Article(id=1156907873440718958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402343, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=1716307200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757931337, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757931337, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757931337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757931337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1075, endPage=1086, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156907874078253171, articleId=1156907873440718958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Energy System Scheduling Strategy Considering Marginal Costs in the Electricity Spot Market Environment, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When the integrated energy system (IES) participates in electricity spot market transactions, the transaction price is uncertain due to changes in market supply and demand. In order to deal with this problem, a detailed analysis of the operating marginal cost of the integrated energy system was used to investigate the optimal dispatch strategy that fully utilizes the flexible resources of the integrated energy system to participate in the market. Firstly, the typical scenarios of market price uncertainty under the external spot market environment were analyzed, and the internal multiple source-load adjustable resources and operation cost structure of the integrated energy system were investigated. Secondly, a trading optimization model considering the marginal cost of the system under the condition of price uncertainty in the electric power market was established, and the sand cat swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to solve the problem. Finally, simulation verification was conducted based on actual cases. The result shows that this strategy can not only reduce the operating cost of IES, but also enhance its adaptability to market price uncertainty. The strategy provides new ideas for the operation of integrated energy systems in the power spot market environment, which is also helpful to realize the double optimization of economy and reliability of energy system participating in the market scheduling.

, correspAuthors=Yun-fei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yong-li WANG, Yun-fei ZHANG, Wei-bo ZHAO, Kai-wei MA, Qiang LI, Si-chong JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156907953807777900, articleId=1156907873440718958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=电力现货市场环境下考虑边际成本的综合能源系统调度策略, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)参与电力现货市场交易时,由于市场供需关系的变化导致交易价格具有不确定性。因此,对综合能源系统运行边际成本进行精细化分析,研究充分利用综合能源系统灵活性资源参与市场的最优调度策略。首先,分析了外部现货市场环境下市场价格不确定性典型场景处理方法,并研究了综合能源系统内部多种源荷可调资源及运行成本结构;其次,建立了在电力市场价格不确定性条件下考虑系统边际成本交易优化模型,并提出沙猫群优化算法进行求解。最后,通过对实际案例的仿真验证。结果表明:该策略不仅可以降低IES的运行成本,还能增强其对市场价格不确定性的适应能力,为综合能源系统在电力现货市场环境下的运行提供了新的思路和方法,有助于实现能源系统参与市场调度的经济性和可靠性双重优化。

, correspAuthors=张云飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张云飞(1999—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,硕士研究生。研究方向:综合能源系统。E-mail:
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王永利(1980—),男,汉族,北京人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统规划、分析、运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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王永利(1980—),男,汉族,北京人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统规划、分析、运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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王永利(1980—),男,汉族,北京人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统规划、分析、运行与控制技术。E-mail:

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Equipment parameters of integrated energy system

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设备 设备参数 数值
CHP 容量/kW
效率
发电效率
发热效率
1 600
0.96
0.75
0.25
GHB 容量/kW
效率
600
0.86
EB 容量/kW
效率
600
0.95
电储能 容量/kW
充放电最大功率
效率
1 500
650
0.95
热储能 容量/kW
充放电最大功率
效率
1 500
600
0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1204542864203161760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907873440718958, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

综合能源系统设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备 设备参数 数值
CHP 容量/kW
效率
发电效率
发热效率
1 600
0.96
0.75
0.25
GHB 容量/kW
效率
600
0.86
EB 容量/kW
效率
600
0.95
电储能 容量/kW
充放电最大功率
效率
1 500
650
0.95
热储能 容量/kW
充放电最大功率
效率
1 500
600
0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1204542864287047848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907873440718958, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Probability distribution of typical electricity price scenarios

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场景 概率/% 场景 概率/%
场景1 7.67 场景6 9.32
场景2 6.85 场景7 2.56
场景3 14.25 场景8 2.38
场景4 12.6 场景9 32.05
场景5 10.14 场景10 8.49
), ArticleFig(id=1204542864408682669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156907873440718958, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型电价场景概率分布情况

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场景 概率/% 场景 概率/%
场景1 7.67 场景6 9.32
场景2 6.85 场景7 2.56
场景3 14.25 场景8 2.38
场景4 12.6 场景9 32.05
场景5 10.14 场景10 8.49
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电力现货市场环境下考虑边际成本的综合能源系统调度策略
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王永利 1 , 张云飞 1, * , 赵伟博 2, 3 , 马恺玮 1 , 李强 4 , 姜斯冲 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(3): 1075-1086
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(3): 1075-1086
电力现货市场环境下考虑边际成本的综合能源系统调度策略
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王永利1 , 张云飞1, * , 赵伟博2, 3, 马恺玮1, 李强4, 姜斯冲1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学经济与管理学院, 北京 102206
  • 2.中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192
  • 3.需求侧多能互补优化与供需互动技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100192
  • 4.国网山东省营销服务中心, 济南 250013
  • 王永利(1980—),男,汉族,北京人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统规划、分析、运行与控制技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张云飞(1999—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,硕士研究生。研究方向:综合能源系统。E-mail:
Comprehensive Energy System Scheduling Strategy Considering Marginal Costs in the Electricity Spot Market Environment
Yong-li WANG1 , Yun-fei ZHANG1, * , Wei-bo ZHAO2, 3, Kai-wei MA1, Qiang LI4, Si-chong JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206,China
  • 2. China Electric Power Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100192, China
  • 3. Beijing Key Laboratory of Demand-Side Multi-energy Complementary Optimization and Supply-Demand Interaction Technology, Beijing 100192, China
  • 4. State Grid Shandong Province Marketing Service Center, Jinan 250013, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402343
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综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)参与电力现货市场交易时,由于市场供需关系的变化导致交易价格具有不确定性。因此,对综合能源系统运行边际成本进行精细化分析,研究充分利用综合能源系统灵活性资源参与市场的最优调度策略。首先,分析了外部现货市场环境下市场价格不确定性典型场景处理方法,并研究了综合能源系统内部多种源荷可调资源及运行成本结构;其次,建立了在电力市场价格不确定性条件下考虑系统边际成本交易优化模型,并提出沙猫群优化算法进行求解。最后,通过对实际案例的仿真验证。结果表明:该策略不仅可以降低IES的运行成本,还能增强其对市场价格不确定性的适应能力,为综合能源系统在电力现货市场环境下的运行提供了新的思路和方法,有助于实现能源系统参与市场调度的经济性和可靠性双重优化。

电力现货市场  /  边际成本  /  综合能源系统  /  沙猫群优化算法

When the integrated energy system (IES) participates in electricity spot market transactions, the transaction price is uncertain due to changes in market supply and demand. In order to deal with this problem, a detailed analysis of the operating marginal cost of the integrated energy system was used to investigate the optimal dispatch strategy that fully utilizes the flexible resources of the integrated energy system to participate in the market. Firstly, the typical scenarios of market price uncertainty under the external spot market environment were analyzed, and the internal multiple source-load adjustable resources and operation cost structure of the integrated energy system were investigated. Secondly, a trading optimization model considering the marginal cost of the system under the condition of price uncertainty in the electric power market was established, and the sand cat swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to solve the problem. Finally, simulation verification was conducted based on actual cases. The result shows that this strategy can not only reduce the operating cost of IES, but also enhance its adaptability to market price uncertainty. The strategy provides new ideas for the operation of integrated energy systems in the power spot market environment, which is also helpful to realize the double optimization of economy and reliability of energy system participating in the market scheduling.

electricity spot market  /  marginal cost  /  integrated energy system  /  sand cat swarm optimization algorithm
王永利, 张云飞, 赵伟博, 马恺玮, 李强, 姜斯冲. 电力现货市场环境下考虑边际成本的综合能源系统调度策略. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1075 -1086 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402343
Yong-li WANG, Yun-fei ZHANG, Wei-bo ZHAO, Kai-wei MA, Qiang LI, Si-chong JIANG. Comprehensive Energy System Scheduling Strategy Considering Marginal Costs in the Electricity Spot Market Environment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 1075 -1086 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402343
在电力市场开放的条件下,用户的综合能源系统优化可通过参与电力市场购电的方式进一步优化,目前电力现货市场正逐渐建立“多卖方,多买方”的竞争性交易模式,从而达到电力市场环境下的智慧用能。在电力现货市场交易过程中,交易电价需要结合电网稳定性、社会效益多方面出发,根据电力交易的供需关系、网络阻塞的动态变化情况进行实时变化[1],此外,差价合约和偏差考核机制的存在导致综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)的量价决策都将对系统用电成本产生影响,为综合能源系统的运营带来挑战。目前,国内外学者针对在电力现货市场环境下的综合能源系统优化调度及交易策略方面展开了诸多研究。
在利用灵活性资源实现系统优化调度方面,文献[2]提出了一种集中-分布式需求响应机制,构建了由运营商集中调度、新用能主体分布协同的架构,并设计了相应的奖惩机制,以激励用户参与灵活响应。文献[3]则针对含多类型储能的综合能源系统,构建氢能枢纽,充分利用氢气转化过程中损失的热能,实现了能源的梯级利用,进一步提高了系统的能源利用效率。文献[4]提出了一个基于主从博弈的优化运行模型,将电动汽车作为灵活性资源引入到综合能源系统整体优化框架中,并通过引力搜索算法和混合整数线性规划解决方法,实现了系统对电动汽车充电行为的引导,提高了系统整体经济效益。文献[5]建立需求响应与电动汽车协同作用的双层随机优化调度模型,有效提高系统新能源消纳能力并降低系统运行成本。文献[6]考虑了电-气-热综合能源系统的需求响应优化运行,通过引入阶梯式碳交易机制,实现了系统整体的经济性和环保性。文献[7]研究了电热交互和共享储能对多综合能源系统运行优化的影响,分析了系统内部多个IES之间的能量交互对系统整体性能的影响。文献[8]引入碳交易机制和电热需求响应构建了低碳调度模型,实现了源-荷两侧双向互动,提升系统新能源消纳能力。
在综合能源系统不确定性分析方面,文献[9]利用信息间隙决策理论来应对风电的随机性和不可控性,通过建立鲁棒分析模型,提升系统对不确定风电的消纳能力和整体鲁棒性。文献[10]针对新能源不确定性建立区间优化调度模型,利用区间数将模型转化为确定性混合整数线性规划模型,提升系统稳定性及经济性。文献[11]针对风光出力的不确定性采取蒙特卡洛采样法生成典型场景,建立多目标随机优化模型,降低了系统运行风险。文献[12]构建了基于可信性理论的模糊机会约束规划优化调度模型,分析了源荷不确定性程度对于系统运行的影响。文献[13]提出了一种针对光伏出力不确定性的多区域综合能源系统多场景分布鲁棒优化调度策略,通过典型光伏场景集和优化模型构建,有效降低了光伏不确定性对系统经济性和安全性的影响。文献[14]利用多目标条件风险价值(conditional value at risk,CVaR)方法对风电机组不确定性进行描述,建立了考虑不确定性的多目标优化调度模型,提升系统抵抗风险能力。
在能源系统参与市场交易方面,文献[15]通过设计一个电-碳联合市场交易框架,提出了一种虚拟电厂主从博弈优化调度策略,有效提升了虚拟电厂内部各主体利益。文献[16]针对多能源微网的特性,构建了一种参与电-气多能源市场的多主体主从博弈交易模型。文献[17]通过策略性地参与区域能源市场交易,降低各主体购能成本,并实现多个能源市场下的多主体互动交易。文献[18]提出了一种基于配电网风险中性定价的园区综合能源系统随机鲁棒运行优化方法,利用风险中性测度建立售电定价模型,并通过随机鲁棒优化提升园区综合能源系统的运行效率。文献[19]基于混合博弈理论,研究了综合能源系统多主体参与电碳市场交易的方法。通过构建混合博弈模型,降低运行成本和提高可再生能源消纳,文献[20]提出了一种计及氢能多元利用和绿证-碳联合交易的综合能源系统低碳经济优化调度策略。通过综合考虑氢能的多元利用和绿证-碳交易机制,该策略优化了系统的经济性和环保性。文献[21]考虑源荷双侧互动响应,构建区域综合能源系统参与电力-天然气市场运行优化调度策略,有效降低新能源出力偏差影响,提高系统稳定性与经济性。
综上所述,目前综合能源系统灵活性资源参与优化调度方面,大部分研究侧重于源荷双侧灵活性优化,但是没有考虑外部能源市场价格变化对于系统内源荷双侧灵活性调节的影响;在不确定性分析方面,现有研究大多关注于新能源出力以及负荷场景不确定性,而少关注于市场电价的不确定性分析,并且大多数不确定性处理方法采用的是鲁棒优化方法,缺少对多典型场景的不确定性优化;在能源系统参与市场交易方面,大多研究关注于系统外部多市场联合优化,但是未从系统内部角度进行精细化成本建模,通过分析系统能源成本特点,从而优化市场交易策略。因此,现充分调用综合能源系统源荷灵活性,分析现货市场价格不确定性情况下综合能源系统边际成本特性,建立市场环境下综合能源系统最优调度策略,实现成本精细化管理。
综合能源系统内部资源丰富,具备多种类型的能源生产、转化设备以及需求响应、多元储能等多种可调资源[22],其中电热综合能源系统是运用最为广泛的综合能源系统类型之一[23],现针对电热综合能源系统展开,其具体架构如图1所示。
综合能源系统在用户侧可进行需求响应调节能源负荷需求;在源侧设立风机、光伏、热电联产机组(combined heat and power, CHP)、电锅炉、储能电池、蓄热罐等能源生产、转化、存储设备。系统根据电力现货市场中心获得历史出清信息、历史现货市场电价等公开信息,合理预测其他市场参与者投标信息,进而预测现货市场电价,根据市场电价以及综合能源系统边际成本调整自己本身灵活性资源调度策略,从而实现整体成本最优。
结合戴维森堡丁指数(Davies-Bouldin index, DBI)与K-means聚类算法来生成现货市场电价不确定性的典型场景,具体总体架构如图2所示。首先,采用K均值聚类算法对历史数据进行聚类;其次,利用DBI指数评估不同划分方法下的聚类效果;最后,选取最小DBI值对应的聚类簇数量进行聚类,实现电价不确定下的场景划分。具体步骤如下:
(1)基于电力现货市场历史电价数据,构建每日电价为时序数据Di=[Pi,1,Pi,2,…,Pi,24],将i组各不相同的电价数据作为参数,其中每组电价数据包括24个数据点。
(2)设定聚类数目K的取值范围K∈[α,β],另K逐次取为区间内整数,将电价数据输入到K-means聚类算法模型中,求解聚类中心点与分类情况。
(3)计算不同K值下,每个聚类簇内数据与聚类中心间的距离,求解其平均值,得到聚类内部距离。以K=α为例,将[D1,D2,…,Di]输入K均值聚类算法中,得到α组聚类簇,每个聚类簇中心点数据为C1,C2,…,Cα,假设[D1,D2,…,Dn]属于第1组聚类簇,其聚类内部距离为$G_{\mathrm{intra}}^{1}=n^{-1}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|D_{i}-C_{i}\right|\right)$。
(4)根据聚类结果,计算聚类间距离:Ginter=average(C1,C2,…,Cα)。
(5)计算每个聚类簇的DBI指数,即除该簇外所有其他簇中心点与该簇中心点距离的平均值与该簇内部距离的比值: G D B I 1= ( α - 1 ) - 1 i = 2 α | C i - C 1 | G i n t r a 1
(6)计算聚类方案的整体DBI值: G D B I t o t a l , 1=average(G D B I 1 l, G D B I 21,…, G D B I α l)。
(7)比较各方案的DBI指数,根据最小DBI值确定最优聚类中心数(即典型场景数)。
综合能源系统供能成本是由系统内各设备资源的组合调度策略决定的,包括:新能源机组、CHP机组、燃气锅炉、电热储能系统、电锅炉的运行成本。
综合能源系统可以整合多种能源形式,如风能、太阳能等,为解决新能源消纳难题提供了新的路径,在这一框架下,新能源成为能源供给的首选,然而,由于新能源的不确定性和波动性,弃风弃光现象成为制约其大规模应用的关键因素之一。因此,本文中引入了对可再生能源的弃电惩罚成本,在提高新能源消纳能力的同时,保障能源供给的稳定性和经济性。
本文中所考虑的可再生能源主要为风电和光电两类可再生能源,新能源机组的运行成本的计算公式为
C R E t= C P V t+ C W T t+ C R E _ l o s s t
C P V t= P P V tcPV
C W T t= P W T tcWT
式中: C R E t为新能源机组在t时段内的运行成本; C P V t C W T t C R E _ l o s s t分别为光伏、风机在t时段内的运行成本及新能源弃电成本; P P V t P W T t分别为光伏和风电机组在t时刻的发电功率; c P V c W T 分别为光伏和风电机组的单位运行维护费用。
本文中采用分段函数的形式计算可再生能源弃电惩罚成本,具体的计算公式为
C R E _ l o s s t= C W T _ l o s s t+ C P V _ l o s s t
CWT_loss= ( ε W 1 Δ P W T ) t = 1 T ( P W T - P w c a p ) ,   0 Δ P W T θ W 1 ( ε W 2 Δ P W T ) t = 1 T ( P W T - P w c a p ) ,   θ W 1 Δ P W T θ W 2 ( ε W 2 Δ P W T ) t = 1 T ( P W T - P w c a p ) ,   Δ P W T θ W 2
CPV_loss= ( ε P V 1 Δ P P V ) t = 1 T ( P P V - P p c a p ) ,   0 Δ P P V θ P 1 ( ε P V 2 Δ P P V ) t = 1 T ( P P V - P p c a p ) ,   Δ P P V θ P 1
式中:CWT_lossCPV_loss分别为风机和光伏的弃电惩罚成本;εWεPV分别代表风电和光电在不同弃电量等级下的惩罚因子;ΔPWT、ΔPPV为弃电量;PWTPwcapPPVPpcap分别为风机和光伏的发电功率和实际发电容量;θW1θW2θP1分别为风机和光伏不同弃电惩罚等级的弃电量边界;T为一个周期。
C C H P t=cgas(λCHP P C H P t+ m C H P , u P C H P , u )+ c C H P , o n μ C H P t(1- μ C H P t - 1)+ c C H P , o f f μ C H P t - 1(1- μ C H P t)
式(7)中:cgas为天然气价格;λCHP表示燃气与功率间曲线斜率; P C H P t为 CHP 机组在t时段的运行功率; m C H P , u 为CHP机组单位功率的空载燃气耗量; P C H P , u 为CHP机组的额定运行功率; c C H P , o n c C H P , o f f 分别为 CHP 机组的启、停机成本; μ C H P t为CHP机组在t时段开停机参数, μ C H P t=0表示开机, μ C H P t=1表示停机。
C G H B t=cgas Q G H B tΔt ( A g a s η G H B ) - 1
式(8)中: C G H B t为燃气锅炉的供热成本; Q G H B t为燃气锅炉的供热功率;Agas为给定的天然气热值,为9.6 m3/(kW·h);ηGHB为燃气锅炉的热转化效率。
C E S S t=cESS( P E S S , i n t+ P E S S , o u t t)
式(9)中: C E S S t为电储能系统运行成本;cESS为电储能系统的单位运维费用; P E S S , i n t P E S S , o u t t分别为电储能系统在t时段内的充、放电功率。
储能系统的充放电功率直接影响储能电池的荷电状态(SOC),其数学模型表达式为
S O C E S S t = ( 1 - γ E S S ) S O C E S S t - 1 + Δ t P E E S , i n t η E i n / Q E S S t S O C E S S t = ( 1 - γ E S S ) S O C E S S t - 1 + Δ t P E E S , o u t t / ( Q E S S t η E o u t )
式(10)中: S O C E S S t S O C E S S t - 1分别为电储能系统在t时刻与t-1时刻的储能电量状态;γESS为电储能系统的自放电比率;ηEinηEout 分别为电储能系统的充、放电效率; Q E S S t为电储能系统在t时刻存储的电量。
C T S S t=cTSS( P T S S , i n t+ P T S S , o u t t)
S O C T S S t = ( 1 - λ T S S ) S O C T S S t - 1 + Δ t P T S S , i n t η T i n / Q T S S t S O C T S S t = ( 1 - λ T S S ) S O C T S S t - 1 + Δ t P T S S , o u t t / ( Q T S S t η T o u t )
式中: C T S S t为热储能系统运行成本;cTSS为热储能系统的单位运维费用; P T S S , i n t P T S S , o u t t分别为热储能系统在t时段内的充、放电功率; S O C T S S t S O C T S S t - 1分别为热储能系统在t时刻与t-1时刻的储能电量状态;λTSS为热储能系统的自散热比率;ηTinηTout分别为热储能系统的充、放热功率; Q T S S t为热储能系统在t时刻存储的热量。
C E B t= P E B tcEB
P E B t= Q E B t/[ηEB(1-λEB_loss)]
式中: C E B t为电锅炉的运行成本; c E B 为电锅炉单位运维费用; P E B t为电锅炉在t时刻的耗电功率; Q E B t为电锅炉的供热功率;ηEB为电锅炉的电热转化效率; λ E B _ l o s s 为其热损失系数。
综合能源系统需求响应机制是通过给予用户价格补偿的方式引导用户进行灵活性调节自身用能需求,根据调节负荷的类型可将其分为可削减负荷、可转移负荷两种类型的需求响应机制。
可削减负荷是指通过对比需求响应前后本时段电价变化,从而选择是否削减自身负荷。用价格需求弹性矩阵描述需求响应特性,即
σ t , t = Δ P L , e t P L , e 0 t q e 0 t Δ q e t σ t , j = Δ P L , e t P L , e 0 t q e 0 j Δ q e j
式(15)中:σt,t为自弹性系数,%;σt,j为交叉弹性系数,%; P L , e 0 t为用户在t时刻的初始负荷需求,kW;Δ P L , e t为用户在t时刻的负荷量的变化量,kW; q e 0 t q e 0 j分别为在tj时刻电价初始值,¥/kW;Δ q e t、Δ q e j分别为tj时刻电价的变化值,¥/kW。需求响应后t时刻的可削减负荷变化量为
Δ P C L , e t= P C L , e 0 t j = 1 24 σ C L ( t , j ) q e j - q e 0 j q e 0 j
式(16)中:Δ P C L , e tt时刻初始可削减负荷量;σCL为可削减负荷价格需求弹性矩阵; q e jj时刻电价。依据签订的协议,综合能源系统需要给予用户的经济补偿为
CCL=CCL,pΔ P C L , e t
式(17)中:CCL,p为单位功率可削减负荷的补偿价格。
用户价格需求弹性矩阵描述需求响应特性,可转移负荷需求响应后t时刻的可转移负荷变化量为
Δ P T L , e t= P T L , e 0 t j = 1 24 σ T L ( t , j ) q e j - q e 0 j q e 0 j
式(18)中:Δ P T L , e tt时刻初始可转移负荷量;σTL为可转移负荷价格需求弹性矩阵。
依据签订的协议,系统需要给予用户的经济补偿为
CTL=CTL,pΔ P T L , e t
式(19)中:CTL,p为单位功率可转移负荷的补偿价格。
综合能源系统动态边际成本优化模型考虑系统中各能源设备每生产或消耗一单位电量所花费的成本,具体计算公式为
MC I E S t=(C C H P t+ C G H B t+ C R E t+ C E S S t + C T S S t+ C E B t+ C D R t+ C S M t)/ P I E S t
式(20)中: M C I E S tt时刻系统获取能源的边际成本; C C H P t C R E t C E S S t C T S S t C E B t分别为CHP机组、可再生能源电源、电储能系统、热储能系统、电锅炉设备在t时刻的运行成本; C D R t为需求响应成本; C S M t为综合能源系统参与电力现货市场的购电成本; P I E S t为综合能源系统t时刻所满足的总负荷需求。
本文旨在满足系统运行约束的前提下,实现综合能源系统在参与电力现货市场环境下整个系统经济性最佳,因此,本文中以系统各时间段运行边际成本最小为目标优化系统运行策略。即
F=min t = 1 T M C I E S tEt
式(21)中:T为综合能源系统运行周期;Et为能源的消耗量,通过调整设备出力外购电量,使得系统在每个时刻的总边际成本最低,从而在系统运行的整个时间段内,保持较低的成本水平。
在综合能源系统运行优化中,必须实现能源供给与能源消费之间的能量平衡,保障用户的多元负荷需求。本文中构建的IES包括电能流、热能流和气能流,均需满足能量平衡约束。
(1)电系统平衡约束:
P S M t+ P W T t+ P P V t+ P C H P , e t+ P E S S , o u t t- P E S S , i n t= P u s e r t
式(22)中: P S M t为系统t时刻从电力现货市场购电的功率; P C H P , e t为CHP机组向合能源系统供电的功率; P E S S , i n t P E S S , o u t t分别为储电系统的充、放电功率。
(2)热系统平衡约束:
Q G H B t+ P C H P , h t+ Q E B t+ P T S S , o u t t- P T S S , i n t= Q u s e r , h t
式(23)中: Q u s e r , h t为用户在t时刻的热负荷需求; P C H P , h t为CHP机组向综合能源系统供热的功率; P T S S , i n t P T S S , o u t t分别为储热系统的充、放热功率。
(3)天然气平衡约束:
V G H B t+(λCHP P C H P t+ m u C H P P u C H P)= V b u y , g a s t
式(24)中: V b u y , g a s t为综合能源系统t时刻购买天然气的体积。
(1)机组运行上下限约束:
P C H P t = P C H P , e t + P C H P , h t P C H P , m i n P C H P t P C H P , m a x 0 P W T t P W T , m a x 0 P P V t P P V , m a x P E B , m i n P E B t P E B , m a x Q G H B , m i n Q G H B t Q G H B , m a x
式(25)中:PCHP,maxPCHP,min为CHP机组的出力上下限约束;PWT,maxPPV,max分别为风机、光伏机组出力约束;PEB,maxPEB,min分别为电锅炉运行功率上下限。
(2)现货市场交易电量约束:
0≤ P S M t P S M , m a x
式(26)中:PSM,max为现货市场交易电量上限。
(3)储能约束:
Q E S S , m i n Q E S S t Q E S S , m a x 0 P E E S , i n t α E E S , i n t P E E S , i n , m a x t 0 P E E S , o u t t α E E S , o u t t P E E S , o u t , m a x t 0 α E E S , i n t + α E E S , o u t t 1 Q E S S 1 = Q E S S T
式(27)中:QESS,minQESS,max为储能容量上下限; P E E S , i n , m a x t P E E S , o u t , m a x t为储能的充、放功率上限; α E E S , i n t α E E S , o u t t为 0-1 变量,表示t时段储能充放状态; Q E S S 1 Q E S S T为储能初始时刻和末尾时刻的容量,热储能约束与电储能约束条件相同,因此本文不再赘述。
用户能源消费行为满意度模型的设计和实施需要全面考虑用户的需求和行为特征,只有在实现用户满意度和价格调节的双重目标下,才能更好地推动用户参与需求响应行为。用户满意度指标等于实际负荷转移量之和与可转移负荷总量之比。即
ruser=1- t = 1 T | Q u s e r , e 0 t + Δ P C L , e t + Δ P T L , e t | t = 1 T Q u s e r , e 0 trmin
式(28)中: Q u s e r , e 0 tt时刻初始负荷;ruser为用户满意度;rmin为用户可接受的满意度下界。
本文中所构建的综合能源系统电力现货市场交易优化模型是一个多变量、非线性的复杂求解问题,其决策变量的复杂性与关联性较高,通常采取启发式算法进行求解,为了避免求解过程陷入局部最优的困境,提高求解精度与收敛速度,研究利用改进后的沙猫群优化算法进行求解,该算法通过模拟沙猫在自然界中的快速搜索捕捉猎物的能力,实现对模型的快速精确求解,并结合高斯分布与柯西分布产生随机数对数据进行扰动,帮助算法跳出局部最优[24]
算法求解过程可以分为以下3个阶段:
(1)初始化阶段:首先,根据问题的大小创建一个沙猫种群候选矩阵,每个变量值x都是位于上下界限之间的浮点,每只沙猫代表一个问题解的数组(x1,x2,…,xd),通过适应度函数f(x1,x2,…,xd)计算每只沙猫的适应度。
(2)探索阶段:沙猫的听觉特征用sM表示,假设其值为2。沙猫对猎物依托其对低频噪声的灵敏度rG进行探索,通过转换系数R决定沙猫对猎物的状态,当 R>1时,沙猫对猎物进行探索。每只沙猫根据最佳候选位置Pbc和当前位置Pc以及灵敏度范围r对自己的位置进行更新。改进后的沙猫群优化算法在初始算法的基础上,利用柯西分布产生相对广泛的随机数对沙猫群位置进行扰动,此时,沙猫位置计算公式为
rG=sM- s M × i t e r c   i t e r m a x
P(t+1)=r[Pbc(t)-rand(0,1)Pc(t)]
Pc(t+1)=Pc(t+1)+Pc(t+1)C(α)
式中:iterc为当前迭代;itermax为最大迭代;rand(0,1)表示0~1的随机数。
(3)攻击阶段:当 R≤1时,沙猫对猎物进行攻击。利用最佳位置与当前位置生成随机位置,并随机为沙猫选择攻击角度θ,使其靠近猎物。在此阶段中,利用高斯分布产生相对集中的随机数来实现变异,更新沙猫群中部分沙猫的位置,从而避免陷入局部最优,其位置更新为
P(t+1)=Pbc(t)-r|rand(0,1)Pbc(t)-Pc(t)|cosθ
Pc(t+1)=Pc(t+1)+Pc(t+1)G(α)
改进后的沙猫群优化算法求解流程如图3所示。
以山东省某园区的实际参数作为仿真算例,风机装机容量为2 460 kW。光伏装机容量为820 kW。综合能源系统电热负荷以及可再生能源发电情况如图4所示。
能源设备参数如表1所示。
基于电力现货市场历史电价,采用考虑DBI指数的K-means聚类算法进行现货市场电价不确定分析,聚类出10种日前电价典型曲线,如图5所示。
通过K-means聚类方法,对现货市场电价进行场景削减,得到10种典型电价场景,如图6所示。
各电价场景出现概率分布如表2所示。
基于10种典型电价场景,得到综合能源系统10种场景下优化的买电量如图7所示。
图7优化买电量结果可以看出,在电价较高的时段,IES利用可调性资源进行自主发电而不向电网买电,从而降低系统整体运行成本;在电价低于系统自主发电的边际成本时,IES参与市场购电,从而降低系统整体运行成本;当某天全天电价处于较高状态时,IES首先在电价较低时段尽可能向市场购电以满足整体电负荷及存储能量,然后在电价较高时段仅靠系统自主发电来满足电热负荷。
取聚类概率最高的电价场景7进行分析,采用边际成本优化方法,系统运行优化结果如图8所示。
图8为电负荷优化前后对比,在电价场景7情况下,12:00—14:00时间段电价处于较低水平,此时新能源出力较多,而17:00—22:00时间段内,电价处于较高水平,且此时新能源出力较少,因此该时段部分可平移电负荷转到12:00—14:00时段内,且通过优化削减一部分电负荷;图9为热负荷优化前后对比,11:00—14:00为新能源出力较多及市场电价较低时段,电负荷主要由新能源及市场购电满足,此时CHP出力较少,故此时段削减热负荷较多;18:00—21:00时段内,市场电价较高,且电热负荷都处于高点,此时如果满足优化前电热负荷会引起系统边际成本的升高,而16:00—18:00时段市场电价处于最高点时段,系统靠CHP发电和产热边际成本较低,此时CHP出力较多从而可以满足更多的热负荷,因此18:00—21:00时段内可平移热负荷转移到16:00—18:00时段。
图10图11可以看出,在12:00—14:00时段,市场电价处于较低水平,采用总成本为目标进行优化时,当市场买电处于最大额度,电锅炉与燃气锅炉都处于额定功率运行,剩余电热负荷由CHP及热储能补足,系统CHP处于低负荷运行,此时CHP能源效率较低,边际产能成本较高,且当价格变动市场买电量进行变动时,引起的系统成本波动较大;采用边际成本为目标进行优化时,优先电锅炉、热储能满足热负荷,CHP机组出力更多,此时CHP能源效率更高,燃气锅炉用于补足剩余热负荷, 系统边际产能成本总体较低,且当价格变动,市场买电量进行变动时,引起的系统成本波动较小。在18—21时时段内,市场电价处于较高水平,采用边际成本为目标进行优化时,其市场购电量更少,CHP与电热储能出力更多,电锅炉出力降低。并且以边际成本为目标时,电热储能充放功率更为密切跟随预测电价变化,储能利用率提升,以追求即时成本最优。
在既定两种方式优化策略下,调整市场价格变化后,成本变动如图12所示,采用边际成本优化时,由于系统发电边际成本较低,在价格升高,系统买电量下降时,系统自发产电成本较低,因此成本变动较小;在价格降低时,系统买电量上升,边际成本优化方法使得整体成本缩减较快。
通过对综合能源系统在现货市场价格不确定性条件下进行源荷灵活性优化与成本精细化管理的深入分析,展示了不同市场电价场景下的调度策略与成本效益,最终得到以下结论。
(1)通过充分挖掘负荷侧灵活性调整电热负荷,在电价较低的时间段内增加新能源出力并适当转移和削减部分负荷,可以有效利用市场低价电力,降低系统运行成本。同样,在电价高峰时段,通过优化调度策略,减少市场购电量,增加CHP出力和电热储能利用,不仅能够减轻对昂贵电力的依赖,还能提高系统的能源效率和经济性。
(2)通过灵活调用系统内部的源荷灵活性资源,结合市场电价的不确定性分析,可以有效地优化综合能源系统的边际成本特性,进而实现系统成本的优化与管理。并且,采用边际成本为目标的优化模型,不仅使得CHP单位出力稳定在高效率区域,提高了能源利用效率,还通过更加灵活的电热储能充放电策略,紧随市场电价变动,有效降低了系统的成本波动。
本文的研究成果为综合能源系统在面对市场电价不确定性时的灵活性资源调度提供了有效的决策支持,对于提升系统的经济性与可靠性具有重要意义。未来的研究可以进一步挖掘不同电价场景下不同时刻价格波动范围,并深入分析系统边际成本增加趋势,结合不同能源产能设备间的相互作用和综合成本优化,实现系统运行成本进一步精细化管理。
  • 国家电网公司总部科技项目(5400-202316228A-1-1-ZN)
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402343
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
  • 修回日期:2024-05-22
基金
国家电网公司总部科技项目(5400-202316228A-1-1-ZN)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学经济与管理学院, 北京 102206
    2.中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192
    3.需求侧多能互补优化与供需互动技术北京市重点实验室, 北京 100192
    4.国网山东省营销服务中心, 济南 250013

通讯作者:

* 张云飞(1999—),男,汉族,河北邯郸人,硕士研究生。研究方向:综合能源系统。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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