Article(id=1156264262424191673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402899, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713542400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-20, revisedDate=1734019200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604482513, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604482513, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604482513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604482513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2469, endPage=2479, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264263120446140, articleId=1156264262424191673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation on Reinforcement-Soil Interface Characteristics of Stitched Transverse Rib Geotextile, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The characteristics of the reinforced soil interface are the basis of the design of the reinforced structure. The method of stitching transverse rib geotextile reinforcement is a new reinforcement technology for the improvement of traditional geotextiles. It improves the interaction of the reinforced soil interface through three-dimensional reinforcement and gives full play to the advantages of high strength of geotextiles. In order to study the influence of the number and height of transverse ribs on the characteristics of the reinforced soil interface, the discrete element numerical simulation of the direct shear test was carried out according to the indoor test results, and the mechanical response of the reinforced soil interface under different number and height of transverse ribs was analyzed from the macroscopic and mesoscopic parameters. The results show that the shear strength of the reinforced soil interface can be significantly improved by stitching the transverse rib geotextile. The shear stress-displacement curve is mainly divided into two parts: linear growth stage and stable stage. With the increase of the number and height of the transverse ribs, the overall shear strength of the geotextile increases. When the ratio of the height of the transverse ribs to the thickness of the soil layer is 0.5, the shear strength of the interface is significantly improved and the strain value on each transverse rib is more uniform. Therefore, it is recommended that the height of the transverse ribs is 0.5 times the reinforcement spacing in practical application. With the increase of the number of transverse ribs, the quasi-cohesive force increases obviously and the quasi-friction angle changes little. With the increase of the height of transverse ribs, the quasi-friction angle increases obviously and the quasi-cohesive force changes little. In the process of direct shear test, the strain of the paving part of the geotextile and the strain on the transverse rib increase with the increase of the number and height of the transverse ribs. The maximum strain is at the joint of the two. The strain of the first transverse rib is the largest and the fastest increase, which makes the joint of the transverse rib become the key of the whole system. Therefore, the height, setting position and stitching strength of the first transverse rib should be paid attention to in practical application. This study can provide a reference for the engineering application and further research of geotextiles as reinforcement materials.

, correspAuthors=Wei-chao LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sai HUANG, He LI, Li-peng WANG, Wei-chao LIU, Yan YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264383245312384, articleId=1156264262424191673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=缝合横肋式土工织物筋土界面特性数值模拟, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

筋土界面特性是加筋结构设计的基础,缝合横肋式土工织物加筋方法是对传统土工织物改良的新型加筋技术,通过立体加筋来提高筋土界面相互作用,充分发挥土工织物高强度等优势。为了研究横肋数量和高度等因素对筋土界面特性的影响,根据室内试验结果,对直剪试验进行离散元数值模拟,从宏观和细观参数上分析不同横肋数量和高度下筋土界面的力学响应。研究结果表明:缝合横肋式土工织物可显著提高筋土界面的抗剪强度,其剪应力-位移曲线主要分为线性增长阶段和稳定阶段两部分;增加横肋数量和高度,土工织物整体抗剪强度随之增大,其中当横肋高度与土层厚度之比为0.5时,界面抗剪强度显著提高且各横肋上的应变值较为均匀,因此实际应用时建议横肋高度为加筋间距的0.5倍;随着横肋数量的增加,似黏聚力明显增加而似摩擦角变化不大,随着横肋高度的增加,似摩擦角明显增加而似黏聚力变化不大;在直剪试验过程中,土工织物平铺部分的应变和横肋上的应变随横肋数量和高度增加均增大,应变最大的位置为二者缝合处,第1道横肋应变最大并且增加最快,使该横肋缝合处成为整个体系的关键,因此实际应用时应重点关注第1道横肋的高度、设置位置以及缝合强度。研究结果可为土工织物作为加筋材料的工程应用和进一步研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=刘伟超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘伟超(1984—),男,汉族,河南漯河人,博士,副教授。研究方向:土工合成材料应用、岩土体稳定与变形控制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=huqZ6pB79cVztRoUqjGUvg==, magXml=Tir5UcYN7doIp98mjbVAmw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=OtFoQFv9S7t8tOiijFCIXw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=w69EFaEGjwqFZKzVLBdysg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=BEouuqiGFTcsC9wYyGRWOg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄赛(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土工合成材料应用。E-mail:

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黄赛(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土工合成材料应用。E-mail:

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黄赛(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土工合成材料应用。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262424191673, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同横肋高度的横肋应变曲线, figureFileSmall=LygD/9j/qGNsativlO9fVQ==, figureFileBig=a/cHxSaumj15pcUzgzXK9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422568439468541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262424191673, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Micro-parameters of sand and geotextile

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数 数值
砂土 密度/(kg·m-3) 1 850
法向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
切向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
阻尼系数 0.7
摩擦系数 0.3
土工织物 密度/(kg·m-3) 420
法向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
切向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
法向黏结刚度/(Pa·m-1) 3.25×1010、2.9×1010
1.28×1010、2.2×109
切向黏结刚度/(Pa·m-1) 1.0×106
阻尼系数 0.7
摩擦系数 0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1233422568577880580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262424191673, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

砂土与土工织物的细观参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数 数值
砂土 密度/(kg·m-3) 1 850
法向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
切向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
阻尼系数 0.7
摩擦系数 0.3
土工织物 密度/(kg·m-3) 420
法向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
切向刚度/(N·m-1) 1.0×108
法向黏结刚度/(Pa·m-1) 3.25×1010、2.9×1010
1.28×1010、2.2×109
切向黏结刚度/(Pa·m-1) 1.0×106
阻尼系数 0.7
摩擦系数 0.4
), ArticleFig(id=1233422568686932490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262424191673, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Direct shear test scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组 横肋数量 剪切速率/
(mm·min-1)
横肋高度/mm 法向应
力/kPa
1、2、3 1 300 25、50、100、
150
3 1 100、200、300
), ArticleFig(id=1233422568800178706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262424191673, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

直剪试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组 横肋数量 剪切速率/
(mm·min-1)
横肋高度/mm 法向应
力/kPa
1、2、3 1 300 25、50、100、
150
3 1 100、200、300
), ArticleFig(id=1233422568934396442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262424191673, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The maximum shear stress of geotextiles with different rib heights

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
横肋高
度/mm
不同法向应力(kPa)下的最大剪应力/kPa
25 50 100 150
100 41 51.5 69 84
200 50 60.5 90 120
300 57.5 77 108 143
), ArticleFig(id=1233422569051836962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264262424191673, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土工织物不同横肋高度的最大剪应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
横肋高
度/mm
不同法向应力(kPa)下的最大剪应力/kPa
25 50 100 150
100 41 51.5 69 84
200 50 60.5 90 120
300 57.5 77 108 143
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缝合横肋式土工织物筋土界面特性数值模拟
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黄赛 1 , 李贺 2 , 王立朋 3 , 刘伟超 1, * , 杨艳 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(6): 2469-2479
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(6): 2469-2479
缝合横肋式土工织物筋土界面特性数值模拟
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黄赛1 , 李贺2, 王立朋3, 刘伟超1, * , 杨艳4
作者信息
  • 1 石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院, 石家庄 050043
  • 2 天津新亚太工程建设监理有限公司, 天津 300143
  • 3 中铁十九局集团第五工程有限公司, 大连 116199
  • 4 石家庄铁道大学交通运输学院, 石家庄 050043
  • 黄赛(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土工合成材料应用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘伟超(1984—),男,汉族,河南漯河人,博士,副教授。研究方向:土工合成材料应用、岩土体稳定与变形控制。E-mail:
Numerical Simulation on Reinforcement-Soil Interface Characteristics of Stitched Transverse Rib Geotextile
Sai HUANG1 , He LI2, Li-peng WANG3, Wei-chao LIU1, * , Yan YANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Railway University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
  • 2 Tianjin New Asia-Pacific Engineering Construction Supervision Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300143, China
  • 3 China Railway 19th Bureau Group FIFTH Engineering Co., Ltd., Dalian 116199, China
  • 4 College of Transportation, Shijiazhuang Railway University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402899
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筋土界面特性是加筋结构设计的基础,缝合横肋式土工织物加筋方法是对传统土工织物改良的新型加筋技术,通过立体加筋来提高筋土界面相互作用,充分发挥土工织物高强度等优势。为了研究横肋数量和高度等因素对筋土界面特性的影响,根据室内试验结果,对直剪试验进行离散元数值模拟,从宏观和细观参数上分析不同横肋数量和高度下筋土界面的力学响应。研究结果表明:缝合横肋式土工织物可显著提高筋土界面的抗剪强度,其剪应力-位移曲线主要分为线性增长阶段和稳定阶段两部分;增加横肋数量和高度,土工织物整体抗剪强度随之增大,其中当横肋高度与土层厚度之比为0.5时,界面抗剪强度显著提高且各横肋上的应变值较为均匀,因此实际应用时建议横肋高度为加筋间距的0.5倍;随着横肋数量的增加,似黏聚力明显增加而似摩擦角变化不大,随着横肋高度的增加,似摩擦角明显增加而似黏聚力变化不大;在直剪试验过程中,土工织物平铺部分的应变和横肋上的应变随横肋数量和高度增加均增大,应变最大的位置为二者缝合处,第1道横肋应变最大并且增加最快,使该横肋缝合处成为整个体系的关键,因此实际应用时应重点关注第1道横肋的高度、设置位置以及缝合强度。研究结果可为土工织物作为加筋材料的工程应用和进一步研究提供参考。

缝合横肋  /  土工织物  /  加筋土  /  界面特性  /  直剪试验  /  离散元  /  模拟

The characteristics of the reinforced soil interface are the basis of the design of the reinforced structure. The method of stitching transverse rib geotextile reinforcement is a new reinforcement technology for the improvement of traditional geotextiles. It improves the interaction of the reinforced soil interface through three-dimensional reinforcement and gives full play to the advantages of high strength of geotextiles. In order to study the influence of the number and height of transverse ribs on the characteristics of the reinforced soil interface, the discrete element numerical simulation of the direct shear test was carried out according to the indoor test results, and the mechanical response of the reinforced soil interface under different number and height of transverse ribs was analyzed from the macroscopic and mesoscopic parameters. The results show that the shear strength of the reinforced soil interface can be significantly improved by stitching the transverse rib geotextile. The shear stress-displacement curve is mainly divided into two parts: linear growth stage and stable stage. With the increase of the number and height of the transverse ribs, the overall shear strength of the geotextile increases. When the ratio of the height of the transverse ribs to the thickness of the soil layer is 0.5, the shear strength of the interface is significantly improved and the strain value on each transverse rib is more uniform. Therefore, it is recommended that the height of the transverse ribs is 0.5 times the reinforcement spacing in practical application. With the increase of the number of transverse ribs, the quasi-cohesive force increases obviously and the quasi-friction angle changes little. With the increase of the height of transverse ribs, the quasi-friction angle increases obviously and the quasi-cohesive force changes little. In the process of direct shear test, the strain of the paving part of the geotextile and the strain on the transverse rib increase with the increase of the number and height of the transverse ribs. The maximum strain is at the joint of the two. The strain of the first transverse rib is the largest and the fastest increase, which makes the joint of the transverse rib become the key of the whole system. Therefore, the height, setting position and stitching strength of the first transverse rib should be paid attention to in practical application. This study can provide a reference for the engineering application and further research of geotextiles as reinforcement materials.

suture transverse ribs  /  geotextiles  /  reinforced soil  /  interface characteristics  /  direct shear test  /  discrete element  /  simulation
黄赛, 李贺, 王立朋, 刘伟超, 杨艳. 缝合横肋式土工织物筋土界面特性数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2469 -2479 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402899
Sai HUANG, He LI, Li-peng WANG, Wei-chao LIU, Yan YANG. Numerical Simulation on Reinforcement-Soil Interface Characteristics of Stitched Transverse Rib Geotextile[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2469 -2479 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402899
现代加筋土技术出现以来,土工合成材料以其独特的自身优势,被广泛应用于中外各大工程中[1]。在工程应用中,土工合成材料的筋土界面特性对加筋土结构的整体稳定性、安全性以及长期服役性有着直接的影响[2-3]。目前,针对筋土界面作用机理、力学特性等方面中外学者已经从宏、细观角度取得了较多的研究成果。李航等[4]利用PFC3D颗粒流软件,研究了砂土内部颗粒运动规律、配位数以及局部孔隙率分布规律,发现砂土在直剪试验中,砂土中的剪切带并非呈直线状态,而是具有一定的斜率和曲率。周光军等[5]通过直剪试验和数值模拟的方法对砂-砾石混合物开展了宏、细观的力学特性研究,分析了砾石颗粒形状和砾石含量对砂-砾石混合物界面强度特征和细观特性的影响。Cheng等[6]基于离散元分析方法,提出了一种新的土工布包裹土解析解,全面了解了土工布包裹土在单轴压缩下的力学特性。Feng等[7]采用PFC3D颗粒流软件,对土工膜与砂土之间的界面直剪试验进行了三维模拟,并建立了一种合理模拟土工膜表面粗糙度的重叠技术。Gao等[8]基于土工格栅的状态,研究了无约束状态和有土约束状态下的土工格栅离散元模型,并对土工格栅加筋石灰石界面的力学特性进行了深入研究。王志杰等[9]采用PFC2D离散元方法,从细观角度上研究了刚、柔顶部边界条件对筋土界面特性的影响,发现当拉拔位移较大时,刚性边界下的最大拉拔阻力显著大于柔性边界,且顶部为柔性边界时,土体颗粒与筋材之间的接触力链更加均匀。靳静等[10]研究了土工格栅横肋间距不同对筋土界面特性的影响,研究结果表明:随着土工格栅横肋间距的增加,拉拔力峰值、峰值处的位移以及界面抗剪强度参数均呈现下降趋势,且拉拔曲线由应变硬化转化为应变软化。刘开富等[11]开展了土工格栅两侧为不同填料的直剪试验,探究了粉质黏土含水率和石英砂粒径对界面抗剪强度的影响,发现最优含水率下的粉质黏土其界面抗剪强度指标最高,不同的石英砂粒径对抗剪强度的影响范围在±7%内。Makkar等[12]采用三维土工格栅,研究了直剪模式下土工格栅与砂土之间的相互作用,与平面土工格栅相比,三维土工格栅的界面抗剪强度有明显的提高。熊勃等[13]通过大型直剪试验,研究了横肋加厚的立体土工格栅网孔尺寸对界面抗剪强度的影响。
土工织物强度高,耐腐蚀性好,透水性好,施工方便,在工程中可发挥着隔离、反滤、加筋等作用[14]。土工织物与土体发生相对位移时,因土工织物表面的粗糙度使相邻土颗粒发生反转、变位等现象[15]。在以往的加筋土结构中,土工织物与土体之间的界面摩擦强度不足,土工织物高强度的特性不能充分地发挥出来。文献[16-17]提出了“立体加筋”的概念,并进行了三轴压缩试验、拉拔试验和模型试验,发现了立体加筋可明显提高筋土界面的摩擦特性。林永亮等[18]将土工格栅和肋条相结合,形成了网格状带齿筋材,并从宏观和细观两个角度分析了筋土界面特性和接触面的发展演化规律。崔新壮等[19]提出了带凸起节点的高摩阻静定土工格栅,并通过理论分析和室内直剪试验验证了高摩阻静定土工格栅提高筋土界面抗剪强度的有效性。杜炜等[20]利用PFC3D离散元软件构建了具有立体加筋效果的加强节点土工格栅加筋风积沙的拉拔试验模型,并从加强节点的布置方式、厚度、数量、相邻间距等方面探究筋土界面的力学特性。Mirzaalimohammadi等[21]通过将钢筋固定在土工格栅横肋上,形成土工格栅-钢筋体系,并对加筋格栅和普通格栅进行直剪试验,发现加筋格栅直剪强度比普通格栅提高了42%。Beyranvand等[22]对土工格栅-混凝土三维加筋体系进行了拉拔试验研究,结果表明,在20 kPa和50 kPa法向应力下,土工格栅-混凝土体系相比单独的土工格栅,拉拔力分别增加了76%和67%。Tajabadipour等[23]利用废旧轮胎做成肋条贴在无纺布上,并对加肋无纺布和普通无纺布进行拉拔试验,发现加肋无纺布比普通无纺布的抗拉能力和刚度均有所提高,并且加肋无纺土工布颈缩效应明显减小。
在前期研究中,开展了缝合横肋式土工织物室内直剪试验,发现缝合横肋式土工织物可显著提高筋土界面的抗剪强度[24]。在此基础上,为研究带肋土工织物横肋高度和数量对筋土界面特性的影响,现通过建立不同横肋高度和数量的缝合横肋式土工织物直剪离散元模型,分析缝合横肋式土工织物在直剪中的界面强度参数、接触力链的变化规律以及土工织物各部分的受力情况,旨在为缝合横肋式土工织物在加筋土结构工程中的应用和优化提供依据和参考。
以文献[24]中缝合横肋式土工织物为研究对象,采用粒子流代码(particle flow code, PFC)建立数值模型进行分析。首先将土工织物简化为二维模型,采用半径R=2 mm的圆盘颗粒进行规则排列,通过平行黏结模型将圆盘颗粒组合成土工织物,土工织物模型如图1所示。通过室内土工织物拉伸试验测得的张拉力-伸长率关系曲线发现,张拉力和伸长率之间并不是线性关系,为了使模型特性更接近室内试验,将土工织物黏结强度分为4个阶段:当伸长率达到3%、7%、10%、14%时分别调整其黏结强度,使张拉力-伸长率曲线呈现出分段线性关系。通过PFC2D试算得到的土工织物张拉力-伸长率关系曲线如图2所示。从图2中可以看出,两种张拉力-伸长率关系曲线非常接近,能较好地模拟土工织物的拉伸性能。
根据室内直剪试验的规格,建立了与室内试验尺寸相同的直剪箱并在其中生成土颗粒,具体步骤如下:①通过wall create命令生成墙体,利用多个墙体组成1 000 mm×400 mm的直剪箱模型;②按照颗粒级配曲线进行分段,并在墙体内随机生成颗粒,施加重力使颗粒在其重力作用下自由沉积,控制孔隙率在0.12左右,使颗粒接近室内的压实状态;③若按实际情况进行模拟,模型中生成的颗粒较多,运算效率较低。为了提高运算效率,将粒径小于0.3 mm的颗粒剔除,并将剩余颗粒等比例放大5倍,使相同模型尺寸下生成的颗粒数量减小,来提高运算效率。由Ma等[25]和刘方成等[26]的研究,可知该处理方法对试验结果影响不大,且能较好地提高运算效率。最终生成的砂土与土工织物直剪试验模型如图3所示,室内试验与离散元模型的颗粒级配曲线如图4所示。
PFC离散元软件作为从细观角度模拟土体间力学性质的工具,其数值模拟的可靠性和准确性取决于土体颗粒细观参数的标定[27]。当前,许多学者[28-29]主要在室内试验的基础上通过多次调节细观参数的方法使室内、数值模拟试验结果呈现较好的拟合关系,并且该方法与室内试验结果的吻合程度较高。因此本文研究采用PFC离散元软件进行缝合横肋式土工织物加筋的数值模拟和分析。
虽然本文所述的缝合横肋式土工织物尚未在实际工程中得到应用,但已有研究人员进行了室内直剪试验[24],验证了缝合横肋式土工织物相对于普通土工布、土工格栅具有更好的界面力学特性;还采用缝合横肋式土工织物在自制的模型箱内开展了加筋土挡墙的模型试验[30],发现使用缝合式土工织物加筋可使墙顶竖向位移、墙面水平位移、墙内竖向附加土压力和水平附加土压力减小,为本文数值模拟结果的可靠性验证提供了良好的基础。
为使PFC数值模拟结果更加的准确和可靠,使用了文献[31]所提的方法对颗粒的细观参数进行标定,采用土工织物加筋模拟在25、50、100、150 kPa 4种法向应力作用下的直剪试验并与室内试验结果[24]进行比对,如图5所示。可以看出,剪应力-位移曲线前后的发展趋势基本相同,PFC2D模拟得到的剪应力在室内试验的剪应力-位移曲线附近波动,随着法向应力增大,其波动程度增大,其原因为:直剪过程中颗粒之间产生相对的错动和滑动,使剪应力发生波动,且法向应力越大,颗粒间的错动和滑动对剪应力的影响程度更大。PFC2D模拟的剪应力-位移曲线进入稳定阶段后,前一段曲线剪应力的最大值与室内试验较为吻合;后一段曲线在室内试验曲线附近波动,且该段剪应力的平均值与试验结果较为接近。整体来看PFC2D模拟与室内试验得到的剪应力-位移曲线误差较小,可用来模拟土工织物与砂土的直剪试验[32],相应地砂土和土工织物细观参数如表1所示。
文献[24]中提出了在土工织物上缝合横肋[图6(a)]以提高其界面特性,而横肋的数量与高度是影响其界面特性的关键因素。为研究横肋数量对土工织物与砂土间界面特性的影响,分别设置1、2、3道横肋进行模拟并对比,命名为组Ⅰ;为研究土工织物横肋高度的影响,设计了100、200、300 mm 3种不同高度的横肋进行模拟并对比,3种横肋的高度与土层厚度的比值分别为0.25、0.5、0.75,命名为组Ⅱ,土工织物带肋模型如图6(b)所示,横肋高度为300 mm。各组工况均在4种不同的法向应力(25、50、100、150 kPa)作用下进行,直剪速率与室内直剪试验一致为1 mm/min,试验方案如表2所示。
根据组Ⅰ数值模拟试验结果,3种工况下的剪应力-位移关系曲线整体变化趋势比较接近,以1道横肋土工织物的剪应力-位移曲线为例(图7),可以看出:剪应力随着法向应力的增加而增大,试验曲线大致分为两个阶段:第一阶段为线性增长阶段,剪切应力增长较快,但持续时间较短,主要由土工织物抵抗土体产生相对位移的面积逐渐增加;第二阶段为稳定阶段,直剪箱内的整个土工织物均对土体产生摩擦阻力,土工织物与土体之间的摩擦力逐渐趋于稳定,剪应力增长速率明显变缓,随着剪切位移的增加,剪应力在一定范围内波动。根据模拟结果,绘制法向应力为150 kPa、横肋高度为300 mm时最大剪应力随横肋数量变化的关系曲线如图8所示,从图8可以看出,最大剪应力随横肋数量增加而近似线性增加。
根据组Ⅱ数值模拟试验结果,不同横肋高度的剪应力-位移关系曲线具有与图7相似的规律,以横肋高度100 mm的土工织物为例(图9),剪应力随剪切位移的增大而增大,且最大剪应力随着法向应力的提高而增加。根据模拟结果,土工织物横肋高度为100、200、300 mm时,不同法向应力下的剪应力峰值所对应的位移分别为30~50 mm、40~60 mm、45~70 mm,可见不同法向应力下的剪应力峰值位移随横肋高度的增加而增大。整理得到不同横肋高度的土工织物剪应力峰值强度如表3所示。
法向应力为150 kPa、横肋数量为3道时,最大剪应力随横肋高度变化的关系曲线如图10所示,可见最大剪应力随着横肋高度的增加而增大,尤其当横肋高度从100 mm增加到200 mm时,即横肋高度与土层的厚度比为0.5,其增长速率最大,对最大剪应力的提升最为显著。结合图8图10对比可知,横肋数量为1高度为300 mm的最大剪应力是横肋数量为3高度为100 mm的1.2倍,其加筋效果更好。因此,对于等量材料,为了达到更好的加筋效果应优先考虑增加横肋高度的方法。
图11所示,是根据摩尔-库伦强度准则对不同横肋数量和高度下的剪应力峰值强度进行的线性拟合,其拟合结果较好,相关系数R2均在0.998以上。
图12所示,是根据图11得到的不同工况下筋土界面抗剪强度参数变化曲线。由图12(a)可知,采用缝合横肋式土工织物加筋砂土时,2道横肋的似黏聚力比1道横肋的似黏聚力增加显著、3道横肋的似黏聚力比2道横肋的似黏聚力增加较小,似摩擦角随着横肋数量的增加变化不大;由图12(b)可知,200 mm高横肋的似摩擦角比100 mm高横肋时显著增加、300 mm高横肋的似摩擦角比200 mm横肋时增加不大,似黏聚力随横肋高度的增加变化不大。
根据模拟结果,施加法向应力后进行剪切之前,剪切箱内砂土颗粒间的接触力链均匀分布,力链分布与外部荷载方向一致,主要为竖直方向。对剪切箱施加向右的速度后,力链分布方向开始发生变化,以法向应力150 kPa作用下不同横肋数量土工织物与砂土直剪试验时力链变化情况为例进行分析,如图13所示。图13中力链越粗则表示颗粒间的作用力越大。由于土工织物对颗粒产生的摩擦力及约束作用,力链方向由竖直变为向左倾斜,最终形成左侧力链大且密集,右侧力链小且稀疏的情况。土工织物横肋所受到的拉力也不同,以图13(c)中3道横肋的土工织物为例,其横肋所受拉力为从左向右依次减小,并且在每个横肋的两侧,表现为横肋左侧区域力链分布密集,右侧区域力链分布稀疏,以土工织物横肋为分界形成明显的差异。
法向应力150 kPa时,不同横肋高度下砂土与土工织物的力链变化情况,如图14所示。当横肋高度较低时,横肋影响范围、横肋与土颗粒的接触面积以及横肋在直剪过程中与水平土工织物产生的夹角较小,导致产生的摩擦力和横肋对土颗粒的阻碍力较小,加筋效果提升不明显;随着横肋高度的增加,横肋影响范围、横肋与土颗粒的接触面积以及横肋在直剪过程中与水平土工织物产生的夹角均增加,提高了横肋对土颗粒的阻碍力,增强了整体的抗剪强度。对比横肋高度100、200、300 mm力链情况可知,高度为200 mm即高度与土层厚度比为0.5时,总体上受力更加均匀且能使横肋较好地增加抗剪强度。
结合图12~图14可知,增加横肋数量和高度土工织物夹持端处的接触力链和界面的似黏聚力、似摩擦角均有所增大,主要原因为:横肋数量和高度的增加,扩大了土工织物的影响范围,更多的土颗粒与横肋进行接触挤压,土颗粒所受到的阻力增大,整体黏聚力增强;同理,由于横肋的影响范围扩大,使土颗粒之间受力更加均匀,增加了界面的似摩擦角,且砂土与筋材之间的似摩擦角一般大于砂土本身的内摩擦角[33]
根据图13图14的力链分部情况发现,横肋的左侧力链密集,右侧疏松,水平土工织物与横肋连接的部分最为明显,所受到的拉力较大,易发生破坏。为进一步探究横肋数量和高度对水平土工织物和横肋的剪切应力的影响,通过在PFC2D中采用fish函数记录相邻颗粒间的应变来反应土工织物各部分的受力情况。整理得到法向应力为150 kPa时不同横肋数量和高度的水平土工织物应变曲线如图15图16所示,图中的起始点为土工织物的夹持端,横坐标表示与夹持端的距离。由图15可知,水平土工织物上的应变随着与夹持端距离的增大是逐渐递减的,尤其在横肋处产生了骤降,这与横肋左侧力链密集右侧疏松(图13)的现象相一致,其主要原因是:缝合横肋在剪切时产生了较大阻力与左侧水平土工织物共同承担了较大的剪应力,在横肋处有一定的应力集中现象;由图15中不同横肋数量下水平土工布应变量的对比可知,设置横肋数量为1道和2道后,土工布左侧即第1道横肋之前的部分应变量显著提升,说明横肋对土工布界面特性的提升和土工布强度的发挥具有显著作用。横肋数量设置为3道时与横肋数量为2道时的应变值较为接近,说明横肋数量在达到一定条件时对加筋效果的提升将不再明显。
结合图15图16可知,随着横肋高度和数量的增加,其左侧夹持端的应变均显著增大,即相比于第2道横肋和第3道横肋,第1道横肋处应变值变化最大,说明增加横肋高度和数量对第1道横肋的影响程度较大,第1道横肋对土工织物整体抗剪强度的提高最为关键。
为研究横肋土工织物上不同位置处的受力情况,绘制不同横肋高度土工织物上不同位置处的应变曲线,如图17所示,可见横肋上各点的应变随着与缝合点距离的增加而减小,即横肋与水平土工织物缝合处产生的应变最大,其受力也最大;说明越靠近水平土工织物横肋受土颗粒的挤压与约束作用越强,界面上剪应力越大,与力链图下部力链密集上部力链疏松现象相一致。
横肋高度为100 mm时,各道横肋上的应变值均较为接近,横肋高度从100 mm增加到300 mm时各道横肋上的应变随之增加,其中第1道横肋应变增幅最大,而第2道和第3道应变增幅较小。横肋高度300 mm时,第2道和第3道横肋与第1道横肋的应变值相差较大,说明3道横肋受力不均匀,第1道横肋所受拉力较大,第1道横肋与土工织物连接处在缝合强度不足时可能发生破坏。因此,实际应用时应注意控制横肋与水平土工织物连接处的强度,尤其是第1道横肋处。横肋高度为200 mm(土层厚度的0.5倍)时,各道横肋应变相对较为均匀,同时结合图10分析可知,横肋高度为200 mm对界面抗剪强度有显著的提升效果,因此建议在实际工程应用时可取横肋高度为土层摊铺厚度或加筋间距的0.5倍。
根据室内大型直剪试验建立离散元直剪试验模型,模拟了横肋高度为300 mm而数量分别为1道、2道、3道情况下以及横肋数量为3道而高度为100、200、300 mm情况下的直剪试验,从宏观和细观参数上分析了横肋数量和高度对筋-土界面特性的影响规律,主要得出以下结论。
(1)采用缝合横肋式横肋土工织物加筋时,剪应力-位移关系曲线主要分为线性增长阶段和稳定阶段。相比普通土工织物,其界面抗剪强度显著提高;随着土工织物横肋数量增加,似黏聚力明显增大;随着横肋高度增加,似摩擦角明显增大。
(2)横肋高度300 mm时,增加横肋数量最大剪应力呈线性增加;横肋数量为3道时,最大剪应力随横肋高度的增加而不断增加,并且当横肋高度与土层厚度比为0.5时,各道横肋上所产生的应变相对均匀,最大剪应力提升最显著。
(3)根据细观分析结果,剪切箱内土体相对土工织物向右剪切时,横肋左侧区域力链分布密集,右侧区域力链分布稀疏,其横肋所受拉力为从左向右依次迅速减小,并且在第1道横肋处的颗粒接触力链随着横肋高度的增加越来越密集;对于同样用量的材料增加横肋高度比增加横肋数量对加筋效果的提升更好;土工织物夹持端处的接触力链、水平土工织物和横肋上的应变也随横肋数量和高度增加而增大,横肋上的应变值在缝合处最大,因此在实际使用过程中要特别注重第1道横肋与水平土工织物的连接强度。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFE0104600)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402899
  • 接收时间:2024-04-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-20
  • 修回日期:2024-12-13
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFE0104600)
作者信息
    1 石家庄铁道大学土木工程学院, 石家庄 050043
    2 天津新亚太工程建设监理有限公司, 天津 300143
    3 中铁十九局集团第五工程有限公司, 大连 116199
    4 石家庄铁道大学交通运输学院, 石家庄 050043

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* 刘伟超(1984—),男,汉族,河南漯河人,博士,副教授。研究方向:土工合成材料应用、岩土体稳定与变形控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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