Article(id=1156264265918046914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402782, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1733932800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604483345, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604483345, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604483345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604483345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2595, endPage=2604, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264267251835588, articleId=1156264265918046914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization Method for Opportunity Maintenance Decision of Civil Aircraft System Components Considering the Comprehensive Risk Effects of Multiple Factors, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the problem of insufficient analysis of the risk impact on system components and inadequate classification management in civil aircraft maintenance, which leads to sudden failures during component operation, a comprehensive risk impact factor was introduced to accurately evaluate the importance and potential hazards of civil aircraft system components, and a component preventive maintenance strategy considering the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors was established. A chance maintenance decision model for civil aircraft systems was established with the objective of optimizing the maintenance cost of components, taking into account the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors on components. The model comprehensively considers the time correlation between system components and the cost generated by the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors on components. Example verification shows that compared to preventive maintenance decisions that do not consider the impact of component risks, the maintenance decision proposed in this article reduces the total maintenance cost of civil aircraft systems by about 20.20%, and the reduction rate of preventive maintenance and replacement frequency is about 41.23%.

, correspAuthors=Ya-ni GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yao-hua LI, Ya-ni GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264316421661636, articleId=1156264265918046914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑多因素综合风险影响的民机系统部件机会维修决策优化方法, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对民机维修中对系统部件风险影响分析不够深入、分类管理不细而导致部件运行中出现突发故障的问题,通过引入综合风险影响度因子对民机系统部件的重要度和潜在隐患进行准确评估,建立了考虑多因素综合风险影响的部件预防性维修策略。以民机系统部件维修成本优化为目标,建立了一种考虑部件多因素综合风险影响的民机系统机会维修决策模型,综合考虑了系统部件间的时间相关性和部件的多因素综合风险影响产生的成本。实例验证表明,相较于不考虑部件风险影响的预防性维修决策,本文提出的维修决策使民机系统的总维护成本降低约20.20%,预防性维修与更换次数减少率约为41.23%。

, correspAuthors=郭雅妮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郭雅妮(2000—),女,汉族,新疆阿克苏人,硕士研究生。研究方向:民机系统维修决策优化。E-mail:
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李耀华(1974—),男,汉族,天津人,博士,教授。研究方向:民机系统维修决策优化,维修工程分析。E-mail:

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李耀华(1974—),男,汉族,天津人,博士,教授。研究方向:民机系统维修决策优化,维修工程分析。E-mail:

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李耀华(1974—),男,汉族,天津人,博士,教授。研究方向:民机系统维修决策优化,维修工程分析。E-mail:

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Transportation Research Procedia, 2021, 59: 29-37., articleTitle=Inventory cost minimization of spare parts in aviation industry, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233422560021508656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, awardId=U2033209, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金委员会-中国民航局民航联合研究基金重点支持项目(U2033209), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233422550492050369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550500438977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, companyId=1233422550492050369, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550508827587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, companyId=1233422550492050369, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233422553021214907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Factors for evaluating the comprehensive risk impact of components, figureFileSmall=gIHfIg2x7GTQOwdkl/QJHQ==, figureFileBig=6I3NlXCAFQbtQ2DcPWwEVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422553205764303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=图1, caption=部件综合风险影响度评估因素, figureFileSmall=gIHfIg2x7GTQOwdkl/QJHQ==, figureFileBig=6I3NlXCAFQbtQ2DcPWwEVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422553377730787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The selection and judgment process of opportunity maintenance concept, figureFileSmall=fz20v5sorIbEexcv2Z5EHw==, figureFileBig=LQhMtL/+nX2e37C/uSrrwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422554824765679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=图2, caption=机会维修思想的选择和判断过程, figureFileSmall=fz20v5sorIbEexcv2Z5EHw==, figureFileBig=LQhMtL/+nX2e37C/uSrrwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422554988343546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Opportunity maintenance schematic, figureFileSmall=JqxkiBJ8E9vhGWntt6oshg==, figureFileBig=rsdFakwmrj/Jqly8Dds3zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555151921418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=图3, caption=机会维修原理图, figureFileSmall=JqxkiBJ8E9vhGWntt6oshg==, figureFileBig=rsdFakwmrj/Jqly8Dds3zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555256779032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Bar chart of the calculated comprehensive risk impact of components, figureFileSmall=VKZSTkdyQ+VPhJrZrYAtmA==, figureFileBig=gKN9x5CYPfyfaVUy0BpqrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555370025246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=图4, caption=部件综合风险影响度计算结果柱状图, figureFileSmall=VKZSTkdyQ+VPhJrZrYAtmA==, figureFileBig=gKN9x5CYPfyfaVUy0BpqrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555479077164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Opportunity maintenance cost, figureFileSmall=ujw69/fWwp1wFV0TlfnM7w==, figureFileBig=PLUMJhWPKN6tOutrRtjjzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555688792378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=图5, caption=机会维修成本, figureFileSmall=ujw69/fWwp1wFV0TlfnM7w==, figureFileBig=PLUMJhWPKN6tOutrRtjjzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555839787333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Component cost classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标名称 分级 评定等级描述 等级分值
部件造价/万元 1 000及以上 很重要 9
500~1 000 重要 7
100~500 一般 5
10~100 轻微 3
10及以下 影响极小 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422555990782293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部件造价分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标名称 分级 评定等级描述 等级分值
部件造价/万元 1 000及以上 很重要 9
500~1 000 重要 7
100~500 一般 5
10~100 轻微 3
10及以下 影响极小 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556112417119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification of component fault detectability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测技术要求 评分
监测费用低 监测费用高
1 4
中等 4 6
7~8 9
非常高 8~9 10
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556267606378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部件故障可监测性分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测技术要求 评分
监测费用低 监测费用高
1 4
中等 4 6
7~8 9
非常高 8~9 10
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556389241207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Warning severity classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 告警分类 严重程度 评定等级
描述
等级分值
1 故障 紧急 很严重 9
2 异常 重要 严重 7
3 一般损伤 次要 一般 5
4 轻微损伤 一般 轻微 3
5 告知 轻微 影响极小 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556506681726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

预警严重度分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 告警分类 严重程度 评定等级
描述
等级分值
1 故障 紧急 很严重 9
2 异常 重要 严重 7
3 一般损伤 次要 一般 5
4 轻微损伤 一般 轻微 3
5 告知 轻微 影响极小 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556632510855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Classification of fault impact degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 较大故障 一级故障 二级故障 三级故障 其他
评定等
级描述
很严重 严重 一般 轻微 影响极小
等级分值 9 7 5 3 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556728979856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

故障影响度分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 较大故障 一级故障 二级故障 三级故障 其他
评定等
级描述
很严重 严重 一般 轻微 影响极小
等级分值 9 7 5 3 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556926112158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average random consistency index RI value

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RI 0 0 0.52 0.89 1.12 1.26 1.36 1.41 1.46
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557026775461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

平均随机一致性指标RI值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RI 0 0 0.52 0.89 1.12 1.26 1.36 1.41 1.46
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557148410290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Component parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 β η Cfs Cps Cgs crisk tfs tps tgs Rmin
1 1.4 143 960 1 950 7 950 500 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.75
2 0.8 55 480 1 000 1 600 500 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.80
3 2.5 93 400 1 080 7 250 500 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.86
4 2.1 73 600 1 780 5 100 500 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.85
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557282628031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

部件参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 β η Cfs Cps Cgs crisk tfs tps tgs Rmin
1 1.4 143 960 1 950 7 950 500 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.75
2 0.8 55 480 1 000 1 600 500 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.80
3 2.5 93 400 1 080 7 250 500 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.86
4 2.1 73 600 1 780 5 100 500 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.85
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557404262859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Calculation results of comprehensive risk impact of each component

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件代号 部件重要
度值
部件潜在
隐患值
部件综合风险
影响度值
1 0.558 4 0.364 4 0.203 5
2 0.421 2 0.465 3 0.196 0
3 0.924 3 0.531 7 0.491 5
4 0.722 4 0.365 8 0.264 3
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557525897685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各部件综合风险影响度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件代号 部件重要
度值
部件潜在
隐患值
部件综合风险
影响度值
1 0.558 4 0.364 4 0.203 5
2 0.421 2 0.465 3 0.196 0
3 0.924 3 0.531 7 0.491 5
4 0.722 4 0.365 8 0.264 3
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557676892642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Preventive maintenance interval

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部件 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
1 58.73 52.57 46.48 41.11 36.49
2 8.44 8.36 8.11 7.80 7.44
3 43.64 39.27 34.04 29.02 24.61
4 30.73 27.53 23.87 20.46 17.52
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557806916072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

预防性维修时间间隔

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
1 58.73 52.57 46.48 41.11 36.49
2 8.44 8.36 8.11 7.80 7.44
3 43.64 39.27 34.04 29.02 24.61
4 30.73 27.53 23.87 20.46 17.52
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559266533874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Cost rates for different preventive maintenance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 1 2 3 4
1 97.75 89.18 88.66 91.53
2 152.68 145.30 144.53 146.85
3 104.54 90.90 88.98 92.13
4 123.67 119.60 125.58 136.31
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559417528831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同预防性维修的费用率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件 1 2 3 4
1 97.75 89.18 88.66 91.53
2 152.68 145.30 144.53 146.85
3 104.54 90.90 88.98 92.13
4 123.67 119.60 125.58 136.31
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559543357962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Comparison of results under different maintenance strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 不考虑综合
风险影响
损失的预
防性维修
考虑综合
风险影响
损失的预
防性维修
考虑综合
风险影响
损失的机
会维修
总维修费用/元 319 306.19 293 294.60 254 799.59
预防性维修与更换次数 114 103 67
预防性维修停机时间/d 45.4 41.7 23.9
预防性维修停机损失/元 22 700 20 850 11 950
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559723713047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264265918046914, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

不同维修策略下的结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 不考虑综合
风险影响
损失的预
防性维修
考虑综合
风险影响
损失的预
防性维修
考虑综合
风险影响
损失的机
会维修
总维修费用/元 319 306.19 293 294.60 254 799.59
预防性维修与更换次数 114 103 67
预防性维修停机时间/d 45.4 41.7 23.9
预防性维修停机损失/元 22 700 20 850 11 950
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考虑多因素综合风险影响的民机系统部件机会维修决策优化方法
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李耀华 , 郭雅妮 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(6): 2595-2604
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(6): 2595-2604
考虑多因素综合风险影响的民机系统部件机会维修决策优化方法
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李耀华 , 郭雅妮*
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 李耀华(1974—),男,汉族,天津人,博士,教授。研究方向:民机系统维修决策优化,维修工程分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 郭雅妮(2000—),女,汉族,新疆阿克苏人,硕士研究生。研究方向:民机系统维修决策优化。E-mail:
Optimization Method for Opportunity Maintenance Decision of Civil Aircraft System Components Considering the Comprehensive Risk Effects of Multiple Factors
Yao-hua LI , Ya-ni GUO*
Affiliations
  • School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402782
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针对民机维修中对系统部件风险影响分析不够深入、分类管理不细而导致部件运行中出现突发故障的问题,通过引入综合风险影响度因子对民机系统部件的重要度和潜在隐患进行准确评估,建立了考虑多因素综合风险影响的部件预防性维修策略。以民机系统部件维修成本优化为目标,建立了一种考虑部件多因素综合风险影响的民机系统机会维修决策模型,综合考虑了系统部件间的时间相关性和部件的多因素综合风险影响产生的成本。实例验证表明,相较于不考虑部件风险影响的预防性维修决策,本文提出的维修决策使民机系统的总维护成本降低约20.20%,预防性维修与更换次数减少率约为41.23%。

部件重要度  /  部件潜在隐患  /  预防性维修  /  机会维修

In response to the problem of insufficient analysis of the risk impact on system components and inadequate classification management in civil aircraft maintenance, which leads to sudden failures during component operation, a comprehensive risk impact factor was introduced to accurately evaluate the importance and potential hazards of civil aircraft system components, and a component preventive maintenance strategy considering the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors was established. A chance maintenance decision model for civil aircraft systems was established with the objective of optimizing the maintenance cost of components, taking into account the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors on components. The model comprehensively considers the time correlation between system components and the cost generated by the comprehensive risk impact of multiple factors on components. Example verification shows that compared to preventive maintenance decisions that do not consider the impact of component risks, the maintenance decision proposed in this article reduces the total maintenance cost of civil aircraft systems by about 20.20%, and the reduction rate of preventive maintenance and replacement frequency is about 41.23%.

component importance  /  potential hazards of components  /  preventive maintenance  /  opportunity maintenance
李耀华, 郭雅妮. 考虑多因素综合风险影响的民机系统部件机会维修决策优化方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2595 -2604 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402782
Yao-hua LI, Ya-ni GUO. Optimization Method for Opportunity Maintenance Decision of Civil Aircraft System Components Considering the Comprehensive Risk Effects of Multiple Factors[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2595 -2604 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402782
近年来,随着民航的快速发展,机队规模逐渐增大,民航运输量逐步增加,民机系统运行中部件应对潜在的风险因素的分析已成为必须重视的问题。民机系统部件作为民机系统的关键组成部分,系统部件出现故障将导致较大的停机损失和社会影响。因此,高风险部件正常工作对于民机系统安全稳定的运行极其关键。综合部件的重要度和潜在隐患影响程度,准确评估部件风险来提高民机运行的可靠性,对降低系统运行风险有很大帮助。对于风险较高的部件,提高维护水平和管理程度,来保持其运行的可靠性,降低部件发生突发故障的概率。
为民机系统制定合理的维修策略可以有效地提高其可靠性和使用寿命,并且降低维护成本。现如今,对于复杂的民机系统部件的维护策略,一种是将复杂系统看作一个整体进行维修,即纠正性维护(corrective maintenance,CM)[1]、基于时间的预防性维护(scheduled maintenance,SM)[2]和状态维护(condition based maintenance,CBM)[3]。另一种是将复杂系统看作多部件系统,对其进行选择性维修、成组维修和机会维修等。在实际系统中,复杂的民机系统一般是由多个部件共同组成,且具有复杂的相关性[4-5],如经济相关性、结构相关性、随机相关性等。部件级维修决策是制定系统级机会维修决策的基础,这对维修策略有很大的影响。预防性维修次数越多会导致维护效果逐渐减弱,将单部件的维修策略应用于民机系统可能会使得过度维修或维修不足[6],因此,许多预防性维修模型都把预防性维修次数作为优化的决策变量,尽量减少周期内维修总次数使得维护效果更好[7],文献[8]基于特征协变量计算得最优预防性维修间隔并建立了柴油发动机的视情维修决策;文献[9]基于可靠性衰退趋势模型并以可靠性和成本为目标提出了多组件预防性维修策略多目标优化模型。近几年,机会维修策略在民机系统中得到了更广泛的关注;文献[10]基于不完美维修策略建立了机会维修模型,同时确定了不同单元数控机床的机会维修的时间阈值;文献[11]针对多单元冗余系统的动态机会维修策略,利用改进的带记忆的遗传算法计算得到最优机会维修计划;文献[12]提出了基于条件的机会维修;文献[13]研究了多部件系统基于状态的机会维修策略,并为涡轮机系统建立了备件供应联合优化策略,后来许多学者从不同方向对其进行了改进[14-17]。但是在建立机会维修决策优化模型时,很少有在部件级维修决策中考虑部件风险影响的模型,以往建立的模型大都仅考虑了部件发生故障的停机损失和直接维修损失[18],却没有考虑部件的风险影响损失,对于民机这种安全责任重大、故障影响后果严重的大型运输设备,考虑部件风险影响是为民机系统部件制定维修决策的重要内容,因此,检测风险影响是优化机会维修模型需要考虑的核心因素。对于民机系统部件的风险影响的评估,如文献[19]对运用概率风险分析对发动机系统进行了故障风险评估;文献[20]在不完美维修决策中引入故障风险因子,采用层次分析法和评分法将部件的故障风险进行量化;文献[21]构建了考虑双指标的设备风险影响度指标模型,将部件按照对系统可靠性和稳定性不同的影响度进行等级分类。对民机系统风险影响损失的评估实施更深入的分析,这样能够得到更加合理全面的部件风险影响损失的结果,为民机系统维护提供可靠的数据支持。
以往预防性机会维修决策中没有考虑部件的风险影响而进行区别备件,导致备件成本过高,总维护成本提升,现针对民机系统部件运行期间发生非预期故障可能对系统造成不同后果的风险,引入部件综合风险影响度因子对其进行量化分析,得到不同部件各自的综合风险影响度因子,再计算得出风险影响损失成本,以预防性维修可靠度阈值为决策变量,总成本为优化目标,建立一种考虑风险影响损失的民机部件维护决策模型,在此基础上为多部件串联系统制定考虑机会维修的系统维修决策。以降低民机全运行周期中整体维护成本,对制定更符合航空企业需求的民机系统维修决策有指导性意义。
民机系统是一种极其精密的复杂集成系统,在民机运行期间,导致系统部件风险影响损失产生的因素有许多,并且民机系统不同的部件的功能和重要度也存在区别,同时部件发生故障导致系统产生的后果也不同。
本文研究通过分析民机系统部件故障原因和运行经验[22],总结分类了多层次、隐性的部件风险影响因素,运用部件综合风险影响评估计算模型,如图1所示,从民机系统部件的重要度和潜在隐患两个方面来评估部件预警或故障对系统造成的影响,对不同民机系统部件的风险影响损失影响进行评价分级,其中,部件综合风险影响度表示影响的严重程度,然后将其量化为部件的风险影响损失成本计算进总维修费用,全面权衡部件故障对民机正常工作的影响,并对采购备件的种类与数量进行合理决策,避免其他模型中仅考虑部件故障停机损失和维修成本却不考虑部件故障导致的其他危害的疏漏,同时降低航空公司冗余的备件管理成本。
对于综合风险影响度高的部件,航空公司在备件采购时会优先保证其有更充足的储备量,以便于在需要时及时更换来保障运行的连续性,因此可以节省更换部件时再去采购部件所需的人力资源与供应短缺所导致的停机损失等成本和供应加急成本;如果购置过多风险影响损失影响度低的备件,冗余的备件储备费用会占用航空公司大量资金,会对航空公司的经济效益产生影响,因此航空公司需要对采购备件的种类与数量进行合理的决策。
由于恰当的备件库存管理,民机系统部件的维修活动能在充分的保障下及时开展的同时,还能将全周期的总维修成本控制在较低水平,提高航空公司的经济效益,所以相较于不考虑部件综合风险影响度的维修决策,部件的总维护成本会较低。
本文研究中的部件重要度代表部件在民机系统中正常运行时所处地位的重要程度,部件重要度越高,其产生的故障导致整个系统无法正常运行时长越长、导致的停机损失越高等,对民机系统正常工作产生的影响越严重。
通过分析不同部件在系统中的功能与地位,基于民机系统正常工作和专家经验,本文考虑影响部件重要度的影响因素为如下。
(1)部件造价。部件造价是从经济的层面对民机系统部件对其重要度进行评价考量的一种指标,部件的制造工艺和复杂度会直接影响其造价,部件造价分级如表1所示。一些民机系统部件因为其特殊性能、专利技术使其难以替代性越高,所以价格相对较高,而部件制造越精密,那么其在民机系统中地位也越高,即在系统中越重要。同时的价格直接影响维修和替换的成本,对于高造价的系统部件,维修可能需要更多的资源和资金,而替换可能会带来更高的成本。
(2)部件故障可监测性。部件故障可监测性能保证在重要部件故障时快速通知相关人员做出反应,从而避免严重影响的发生,部件故障可监测性分级如表2所示。民机系统部件故障可监测性的影响因素主要考虑对部件监测技术水平要求的高低和监测所需费用,对部件的监测费用的评级和打分基于对部件的检测技术水平要求的高低而产生。部件监测费用包含监测部件的成本及其相关硬件和软件设备的成本,例如为了实时监控某部件所构建的在线监测系统,产生的费用涵盖了数据采集、传输和终端监控设备所产生的费用。部件故障可监测性可以反映部件故障的影响大小,部件所需检测技术水平和监测所需费用越高可以表明此部件的重要度越高。
(3)相关联部件规模。考虑民机系统部件相关联部件的规模大小是为了评估其对整个系统运行的影响和重要性。民机系统通常由多个部件和设备组成,彼此之间存在功能相关性,某些设备的功能可能直接依赖于其他设备的正常运行。部件产生故障可能导致其他相关联的部件同时失效或故障,使得维修成本上升或停机时间增加,本文研究通过受影响部件的数量来描述故障部件产生影响的严重程度。
部件的潜在隐患导致其发生预警提醒、故障或者运行出现非正常情况,会使得民机系统部件正常工作时受到影响,提高产生风险的可能,增加系统部件的潜在失效概率。基于民机运行和专家经验,本文考虑的部件潜在隐患影响成分有三项。
(1)预警严重度。预警严重度是指对部件预警级别的加权后累加,根据预警的急迫程度和重要性,能够将预警划分等级,以此来描述部件预警可能导致的后果的严重程度,表达式为
$AR=\stackrel{k}{\sum _{i=1}}{a}_{i}{X}_{i}$
式(1)中:AR为部件预警严重程度;ai为预警类别匹配的数值级别;Xi为该种预警发生的频率;k为预警类别的个数。
根据式(1)中的AR可以将部件的严重度量化成数值,数值的大小代表部件预警的严重程度,预警严重度分级如表3所示。
(2)故障影响度。故障影响度是指对部件产生故障导致的部件事件严重级别的数值加权后累加,能够将部件产生故障的后果进行量化。此评价指标同时考虑了两个因素,部件产生故障带来的后果的严峻级别和部件产生故障的频率,表达式为
$FR=\stackrel{k}{\sum _{i=1}}{f}_{i}{N}_{i}$
式(2)中:FR为部件故障影响度;fi为部件产生故障带来的后果的严峻级别,其数值大小代表部件故障对系统造成的影响程度;Ni为部件产生故障的频率;k为部件故障种类个数。
根据式(2)中的FR可以将故障影响度量化成数值,数值的数额代表故障产生的影响的严重程度的大小,故障影响度分级如表4所示。
(3)维修频次。部件检修频次是指在固定的时间内对部件的检修次数,包括预期检修和非预期检修次数,其中预期检修次数是故障产生前对部件预计的检修次数,而非预期检修次数是指对于突发故障进行检修的次数。检修频次能够表征在一段时间内部件隐患的程度,检修频次越大,那么此部件的隐患也越大。
本文研究中考虑的部件综合风险影响因素为部件重要度和部件潜在隐患,根据部件综合风险影响度计算模型[21],确定部件综合风险影响因子,其表达式为
${\varphi }_{s}=\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{I}}_{s}\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{H}}_{s}, s=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,N$
式(3)中:${\varphi }_{s}$为部件s的综合风险影响度因子;DIs为部件s重要度;DHs为部件s的潜在隐患。
部件重要度影响因素集$K=\left\{{I}_{n}\right\},\mathrm{其}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{n}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,{N}_{1},$本文研究中N1为影响因素个数3,其中,I1为部件造价,I2为部件故障可监测性,I3为相关联部件规模。定义部件集$D=\left\{{d}_{i}\right\},\mathrm{其}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,N,$本文研究中N为部件个数4。
为了克服传统设备重要度评价指标的主观性过大的弊端,本文研究把描述对象的不同方面的多个指标信息进行综合,由此对部件风险进行整体上的评价。据此构造数据等级值序列xi(In),表示部件在影响因素In下的数据等级值,通过设备重要度指标数据等级值序列,得到部件的综合相对重要度判断矩阵为
${A}^{{\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{n}}}=\begin{array}{l}  \begin{array}{llll}{d}_{1}& {d}_{2}& \dots & {d}_{N}\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l}{d}_{1}\\ {d}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {d}_{N}\end{array}\left[\begin{array}{llll}{a}_{11}^{{I}_{n}}& {a}_{12}^{{I}_{n}}& \dots & {a}_{1N}^{{I}_{n}}\\ {a}_{21}^{{I}_{n}}& {a}_{22}^{{I}_{n}}& \dots & {a}_{2N}^{{I}_{n}}\\ ︙& ︙& \mathrm{ }& ︙\\ {a}_{N1}^{{I}_{n}}& {a}_{N2}^{{I}_{n}}& \dots & {a}_{NN}^{{I}_{n}}\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
式(4)中:${a}_{ij}^{{I}_{n}}$为部件di在因素In下对dj的重要程度;其中${a}_{ii}^{{I}_{n}}$不具有实际意义,令${a}_{ii}^{{I}_{n}}=0;$当$i\ne j$时,0代表不重要,2代表重要,1代表同等重要。
${a}_{ij}^{{I}_{n}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}2,& {x}_{i}\left({I}_{n}\right)>{x}_{j}\left({I}_{n}\right)\\ 1,& {x}_{i}\left({I}_{n}\right)={x}_{j}\left({I}_{n}\right)\\ 0,& {x}_{i}\left({I}_{n}\right)<{x}_{j}\left({I}_{n}\right)\end{array}\right.$
在相同指标In下,部件重要度判断矩阵的行向量元素之和,就是因素In下的部件di的相对重要度。
${a}_{i}^{{I}_{n}}=\stackrel{N}{\sum _{j=1}}{a}_{ij}^{{I}_{n}}$
为了合理地计算部件重要度在不同影响因素之间的相互影响,本文研究使用层次分析法对不同的因素间进行权重分析。
先构造部件重要度指标的判断矩阵,计算出最大特征值λmax对应的特征向量。利用式(7)确定各部件重要度影响因素的合理权重值。
$w\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{i}=\frac{{w}_{i}}{\stackrel{{N}_{1}}{\sum _{i=1}}{w}_{i}}$
$W\text{'}=[w\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{1},w\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{2},\dots,w\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{N1}]$为部件重要度指标在进行归一化后得出的相对权重,然后根据表5对矩阵进行一致性检验。
并将其代入式(8),计算出部件的综合相对重要度。
${a}_{i}^{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}}=\stackrel{{N}_{1}}{\sum _{n=1}}w\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{n}{a}_{i}^{{I}_{n}}$
为了避免量纲与数量级的影响,使用归一化方法对数据进行处理,表达式为
$f\left(z\right)=\frac{\mathrm{B}\mathrm{z}}{\frac{1}{N}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}z\left(i\right)}$
式(9)中:z为归一化前的变量;B为调节因子。
$B=\frac{1}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}z}$
结合式(9),得到归一化后的部件重要度,即
$\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{I}}_{s}=f\left({a}_{i}^{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}}\right)$
计算部件潜在隐患的过程与以上过程相同,由以上方法从而可以得到部件潜在隐患。再将所得部件重要度与部件潜在隐患代入式(3)可得到设备s的综合风险影响因子。
建立费用率模型假设如下。
(1)系统的部件之间的故障分布都服从威布尔分布。
(2)系统运行过程中如若出现非预期故障,则对部件进行最小维修,维修时不忽略停机时间。
(3)维修中所需人力资源和专用设备充足。
(4)进行预防性维修是不完美维修,即“修旧如旧”。
(5)预防性更换使系统恢复全新状态,然后系统开始一个新的工作周期。
(6)系统中部件从全新状态开始运行,部件可靠度从1开始逐渐下降。
(7)系统中任意部件进行维修时,整个系统处于停机状态。
以可靠度为预防性维修的限制条件,当部件的可靠度降低至预定的最低可靠度阈值Rmin时,则触发对该部件的预防性维修行为。
部件s在第i个预防性维修周期中的故障率模型表达式为
${\lambda }_{is}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{is}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)=\frac{\beta }{\eta }{\left(\frac{t}{\eta }\right)}^{\beta -1}, \mathrm{i}=1\\ {\lambda }_{is}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)=\left(\frac{\beta }{{\eta }^{\beta }}\stackrel{i-1}{\prod _{c=1}}{b}_{cs}\right){\left(t+\stackrel{i-1}{\sum _{c=1}}{a}_{cs}{T}_{cs}\right)}^{\beta -1},\\           2\le i\le {N}_{s}+1\end{array}\right.$
式(12)中:β为部件的形状参数;η为部件的长度参数;acsbcs为部件的役龄回退因子和故障率递增因子;Tcs为预防性维修间隔时间。
由可靠性理论,能够建立系统部件s在第i个预防性维修周期内的可靠度函数R(t)与失效率λ(t)函数之间的联系。
$R\left(t\right)=\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}[-{\int }_{0}^{t}\lambda (t\left)\mathrm{d}t\right]$
${\int }_{0}^{T{\mathrm{ }}_{1s}}{\lambda }_{1s}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t={\int }_{0}^{T{\mathrm{ }}_{2s}}{\lambda }_{2s}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t=\dots ={\int }_{0}^{T{\mathrm{ }}_{is}}{\lambda }_{is}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t=-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$
由式(14)能计算得系统部件s在第i个预防性维修周期内的遇到非预期故障的次数是-lnRmin,即一个预防性维修周期内的最小维修次数为-lnRmin
联立式(12)~式(14)能够算得各部件的不同预防性维修间隔时间,即
$\begin{array}{l}{T}_{is}=\\ \left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{1s}=\mathrm{\eta }(-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{)}^{\frac{1}{\beta }}, \mathrm{i}=1\\ {T}_{is}={\left[\frac{{\eta }^{\beta }(-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})}{\stackrel{i-1}{\prod _{c=1}}{b}_{cs}}+\left(\stackrel{i-1}{\sum _{c=1}}{a}_{cs}{T}_{cs}\right){\mathrm{ }}^{\beta }\right]}^{\frac{1}{\beta }}-\\  \mathrm{ } \stackrel{i-1}{\sum _{c=1}}{a}_{cs}{T}_{cs},\mathrm{ }   2\le i\le {N}_{s}+1\end{array}\right.\end{array}$
对民机系统部件的突发风险影响损失进行定量分析,引入风险影响损失成本的概念,假设单次突发风险影响损失成本为crisk,那么整个维护周期风险影响损失成本为
${C}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{k}}={\varphi }_{s}{c}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{k}}\stackrel{{N}_{s}+1}{\sum _{i=1}}{\int }_{0}^{T{\mathrm{ }}_{is}}{\lambda }_{is}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t$
可得部件s的一次预防性更换周期的费用率函数为
${C}_{\mathrm{h}}=\frac{({N}_{s}+1){C}_{\mathrm{f}s}(-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})+{C}_{\mathrm{p}s}{N}_{s}+{C}_{\mathrm{g}s}+{C}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{k}}}{\stackrel{{N}_{s}+1}{\sum _{i=1}}[{T}_{is}+{t}_{\mathrm{f}s}(-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\left)\right]+{N}_{s}{t}_{\mathrm{p}s}+{t}_{\mathrm{g}s}}$
式(17)中:i为部件s在预防性维修周期中的维修次数;Cfs为最小维修费用;Cps为预防性维修费用;Cgs为预防性更换费用;部件s的整个维修周期的总时间包括系统正常工作时间$\stackrel{{N}_{s}+1}{\sum _{i=1}}{T}_{is}、$每次最小维修时间tfs预防性维修时间tps和预防性更换时间tgs
计算求得目标函数Ch的最小值,当Ch取最小值时部件s所对应的预防性维修次数为该部件的最优预防性维修次数Ns
民机系统部件是经典的多部件系统,当系统运行时有部件达到预防性维修或更换指标时,系统中的其他部件由于系统维修停机而获得一次提前维修的机会[17]。本文研究根据系统的可靠度来判断其他部件需要一同进行机会维修,即当系统中某部件维修或更换时,如系统中有其他部件的可靠度Rs(t)满足机会维修阈值范围,则对相应部件采取机会维修。
本文构建的民机系统部件机会维修成本模型中的${C}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}(\mathrm{\Delta }{R}_{1},\dots,\mathrm{\Delta }{R}_{s},\dots,\mathrm{\Delta }{R}_{k})$能够由系统中不同部件的机会维修阈值得到,提供一组符合要求的决策变量时,再由公式能够计算得最优的维修成本,如图2所示。
设定系统部件的机会维修阈值ΔRs,图3所示,当Rs(t)-Rmin>ΔRs,在时刻tn对部件s不进行任何维修活动;当0<Rs(t)-Rmin≤ΔRs,在时刻tn对部件s开展机会维修,同时对部件s的预防性维修次数n+1;当0<Rs(t)-Rmin≤ΔRs且n=Ns+1时,则对部件s预防性更换,同时n更新为0。
民机系统在运行周期中运行产生的总成本主要分为三个部分,分别是直接维修成本、停机损失、风险影响损失成本,如果没考虑风险影响损失,则加入惩罚成本部分。
民机系统直接维修成本包括预防性维修成本Cps预防性更换成本Cgs和对非预期故障的最小维修费用Cfs
Cs代表在[T]期间对部件s进行维修所需要的费用。其中,部件s在第tn-1次到第tn次预防性维修期间的直接维修成本Cpsn
${C}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{n}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& G(s,{t}_{n})=0\\ {C}_{\mathrm{p}s}+{C}_{\mathrm{f}s}{\int }_{0}^{T{\mathrm{ }}_{ns}}{\lambda }_{ns}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t,& G(s,{t}_{n})=1\\ {C}_{\mathrm{g}s}+{C}_{\mathrm{f}s}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{ns}}{\lambda }_{ns}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t,& G(s,{t}_{n})=2\end{array}\right.$
式(18)中:λns(t)为部件s在间隔Tns内的故障率函数表达式,部件s在每个预防性维修周期内的运行时间为Tns(n=1,2,…,ms);G(s,tn)=0为不对部件s进行任何维修活动;G(s,tn)=1为对部件s进行预防性维修;G(s,tn)=2为对部件s进行预防性更换。
因此部件s在系统运行周期[T]内的直接维修成本为
${C}_{s}=\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}{C}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{n}}$
民机系统中的k个部件在固定时间[T]内的直接维修总成本为
${C}_{k}=\stackrel{k}{\sum _{s=1}}{C}_{s}=\stackrel{k}{\sum _{s=1}}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}{C}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{n}}$
民机系统的停机损失包含两个部分:对系统部件进行预防性维修时导致的停机损失和发生非预期故障引起的停机损失。
(1)预防性维修停机损失。系统的停机损失通常与系统的停机时间呈正相关,在实施第n次预防性维修活动时,系统的停机时间为
${T}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{d}n}=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}({t}_{\mathrm{p}s{t}_{n}},{t}_{\mathrm{g}s{t}_{n}}), 1\le s\le k$
式(21)中:tps为一次预防性维修所需时间;tgs为一次预防性更换所需时间。
民机系统单位时间的停机损失是Cd,因此可以得到系统在固定时间[T]内产生的停机损失为
${C}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{d}}={C}_{\mathrm{d}}{T}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{d}}={C}_{\mathrm{d}}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}{T}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{d},n}$
式(22)中:Tpd为运行时间范围[T]内民机系统预防性维修总停机时间。
(2)故障维修停机损失。在部件s在运行周期[T]内,执行的预防性维修次数为ms,其中
${m}_{s}=p{N}_{s}+q, p,q=\mathrm{0,1},2,\dots $
式(23)中:p为部件s在运行的周期[T]中的预防性更换次数;q为在运行的时间范围中对部件s进行的最末一次预防性更换之后,又对部件s持续执行的预防性维修活动次数。
部件s在固定运行时间$\left[\begin{array}{c}0,T\end{array}\right]$中系统最小维修停机时间为
${T}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{d}s}={t}_{fs}\left[\mathrm{p}\stackrel{{N}_{s}+1}{\sum _{i=1}}{\int }_{0}^{T{\mathrm{ }}_{is}}{\lambda }_{is}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t+\stackrel{q}{\sum _{i=1}}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{is}}{\lambda }_{is}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t\right]$
式(24)中:tfs为部件s进行一次最小维修需要的时间;Tfds为部件s在固定运行时间[T]内遇到非预期故障导致的系统停机时间,即对部件s进行最小维修的时间;Tis为部件s在第i个预防性维修周期内的工作持续时间。
那么系统在固定运行时间[T]内由于非预期故障导致的停机损失为
$\begin{aligned}C_{\mathrm{fd}}= & C_{\mathrm{d}} T_{\mathrm{fd}}=C_{\mathrm{d}} \sum_{s=1}^{k} T_{\mathrm{fds}}=C_{\mathrm{d}} \sum_{s=1}^{k} t_{f s}\left[p \sum_{i=1}^{N_{s}+1} \int_{0}^{T_{i s}} \lambda_{i s}(t) \mathrm{d} t+\right. \\& \left.\sum_{i=1}^{q} \int_{0}^{T_{i s}} \lambda_{i s}(t) \mathrm{d} t\right]\end{aligned}$
民机系统在运行时间周期内运行遇见非预期故障时,仅由故障停机成本描述故障的风险并不准确,因此考虑构建风险评估模型[20,23],定量地衡量民机系统运行期间内的风险影响损失,因此可以确定民机系统所有部件在固定时间内总风险影响损失成本Car
${C}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}}=\stackrel{k}{\sum _{s=1}}{c}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{k}}{\varphi }_{s}\left[p\stackrel{{N}_{s}+1}{\sum _{i=1}}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{is}}{\lambda }_{is}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t+\stackrel{q}{\sum _{i=1}}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{is}}{\lambda }_{is}\left(t\right)\mathrm{d}t\right]$
不考虑部件风险影响损失的维修决策,由于在民机系统在全周期的运行和维护方面对部件在备件采购和储备时,没有将部件的风险影响损失影响度量化并评估分级并有针对性地进行合理备件管理,对系统部件风险影响分析不够深入、分类管理不细,忽略了其可能带来突发故障的影响,需要更多的后期采购成本和库存成本[24],因此在计算不考虑部件综合影响风险的维修决策的总维修成本时需要纳入惩罚成本Co
根据民机系统部件在运行周期中运行产生的各项成本,可以计算得到系统在时间周期[T]中考虑部件综合影响风险的维修成本为
$C={C}_{k}+{C}_{\mathrm{p}d}+{C}_{\mathrm{f}d}+{C}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}}$
综上所述,民机系统部件在运行周期[T]中,基于可靠度的、以最小成本为目标的预防性机会维修优化模型可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{C}\left(\Delta \mathrm{R}\right)={C}_{k}+{C}_{\mathrm{p}d}+{C}_{\mathrm{f}d}+{C}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}}\\ -\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}({R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+\Delta {R}_{s})\le {\int }_{0}^{T{\mathrm{ }}_{is}}{\lambda }_{is}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)d\mathrm{t}\le -\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\\ 0\le \Delta {R}_{s}\le \underset{1\le s\le k}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}(1-{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})\end{array}\right.$
为了验证上文构建的民机系统部件机会维修成本函数模型的合理性,采用航空公司的某系统部件的已知参数和仿真数据对其展开验证。系统中所有部件寿命分布服从两参数Weibull分布,同时由于部件之间具备结构或时间上的相关性,因此在进行维修任务时一般会考虑将其同时维修。设定系统运行时设定系统运行时间为600 d,系统的停机损失是Cd=500元/d,系统中各部件寿命分布服从独立同分布,役龄回退因子ais和故障率递增因子bis取值为${a}_{is}=\frac{i}{5i+9},{b}_{is}=\frac{13i+1}{12i+1};$民机系统部件的其他参数均参考常用指标,如表6所示。
基于层次分析法构建的风险判断矩阵,由式(7) 可计算出矩阵的最大特征值,将最大特征根${\xi }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$对应的特征向量进行归一化,得到权重向量W'。将式(4)、式(5)、式(8)联立后将评分数值代入,能够算得部件的综合相对重要度矩阵A,A中的各个${a}_{i}^{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}}$代入式(9)可计算出归一化后的部件重要度值。基于如上方法,也可以得到部件的潜在隐患,最后由式(3)可以计算出部件综合风险影响度,如表7所示,并得到图4
表7所得结果可知,部件3的综合风险影响度最高,因此部件3产生故障对系统风险的影响最大,带来的损失最高,因此在风险管控时应该对其进行重点关注。
将式(15)~式(17)联立后,把表6中的不同部件参数代入可得出各个部件在系统的运行时间周期[T]内的最优预防性维修间隔时间Ti,表8所示。
计算得出的各部件最优预防性维修间隔时间,再将其代入式(17)可得到各部件在运行周期内不同维修次数对应的不同预防性维修费用率,如表9所示。各部件费用率最低的次数即为各部件在一次预防性更换周期内的最优维修次数Ns,表9可得,系统中部件的最优预防性维修次数为3、3、3和2次。
经过运算可得三种不同维修策略的运行结果,如表10所示。由表10可得,将民机系统中各部件的预防性维修与更换独立进行,不考虑综合风险影响损失的预防性维修决策,在运行时间周期[0,600 d]内系统维护总成本为319 306.19元,预防性维修次数为114次,停机时间为45.4 d,停机损失为22 700元。而考虑综合风险影响损失的预防性维修决策在运行时间周期内系统维护总成本为293 294.60元,相较于不考虑综合风险影响损失的预防性维修决策总成本降低了8.15%,预防性维修与更换次数为103次,下降了约9.65%,停机时间为41.7 d,停机损失为20 850元。
运用MATLAB对构建的民机系统部件机会维修成本模型进行仿真求解,仿真结果如图5所示。由图5运行结果可得,经过100次迭代后,以总成本最低为目标的考虑风险影响损失的系统机会维修策略在运行时间周期[0,600 d]内系统维护总成本为254 799.59元,与之对应的机会维修阈值为$\mathrm{\Delta }R=\left(0.001\mathrm{ }\mathrm{8,0.059}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{5,0.005}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{2,0.023}\mathrm{ }2\right)。$相较于考虑风险影响损失的预防性维修策略总成本降低38 495.01元,总费用降低了13.13%,而预防性维修与更换次数也从103次下降为67次,减少了34.95%,停机时间从41.7 d减少至23.9 d,停机损失减少8 900元,减少停机损失是民机系统维修策略成本降低的重要因素。相较于不考虑综合风险影响损失的预防性维修决策,民机系统的总维护成本降低约20.20%,预防性维修与更换次数减少率约41.23%,预防性维修停机时间减少率达47.36%。
针对民机系统预防性维修决策,本文模型规避了现有模型对民机系统综合风险影响度认识不足的问题,并得到以下结论。
(1)建立的民机系统考虑多因素综合风险影响预防性机会维修优化决策中,计算风险影响损失的影响度因子运用的评级指标模型全面考虑了民机系统部件多层次、隐性的风险因素,得到更加合理全面的部件风险影响损失的结果,给予民机系统可靠的数据支持,为民机系统预防性维修提供更加合理的维修决策,本文模型可以有效地降低工作周期中民机系统维修总成本,克服了以往预防性机会维修决策中没有考虑部件的风险影响而进行区别备件,而导致备件成本过高的不足,更符合民机系统维修的实际情况。
(2)研究结果可以进一步丰富,由于本文建立的民机系统部件机会维修优化模型仅针对成本这一单一目标,没有考虑民机系统部件可用度,后续将结合维修成本和可用度建立多目标预防性维修优化模型。
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会-中国民航局民航联合研究基金重点支持项目(U2033209)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402782
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-12-12
基金
国家自然科学基金委员会-中国民航局民航联合研究基金重点支持项目(U2033209)
作者信息
    中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300

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* 郭雅妮(2000—),女,汉族,新疆阿克苏人,硕士研究生。研究方向:民机系统维修决策优化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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