Article(id=1156264262545822334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403173, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604482542, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604482542, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604482542, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604482542, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2578, endPage=2584, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264263590204036, articleId=1156264262545822334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Improved PSO-Based Configuration Optimization for Wind-Solar Complementary Highway Tunnels, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid increase in highway tunnel mileage also signifies a gradual rise in operational costs, and the pressing issue of high electricity operation costs for highway tunnels urgently needs to be addressed. To reduce the electricity operation costs of highway tunnels and achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, it is essential to consider optimizing the energy structure under the “dual carbon” background. This involves exploring the application prospects of renewable energy supply systems in highway tunnels and establishing a wind-solar-storage complementary power generation system. Taking a 498 m long highway tunnel load as an example, an optimization based on an improved PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm was conducted. The goal was to minimize the full lifecycle costs of equipment construction and maintenance, with constraints on the power shortage load rate and storage capacity, specifically for the wind-solar-storage complementary system. The results show as follows. The improved discrete adaptive particle swarm algorithm obtained the optimal solution after the 20th iteration, while the standard particle swarm algorithm reached the optimal solution near the 300th iteration, indicating a stronger optimization capability of the discrete adaptive particle swarm algorithm. Compared to the standard particle swarm algorithm, the improved discrete adaptive particle swarm algorithm reduced the investment and usage costs of the wind, solar, and storage equipment by 578 300 yuan, approximately 17.37%.Compared to the annual electricity cost of the example tunnel, which is 515 000 yuan, the full lifecycle cost of the wind-solar-storage complementary system is 3 328 800 yuan. The investment cost will be recouped within 7 years, and the investment return rate of this wind-solar complementary system is 10.47%. Over the 20-year lifespan of the equipment, the wind-solar-storage complementary power generation system will save 6 971 200 yuan in electricity expenses.

, correspAuthors=Chong-chong YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin LI, Zhi LIN, Chong-chong YU, Heng YIN, Ke-xin HUANG, Chao-ming LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264315754763168, articleId=1156264262545822334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进的PSO风光互补公路隧道配置优化, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

公路隧道里程的快速增加也标志着运营成本的逐渐上升,高昂的公路隧道电力运营成本问题急需解决。为了降低公路隧道电力运营成本,实现节能减排。在“双碳”背景下,从优化能源结构的角度思考,探究可再生能源供电系统在公路隧道上的应用前景,建立一个风、光、储互补发电系统。以一条498 m长的公路隧道负荷为算例,利用基于改进的粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO),以全生命周期的设备建设成本和维护成本最低为目标,以缺电负荷率、储能容量为约束,针对风光储互补系统进行寻优。结果表明:经改进的离散型自适应粒子群算法在第20次迭代后得到了最优解,标准粒子群算法在近第300次迭代得到最优解,离散型自适应粒子群算法寻优能力更强;改进后的离散型自适应粒子群算法对比标准的粒子群算法,寻优结果的风、光、储的设备投资使用成本降低了57.83万元,约17.37%。对比算例隧道一年的用电成本51.50万元,风、光、储互补系统的全生命周期成本为332.88万元,投资成本将在7 a的时间内收回,该风光互补系统的投资回报率是10.47%。在设备20 a的使用寿命内,风光储互补发电系统将节省697.12万元的用电费用。

, correspAuthors=于冲冲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 于冲冲(1998—),男,汉族,河南漯河人,硕士研究生。研究方向:公路隧道可再生能源。E-mail:
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林志(1975—),男,汉族,四川南江人,博士,教授/研究员,博士研究生导师。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

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林志(1975—),男,汉族,四川南江人,博士,教授/研究员,博士研究生导师。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

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林志(1975—),男,汉族,四川南江人,博士,教授/研究员,博士研究生导师。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

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Load table for a tunnel in ganzi, Sichuan

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负荷级别 负荷类型 负荷大小/kW
一级 直流屏 3.00
交流电源UPS 25.00
二级 加强照明 16.60
基本照明 10.80
消防水泵 45.00
引道路灯 2.30
一级 泵房负荷 4.00
所用电 15.00
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四川甘孜瓦足隧道负荷表

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负荷级别 负荷类型 负荷大小/kW
一级 直流屏 3.00
交流电源UPS 25.00
二级 加强照明 16.60
基本照明 10.80
消防水泵 45.00
引道路灯 2.30
一级 泵房负荷 4.00
所用电 15.00
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Wind turbine parameter table

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设备 额定功率/
kW
启动风速/
(m·s-1)
额定风速/
(m·s-1)
单价/
维护费用/
(元·kW-1)
风力发电机 10 3 20 36 000 1 300
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风力发电机参数表

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设备 额定功率/
kW
启动风速/
(m·s-1)
额定风速/
(m·s-1)
单价/
维护费用/
(元·kW-1)
风力发电机 10 3 20 36 000 1 300
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563938980138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Photovoltaic panel parameter table

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设备 额定功率/
kW
填充
因子
功率温
度系数/℃
单价/
维护费用/
(元·kW-1)
光伏发电板 5 0.9 -0.004 7 12 000 500
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光伏发电板参数表

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设备 额定功率/
kW
填充
因子
功率温
度系数/℃
单价/
维护费用/
(元·kW-1)
光伏发电板 5 0.9 -0.004 7 12 000 500
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564173861179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Battery parameter table

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设备 额定容量/
(A·h)
额定电压/
V
放电深度/
%
单价/
维护费用/
(元·kW-1)
锂电池 5 000 24 90 7 500 480
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564295496003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

蓄电池参数表

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设备 额定容量/
(A·h)
额定电压/
V
放电深度/
%
单价/
维护费用/
(元·kW-1)
锂电池 5 000 24 90 7 500 480
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564408742223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Electricity price table for a tunnel in Garze,Sichuan Province

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用电时
间/h
电价/
用电量/
[(kW·h)·a-1]
1 a用电费
用/万元
20 a年用电
费用/万元
1~8 0.45 617 361.00 51.50 1 030
9~12
16~20
1.05
1.05
13~15
21~24
0.76
0.76
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四川甘孜瓦足隧道用电价格表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用电时
间/h
电价/
用电量/
[(kW·h)·a-1]
1 a用电费
用/万元
20 a年用电
费用/万元
1~8 0.45 617 361.00 51.50 1 030
9~12
16~20
1.05
1.05
13~15
21~24
0.76
0.76
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564631040347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The optimal capacity allocation result

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 Nf Ng Nc 总费用/万元
离散型
自适应PSO
59 60 46 332.88
PSO 86 29 38 390.71
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564756869478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

最优容量配置结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 Nf Ng Nc 总费用/万元
离散型
自适应PSO
59 60 46 332.88
PSO 86 29 38 390.71
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564861727087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of economic benefit analysis

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算法 投资回收
周期/a
投资回报
率/%
使用周期内
节约费用/万元
离散型自适应PSO 6.46 10.47 697.12
PSO 7.58 8.18 639.29
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565000139129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262545822334, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

经济效益分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 投资回收
周期/a
投资回报
率/%
使用周期内
节约费用/万元
离散型自适应PSO 6.46 10.47 697.12
PSO 7.58 8.18 639.29
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基于改进的PSO风光互补公路隧道配置优化
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李金 1, 2 , 林志 3 , 于冲冲 3, 4, * , 尹恒 3 , 黄可心 3 , 刘超铭 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(6): 2578-2584
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(6): 2578-2584
基于改进的PSO风光互补公路隧道配置优化
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李金1, 2, 林志3 , 于冲冲3, 4, * , 尹恒3, 黄可心3, 刘超铭3
作者信息
  • 1 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司, 武汉 430050
  • 2 中交集团隧道与地下空间工程技术研发中心, 武汉 430056
  • 3 重庆交通大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400074
  • 4 中国建筑第八工程局有限公司, 天津 300450
  • 林志(1975—),男,汉族,四川南江人,博士,教授/研究员,博士研究生导师。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 于冲冲(1998—),男,汉族,河南漯河人,硕士研究生。研究方向:公路隧道可再生能源。E-mail:
Improved PSO-Based Configuration Optimization for Wind-Solar Complementary Highway Tunnels
Jin LI1, 2, Zhi LIN3 , Chong-chong YU3, 4, * , Heng YIN3, Ke-xin HUANG3, Chao-ming LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 China Communications Second Highway Survey, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430050, China
  • 2 Tunnel and Underground Space Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of CCCC, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 4 China Construction Eighth Engineering Divsion Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403173
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公路隧道里程的快速增加也标志着运营成本的逐渐上升,高昂的公路隧道电力运营成本问题急需解决。为了降低公路隧道电力运营成本,实现节能减排。在“双碳”背景下,从优化能源结构的角度思考,探究可再生能源供电系统在公路隧道上的应用前景,建立一个风、光、储互补发电系统。以一条498 m长的公路隧道负荷为算例,利用基于改进的粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO),以全生命周期的设备建设成本和维护成本最低为目标,以缺电负荷率、储能容量为约束,针对风光储互补系统进行寻优。结果表明:经改进的离散型自适应粒子群算法在第20次迭代后得到了最优解,标准粒子群算法在近第300次迭代得到最优解,离散型自适应粒子群算法寻优能力更强;改进后的离散型自适应粒子群算法对比标准的粒子群算法,寻优结果的风、光、储的设备投资使用成本降低了57.83万元,约17.37%。对比算例隧道一年的用电成本51.50万元,风、光、储互补系统的全生命周期成本为332.88万元,投资成本将在7 a的时间内收回,该风光互补系统的投资回报率是10.47%。在设备20 a的使用寿命内,风光储互补发电系统将节省697.12万元的用电费用。

公路隧道运营成本  /  粒子群算法  /  风光储互补系统  /  可再生能源

The rapid increase in highway tunnel mileage also signifies a gradual rise in operational costs, and the pressing issue of high electricity operation costs for highway tunnels urgently needs to be addressed. To reduce the electricity operation costs of highway tunnels and achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, it is essential to consider optimizing the energy structure under the “dual carbon” background. This involves exploring the application prospects of renewable energy supply systems in highway tunnels and establishing a wind-solar-storage complementary power generation system. Taking a 498 m long highway tunnel load as an example, an optimization based on an improved PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm was conducted. The goal was to minimize the full lifecycle costs of equipment construction and maintenance, with constraints on the power shortage load rate and storage capacity, specifically for the wind-solar-storage complementary system. The results show as follows. The improved discrete adaptive particle swarm algorithm obtained the optimal solution after the 20th iteration, while the standard particle swarm algorithm reached the optimal solution near the 300th iteration, indicating a stronger optimization capability of the discrete adaptive particle swarm algorithm. Compared to the standard particle swarm algorithm, the improved discrete adaptive particle swarm algorithm reduced the investment and usage costs of the wind, solar, and storage equipment by 578 300 yuan, approximately 17.37%.Compared to the annual electricity cost of the example tunnel, which is 515 000 yuan, the full lifecycle cost of the wind-solar-storage complementary system is 3 328 800 yuan. The investment cost will be recouped within 7 years, and the investment return rate of this wind-solar complementary system is 10.47%. Over the 20-year lifespan of the equipment, the wind-solar-storage complementary power generation system will save 6 971 200 yuan in electricity expenses.

operating costs of highway tunnels  /  particle swarm algorithm  /  wind-solar energy complementary system  /  renewable energ
李金, 林志, 于冲冲, 尹恒, 黄可心, 刘超铭. 基于改进的PSO风光互补公路隧道配置优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2578 -2584 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403173
Jin LI, Zhi LIN, Chong-chong YU, Heng YIN, Ke-xin HUANG, Chao-ming LIU. Improved PSO-Based Configuration Optimization for Wind-Solar Complementary Highway Tunnels[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2578 -2584 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403173
公路隧道的运营成本越来越高,降低运营成本是每个运管单位面临的难题。近年来,国家大力推动对可再生能源的利用,在“双碳”的背景下,考虑如何利用可再生能源发电对公路隧道负荷进行供能是个可行的解决方法。风能、太阳能等可再生能源在时间的分布上波动较大,单一能源发电成本较高[1-2]。所以一般采用多能互补发电的方式,多能互补的优化分为单目标优化和多目标优化[3],优化目标为直接投资成本、环境成本、系统可靠度等[4-5]
目前主流的智能算法 可以分为两大类:进化算法[6]和群体智能算法[7]。进化算法模拟了达尔文的进化论,可以在求解过程中改变参数,自我调整,达到最终寻优目的。单目标优化一般以直接经济投资成本为优化目标,以缺电负荷,电量浪费率等为约束,对互补系统进行容量优化配置[8-9]。唐浩等[10]利用改进的粒子群算法对风光资源进行优化配置,使风光互补系统满足120户居民日常用电。方文奇等[11]提出了风光储系统,通过改进粒子群算法利用全年8 760 h的数据,对中国北部某区域居民用电进行配置优化。多目标优化一般是把总成本和缺电负荷率等共同作为目标函数。贾彦等[12]利用罚函数改进粒子群算法,把最佳风机高度和光伏板倾角以及年平均发电成本为优化目标,以缺电负荷率为约束,对系统进行优化。胡林静等[13]以系统稳定性和投入成本为目标函数,系统的排放污染物为约束,采用了免疫粒子群算法求解容量配置优化问题。
本文研究针对公路隧道风光储互补发电系统,构建风力发电模型、光伏发电模型、储能系统模型,以建设成本和维护成本最低为目标函数,以缺电负荷率为约束,引入自适应权重、个体和全体学习因子,对四川甘孜某隧道进行容量配置优化,对比可再生能源互补发电系统的建设、使用成本,和传统能源的用电成本的差异,验证公路隧道对可再生能源利用的可行性。
风光储互补系统中,是由风力发电,光伏发电,蓄电池作为辅助系统,公路隧道用电荷载,变流器等组成;AC、DC代表交流电与直流电,逆变器(AC-DC)是将交流电转换为直流电的装置;整流器(DC-AC)的作用是将直流转换为交流;斩波器(DC-DC)是将直流电压转化为固定电压的装置,如图1所示。
风速最能直接影响风力发电的实际发电功率,因此只考虑风速的风力发电数学模型为
${P}_{\mathrm{W}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& V<{V}_{\mathrm{m}},V>{V}_{\mathrm{f}}\\ {P}_{0}\frac{{V}^{3}-{V}_{\mathrm{m}}^{3}}{{V}_{1}^{3}-{V}_{\mathrm{m}}^{3}},& {V}_{\mathrm{m}}\le V<{V}_{1}\\ {P}_{0},& {V}_{1}\le V\le {V}_{\mathrm{f}}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:PW为风机实际输出功率,W;P0为风机额定输出功率,W;Vm为风机启动最小风速,m/s;V1为风机的额定风速,m/s;Vf为风机切出风速,m/s。
为了简化模型,假设光伏板的转换效率恒定,光伏发电实际输出功率的数学模型为
${P}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}={f}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{ }{P}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}}\frac{G[1+k(T-{T}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}}\left)\right]}{{G}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}}}$
式(2)中:PPV为光伏发电板的实际输出功率,W;fPV为填充因子;PSTC为光伏发电板标准环境条件下的输出功率,W;GSTC为光伏发电板环境条件下的太阳光辐照强度,取1 kW/m2;k为功率温度系数;T为实际温度, ℃;TSTC为标准环境条件下的温度,为25 ℃。
蓄电池的荷电状态(state of charge, SOC)是电池实时剩余电量与总容量的比例,假设充放电的过程中电流和电压保持恒定,充放电功率也保持恒定,储能系统的充放电的数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}\left(t\right)=(1-\delta )\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}(t-1)+\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{c}}\Delta t{\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}}{{E}_{\mathrm{C}}}\\ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}\left(t\right)=(1-\delta )\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}(t-1)+\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{d}}\Delta t}{{E}_{\mathrm{C}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{d}}}\end{array}\right.$
式(3)中:SOC(t)为t时刻储能系统的荷电状态;SOC(t-1)为t-1时刻储能系统的荷电状态;δ为自放电率,一般为0.2%/d;ηc为充电效率;ηd为放电效率;Pc为充电功率;Pd为放电功率;Ec为储能系统的额定容量。
以设备全生命周期考虑,从建设费用和使用费用两个角度去考虑。 风光储互补发电系统的优化目标为:在保证能够满足公路隧道负荷需求的基础上,使得风光储互补发电系统相关设备的建设投入和运营维护费用最低,计算公式为
${C}_{1}={N}_{\mathrm{f}}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}+{N}_{\mathrm{g}}{C}_{\mathrm{g}}+{N}_{\mathrm{c}}{C}_{\mathrm{c}}$
式(4)中:C1为风光储互补发电系统的建设总费用;Nf为风力发电设备的最优数量;Cf为每台风力发电设备的建设费用;Ng为光伏发电设备的最优数量;Cg为每台光伏发电设备的建设费用;Nc为储能设备的最优数量;Cc为每台储能设备的建设费用。
${C}_{2}={N}_{\mathrm{f}}{C}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{u}}+{N}_{\mathrm{g}}{C}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{u}}+{N}_{\mathrm{c}}{C}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{u}}$
式(5)中:C2为风力发电设备在使用中的维护总费用;Cfu为每台风力发电设备的维护总费用;Cgu为每台光伏发电设备的维护总费用;Ccu为每台储能设备的维护总费用。
综上,风光储互补发电系统的最小总费用为
$\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}C=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({C}_{1}+{C}_{2})$
负荷缺电率(loss of power supply probability,LPSP) 是风光储互补发电系统中一个重要指标,它反映了一个发电系统满足负荷需求的能力。发电系统不能满足负荷需求的电量与负荷总的需求电量的比值被称为负荷缺电率 LPSP,其表达式为
$LPSP=\frac{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{t=0}}\left\{{P}_{0}\right(\mathrm{t})-[{P}_{\mathrm{f}}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{g}}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{c}}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)\left]\right\}}{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{t=0}}{P}_{0}\left(t\right)}$
式(7)中:P0(t)为t时刻用电负荷需求功率;Pf(t)为t时刻风力发电设备的实际功率;Pg(t)为t时刻光伏发电机的功率;Pc(t)为t时刻蓄电池的充/放电功率;m为计算时间段内的采样数。LPSP越小,证明发电系统越可靠,一般取0.1%,甚至是0.05%。
储能设备中SOC也是重要指标,是指储能系统中的剩余电量与总电量的比值。
$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le \mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}\left(t\right)\le \mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
式(8)中:SOCmin和SOCmax为蓄电池荷电状态的最小放电剩余量和最大充电容量。
粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)是一种启发式优化算法,灵感来源于鸟群或鱼群等群体行为[14],其数学表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}{v}_{ij}(t+1)=w{v}_{ij}\left(t\right)+{c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left[{p}_{ij}\right(t)-{x}_{ij}(t\left)\right]+\\ {c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left[{p}_{gj}\right(t)-{x}_{gj}(t\left)\right]\end{array}$
${x}_{ij}(t+1)={x}_{ij}\left(t\right)+{v}_{ij}(t+1)$
式中:vij为粒子的速度;xij为粒子的位置;t为当前迭代次数;r1r2为0~1的随机数;c1为个体学习因子;c2为个全体学习因子;w为惯性权重。
标准PSO算法的权重是固定值,这是造成粒子群算法容易陷入局部最优解。动态惯性权重可以根据搜索进程的不同阶段自适应地调整权重,从而更好地平衡全局探索和局部优化,提高算法的搜索能力。因此w应该前期大一些,后期小一些,改进后的w动态变化为
$w={w}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-\frac{({w}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{w}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}$
式(11)中:wmaxwmin分别为惯性权重的下限;iter为当前迭代次数;itermax为最大迭代次数。
标准PSO的c1c2也是固定值,本文提出的离散型自适应PSO的c1c2是随着迭代次数动态变化的,在算法的早期阶段,为了促使粒子更多地进行全局探索,个体学习因子通常会设置较大的值,使粒子的速度更新受到更大的随机扰动,更有可能跳出局部最优解。而在算法的后期阶段,为了加速收敛过程,整体学习因子通常会增大,使粒子更加聚焦于局部最优解附近。较好地平衡了全局和局部搜索能力,公式为
${c}_{1}={c}_{1\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-\frac{({c}_{1\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{c}_{1\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}$
${c}_{2}={c}_{2\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+\frac{({c}_{2\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{c}_{2\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{r}}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}$
式(13)中:c1maxc1min分别为c1的上、下限;c2maxc2min分别为c2的上、下限。
算法流程如图2所示。
以四川甘孜瓦足隧道长度为498 m为例,根据该隧道周边风力资源和光伏资源的分布情况,对公路隧道风光储互补发电系统进行容量配置优化,四川甘孜某隧道负荷类型如表1所示。
根据四川甘孜瓦足隧道周边的风资源分布情况选定合适的发电设备,风力发电机参数如表2所示;光伏发电板参数如表3所示;蓄电池参数如表4所示。
根据风、光资源的分布情况,计算出全年8 760 h的风力发电机的单机实际输出功率与光伏发电板的实际发电功率,以及该公路隧道实际用电负荷如图3所示。
系统的缺电负荷率(loss of power supply probability,LSPS)设置为0.01,以建设费用和维护费用之和作为粒子群的适应度;种群数量设置为50,迭代次数设置为500;c1maxc2max设置为2,c1minc2min设置为0.1;wmaxwmin分别设置为2和0.4,假设设备使用寿命为20 a,各维度寻优区间为[0,1 000],且对寻优区间进行离散化处理。表5为四川甘孜某隧道用电价格表。
表5可以看出该算例隧道一年的用电量为617 361.00 kW·h,一年的用电费用为51.50万元,在设备使用周期内20年的用电费用为1 030万元。
离散型自适应PSO和普通PSO的迭代过程如图4图5所示。从图4可以看出,离散型自适应PSO算法在第20代左右就得到了最优解,从图5可以看出标准PSO在第近300代得到最优解,对比可知离散型自适应PSO算法对比标准PSO的寻优能力更为优秀。
离散型自适应算法的寻优结果如表6所示。从表6可以看出离散型自适应PSO算法计算的投资费用为332.88万元,PSO算法的计算投资费用为390.71,成本高出离散型自适应粒子群算法57.83万元,约17.37%。
为了进一步分析其经济效益,本文研究引入了投资回收年限的概念,投资回收年限是指投资项目投产后获得的收益总额达到该投资项目投入的投资总额所需要的时间 (年限)[15]。计算公式为
$\mathrm{投}\mathrm{资}\mathrm{回}\mathrm{收}\mathrm{期}=\frac{\mathrm{项}\mathrm{目}\mathrm{投}\mathrm{入}\mathrm{资}\mathrm{金}}{\mathrm{项}\mathrm{目}\mathrm{净}\mathrm{收}\mathrm{益}}$
结合本文的指标,投资回收期是指目标公路隧道年用电费用达到风光水储全生命周期的使用费用所需年限。计算公式为
$\mathrm{投}\mathrm{资}\mathrm{回}\mathrm{收}\mathrm{期}=\frac{\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}}{1\mathrm{年}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}}$
本文研究引入了投资回报率的概念,投资回报率(return on investment,ROI)是指通过投咨而应返回的价值,企业从一项投资性商业活动的投资中得到的经济回报[15]。投资回报率(ROI)如式(16)所示。结合本文内容,整个项目周期内的投资回报率如式(17)所示。年均投资回报率如式(18)所示。
$\mathrm{投}\mathrm{资}\mathrm{回}\mathrm{报}\mathrm{率}=\frac{\mathrm{净}\mathrm{利}\mathrm{润}}{\mathrm{总}\mathrm{投}\mathrm{资}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
投资回报率=$\frac{\mathrm{年}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{电}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}\times \mathrm{设}\mathrm{备}\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{周}\mathrm{期}-\mathrm{全}\mathrm{生}\mathrm{命}\mathrm{周}\mathrm{期}\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}}{\mathrm{全}\mathrm{生}\mathrm{命}\mathrm{周}\mathrm{期}\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}}$×100%
$\mathrm{年}\mathrm{均}\mathrm{投}\mathrm{资}\mathrm{回}\mathrm{报}\mathrm{率}=\frac{\mathrm{年}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{电}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}\times \mathrm{设}\mathrm{备}\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{周}\mathrm{期}-\mathrm{全}\mathrm{生}\mathrm{命}\mathrm{周}\mathrm{期}\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}}{\mathrm{全}\mathrm{生}\mathrm{命}\mathrm{周}\mathrm{期}\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{费}\mathrm{用}\times \mathrm{设}\mathrm{备}\mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{周}\mathrm{期}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
式中:年用电费用是公路隧道的年用电费用;设备使用周期取20,因为风光水储互补系统的使用周期是20 a;年用电费用×设备使用周期是指互补系统全生命周期内节省的总电费,即风光水储互补设备的“总投资收益”;总投资收益-全生命周期使用费用=净利润。
引入年均投资回报率的概念后,结合表5表6的容量配置结果,可以得出两种算法情况下的投资回收年限和投资回报率,如表7所示。
表7可知,离散型自适应PSO算法的投资回收年限是6.46 a,投资回报率是10.47%,使用周期内节约费用为697.12万元;PSO算法的投资回收年限是7.58 a,投资回报率是8.18%,使用周期内节约费用639.29万元。
提出了基于改进的粒子群风光互补公路隧道配置优化系统,针对公路隧道的用电负荷需求,为避免标准粒子群算法在寻优过程中陷入局部最优,所以采用动态权重w、动态个体学习因子c1、动态全体学习因子c2,避免算法早熟,对于优化内容,因为设备数应为整数,所以对寻优区间进行了离散化处理。改进后的粒子群算法对比标准的粒子群算法,寻优结果的风、光、储的设备投资使用成本降低了57.83万元,约17.37%。对比算例隧道一年的用电成本51.50万元,风光储互补系统的全生命周期成本为332.88万元,以经济效益的角度分析,投资成本将在7 a的时间内收回,该风光互补系统的投资回报率是10.47%。在设备20 a的使用寿命内,风光储互补发电系统将节省697.12万元的用电费用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52078089)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274176)
  • 重庆英才创新创业领军人才项目(CQYC20220302517)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0079)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1075)
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划(2022B0101070001)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403173
  • 接收时间:2024-04-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-29
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(52078089)
国家自然科学基金(52274176)
重庆英才创新创业领军人才项目(CQYC20220302517)
重庆市自然科学基金创新发展联合基金(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0079)
重庆市自然科学基金(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1075)
广东省重点领域研发计划(2022B0101070001)
作者信息
    1 中交第二公路勘察设计研究院有限公司, 武汉 430050
    2 中交集团隧道与地下空间工程技术研发中心, 武汉 430056
    3 重庆交通大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400074
    4 中国建筑第八工程局有限公司, 天津 300450

通讯作者:

* 于冲冲(1998—),男,汉族,河南漯河人,硕士研究生。研究方向:公路隧道可再生能源。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
Number of
genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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