Article(id=1156907872232759397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403738, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716220800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-21, revisedDate=1728835200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753757931049, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753757931049, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753757931049, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753757931049, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156907871645556837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='3', pageStart='879', pageEnd='1312', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753757930909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765095544280, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204461268821320541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204461268825514846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156907871645556837, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=879, endPage=892, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156907872727687272, articleId=1156907872232759397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Overview of Transformer Error Calibration Techniques, columnId=1204454771269808369, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Survey·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transformer calibrators are a kind of equipment used to test the transformer error in the power system. With the development of technology, the transformer calibrator is also constantly innovating, from manual, and automatic to intelligent development, which has become a research hot spot. Two types of calibrators according to the usage method, namely the difference measurement method and the direct comparison method were introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of each method and related products were analyzed. Currently, digital calibrators had became a research hotspot because of their high degree of automation and multiple functions. The digital calibrator could be used for both conventional and non-conventional transformers, with a wide range of applications. Three key technologies that affect the accuracy of the digital calibrator are focused on by the paper. And a new technology based on small-signal on-site calibration were introduced, which had significant advantages over the current commonly used on-site calibration methods, with strong compatibility and high security, making the transformer calibration device smaller and more portable, and suitable for a wide range of occasions. Finally, it was pointed out that the transformer calibrator should continuously develop towards digitalization, intelligence, portability, accuracy improvement, and comprehensive performance improvement.

, correspAuthors=Feng ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian-dong JIANG, Meng-jia LI, Feng ZHOU, Hao LIU, Teng YAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156907924338598408, articleId=1156907872232759397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=互感器误差校验技术综述, columnId=1156907872782213225, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

互感器校验仪是一种用于测试电力系统中互感器误差的设备。随着技术的发展,互感器校验仪也在不断革新,从手动、自动再到智能化发展,成为了研究热点。按照使用方法介绍了测差法和直接比较法2类校验仪,分析了每种方法的优缺点及相关产品,当前数字式校验仪因其自动化程度高且功能多。数字式校验仪既可用于传统互感器,也可用于非常规互感器,应用范围广,重点探讨了影响数字式校验仪检验精度的3种关键技术,并介绍了一种基于小信号的现场校验新技术,与目前常用的现场校验方法对比有显著优点,兼容性强,安全性高,使互感器校验装置更加小型便携,适用于多种场合。最后指出互感器校验仪应不断朝着数字化、智能化、便携化、精度提升和综合性能提升方向发展。

, correspAuthors=周峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周峰(1980—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:电能计量与智能传感技术。E-mail:
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蒋建东(1975—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,教授。研究方向:电能质量。E-mail:

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蒋建东(1975—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,教授。研究方向:电能质量。E-mail:

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蒋建东(1975—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,教授。研究方向:电能质量。E-mail:

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互感器误差校验技术综述
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蒋建东 1 , 李梦佳 1 , 周峰 2, * , 刘浩 2 , 姚腾 2
科学技术与工程 | 综述·电工技术 2025,25(3): 879-892
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·电工技术 2025, 25(3): 879-892
互感器误差校验技术综述
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蒋建东1 , 李梦佳1, 周峰2, * , 刘浩2, 姚腾2
作者信息
  • 1.郑州大学电气与信息工程学院, 郑州 450001
  • 2.中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 武汉 430072
  • 蒋建东(1975—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,教授。研究方向:电能质量。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 周峰(1980—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:电能计量与智能传感技术。E-mail:
Overview of Transformer Error Calibration Techniques
Jian-dong JIANG1 , Meng-jia LI1, Feng ZHOU2, * , Hao LIU2, Teng YAO2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2. China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403738
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互感器校验仪是一种用于测试电力系统中互感器误差的设备。随着技术的发展,互感器校验仪也在不断革新,从手动、自动再到智能化发展,成为了研究热点。按照使用方法介绍了测差法和直接比较法2类校验仪,分析了每种方法的优缺点及相关产品,当前数字式校验仪因其自动化程度高且功能多。数字式校验仪既可用于传统互感器,也可用于非常规互感器,应用范围广,重点探讨了影响数字式校验仪检验精度的3种关键技术,并介绍了一种基于小信号的现场校验新技术,与目前常用的现场校验方法对比有显著优点,兼容性强,安全性高,使互感器校验装置更加小型便携,适用于多种场合。最后指出互感器校验仪应不断朝着数字化、智能化、便携化、精度提升和综合性能提升方向发展。

互感器  /  校验仪  /  比差  /  角差  /  数字式校验仪

Transformer calibrators are a kind of equipment used to test the transformer error in the power system. With the development of technology, the transformer calibrator is also constantly innovating, from manual, and automatic to intelligent development, which has become a research hot spot. Two types of calibrators according to the usage method, namely the difference measurement method and the direct comparison method were introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of each method and related products were analyzed. Currently, digital calibrators had became a research hotspot because of their high degree of automation and multiple functions. The digital calibrator could be used for both conventional and non-conventional transformers, with a wide range of applications. Three key technologies that affect the accuracy of the digital calibrator are focused on by the paper. And a new technology based on small-signal on-site calibration were introduced, which had significant advantages over the current commonly used on-site calibration methods, with strong compatibility and high security, making the transformer calibration device smaller and more portable, and suitable for a wide range of occasions. Finally, it was pointed out that the transformer calibrator should continuously develop towards digitalization, intelligence, portability, accuracy improvement, and comprehensive performance improvement.

transformer  /  calibrator  /  ratio error  /  phase displacement  /  digital calibrator
蒋建东, 李梦佳, 周峰, 刘浩, 姚腾. 互感器误差校验技术综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (3) : 879 -892 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403738
Jian-dong JIANG, Meng-jia LI, Feng ZHOU, Hao LIU, Teng YAO. Overview of Transformer Error Calibration Techniques[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (3) : 879 -892 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403738
电力互感器是电网测量和保护系统的重要组成部分。广泛应用于发电、变电和输电设备,无论是低压小功率设备还是高压大功率系统都离不开电力互感器的存在[1]。电流互感器(current transformer,CT)用于降低负载或线路电流以用于测量或保护应用,而电压互感器(potential transformer,PT)用于降低相同应用的电压。鉴于电力互感器的重要性,其准确度和可靠性直接决定着整个电力系统的稳定、效率和安全[2]。在实际应用中,由于制造过程中的差异、工作环境的影响、连接线路的阻抗、外部磁场的干扰以及使用寿命和老化等多种因素,会影响互感器的准确性。因此,对电力互感器进行检验和校验具有重要意义。通过对互感器进行定期检验,可以确保其精度和性能符合要求,满足电力系统的运行需求[3]
互感器校验仪是在实验室和现场校验测试各种类型和级别的电压互感器和电流互感器的一种专用装置,通过在标准电力互感器和被试电力互感器一次侧施加相同的电压/电流,用互感器校验仪测量标准和被测电力互感器二次侧输出值之差,可以计算出被测互感器的幅值误差和相位误差。其中幅值误差是相对误差,用%表示,相位误差用分(')或弧度(rad)表示[4]
电工类校验仪是最早使用的第一代校验仪,中国在20世纪50年代开始生产校验仪,主要采用进口的校验系统,大多只能校验0.1级以下的互感器。直到60年代末,赵修民[5]自行研制出比较仪式电工型校验仪,可以校验10~0.01级的互感器,为后续互感器校验技术奠定了基础。电工式校验仪采用补偿式平衡电桥原理,关键部件是电导箱和电容箱。通过调节盘调节误差电流的幅值和相位,其误差分辨率很高,误差数据比较可靠且性能稳定,特别适用于检定高精度互感器,但在使用过程中操作烦琐,接线复杂,需要重复调节以确保准确性,因而工作效率很低,且对平衡指示器的灵敏度、精度、稳定性等要求也很高[6]。传统的电工式仪器产品有HE、HEG系列校验仪。
第二代电子式校验仪[7]随着微处理器和计算机的发展,第三代数字式互感器校验仪采用数字采集与分析[8-9],并逐渐成熟,比如采用DSP(digital signature system)[10]、FPGA(field programmable gate array)[11]、单片机[12]以及Labview[13]。这种校验仪自动化程度比较高,并且易于操作。电工式校验仪和电子式校验仪参加运算的是电量,是模拟信号。数字式校验仪对参考信号和差值信号通过AD(analog to digital converter)采样,参与运算的是数字信号[14]。在数字式互感器校验仪AD信号采集与数据处理过程中,大量芯片和电子电路的使用提高自动化的同时,也会增加各种噪声干扰,限制了数字式校验仪的校验精度,一般只能进行0.01级及以下准确度等级互感器的检定工作。
测量技术的发展从模拟仪器,经过数字、微处理器和已经达到了所谓虚拟仪器的水平[15]。数字式校验仪中以Labview为主的虚拟仪器应用广泛,虚拟仪器就是现代计算机技术与仪器技术结合的产物,虚拟仪器型校验仪结合高精度数据采集卡直接采集被测信号和基准信号,经过AD变换转化成数字信号后用软件进行处理得到结果,以计算机的软件算法功能为核心[13],实现校验仪的各种功能。虚拟仪器型的校验仪硬件简单,市场上数据采集卡发展比较成熟,可直接利用,且通过PC(personal computer)就可实现仪器的各种功能,操作简单方便[16]
在数字化互感器校验仪的基础上,除了虚拟仪器的应用,也发展起了智能型互感器校验仪。智能型互感器校验仪不仅采用计算机技术,并且具有计算机通信接口及人机交互单元,具备无线蓝牙传输功能,直接可用上位机进行管理[17]。智能型校验仪最大的优点在于降低了劳动力[18],不需人为过多操作,能够自动测量,自动调节,还包括数据记录、数据处理以及证书打印,提高了办公水平[19]
互感器校验仪根据使用方法可分为测差式和直接比较式两类。直接比较式互感器校验仪比测差式出现的更早,但因在技术上实现的难度和代价都非常大,逐渐被测差式取代。在20世纪50年代,中国从苏联引进了测差法的互感器校验仪检定技术,经过努力,现在中国在测差方法和产品方面都已经相当成熟。传统的电工式校验仪和针对模拟输出的数字校验仪大多都基于此原理研制而成。
不过随着非常规互感器的出现,尤其是数字输出的电子式互感器的广泛应用,对互感器校验仪的校验原理和技术也提出了更高的要求,直接测量法的应用也逐渐增多。针对一些二次侧不能直接作差的非常规互感器,无法采用比较法,就需要采用直接测量法满足计量需求。不过针对这些非常规互感器校验,直接测量法的校验方式也有所革新,采用的是数字校验。目前也有学者试图搭建数学换算模型,通过建立合适的转换关系,校验仪测差法下的测量结果可以被转化为等效的直接测量法结果[20]
测差式校验仪是将被测互感器与标准互感器二次侧电压或电流输入校验仪差接电路,与二次工作电压或工作电流进行比较,将结果进行矢量分解,根据同相分量可得比差,正交分量可得角差[21]。测差式校验仪因为测量的是差压或差流,校验仪自身对测量结果影响不大,因此只要标准互感器比被测互感器高两个准确度等级,互感器校验仪分辨率符合要求,便可用来检定所有等级的互感器,不仅准确度高,量值也能够溯源,尤其电工式校验仪可以检定5级到0.000 1级的互感器。
基于测差原理的互感器校验仪根据电路特点又可分为西林-阿尔贝特线路,比较仪式和微差支路式。
西林阿尔贝特电路测差的电路图如图1所示, TN为标准互感器,TX为被测互感器。标准互感器和被测互感器的二次电流分别通过标准电阻RNR'N产生电压降,cr为并联到取样电阻上的电容及电阻支路,通过调节滑线电阻和可变电容使得指零表指零即可推算出互感器的比差和角差。早期的瑞士TETTEX2771采用过这种方法。
这种线路的特点是比差和角差均可在两个并联的电阻和电容上用手调节,因此必须有多个调节盘,多级电阻箱和电容箱需要人工平衡,计算关系复杂,在一些情况下容易出现大电流,在较大角差时,特别是在负差时,由于大电容器的分流作用使得误差增大。这种线路的标准等级为1×10-4,不适合精密测量,故已逐渐被淘汰[22]
电流比较仪又称感应式电流比例器。电流比较仪实质上是安匝平衡指示器,将标准互感器和被测互感器的二次电流反方向流入比较仪绕组中,传统的电流比较仪需要通过调节电导和电容并检测线圈的指零仪是否为0来判断电流比较仪的平衡状态。根据全电流定律,当铁芯中无交变磁通,即表明铁芯中磁场强度为0,那么接于检测绕组上的指零仪指示就为0,由此可见电流比较仪的平衡状态是通过磁势平衡实现的,它只需建立原、副绕组的磁势平衡,不需要向副边传送功率,因此能够实现原、副边足够精确的比例关系[23]。但在实际应用中,由于绕组漏阻抗和分布电容的存在,电路会产生容性误差,且需要进行人工手动拨盘式调零箱并辅以指零仪进行电流比较仪式零磁通状态的调节,效率不高。因此针对这些问题,20世纪60年代,提出了补偿式电流比较仪互感器校验仪[24]并投入实际运行,用来检定0.1~0.5级电流互感器和电压互感器,其基本原理如图2所示,调压器一次侧输入电压,A为输入首端,X为输入末端,经过二次侧首端a和末端x流出为升流器供电,绕组Nu为电流比较仪T0的一次补偿绕组,其准确度等级更高,很好地克服了传统电流比较仪校准时的困难,校验中被广泛应用,且具有多样的电路种类。美国国家高压测量中心(National Centers for High Voltage Metrology, NCHVM)校准系统的量值溯源方法就是基于补偿电流比较仪[25]
补偿式电流比较仪是一种通过复杂接线和精密电子补偿技术实现的高准确度电流比例标准,使用上存在限制,只能用于实验室校准。因此实现使用简单的高准确度电流比例变换装置具有很大的吸引力。国外公司设计的有源电子式比较仪利用电子电路自动向负载注入误差电流补偿励磁误差,价格比较昂贵。基于此中国展开了电子补偿式的高准确度电流比较仪的研究。文献[26]研发出一种利用电子线路补偿铁芯励磁电流的电流比较仪,通过电子线路检测比例绕组安匝平衡,并自动补偿电流互感器的励磁电流,准确度得以大幅提升。该电流比较仪无需人工调节安匝平衡,在使用上接线也非常简单,该技术已用于110 kV变电站,满足0.2级电流互感器在线校准[27],校准系统如图3所示。
微差支路法将标准互感器和被测互感器二次侧电流同时在两互感器中间的微差支路反向流动,然后对支路负载的压降进行检测,测量误差。微差支路法因其电路结构简单且引入误差较小,是目前广泛应用于互感器校验电路之一。
目前已经开发了许多微差支路法方法。瑞士Tettex公司生产了2761型自动数显电流互感器校验仪,2765型自动数显电压互感器校验仪,采用Zimn微差支路法取差电路,实现了自动连续测量、直接读数显示与高集成化和滤波技术,有效抑制了噪声和谐波干扰。中国生产的HES-1型数字式互感器校验仪的工作原理与此类似。尼古拉-特斯拉研究所(Institute Nikola Tesla)也基于此原理先前开发了基于标准CT[28]和电子数据采集系统[29]的两个系统。随后研究所又开发了一个新的校准系统[30],简化框图如图4所示。该系统包括一个多绕组多变比差动互感器TN, 一个差动变压器Td,和一个用于得到TN次级电流等效值的互感器Tr,以及由两个放大器及反馈电阻提供参考电压Ur和差压Ud, TX为被测互感器,Zb为负载阻抗,Tst为电源变压器,Ip为初级电流,NdNNdX分别为差动变压器Td一次侧的第一级绕组和第二级绕组,IssIsx分别为标准和被测互感器的次级电流。在新的校准系统中,通过使用高精度的多绕组多变比差动互感器Td实现了改进。众所周知,微差法测量互感器幅度和相位误差的精度取决于标准互感器的TN精度。此方法强调了差动互感器Td的精度,而标准互感器TN的精度不受影响。这样,保证了整个系统的高精度。
综上所述,利用测差法的校验仪具有以下优点:
(1)误差小,准确度高。
(2)抗干扰能力强,稳定性高。
(3)测量范围广,适用于不同校验需求。
(4)结构简单,元器件少,无需繁杂计算推导。
(5)电路复杂度低,对精密度要求低,成本较低。
但是测差式校验仪是对差值进行测量,所以需要被测互感器与标准互感器的变比必须完全相同,才能进行检定,否则会影响测量误差结果,因此要求互感器有足够多的变比以满足检定时需要[31]。其次就是采用测差法的电工式校验仪操作时对每一试验点的校验都需要人工转动调节盘进行平衡调节,因而工作效率很低,对指零仪要求也很高,且校验仪的体积与重量都很大[32]
现如今所说的直接比较式校验仪主要针对的是非常规互感器[33-34],如抗直流偏磁电流互感器[35]、宽频互感器[36],该类互感器很难和标准互感器拥有完全一致的额定变比,还有现在广泛引用的数字输出的电子互感器,这些互感器无法在二次回路形成差流或者差压,不能采用测差法,所以要采用数字校验中的直接测量法[37]
直接测量法基于极坐标系,通过两个通道对标准互感器与被测互感器的二次电压或电流数据进行变换和采集,通过上位机软件计算出被校电子式互感器的误差。标准通道由标准电流互感器、信号转换装置和信号采集装置组成。标准互感器产生的模拟信号通过转换装置转换成小的模拟信号,通过数据采集电路进行模数转换转换成数字信号。在校验仪中通过软件对标准通道和校准通道的数字输出进行了分析和计算。并且通过增加输入通道的数量,可以同时校准多个互感器[38]
以电压互感器为例,直接测得标准互感器二次电压U0和被测互感器二次电压Ux、标准互感器二次电压的相位角φ0和被检互感器二次电压的相位角φx,按照互感器比差与角差的定义有
fu= U x - U 0 U 0×100%
δu=φx-φ0
直接测量式的校验仪标准和被测互感器的变比不必相等,这种互感器校验仪标准互感器与被测互感器的变比不必相等,甚至可以为小数,只要标准互感器的额定初级电压或者额定初级电流大于或等于被检互感器的额定值,就可以直接进行检定,使用比较方便。文献[39]选用高精度钳形电流互感器作为标准传感器,采用直接测量法通过AD采集电流信号实现了互感器的带电校验,准确度可达0.05%。
目前直接测量法的应用不断增多,但仍然缺乏成熟的基于此方法的检测装置,现有的校准方法也无法与成熟的测差法校验仪检定体系兼容。因此,一些学者试图建立校验仪测差法转换成直接测量法量值传递结果的换算模型。通过坐转换法校验仪的测量结果可以被转化为等效的直接测量法结果。
文献[40]详细描述了转换方法,假设一台直角坐标系互感器校验仪装置输出比值差和角差分别为fZδZ,转换为极坐标系的比值差和角差分别为fjδj,根据推导可得
fj≥0时,有
$\delta_{\mathrm{j}}=\arctan \left(\frac{\frac{\delta_{\mathrm{Z}}}{3438}}{1+f_{\mathrm{Z}}}\right) \times 3438^{\prime}$
fj= f Z + 1 c o s δ-1
fj≤0时,有
$\delta_{\mathrm{j}}=\arctan \left(\frac{\frac{\delta_{\mathrm{Z}}}{3438}}{1-\left|f_{\mathrm{Z}}\right|}\right) \times 3438^{\prime}$
fj= 1 - f Z c o s δ-1
经过检测结果表明,这种坐标转换法结果能满足基于极坐标系的直接测量法校验装置的检测需求[40]。通过坐标转换,即使校验仪采用的是不同的校验方法,但在结果上仍能够与直接测量法保持一致。这样的模型可以在直接测量法量值传递链建立之前,作为一个过渡期的解决方案。这种过渡期使用的转换模型有助于填补国内缺乏基于直接测量法的互感器校验仪的空白。通过提供一致的结果,这样的模型可以为互感器校准工作提供一种可行的解决方案。但还需要进一步研究和验证,以确保转换模型的准确性和可靠性,以及其在实际应用中的适用性[41]
采用直接比较法的数字式校验仪是一种融合电子测量技术与电工测量技术的设备,使用微处理器进行数字采样和数据处理,操作简便,能直接读取测量结果,无需采用零值平衡指示器。数字式校验仪根据不同互感器以及互感器的二次输出不同其校验方法也有所区别[42]
(1)针对传统的互感器,大部分数字式互感器校验仪工作时主要采用矢量分解法,校验仪直接采集标准互感器和被测互感器的差值信号,利用软件进行矢量分解与数据计算得到被测互感器的误差值。如图5所示,给出了一种基于电流比较仪原理的互感器误差校验仪[43],UTX是被测电压互感器,UTN是标准电压互感器,将UTXUTN的差压ΔU送入比较仪中,然后构造一个ΔU'也送入比较仪中,ΔU'与ΔU大小相等方向相反,可以通过指零仪来判断。当指零仪为0时,就可以得到被测电压互感器的误差值。ΔU'是一个矢量,工作电压U经过电压互感器转换成基准电压UREF,分别输入到同相通道和经过移相的正交通道的两路D/A(digital to analog converter),经D/A输出的两组信号合成后ΔU'与差压信号ΔU同时进入比较仪,通过比较仪绕组N3输出的检测信号放大后经A/D变换,送入中央处理单元,判断指零仪检测比较仪是否达到零磁通,当指零仪不等于零时, 调节两路D/A来调整同相分量与正交分量的大小,合成后进入比较仪重新与ΔU进行比较,直至指零仪为零后读取正交、同相分量的示值即可得到被测互感器的比差和角差。
针对非常规的互感器,尤其是电子式互感器[44],其根据二次输出的不同校验方式也有所差别。
(2)针对模拟输出的电子式互感器,采用数字校验仪时,首先要同标准互感器要通过电压/电压, 电流/电压转换器将电流和电压转换为适合模/数转换的低电平值,标准信号和被测信号分别通过标准通道和被校通道进行同步采集,同时可得标准和被测互感器的数字输出信号。由算法对两路信号直接进行幅值和相位的比对。测差法整体与直接比较法类似,但不同的是要将被校互感器和标准互感器的差值信号同标准信号送入数据采集通道,然后由数据处理单元完成计算。直接比较法对标准互感器的要求较低,但二次转换器的存在会增加测量误差。测差法对采集信号精度要求并不高,却对测差的灵敏度和稳定性要求很高,并且要求标准电压互感器和电流互感器和被测互感器二次输出值相等,并且越接近侧准确度越高,测差装置需要有精确的A/D转换、锁相技术等,研究过程繁琐,周期长。但测量误差比直接比较法小。
(3)针对数字输出的电子式互感器,输出的数字信号通过网口直接输入到数字式互感器校验仪,不需要通过过多的中间环节,减少了系统带来的误差,并且采集的过程可以得到基波幅值和谐波幅值等参数,但是数字输出的校准模式对每个元件或设备的精度要求较高。并且要求采集时标准通道和被测通道必须同步采集,否则会带来更大的相位误差,这就需要系统有一个同步触发,才能同时对数据进行同步采集,并且其对采集设备精度要求较高。
综上所述,针对不同的互感器,数字式校验装置一般包括信号变换,信号采集和数据分析与计算这3个部分[39],有着灵活的测量方式,但因为在信号采样过程中一般会使用很多芯片和电子电路,所以数字式校验仪一般只有1×10-5的比值差和0.01'的相位差分辨力,所以提高数字式校验仪的校准精度以满足不同级别互感器检测需求是主要的发展目标。随着智能电网的建设,互感器在线监测校准技术也逐渐兴起[45]。这种在线校准技术使管理者能够及时、准确地了解计量装置的实际运行状态,从而解决作业安全风险高、周期检定工作强度大、异常发现不及时以及信息化程度低等问题[46]。在线监测技术的发展符合智能电网能源互联和电力贸易市场化的需求,是向自动化、功能多样化和智能化发展的必然趋势[47]。此外,深化在线监测技术的应用需要研究新装置和新设备,以满足技术发展的需求,并在传感器件、高频采集和同步技术等领域解决关键问题,推动技术应用实现质的飞跃[48]
互感器校验仪实现的关键就是信号调理电路的设计与实现,能够根据不同类型的被测互感器信号特点进行相应的处理,从而确保进入校验仪本体电路的信号始终满足数字信号处理器的需求。
针对传统的互感器校验时,差值信号是微弱小信号,由于环境干扰引起的同频噪声很容易覆盖差值信号,所以一般会对差值进行前置放大和滤波提高信噪比,也会在校验仪信号处理软件中拟采用噪声抑制技术和高阶滤波算法减少噪声对差值信号的影响。
针对电子式互感器,信号调理主要针对转换器确保转换为适合模/数转换的低电平值,在电流测量方面,使用的大多是传统的带电流分流器[49]和罗氏线圈[50]。对于电压测量,则大多使用电阻式、电容式或混合式分压器。
标准通道和被校通道经数据采集模块后送入数据处理单元,所以采集模块的误差需要控制在一定范围内。目前信号采集误差主要来自A/D转换器,为了尽可能避免数据采集系统精度不够带来的校验装置误差,目前很多校验仪采用高精度AD转换器数字采集卡或多位数字表,尤其通过采用24位高速高精度AD转换[51],文献[52]采用24位AD转换器,利用高分辨率幅值相位调节技术,如图6所示,设计了双路幅值和相位精密可调的数字程控标准信号源,装置通过灵活调节标准信号U1I1以及被测信号U2I2得到差压,并通过一系列调理电路、电压/电流变换(U/I变换),A/D采样,将幅值分辨率提高到0.000 01%,相位调节分辨率提高到0.000 1',同时解决了通过90°移相器产生正交分量信号,频率对相位的影响的问题。
针对电子式互感器,除了AD转换器,标准和被校两路信号的同步采样也是校验系统的关键,必须满足同步采样,校验误差才能满足要求[53]。脉冲同步法是目前应用最多的方法之一,属于硬件同步方法,每个合并单元都有时钟接口,这些接口输出1 P/s(pulse per second )用来接收基准统一的时钟脉冲同步从而实现合并单元内的时钟同步。
基准统一脉冲可以用全球定位系统(global positioning system, GPS)卫星,北斗卫星和伽利略卫星精准对时,其中用GPS较多,如图7所示,该校准系统适用于任何类型的电流传感器和数字输出的电流互感器,主要由一个大电流发生系统(红色区域),产生一个大电流IQ分别为标准互感器TN和被测互感器TX供电,Ch1和Ch2为波形发生器的两个信号输入通道、一套标准电流互感器(绿色区域)和相关精密电阻器和一个精密双通道测量系统(紫色区域)组成,同步信号可通过GPS接收器获得,并以10 MHz、每秒脉冲数和PTPv2(IEEE1588-2008)的形式传输。但这种方法较容易受到现场条件的限制,这种方法最少需要三根光纤,且合并单元需要支持脉冲同步功能[54]
基于IEEE1588的同步法是一种基于精确时钟同步协议的技术,该标准允许网络中的设备通过相互通信来同步它们的时钟,从而实现微秒级的时间精度。这种方法具有更高的时钟同步精度,但其需要额外增加工业以太网硬件外设,极大地增加了硬件成本。
插值法即固定延时法,标准通道和被校通道独立采样,通过插值法得到两者输出信号过零点的绝对时间差经过算法得到相位误差,这种算法接线简单但处理算法相对复杂,且容易受网络结构和通讯方式的影响[55]。在电子式互感器误差校验时应尽量采用脉冲同步法,采用插值法需要严格保证额定延时时间的准确性。
数据分析与计算单元对采集信号进行数据与分析,由于数字式校验仪的信号采样,处理等技术中使用了较多芯片、电子电路,存在许多干扰信号,以及存在采样的非同步,因此需要优化校验算法[56],提高算法精度,保证计算结果的高准确度。
针对采样点非均匀分布在整个信号周期上的问题,也可以采用软件补偿算法,弥补因工频信号带来的采样误差,提高同步采样精度。
在信号的分析处理上,多采用傅里叶变换方法求取所采集的标准与被测器输出信号的基波分量[57]。但是电网频率并不是固定的工频50 Hz,而是在工频允许范围内波动,但是同步信号的频率是固定的,所以无法做到同步采样,就会出现“栅栏效应”,这相当于对原始信号乘以一个矩形窗进行截断,从而也产生“频谱泄露”。栅栏效应和频谱泄露给DFT的精度带来很大影响,使检测结果存在较大误差。
为抑制这些影响,主要采用以下几种方法。
(1)采用更高的采样率,使得信号能与采样点整数倍匹配,减少栅栏效应的影响。
(2)离散傅里叶变换后加入数字补偿,可以使用零填充对信号进行补零处理,增加信号长度,降低频谱泄露。
(3)利用加窗和插值算法与DFT(discrete Fourier transform)相结合,可以提高频谱分析的分辨率[58],解决栅栏效应及频谱泄漏造成的影响,加窗插值法有很多,主要采用的有加矩形窗插值法[51],加Kaiser窗插值法[59]和采用基于梯形自卷积窗的四谱线插值算法[60],还有文献[61]提出一种基于数据预处理的加二阶Hanning卷积窗的基波提取算法,准确度达0.01%,可以完全忽略由校验算法带来的误差。
(4)将准同步算法与DFT结合来提取基波分量[62-63],在考虑20次以内谐波影响下,利用此方法与普通的DFT算法比较测量精确度提高了近20倍[64]
(5)除了利用加窗插值法,加入频率跟踪变化采样率,更好实现信号的整周期采样以减少非周期采样引起的误差,解决了信号频率波动对校验仪的影响[65]
(6)采用频谱分析相位差矫正法,可在保证准确度前提下降低对系统采样频率的要求[66]
以上算法大多针对实验室环境下进行的。针对现场校验有干扰的情况下,文献[67]基于有限次迭代与最小二乘法组合实现了对频率的准确测量,随后结合准同步算法提取信号基波分量,结果表明基于此方法的便携式校验仪满足0.1级的互感器精度要求。采用基于频段划分的奇异值总体最小二乘法也可以有效抑制现场噪声和谐波干扰,具有较高的计算精度[68]
在现场进行互感器误差测试时,用传统测差法测试时需要标准互感器、升压器或升流器、负荷箱等体积大重量重的设备[69],以现场检测一台电压为500 kV变比为2 500 A/1 A的CT为例。一次回路总长度约为30 m,升流器容量约为30 kVA以上,加上容性无功补偿装置,整套设备总重量在400 kg左右。由于一次导线总重量约为100 kg,还需要吊车和高空作业车来完成一次接线。这些设备体积和重量都较大,运输困难,在现场时会增加检定难度,且现场电压较大,存在一定的安全隐患[70]。针对上述问题,测差法已不适用于现场检定,因此目前行业内对于安装在现场的互感器进行检测时常常使用低校高法和负荷外推法。
低校高法是一种检定电磁式电压互感器的新测量方法[71]。这种方法在低电压环境下,通过测量多种电参量进行推算,具备电源容量需求小、体积轻便和易于携带等优点。然而,它需综合考虑泄漏电流和互感器连接方式,以确保测试参数的准确性和推导算法的有效性[72]。准确测定互感器参数是减少误差的关键,但一次线圈的内阻计算受设备、回路稳定性及测量精度的限制,通常伴随较大的不确定性。此外,抗干扰能力较弱,难以实现计量传递。如果高压互感器有多个二次绕组,还需考虑这些绕组对被测绕组的影响,进一步限制了应用范围。
负荷外推法则是在较低的一次电压下,通过测差法直接测量互感器的误差,从而推算其他测试点的误差。这种方法无需额外设备,操作相对简单,只需调整负荷倍数,且测试误差与比较法相同。然而,必须确保内部电压负荷满足一定的准确度要求,并在不同负荷导纳和绕组内阻条件下提供相应的负荷导纳和电阻,否则高电压下的测量准确性难以保证。此外,该方法工艺较复杂,故障率较高,仪器也相对较重[73]
低校高法适用于现场检定互感器,但要准确测量被检互感器一次和二次绕组的电阻、漏抗、励磁导纳、低电压误差以及实际二次负荷导纳等参数,增加了提升仪器准确度的难度。负荷误差曲线外推法适合检定带有非线性补偿和不带非线性补偿的电磁式互感器,同时也可应用于电容式互感器。然而,这种方法同样需要确保内部电压负荷满足准确度要求,否则在高电压下的测量准确性难以得到保障。针对这两种现场校验方法的不足,部分学者开始探索基于异频小信号测量技术的互感器校准方案[74]
小信号测试法是一种间接测试方法,在互感器经典误差理论的基础上,采用小信号测得互感器的变比、一次阻抗、二次阻抗等这些各个影响互感器误差的参数,带入误差公式便可得到被测互感器的误差。相对于以往现场校验电力互感器的大电压和大电流,小信号测试主要采用小电流和小电压,最高电压不超过120 V,因而可以实现测试仪器的小型化和便携性[75]
在实际的现场应用中,干扰信号主要为工频干扰信号及工频的高波谐波干扰信号。为了减少外部干扰对测试结果的影响,可采用异频测量技术[76],异频测量技术是指注入的测试信号不同于工频50 Hz的电网频率,选用的频率在40~60 Hz范围内,尽量接近于工频但又不同于工频。校验仪在小信号的基础上,采用48~52 Hz的异频信号,实现互感器参数的测试,再根据相应的转换公式换算成50 Hz下的测式结果[77]。并在采样电路前设计变频、高精度滤波电路,以便将工频及工频的高次谐波干扰信号滤除,从而有效地避免采样信号受到干扰信号影响,提高测量的精度。文献[78]研究一种基于小信号测试原理的便携式互感器校验仪装置。该装置可兼容电压、电流互感器误差、变比、阻抗等参数测试功能。该装置的成功研制对互感器检测具有重要的实际意义和使用价值。河南电网面对正式运行的500 kV升压站的发电厂,现场安装运行的1 500多台500 kV电压等级的电流互感器检定任务重的现状,采用小信号测试法开展500 kV电站电流互感器的现场测试需求,大大提高了其现场检验工作效率。但这类技术多是针对电流互感器的特点进行单独设计,属于较新技术。目前还未广泛使用,还需理论和实验多次验证保证其有效性和准确性。
互感器校验装置作为电力行业中不可或缺的重要设备,广泛应用于电力系统中的发电厂、变电站、计量站等场所,以及互感器生产厂家和科研机构。在电能计量方面,准确的互感器是确保计量公正、合理的基础;在继电保护和自动控制方面,准确的互感器能够提供可靠的信号源,保障系统的稳定运行,其准确性和稳定性对于保障电力系统的安全运行具有至关重要的意义。
随着电力行业的不断发展,互感器校验装置也经历了从简单到复杂、从低精度到高精度的演变过程。早期的互感器校验装置主要采用手动操作方式,校验过程烦琐且易受人为因素影响。随着计算机技术和自动化技术的不断进步以及互感器技术的发展,电子补偿技术大大提高了互感器校验仪的精度,针对实际电网展开的在线校准和现场校准技术也在不断研究,现代化的互感器校验装置正在朝着自动化、智能化和高精度化的目标不断发展,大大提高了校验效率和准确度,但目前这些技术多针对特定互感器和特定场合展开的研究,而在实际应用环境中存在各种干扰,都会影响互感器校验装置的准确定和稳定性,而目前的研究大多在实验室和某个变电站展开测试,不具备普遍性,无法体现抗干扰能力。随着技术的发展,目前对电子式校验仪和宽频互感器校验仪的研究也日益增多,但目前只有对测差法的基于50 Hz条件下的互感器校验仪制定了检定规程,其他校验仪缺少标准化规范,因此标准化是提升互感器校验装置性能的重要手段。
随着数字技术的不断成熟,数字式互感器逐渐取代传统的模拟互感器。数字互感器具备更高的精度和更好的抗干扰能力,同时可以通过数字信号处理技术提高测量的准确性。近年来,数字互感器的校验装置也相应进行了改进,采用先进的数字校验方法,如高速采集卡、高速报文解析装置、时钟同步装置组成的校验系统,提高了校验的效率和准确性。
智能化技术的引入使得互感器校验装置具备了远程监控和自动化校验的能力。通过物联网技术,校验装置可以实时收集和分析数据,减少人工操作,提高校验的及时性和准确性。尤其是随着智能电网的发展,这种趋势尤为明显,为系统的维护和管理提供了便利。
现代互感器校验装置趋向于多功能化,不仅能够进行基本的校验工作,还能够进行设备状态监测、故障诊断和数据记录等。这种多功能的校验装置使得维护人员能够更全面地了解互感器的工作状态,提高了系统的可靠性。
数字式校验技术虽然极大地提高了自动化程度,但受电子器件和电子线路影响其精度较低。近年来,高精度的校验技术得到了广泛关注,包括基于响应速度更快的数字信号处理(digital signal processor,DSP)技术、先进的传感技术以及相位测量技术的校验方法,显著提高校验精度,降低误差,特别是在高频信号测量时表现出色。
互感器通常在复杂的电力系统环境中工作,温度、湿度与电磁干扰等这些环境因素可能引起测量误差,如何在这些复杂环境中保持校验的准确性是一个亟待解决的难点。因此必须研究这些因素对互感器校验装置性能的影响,并提出有效的适应性设计。
不同厂家生产的互感器在设计和技术参数上存在差异,如何实现校验设备的兼容性,以适应多样化的互感器类型,是一个重要的挑战。因此标准化是提升互感器校验装置性能的重要手段。未来,行业内应加强对校验标准的研究与制定,推动行业的规范化发展,提高设备的兼容性和互换性。目前互感器校验的标准和流程在不同地区和单位之间存在差异, 行业标准不足,缺乏统一有效的国家或行业标准,导致互感器校验装置在设计和使用上的不一致性和校验流程的不确定性。由于缺乏完善的规范,校验过程可能受到人为因素的影响,从而影响校验结果的准确性。因此应该逐步完善行业标准,互感器校验设备也应朝着标准化和模块化方向发展。这标准化设计不仅方便了设备的维护和升级,也使得不同品牌、不同型号的设备能够进行兼容和互换,提高了系统的灵活性和适应性。
在电力系统中,电力互感器部署超八千万台,规模增速为 5%/年,校验任务繁重。 而人工智能技术在数据分析和故障预测方面展现了巨大的潜力,应用可以显著提高校验效率。近年来,许多研究开始探索将机器学习算法应用于互感器的校验和维护中,通过对历史数据的分析,预测设备的故障和性能衰退,提高了设备的管理效率。同时这也需要加强互感器校验装置与调度中心、数据中心等其他系统之间的数据交互,实现信息的共享和资源的优化配置。
现代互感器校验装置不仅仅执行校验功能,还是设备状态监测、故障诊断的综合平台。如何将多种功能集成到一个装置中,以降低系统复杂度和维护成本也是一个重点研究方向。未来的互感器校验装置将朝着更高的集成度和互联性发展。通过与其他电力设备和系统的无缝连接,形成全面的监控和管理平台,提高系统的智能化水平。
在实际应用中,互感器的校验周期往往受到时间和成本的制约。如何在保证校验质量的前提下,缩短校验周期,提高工作效率,是研究中的一大难点。随着电力系统的复杂性增加,将互感器校验装置与其他测量设备进行整合,形成一个完整的测量与检测系统,是当前的研究趋势。
随着技术的不断进步,校验装置需要不断更新与优化,以适应新的电力需求和技术挑战。这要求相关企业和研究机构保持对新技术的关注,积极进行技术创新。随着新型材料和技术的出现,传统的校验方法可能无法适应新的互感器设计。研究人员需不断更新校验技术,以匹配新型互感器的性能特征。
互感器校验装置研究在电力系统中具有重要意义,当前面临的重点与难点不仅考验着技术发展,还影响着电力行业的稳定与安全。随着技术的不断进步和需求的复杂化,在高精度、自动化、整合化等方面的突破,将极大推动互感器校验装置的进一步发展。通过行业团体、科研机构以及企业之间的合作与交流,有望解决现有难题,实现电力系统的高效、安全运行。
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2025年第25卷第3期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403738
  • 接收时间:2024-05-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-21
  • 修回日期:2024-10-14
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    1.郑州大学电气与信息工程学院, 郑州 450001
    2.中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 武汉 430072

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* 周峰(1980—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:电能计量与智能传感技术。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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