调节用电功率的不满意度成本;C(x i t,pt)为电价下调节用电功率的成本;αβab为常数。为了确保负荷准确响应APC指令,引入约束条件
P t o t a l t= i = 1 N x i t
式(6)中: P t o t a l tt时刻APC指令调节总量;N为负荷集群数量; x i t为第i个负荷集群t时刻负荷响应有功调节量。
聚合商和内部负荷用户之间存在博弈关系,双方追求各自的最大利益。聚合商的目标是最大化其调度的资源的利用,以及在市场中获取最大的收入,内部负荷用户的目标是考虑用电成本和用户满意度最小化用电成本。
聚合商考虑内部负荷用户反应,制定最优的激励电价。内部负荷用户根据自身成本模型得到最优负荷需求。博弈模型的策略集为{p*, X L *},其中p*为聚合商制定的最优激励电价, X L *为负荷集群最优负荷需求。在t时段,求解博弈模型问题相当于解决优化问题,即
F L ( p * , X L * ) F L ( p , X L * ) w l ( p * , X L * ) w l ( p * , X L )
式(7)中:FL为聚合商收益函数;wl为所有负荷集群成本函数。
SAC(soft actor-critic )是面向最大熵强化学习的一种离线策略算法,和DDPG(deep deterministic policy gradient)相比,SAC使用的是随机策略,相比确定性策略具有一定的优势。对于一般的DRL(deep reinforcement learning),学习目标很是学习一个策略使得累加的奖励期望值最大,而最大熵RL还要求策略的每一次输出的动作熵最大,即
$\pi^{*}=\arg \max _{\pi} \varepsilon_{\left(s_{t}, a_{t}\right)} \sim \rho \pi\left\{\sum_{t} R\left(s_{t}, a_{t}\right)+\alpha H\left[\pi\left(\cdot \mid s_{t}\right)\right]\right\}$
式(8)中:π*为最优策略;ε为数学期望;stat分别为智能体t时刻的状态与采取的动作;(st,at)~ρπ表示在策略π下(st,at)的概率分布;R(st,at)为智能体在st下执行动作at所获得的奖励;α为系数;H[π(·)]为计算动作熵值的函数。引出最大熵可以让策略随机化,使得输出的每一个动作的概率分散,而不是集中在一个动作上。
SAC算法一共包含3个网络:actor网络、critic网络、目标critic网络,对应参数分别为φθθ'。其更新网络参数公式为
J(φ)= E s t ~ D , a t ~ π φ l n π φ ( a t | s t ) - 1 α Q θ ( a t | s t )
$J(\theta)=E_{\left(s_{t}, a_{t}, s_{t+1}\right) \sim D, a_{t+1} \sim \pi_{\varphi}}\left\{\frac{1}{2}\left[Q_{\theta}\left(a_{t} \mid s_{t}\right)-y\right]^{2}\right\}$
y=r(st,at)+γ E a t + 1 ~ π φ[(Qφ)(at+1|st+1)-αlnπφ(at+1|st+1)]
式中:J(φ)和J(θ)分别为策略和价值函数的目标; E s t ~ D , a t ~ π φ表示从经验数据集D中采样状态st,并从策略πφ中采样动作at的期望值;πφ(at|st)表示给定状态下选择动作的概率;Qθ(at|st)表示当前状态下采取的动作能够得到的预期回报。
针对本文中聚合商-灵活负荷的调频模型,在MA-DRL(multi-agent deep reinforcement learning)下聚合商和每个负荷集群分别是一个独立的智能体,每个智能体都基于神经网络建立,系统中共有4个智能体,对于智能体i,目标Q的计算公式为
Q i t a r g e t( s t i, a t i)= r t i+γ E s t + 1 i[ V i t a r g e t( s t + 1 i)]-αlg[πi( a t i| s t i)]
式(12)中: Q i t a r g e t为智能体i的目标Q; r t i为智能体i在时刻t的奖励;γ为折扣因子; V i t a r g e t为智能体i的目标值函数;πi(a t i| s t i)为智能体i的策略函数,策略梯度计算公式为
$\begin{aligned} \nabla_{\varphi_{i}} J\left(\varphi_{i}\right)= & E_{\left(s_{t}^{i}, a_{t}^{i}\right) \sim D}\left\{\nabla_{\varphi_{i}} \lg \left[\pi_{i}\left(a_{t}^{i} \mid s_{t}^{i}\right)\right] \times\right. \\ & \left.Q_{i}\left(s_{t}^{i} \mid a_{t}^{i}\right)\right\}+\alpha \nabla_{\varphi_{i}} H\left(\pi_{i}\right) \end{aligned}$
式(13)中:J(φi)为智能体i的目标函数;D为经验回放缓冲区;H(πi)为智能体i的策略熵。
策略梯度计算包括两个主要部分。首先,通过最大化 Q 的期望来推动策略朝着获得更高奖励的方向更新。其次,通过熵正则化项,鼓励策略保持一定的探索性,防止陷入局部最优。在MASAC中,每个智能体都学习其个体策略和值函数。
聚合商状态空间包括:APC指令、激励电价(incentive electricity price,IEP)、负荷响应功率、系统时间,环境时间为24 h,APC指令和IEP时间尺度均为5 min。电动汽车集群状态空间包括荷电状态(state of charge,SOC);最大功率约束;实时容量;当前功率和系统时间。单个电动汽车包括并网时间、离网时间、离网SOC等属性,在创建时由概率分布得到。单个电动汽车状态更新公式为
pt=pt-1+ p e r , u p Δ P t o t a l p u p
SOCt=SOCt-1+ p t 60 E
式(15)中: pt为当前工作功率;SOCt为当前荷电状态。集群得到调整总功率ΔPtotalpup为计算总调频余量pup;per,up为单个电动汽车调频余量,按照调频能力更新pt
空调状态空间包括环境温度、室内温度、空调工作功率、环境影响系数和空调影响系数,空调温度更新公式为
Tout,t=Tout,t-1+random(±0.1T0)
Tin,t=Tin,t-1+ω(Tout,t-Tin,t-1)+μpt
式中:Tout,tt时刻室外环境温度;Tin,tt时刻室内温度;ωμ为系数。空调集群得到调整总功率ΔPtotal后,空调集群pt的更新公式同式(14)。
储能(最大容量;SOC;充放电效率;功率约束;当前功率):储能同电动汽车,区别于储能一直在线,随时可以提供调节能力,pt更新相同。Reward的计算公式为
RL=-2apipi-bpi-s_tanh(piλt)
s_tanh(x)=α e β x - e - β x e β x + e - β x
$\begin{aligned} R_{\mathrm{a}}=\sum_{i=1}^{N} p_{i}\left(p_{\text {sell }}-p_{\text {buy }}\right)+s \_\tanh \left(-\sum_{i=1}^{N} p_{i} \lambda_{t}\right)+ \\ R_{\text {fix }} \end{aligned}$
式中:RL为单个负荷集群的奖励函数;Ra为聚合商的奖励函数;λtt时刻的激励电价。在强化学习过程中,功率约束条件不能直接施加在动作函数中,因此采用惩罚的方式叠加在奖励函数中,惩罚公式为
Rfix=-| P t o t a l t- i = 1 N pi|
聚合商和负荷集群智能体除自身奖励外还引入公共奖励表达式为
Rs= P t o t a l tλt-piλt
引入公共奖励的目的是为了加入约束条件:保证APC指令、电价和功率响应保持动作收益方向一致,不会出现反向调节,加快模型训练速度。
使用python搭建了相应的仿真环境,环境中包含4个智能体,分别为聚合商和3种负荷集群。负荷集群包括电动汽车集群、储能集群和空调集群。电动汽车集群包含1 000台电动汽车,每台电动汽车采用额定容量40 kWh,支持V2G,双向充放电最大功率为7 kW;储能集群包含10 000台储能设备,每台额定容量为50 kWh,初始SOC为0.5,充电效率为0.95,最大充放电功率为5 kW;空调集群包括3种工作在不同温度区间(23,27)、(23,26)、(24,26) ℃的空调,每种区间包含1 000台空调的最大工作功率为3 kW,最低为1 kW。每个智能体均采用SAC算法训练,设置学习率为0.001,每训练300次进行评估10次,在训练了60 000轮后绘制了奖励曲线如图2所示。
图2可以看出,在第50次评估时,系统已经收敛到较好状态,在第250次时模型趋近最好效果,最后保存训练过程中每个智能体的最优模型测试,SAC模型计算时间仅需0.000 496 s。
加载训练时得到的最优模型,聚合商激励电价如图3所示。
聚合商调整电价后负荷集群响应调频功率曲线如图4所示。从图4可以看出激励电价机制下,采用MASAC算法,负荷集群可以基本准确响应APC调节指令,聚合商内部系统运行状态如图5所示。
负荷集群在激励电价下的参与调频功率变化曲线如图6所示。
图6中可以看出电动汽车参与调频具有波动性大特点,这是由于电动汽车并网离网时间的随机性和强制充电导致,空调和储能具有良好的稳定性,空调参与调频的能力较差,且要求空调设备基数高,储能作为可充电可放电设备,具有良好的调频性能。对比经验模型下聚合商电价和负荷响应调频电价制定对比如图7所示。
图7可以看出SAC算法下电价响应变化更好,动作更激进,在不同电价的负荷响应功率如图8所示。
经验算法中,聚合商根据历史数据,建立负荷电价响应模型更新激励电价,从图8中可以看到MASAC算法下负荷响应调频能力更强。
本文提出了一种基于强化学习的负荷聚合商电价激励响应调频创新策略,并建立了聚合商和负荷集群相互博弈模型,采用MASAC算法求解博弈模型纳什均衡解。通过仿真实验得到以下结论。
(1) 电价激励方式有效促使负荷对调频指令做出响应,提高了电力系统的调频性能。
(2) 采用MASAC算法对电价激励方式博弈模型进行求解能够提高负荷聚合商响应调频指令的准确性,增强了电力系统的稳定性和可靠性。
本研究证明了电价激励方式对负荷响应调频指令的积极作用,采用强化学习方法求解速度更快,负荷聚合商响应调频指令更加精确。这项研究不仅为解决电力系统中的调频问题提供了新的思路和方法,也为未来的相关研究提供了有价值的参考。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2208085UD06)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402574
  • 接收时间:2024-04-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-09
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
基金
安徽省自然科学基金(2208085UD06)
作者信息
    1.合肥工业大学计算机与信息学院, 合肥 230601
    2.国网安徽省电力有限公司, 合肥 230061
    3.合肥工业大学电气与自动化工程学院, 合肥 230009

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* 程文娟(1970—),女,汉族,安徽怀宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:强化学习及深度学习等智能优化方法,智能电网技术等。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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