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In order to study the influence of overlying load on the internal deformation of soil outside the foundation pit, a transparent soil test chamber with controllable deformation mode of retaining structure was designed and combined with particle image velocimetry technology to analyze the influence of different deformation modes of retaining structure and overlying load on the internal deformation of soil. The reliability of the test results was verified by comparing the data obtained from the transparent soil test with the prediction curve and the engineering example. The results show that the overlying load has a significant effect on the displacement field of the soil outside the pit. Increasing the overlying load or reducing the distance between the overlying load and the retaining structure will make the influence area of soil displacement outside the pit expand to the deep soil layer, and the maximum vertical settlement and horizontal displacement will also increase. The soil depth of the soil outside the cantilever type and the convex type is significantly affected by the overlying load pressure and distance. The displacement of the upper soil is significantly affected by changing the pressure and distance of the overlying load in the cantilever deformation mode, but the displacement of the middle and lower soil is more significantly affected by changing the pressure and distance of the overlying load in the convex deformation mode. Compared with reducing the distance of the overlying load in the same proportion, increasing the overlying load has a greater impact on the displacement. It can be seen that in the actual project, it is necessary to combine the local building distribution with the underground engineering environment, and take appropriate measures to avoid the most unfavorable deformation mode of the retaining structure.

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为探究临近基坑上覆荷载对坑外土体内部变形的影响作用,采用自主设计的可控围护结构变形模式的透明土试验箱并结合粒子图像测速技术,对不同围护结构变形模式下上覆荷载对土体内部变形的影响差异进行分析。通过透明土试验所得数据与预测曲线以及工程实例进行对比,验证了试验结果的可靠性。结果表明:上覆荷载对坑外土体位移场影响显著。增大上覆荷载或减小上覆荷载与围护结构之间的距离会使坑外土体位移影响区向土层深部扩展,最大竖直沉降和水平位移也随之增大。悬臂型与内凸型坑外土体受上覆荷载压强和距离影响显著的土层深度不同。上部土体位移受悬臂型变形模式中改变上覆荷载压强与距离的影响显著,但中下部土体位移受内凸型变形模式中改变上覆荷载压强与距离的影响更为显著。相比于同比例减小上覆荷载距离,增大上覆荷载对位移影响更大。可见在实际工程中,需要结合当地建筑分布与地下工程环境,采取适当手段避免围护结构产生最不利变形模式。

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张晓双(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地下工程、注浆工程。E-mail:

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张晓双(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地下工程、注浆工程。E-mail:

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张晓双(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地下工程、注浆工程。E-mail:

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1为计算机;2为板式激光器;3为基坑内侧;4为围护结构;5为基坑;6为控制螺栓;7为照相侧

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figureFileBig=Srh5AUGCt7iPLusZ9xpg9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422563674738963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264264617812672, language=CN, label=图11, caption=内凸型坑外土体受荷载大小与位置影响对比, figureFileSmall=mtZGHGdwIYOVLcxMZaXelQ==, figureFileBig=Srh5AUGCt7iPLusZ9xpg9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422563808956705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264264617812672, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

physical and mechanical properties of sandy soil and transparent soil

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砂体类别 密度/
(g·cm-3)
内磨擦角/
(°)
最大干密度/
(g·cm-3)
最小干密度/
(g·cm-3)
最大孔
隙比
最小孔
隙比
压缩系数/
MPa-1
砂土 2.41 31.94 1.637 1.379 0.922 0.619 0.341
透明土 2.21 32.21 1.296 1.111 0.989 0.705 0.470
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563930591528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264264617812672, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

砂土与透明土物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
砂体类别 密度/
(g·cm-3)
内磨擦角/
(°)
最大干密度/
(g·cm-3)
最小干密度/
(g·cm-3)
最大孔
隙比
最小孔
隙比
压缩系数/
MPa-1
砂土 2.41 31.94 1.637 1.379 0.922 0.619 0.341
透明土 2.21 32.21 1.296 1.111 0.989 0.705 0.470
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564018671920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264264617812672, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Different retaining structure deformation modes under bolt control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 变形模式 不同螺栓控制的变形量/mm
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 悬臂变形 6 4 2.5 1.5 1 0.5
B 内凸变形 1 4 6 5 3 2
C 复合变形 3 5 6 4 2 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564127723832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264264617812672, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

螺栓控制下不同围护结构变形模式变形量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 变形模式 不同螺栓控制的变形量/mm
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 悬臂变形 6 4 2.5 1.5 1 0.5
B 内凸变形 1 4 6 5 3 2
C 复合变形 3 5 6 4 2 1
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564253552961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264264617812672, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the control group and the formal group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验
分组
最大沉
降/mm
水平位
移/mm
最大沉降
发生位置
最大水平位
移发生位置
对照组 8.1 10.6 0.179L 0.259H
正式组 7.7 11.1 0.174L 0.263H
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564341633354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264264617812672, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

对照组与正式组沉降与水平位移特性对照

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验
分组
最大沉
降/mm
水平位
移/mm
最大沉降
发生位置
最大水平位
移发生位置
对照组 8.1 10.6 0.179L 0.259H
正式组 7.7 11.1 0.174L 0.263H
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基于透明土技术的上覆荷载对坑外土体内部位移场影响
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张晓双 , 杨灏 , 李浩然
科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025,25(6): 2521-2530
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025, 25(6): 2521-2530
基于透明土技术的上覆荷载对坑外土体内部位移场影响
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张晓双 , 杨灏, 李浩然
作者信息
  • 中北大学环境与安全工程学院, 太原 030051
  • 张晓双(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地下工程、注浆工程。E-mail:

Influence of Overlying Load on the Internal Displacement Field of Soil Outside the Pit Based on Transparent Soil Technology
Xiao-shuang ZHANG , Hao YANG, Hao-ran LI
Affiliations
  • Environmental and Safety Engineering College, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402113
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为探究临近基坑上覆荷载对坑外土体内部变形的影响作用,采用自主设计的可控围护结构变形模式的透明土试验箱并结合粒子图像测速技术,对不同围护结构变形模式下上覆荷载对土体内部变形的影响差异进行分析。通过透明土试验所得数据与预测曲线以及工程实例进行对比,验证了试验结果的可靠性。结果表明:上覆荷载对坑外土体位移场影响显著。增大上覆荷载或减小上覆荷载与围护结构之间的距离会使坑外土体位移影响区向土层深部扩展,最大竖直沉降和水平位移也随之增大。悬臂型与内凸型坑外土体受上覆荷载压强和距离影响显著的土层深度不同。上部土体位移受悬臂型变形模式中改变上覆荷载压强与距离的影响显著,但中下部土体位移受内凸型变形模式中改变上覆荷载压强与距离的影响更为显著。相比于同比例减小上覆荷载距离,增大上覆荷载对位移影响更大。可见在实际工程中,需要结合当地建筑分布与地下工程环境,采取适当手段避免围护结构产生最不利变形模式。

基坑工程  /  透明土  /  模型试验  /  围护结构变形模式  /  上覆荷载

In order to study the influence of overlying load on the internal deformation of soil outside the foundation pit, a transparent soil test chamber with controllable deformation mode of retaining structure was designed and combined with particle image velocimetry technology to analyze the influence of different deformation modes of retaining structure and overlying load on the internal deformation of soil. The reliability of the test results was verified by comparing the data obtained from the transparent soil test with the prediction curve and the engineering example. The results show that the overlying load has a significant effect on the displacement field of the soil outside the pit. Increasing the overlying load or reducing the distance between the overlying load and the retaining structure will make the influence area of soil displacement outside the pit expand to the deep soil layer, and the maximum vertical settlement and horizontal displacement will also increase. The soil depth of the soil outside the cantilever type and the convex type is significantly affected by the overlying load pressure and distance. The displacement of the upper soil is significantly affected by changing the pressure and distance of the overlying load in the cantilever deformation mode, but the displacement of the middle and lower soil is more significantly affected by changing the pressure and distance of the overlying load in the convex deformation mode. Compared with reducing the distance of the overlying load in the same proportion, increasing the overlying load has a greater impact on the displacement. It can be seen that in the actual project, it is necessary to combine the local building distribution with the underground engineering environment, and take appropriate measures to avoid the most unfavorable deformation mode of the retaining structure.

foundation pit engineering  /  transparent soil  /  model test  /  retaining structure deformation modes  /  overlying load
张晓双, 杨灏, 李浩然. 基于透明土技术的上覆荷载对坑外土体内部位移场影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2521 -2530 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402113
Xiao-shuang ZHANG, Hao YANG, Hao-ran LI. Influence of Overlying Load on the Internal Displacement Field of Soil Outside the Pit Based on Transparent Soil Technology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2521 -2530 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402113
自城市化以来,中国的基础设施建设日益完善。随着人民生活水平的提高,城市中建筑物的密度不断增加,城市中新建工地往往也面临周围邻近建筑物、地铁、管线等复杂的建筑环境。基坑开挖不可避免地会对周围土体产生扰动,一旦扰动过大,就有可能发生安全事故,造成严重的经济损失。2005年7月,广州海珠城广场基坑发生倒塌事故,造成3人死亡,8人受伤的后果。2008年11月,杭州地铁发生基坑坍塌事故,造成21人死亡的重大安全责任事故。2009年6月上海莲花河畔景苑7号楼倒塌,造成1名施工人员死亡,事故被定性为社会影响恶劣,性质非常严重的重大责任事故。在这3起严重的基坑事故中,共性的事故原因是基坑工程都存在周围地表严重超载的现象,导致基坑周围因水平应力差值所产生的位移过大。由此可见,研究临近基坑荷载对坑外土体位移的影响对基坑安全施工上有实际参考价值。
基坑围护结构变形改变了坑外土体水平向应力的平衡,坑外土体会产生一个向坑内的剪应力,此时土体出现塑性区,产生不均匀沉降,土体丧失原有平衡后,在新的应力与位移状态下达到一个新的平衡。围护结构的变形改变了坑外土体的受力状态,随着围护结构不断位移与变形,坑外土体的塑性区不断增大,使坑外土体的位移进一步增大。当坑外有临近的上覆荷载时,上覆荷载受坑外土体表面的不均匀沉降影响向坑内倾斜,并且增大坑外土体内部水平向的剪应力。围护结构进一步向坑内方向变形,加剧坑外土体的不均匀沉降。基坑围护结构的变形可以分为以下几种:内凸型、复合型、悬臂型和踢脚型,其中踢脚型变形在工程中很少出现,复合型是悬臂型与内凸型的组合变形模式,因此试验时重点研究悬臂型与内凸型两种变形模式。
近年来,中外对于基坑开挖对周边土体的影响的计算预测上已经有了较为完善的研究。土体内部的变形研究以工程实例与数值模拟两种方式结合为主[1-5]。王立新等[6]采用正交设计与模型试验相结合的方式,分析了基坑开挖对既有隧道的影响。唐孝林等[7]开展了砂土地基中“基坑-隧道”相互影响的室内模型试验研究,获得了深基坑支撑调节时对隧内力与位移的变化规律。施有志等[8]对条形基础、箱型基础及桩基础的多层建筑物在与基坑不同距离条件下,其总沉降量、差异沉降量及角变量的变化规律。郑刚等[9-10]以工程实例与数值模拟相结合的方式,对不同围护结构变形模式下坑外土体深层变形进行研究。杨庆光等[11]使用分段法研究了坑外土体侧移与深层沉降;Chen等[12]使用了离心模型试验的方式,研究了连续施工的相邻基坑间的影响。Wei[13]建立了基坑开挖全过程的有限元模型,总结基坑周围表层土体位移的变化规律。这些方法是基于工程实例和数值模拟总结出的,以地表沉降为出发点,通过预测或设置系数的方法得到坑外土体内部位移,所得的坑外土体内部变形为推测值而非观测值。
目前对基坑开挖的影响研究以对邻近建筑物的影响为主,张晓荣等[14]和朱大鹏等[15]研究了基坑工程对既有建筑物的影响。从基坑事故的成因上分析,基坑工程中临近建筑对坑外土体内部变形的影响同样不可忽略,但目前在临近荷载对坑外土体变形的反向作用上研究较少。本次试验在探究基坑开挖导致的坑外深层土体变形规律的基础上,以不同形式的上覆荷载为主要变量,探究临近荷载对于坑外土体内部变形的影响作用。
目前对基坑工程周围土体的研究主要以工程实例与数值模拟为主,缺点在于不能可视化研究土体内部形变。通过透明土技术对土体内部变形进行位移矢量监测,可以对土体内部变形机理有更为深入的了解。
随着科技的不断发展,透明土技术在材料和监测方面取得了长足的进步。Iskander[16]提出了以熔融石英砂作为透明土骨架材料,使透明土的力学性质与角粒砂的力学性质相仿,具有更低的孔隙流体黏度和更低的温度敏感性。随着透明土材料的提出,原本运用于流体力学的粒子图像测速技术[17]被科研人员用于岩土试验中。朱语聪等[18]和向钰周[19]通过透明土隧道试验模型装置研究隧道开挖过程。操作简单、精度高、成本较低、可视化效果好的特点使透明土技术在岩土试验中的应用广泛。
本文研究采用自主设计的可由螺栓控制围护结构变形模式的室内模型装置,基于透明土和粒子成像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术,研究上覆荷载对于基坑工程周围土体的影响作用,获得土体内部位移的观测值,系统分析上覆荷载引起的基坑周边土体的位移变化规律,在预测临近荷载对坑外土体内部形变的影响方面有一定的工程意义。
试验用透明土是由熔融石英砂作为骨架材料,正十二烷和白油作为孔隙液制备而成。以上材料制成的透明土被广泛运用于模拟标准砂的岩土试验中[18-19]。经三轴试验验证[20],标准级配的透明土抗剪强度与标准砂土相近,可采用透明土模拟天然砂土。透明土物理力学性质如表1所示。
实验室温度为15 ℃,经过配比试验,孔隙液选用正十二烷和15#白油按体积比为1∶2配置而成。模型箱的长宽高分别为800 mm×200 mm×300 mm,试验箱由围护结构分为开挖侧和坑外侧,整体试验装置如图1所示。试验图像采集系统由照相机与板式激光灯组合而成。采集到的数据经Pivlab处理后,得到透明土内部的位移矢量图以及水平位移和竖直沉降。
在实际基坑工程中,一般选择分段开挖的方式控制围护结构变形量。在基坑的开挖过程中,围护结构支撑的架设会滞后于开挖进度。初次开挖阶段,围护结构呈悬臂变形模式;架设第一道支撑后,最大变形位置逐渐下移,围护结构呈中部向坑内的弓型变形。
试验设定为模拟基坑第一次开挖与第一道支撑架设后的围护结构变形。围护结构变形受上覆荷载、基坑开挖、螺栓控制三者共同影响。螺栓控制的围护结构变形深度与变形量由天津市某工程实例[8]等比缩放所得。
通过控制两种围护结构变形模式的最大变形量相同,对比不同上覆荷载对坑外土体内部的影响,各螺栓控制的变形量如表2所示。具体试验流程如图2所示。试验方案如图3所示。
围护结构变形模式以内凸变形为例,激光照射在距试验箱壁5 cm处与10 cm处相对比,可知沉降和水平位移特性基本相同(表3)。因此,试验时边际效应的影响基本可以忽略。
木林隆等[21]通过结合芝加哥地区实际基坑工程的实测数据,通过反分析法确定了能够较为准确地计算基坑开挖引起的土体位移的合理计算参数,通过二次拟合提出了简化计算基坑周围土体三维位移场的方法。具体计算式为
$\begin{array}{l}u(x,y,z)={u}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{a}_{x}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(-\frac{z-{H}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}{\frac{H+D}{3}}\right)-\\ \mathrm{\pi }{\left(\frac{y}{R}\right)}^{2}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}{\left(-\frac{\frac{x}{z}-{b}_{x}}{{c}_{x}}\right)}^{2}\end{array}$
式(1)中:u为坑外土体水平位移;w为坑外土体竖直沉降;umax为围护结构最大变形量;z为监测点埋深;x为监测点距围护结构距离;Hmax为围护结构最大变形深度。
模型试验对比的工程实例为芝加哥市商业区Block37工程[21]支撑4-预开挖阶段的监测数据。将工程实测结果,模型试验数据,预测曲线做归一化分析,其对比如图4所示。模型试验数据采用距围护结构L=0.5处上覆荷载1.2 kPa的坑外土体数据。
通过图4可知,三者竖直沉降曲线变化趋势基本一致,都在x/Hmax=1附近产生最大竖直沉降。在归一化后的数量关系上,模型试验的沉降值较大,工程实例中的沉降值较小。三者水平位移曲线变化趋势基本一致,都在z/Hmax=1附近产生最大水平位移。在归一化后的数量关系上,模型试验的沉降值较大,工程实例中的沉降值较小。
基坑模型试验结果的水平位移值相比于工程实例与预测曲线的结果较大,模型试验中的u/umax,w/umax>1,原因如下。
(1)在工程实例中,主要以黏土作为土体持力层,模型试验时采用了透明砂作为单一土层,相比于黏土,砂土的抗剪强度更低,更易发生塑性破坏;
(2)试验所采用的熔融石英砂粒径为0.5~1 mm,级配单一,相比于级配均匀的透明土抗剪强度明显较低,且没有骨架材料,导致土体位移值相比于其余两种偏大。
基于对比验证,模型试验的结果可用于定性分析上覆荷载对坑外土体位移场变化趋势的影响。
图5为不同上覆荷载条件下悬臂型坑外土体的位移曲线。图5中虚线旁数字为影响区水平向宽度/基坑深度或竖直向深度/基坑深度所得的比值。如图5(a)所示,在不同上覆荷载作用下,悬臂型坑外土体的沉降影响区均为倒三角形,上覆荷载为0.6 kPa时,沉降影响区范围水平向L约为0.25,竖向H约为0.75;当上覆荷载为3.0 kPa时,沉降影响区范围曲线与0.6 kPa时的曲线呈平行状,水平影响范围L约为0.4,竖向影响范围H约为1.1,由此可见沉降影响区范围在水平向与竖直向均显著增加,说明上覆荷载越大,坑外土体沉降扰动区范围越大,扰动深度越深,甚至超过基坑开挖深度。不同坑外土体深度处,最大竖直沉降均发生在靠近围护结构处,随着距围护结构距离的增加,上覆荷载引起的沉降差值逐渐减小,在L>0.5的土体中,不同上覆荷载下的沉降曲线逐渐重合,说明上覆荷载对沉降的影响较为微弱。距围护结构相同位置处,随着深度的增加,上覆荷载引起的沉降差值逐渐减小,最大竖向沉降差值在深度H<0.25的坑外土体内显著减小,随后缓慢降低,整体上由地表的5.4 mm减小至H=1.25处的0.5 mm,说明悬臂型坑外土体中,不同上覆荷载对土体沉降的影响差异随深度变化迅速衰减。
图5(b)所示,坑外土体的水平影响区在靠近围护结构处影响深度最深,影响深度随着距围护结构距离的增加逐渐上移,整体呈三角形。当上覆荷载为0.6 kPa时,水平影响区H约为0.45,当上覆荷载增大到3.0 kPa时,水平影响区H增大到0.6,且由上覆荷载引起的水平影响区深度差值几乎不随深度的增加而变化。随着深度的增加,水平位移先显著减小,后缓慢减小,最后趋于稳定。距围护结构不同距离的坑外土体中,最大水平位移均发生在靠近地表处,随着坑外土体深度的增加,上覆荷载所引起的水平位移差值逐渐减小,当深度H>0.6时,两种上覆荷载的水平位移曲线基本重合,此时上覆荷载变化对水平位移的影响几乎消失。当坑外土体深度相同时,随着距围护结构距离的增加,上覆荷载引起的水平位移差值逐渐减小,最大水平位移差值由靠近围护结构处的6.4 mm减少至L=1处的1.6 mm。
图6为不同上覆荷载条件下内凸型坑外土体的竖向与水平向位移曲线。如图6(a)所示,内凸型沉降影响区整体有向坑外土体内部侵入的趋势,整体呈半抛物线形。当上覆荷载为0.6 kPa时,沉降影响区水平向L约为0.55,竖向H约1.2;当上覆荷载为3.0 kPa时,沉降影响区范围曲线与0.6 kPa时的曲线趋势一致,水平影响范围L约为0.80,竖向影响范围H约为1.3,竖向影响范围增量较小的原因是受到试验箱深度的影响,靠近试验箱底部土体被压实。随着深度的增大,上覆荷载引起的沉降影响区差值逐渐减小,与悬臂型沉降影响区相比,内凸型影响区面积和增量均有所增加。同一水平位置处,沉降值先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定,最大值位于L约0.15位置处,与悬臂型相比,最大竖直沉降值略小,发生位置更深,这是由两种变形模式下围护结构对不同深度处土体支撑度不同导致的,围护结构发生悬臂型变形时,靠近地表处变形最大,对表层土体的支撑度相较于内凸型较小,发生内凸型变形模式时,围护结构地表处的变形较小,对表层土体有较强的支撑作用,但随着土体深度的增加,围护结构的变形在一定深度处达到最大,此时对土体的支撑度最小,产生最大位移。随着上覆荷载的增加,沉降值增大,且上覆荷载引起的沉降差值先增加后减小,最后趋于零,最大值位置不受上覆荷载大小的影响。上覆荷载引起的内凸型沉降差值在0<L<0.6范围内显著减小,随后缓慢减小,由地表处的5 mm逐渐减小至1.6 mm,与悬臂型相比,内凸型坑外土体受上覆荷载影响深度更大,衰减较慢。
图6(b)所示,内凸型坑外土体的水平影响区在靠近围护结构处影响深度最深,随着距围护结构距离的增加,影响深度逐渐上移,水平位移曲线整体呈向围护结构侧的弓形状态。当上覆荷载为0.6 kPa时,竖向影响区H约为0.6;当上覆荷载增大到3.0 kPa时,竖向影响区H约为0.85,相较于悬臂型,内凸型坑外土体影响区深度显著增加,上覆荷载对水平影响区深度的影响也有增加。随着深度的增加,水平位移先逐渐增加,达到最大值后逐渐减小。随着距围护结构距离的增加,最大水平位移位置逐渐由土层深处上升至地表。上覆荷载越大,最大水平位移位置越深,最大水平位移升至地表处距离围护结构越远,变形过渡阶段明显增加。同一深度处,上覆荷载增大,水平位移增大,随着深度的增加,由上覆荷载引起的水平位移差值先增大,后显著减小,最后缓慢趋于零。上覆荷载引起的最大水平位移差值在0<L<0.75的范围内整体呈缓慢减小趋势,但在0.75<L后,上覆荷载引起的最大水平位移差值显著减小。与悬臂型相比,内凸型最大水平位移差值在0<L<0.75内衰减较小,这是由于内凸型水平影响区的影响深度在距围护结构距离0<L<0.5内较深,导致坑外土体内部位移变形较大,受上覆荷载变化影响显著,最大水平位移值差值变化较小。
在不同的深度下,增大上覆荷载对不同围护结构变形模式坑外土体的影响有所区别。对于浅层土体(H<0.25),由于内凸型围护结构对土体的约束作用强,悬臂型相对较弱,悬臂型坑外土体沉降和水平位移受到上覆荷载的影响较大,内凸型受到上覆荷载的影响相对较小;对于中层土体(0.25< H<0.75),由于内凸型围护结构在此深度范围内有较大变形,导致围护结构对土体约束较弱,在此深度下,上覆荷载对内凸型坑外土体的沉降和水平位移影响显著大于悬臂型。因此,上覆荷载对悬臂型上部土层和内凸型中部土层具有明显的影响。
图7为两种围护结构变形模式下最大位移值折线图与土体扰动值μxμy增量柱状图。μx为沉降曲线与该深度下的土体水平线的积分,即图7(a)中阴影部分面积,μy图7(b)中阴影部分面积。将其与最大沉降值作为评判土体扰动大小的指标。如图7所示,悬臂型与内凸型最大竖直沉降和水平位移随上覆荷载的变化趋势基本一致,均随着上覆荷载的增加而增大。相同上覆荷载条件下,悬臂型地表处最大竖直沉降和水平位移均显著大于内凸型,且随着深度的增加,悬臂型和内凸型最大竖直沉降和水平位移均减小,但悬臂型衰减速度显著大于内凸型。原因在于上覆荷载直接作用在地表,发生悬臂型变形模式时,围护结构在地表处的变形相比内凸型更大,对地表处土体的支撑作用较小,所以在地表处悬臂型坑外土体相较于内凸型对上覆荷载更为敏感。
相同条件下,悬臂型的μxμy均小于内凸型,但μx相差较大,μy相差较小。随着上覆荷载的增加,两种变形模式下的μxμy整体上均呈增长趋势,但悬臂型的增量显著小于内凸型。随着土体深度的增大,悬臂型μxμy衰减程度显著大于内凸型,且上覆荷载越大,μxμy衰减程度越大。综上可知悬臂型对坑外土体内部的扰动范围较小,且扰动范围受上覆荷载的影响较小。这主要是因为随着上覆荷载的增加,两种变形模式的扰动区域变化过程不同。
图8为不同上覆荷载位置下悬臂型坑外土体的竖向与水平向位移曲线。如图8(a)所示,在不同上覆荷载作用下,悬臂型坑外土体的沉降影响区均为倒三角形,随着上覆荷载距围护结构距离的减小,坑外土体沉降影响区近似平行向坑外扩大,扰动区范围更广,扰动深度更深。随着深度的增加,上覆荷载位置引起的最大沉降差值显著降低,由地表的4.2 mm减小至H=1.25处的0.6 mm。
图8(b)所示,在不同上覆荷载作用下,悬臂型坑外土体的水平位移影响区均为三角形,随着坑外土体沉降影响区近似平行向坑外扩大,扰动区范围更广,扰动深度更深。随着深度的增加,上覆荷载位置引起的最大沉降差值显著降低,由地表的4.2 mm减小至H=1.25处的0.6 mm。上覆荷载距围护结构距离的减小,坑外土体水平位移影响区近似平行向下部扩大,扰动深度显著加深。随着距围护结构距离的增加,上覆荷载位置引起的最大水平位移差值逐渐减小,由靠近围护结构处的3.4 mm减少至L=1处的0.9 mm。
图9为不同上覆荷载位置下内凸型坑外土体的竖向与水平向位移曲线。
图9(a)所示,在不同上覆荷载作用下,内凸型坑外土体的沉降影响区均为半抛物线形,随着上覆荷载距围护结构距离的减小,坑外土体沉降影响区呈相似状向坑外扩大,扰动区范围更广,扰动深度更深,与悬臂型的沉降影响区范围相比面积显著增大。上覆荷载位置引起的最大沉降差值随着深度的增加而减小,与悬臂型相比,最大沉降差值减小量较小,由地表处的3.8 mm,逐渐减小至1.1 mm。
图9(b)所示,随着上覆荷载距围护结构距离的减小,坑外土体水平位移影响区显著向土体深处扩大。内凸型最大水平位移位置受上覆荷载位置影响较小,变形曲线由弓形转变为悬臂型的过程略有加长,发生这种现象的原因可能在于上覆荷载直接作用于水平位移偏大的区域,增大了其最大水平位移与弓形变形区域,从而导致变形过渡阶段距离的增加。随着距围护结构距离的增加,上覆荷载位置引起的最大水平位移差值先波动变化后迅速减小,由靠近围护结构处的3.8 mm减少至L=1处的1.5 mm。与悬臂型水平位移差值曲线相比,内凸型曲线在L<0.4内差值几乎不变,说明此深度内,不同上覆荷载位置对内凸型水平位移的作用差异不受深度变化所影响。
综上所述,荷载位置和大小对不同围护结构变形模式坑外土体影响一致,在土体扰动大的位置,上覆荷载会急剧增大土体的位移。荷载位置对悬臂型坑外上部土层影响较大,对内凸型坑外中部土层影响较大。与改变上覆荷载大小相比,改变上覆荷载距围护结构距离对内凸型最大水平位移发生深度无明显影响。
图10为两种围护结构变形模式下最大位移值折线图与土体扰动值μx增量柱状图。如图11所示:悬臂型与内凸型最大竖直沉降和水平位移随上覆荷载位置的变化趋势基本一致,几乎不受围护结构变形模式的影响,均随着上覆荷载距围护结构距离的增加而减小。随着上覆荷载距围护结构距离的增加,两种变形模式下的μxμy整体上均呈减小趋势,但悬臂型的减小量显著小于内凸型。随着深度的增加,上覆荷载位置对悬臂型地表处μxμy的影响大于H=0.25处的μxμy,但对内凸型地表处和H=0.25处的影响相差不大。
图11为内凸型变形条件下,上覆荷载大小与距围护结构距离分别增大一倍后的最大位移差值对比图。如图11所示,上覆荷载大小对坑外土体沉降的影响大于上覆荷载距围护结构距离的影响,尤其是H<0.75以下土体差别更明显。在水平位移上,在L<0.5的坑外土体内,两者对水平位移的影响基本相同,在L>0.5的坑外土体中,上覆荷载大小对水平位移的影响远大于上覆荷载距围护结构距离的影响。综上可知,对上层土体,增大上覆荷载与减小上覆荷载距围护结构距离对坑外土体沉降和水平位移影响相差不大,但对中下部土层,增大上覆荷载对坑外土体沉降和水平位移影响更大。
基于透明土材料和粒子图像测速法(particle image velocimetry,PIV)技术,对不同围护结构变形模式和上覆荷载对土体内部位移的影响展开了模型试验研究,得到了由于基坑开挖所导致的透明土内部变形规律。
(1)悬臂型和内凸型坑外土体的沉降影响区分别为倒三角形和半抛物线形,均随着上覆荷载的增加向土层深部扩展,最大竖直沉降和水平位移均随着上覆荷载的增加而增大。上覆荷载在地表处对悬臂型位移的影响大于内凸型;悬臂型坑外土体由上覆荷载产生的位移差值随深度增加减小速率显著大于内凸型;上覆荷载越大,内凸型最大水平位移位置越深。
(2)随着上覆荷载距围护结构距离的减小,悬臂型和内凸型坑外土体位移影响区显著增大;随着深度的加深,内凸型由上覆荷载距离引起的沉降值差逐渐大于悬臂型;减小上覆荷载距离会使内凸型变形过渡阶段略有增加。
(3)悬臂型与内凸型坑外土体受上覆荷载压强和距离影响显著的土层深度不同。上部土体位移受悬臂型变形模式中改变上覆荷载压强与距离的影响显著,但中下部土体位移受内凸型变形模式中改变上覆荷载压强与距离的影响更为显著。相比于同比减小上覆荷载距离,增大上覆荷载对位移影响更大。
试验时由于模型箱尺寸限制,未能改变基坑开挖深度进行重复实验,未能进行踢脚型围护结构变形模式的相关试验,后续试验工作可围绕展开。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51908516)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402113
  • 接收时间:2024-03-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-25
  • 修回日期:2024-12-11
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国家自然科学基金(51908516)
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    中北大学环境与安全工程学院, 太原 030051
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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