Article(id=1156264261975401142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403353, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604482406, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604482406, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604482406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604482406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2499, endPage=2510, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264262948479675, articleId=1156264261975401142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Floodinginhibition Measures of Alkali-Inspired Materials for Patching, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the panalkalisation of alkali-inspired materials for repair, the inhibition of panalkalisation of alkali-inspired materials for repair was investigated by means of surface spraying of admixtures, doping of glass powder, and doping of red mud. The inhibition mechanism was also analysed by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis and super depth of field image analysis. The results show as follows. After brushing PNC401 waterproof coating or organosilicon waterproofing agent on the surface of mortar specimen, the amount of alkali flooding is reduced by 61.3% and 26.7%, respectively. The dosage of glass powder and red mud within 15% meets the requirements of the performance of the repair mortar. The amount of alkali flooding was reduced by 60.7% and 52.0% after doping of 15% glass powder and red mud, respectively, and the number of pore spaces inside the mortar was less, no obvious cracks were produced, which reduced the dissolution of alkaline ions. The number of pores inside the mortar is less, and there is no obvious crack, which reduces the dissolution channel of alkaline ions, and it has a good inhibition effect on the alkaline flooding of alkaline stimulating materials for repairing.

, correspAuthors=Wen-juan ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yong-yuan SONG, Wen-juan ZHOU, Yi-lin ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264362147963824, articleId=1156264261975401142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=修补用碱激发材料的泛碱抑制研究, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为降低修补用碱激发材料的泛碱,通过表面喷涂外加剂、掺加玻璃粉、掺加赤泥的方式研究了修补用碱激发材料的泛碱抑制措施。并通过扫描电镜、氮吸附分析、超景深图像分析等方法分析其抑制机理。结果表明:在砂浆试件表面涂刷PNC401防水涂料或有机硅防水剂后泛碱量分别减少了61.3%和26.7%;玻璃粉、赤泥的掺量在15%内满足修补砂浆各项性能要求;掺加15%的玻璃粉、赤泥后泛碱量分别减少了60.7%、52.0%,且砂浆内部孔隙数量较少,无明显裂缝产生,减少了碱性离子的溶出通道,对修补用碱激发材料的泛碱有很好的抑制效果。

, correspAuthors=周文娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周文娟(1977—),女,汉族,安徽宿州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:固体废弃物的资源化利用。E-mail:
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宋永远(1999—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固体废弃物的资源化利用。E-mail:

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宋永远(1999—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固体废弃物的资源化利用。E-mail:

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Beijing: Beijing University of Architecture, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233422560369635903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, awardId=2022YFC3803403, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3803403), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233422550781457375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550798234593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, companyId=1233422550781457375, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550810817506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, companyId=1233422550781457375, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京建筑大学土木与交通工程学院, 北京 100044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233422550982783991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550986978297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, companyId=1233422550982783991, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Engineering Technology Innovation Centre for Construction Waste Recycling, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550999561211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, companyId=1233422550982783991, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 住房城乡建设部建筑垃圾资源化工程技术创新中心, 北京 100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233422555365830940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Glass powder, red mud and their SEM(scanning electron microscope)images, figureFileSmall=PA7+BK8nldzktGHeVGbrMw==, figureFileBig=mdy7aFPAcNoRVUxkv071Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555474882859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=CN, label=图1, caption=玻璃粉、赤泥及其扫描电镜图像

EHT为加速电压;Mag为放大倍数;Signal A=SE2表示使用SE2探测器;WD为工作距离

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EHT为加速电压;Mag为放大倍数;Signal A=SE2表示使用SE2探测器;WD为工作距离;Date为日期;Time为时间;CPS为每秒计数率

, figureFileSmall=8V8Es3smePHLOdXZzHTKBw==, figureFileBig=2bgN4mb4XCPpN3RJa/saqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557278433727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=SEM images and EDS spectra collected on the selected area of GP-15, figureFileSmall=h05SHRiSxeo5v3M59fwdwQ==, figureFileBig=MJAaakwcq2HV7m4E3csdDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557416845773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=CN, label=图8, caption=GP-15扫描电镜和能谱图

EHT为加速电压;Mag为放大倍数;Signal A=SE2表示使用SE2探测器;WD为工作距离;Date为日期;Time为时间;CPS为每秒计数率

, figureFileSmall=h05SHRiSxeo5v3M59fwdwQ==, figureFileBig=MJAaakwcq2HV7m4E3csdDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557517509074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=SEM images and EDS spectracollected on the selected area of RM-15, figureFileSmall=HuEkeQJ8s/5pj8CUC9whQw==, figureFileBig=zc6chWQ6U/sX30wR9uQu1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557676892641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=CN, label=图9, caption=RM-15扫描电镜和能谱图

EHT为加速电压;Mag为放大倍数;Signal A=SE2表示使用SE2探测器;WD为工作距离;Date为日期;Time为时间;CPS为每秒计数率

, figureFileSmall=HuEkeQJ8s/5pj8CUC9whQw==, figureFileBig=zc6chWQ6U/sX30wR9uQu1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557815304684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect curve of adding glass powder and red mud on nitrogen adsorption pore size distribution in repair mortar, figureFileSmall=Oeo4vSUphDsW7Db1e4CRFg==, figureFileBig=a/qhyFI4cDzASwS8ndBCrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559266533873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=CN, label=图10, caption=掺加玻璃粉和赤泥对修补砂浆氮吸附孔径分布影响曲线, figureFileSmall=Oeo4vSUphDsW7Db1e4CRFg==, figureFileBig=a/qhyFI4cDzASwS8ndBCrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559421723136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Distribution of pores in repair mortar before and after improvement, figureFileSmall=WZAVHMWQ4gnzX4iSjPY1ig==, figureFileBig=Mw/RCT/C+78eTaTLlaB+Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559543357961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=CN, label=图11, caption=改善前后修补砂浆孔隙分布情况

min为最小值;max为最大值; Range为值域;Mean为平均数;Obj.#为物镜编号;Sum为总和;Std.Dev为标准差;Samples为样品数量;Area为面积

, figureFileSmall=WZAVHMWQ4gnzX4iSjPY1ig==, figureFileBig=Mw/RCT/C+78eTaTLlaB+Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559702741523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of slag, recycled micro powder, glass powder, red mud

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材料类别 化学成分/%
CaO Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O SO3 Fe2O3 TiO2
赤泥 0.70 9.11 19.39 12.77 0.15 0.68 49.28 7.43
再生微粉 28.76 1.14 6.03 9.92 43.63 2.16 1.12 4.57
矿渣 45.36 0.42 6.86 15.98 28.73 0.57 1.98 0.95
玻璃粉 8.01 12.32 4.12 0.98 72.90 0.45 0.22 0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559795016221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿渣、再生微粉、玻璃粉、赤泥化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类别 化学成分/%
CaO Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O SO3 Fe2O3 TiO2
赤泥 0.70 9.11 19.39 12.77 0.15 0.68 49.28 7.43
再生微粉 28.76 1.14 6.03 9.92 43.63 2.16 1.12 4.57
矿渣 45.36 0.42 6.86 15.98 28.73 0.57 1.98 0.95
玻璃粉 8.01 12.32 4.12 0.98 72.90 0.45 0.22 0.21
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559904068134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mix proportions of repair mortar with added glass powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺合料
种类
编号 掺合料
掺量/%
水胶比 掺合料/g 矿渣/g 再生微
粉/g
水玻璃/g NaOH/g 河砂/g 外加水/g
对照组 0 0.40 0 576.0 144.0 194.4 30.2 1 080.0 178.5
玻璃粉 GP-5 5 0.35 36.0 547.2 136.8 194.4 30.2 1 080.0 142.5
GP-10 10 72.0 518.4 129.6
GP-15 15 108.0 489.6 122.4
赤泥 RM-5 5 0.35 36.0 547.2 136.8 194.4 30.2 1 080.0 142.5
RM-10 10 72.0 518.4 129.6
RM-15 15 108.0 489.6 122.4
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560034091568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264261975401142, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

修补砂浆配合比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺合料
种类
编号 掺合料
掺量/%
水胶比 掺合料/g 矿渣/g 再生微
粉/g
水玻璃/g NaOH/g 河砂/g 外加水/g
对照组 0 0.40 0 576.0 144.0 194.4 30.2 1 080.0 178.5
玻璃粉 GP-5 5 0.35 36.0 547.2 136.8 194.4 30.2 1 080.0 142.5
GP-10 10 72.0 518.4 129.6
GP-15 15 108.0 489.6 122.4
赤泥 RM-5 5 0.35 36.0 547.2 136.8 194.4 30.2 1 080.0 142.5
RM-10 10 72.0 518.4 129.6
RM-15 15 108.0 489.6 122.4
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修补用碱激发材料的泛碱抑制研究
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宋永远 1 , 周文娟 1, 2, * , 赵依琳 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(6): 2499-2510
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(6): 2499-2510
修补用碱激发材料的泛碱抑制研究
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宋永远1 , 周文娟1, 2, * , 赵依琳1
作者信息
  • 1 北京建筑大学土木与交通工程学院, 北京 100044
  • 2 住房城乡建设部建筑垃圾资源化工程技术创新中心, 北京 100044
  • 宋永远(1999—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,硕士研究生。研究方向:固体废弃物的资源化利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 周文娟(1977—),女,汉族,安徽宿州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:固体废弃物的资源化利用。E-mail:
Floodinginhibition Measures of Alkali-Inspired Materials for Patching
Yong-yuan SONG1 , Wen-juan ZHOU1, 2, * , Yi-lin ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2 Engineering Technology Innovation Centre for Construction Waste Recycling, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403353
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为降低修补用碱激发材料的泛碱,通过表面喷涂外加剂、掺加玻璃粉、掺加赤泥的方式研究了修补用碱激发材料的泛碱抑制措施。并通过扫描电镜、氮吸附分析、超景深图像分析等方法分析其抑制机理。结果表明:在砂浆试件表面涂刷PNC401防水涂料或有机硅防水剂后泛碱量分别减少了61.3%和26.7%;玻璃粉、赤泥的掺量在15%内满足修补砂浆各项性能要求;掺加15%的玻璃粉、赤泥后泛碱量分别减少了60.7%、52.0%,且砂浆内部孔隙数量较少,无明显裂缝产生,减少了碱性离子的溶出通道,对修补用碱激发材料的泛碱有很好的抑制效果。

路面快速修补砂浆  /  碱激发  /  泛碱  /  抑制措施

In order to reduce the panalkalisation of alkali-inspired materials for repair, the inhibition of panalkalisation of alkali-inspired materials for repair was investigated by means of surface spraying of admixtures, doping of glass powder, and doping of red mud. The inhibition mechanism was also analysed by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption analysis and super depth of field image analysis. The results show as follows. After brushing PNC401 waterproof coating or organosilicon waterproofing agent on the surface of mortar specimen, the amount of alkali flooding is reduced by 61.3% and 26.7%, respectively. The dosage of glass powder and red mud within 15% meets the requirements of the performance of the repair mortar. The amount of alkali flooding was reduced by 60.7% and 52.0% after doping of 15% glass powder and red mud, respectively, and the number of pore spaces inside the mortar was less, no obvious cracks were produced, which reduced the dissolution of alkaline ions. The number of pores inside the mortar is less, and there is no obvious crack, which reduces the dissolution channel of alkaline ions, and it has a good inhibition effect on the alkaline flooding of alkaline stimulating materials for repairing.

rapid repair mortar for road surface  /  alkali-activated  /  efflorescence  /  suppression measures
宋永远, 周文娟, 赵依琳. 修补用碱激发材料的泛碱抑制研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2499 -2510 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403353
Yong-yuan SONG, Wen-juan ZHOU, Yi-lin ZHAO. Floodinginhibition Measures of Alkali-Inspired Materials for Patching[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2499 -2510 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403353
近年来,中国交通运输业蓬勃发展,水泥混凝土路面因其高强度、低成本和长寿命等优点,被广泛应用于交通工程和市政工程中。据统计,截至2022年底,中国公路总里程达到535×104 km,其中水泥混凝土路面占据了很大比例。然而,由于设计、施工、养护以及超载等原因,水泥混凝土路面经常出现裂缝、错台、露骨、胀起等病害,需要进行修补处理。
碱激发材料具有快速凝结硬化和良好的耐久性,符合路面修补材料的性能要求[1-2]。此外,作为一种绿色环保的建筑材料,应用碱激发混凝土于路面修补也能带来良好的环境效益。因此,碱激发材料适宜作为路面修补材料来使用。但是其在大规模使用过程中仍存在很多问题,首先,易泛碱是碱激发材料面临的一个问题。碱激发材料中的碱性激发剂使用较多,导致容易产生泛碱现象。泛碱会影响碱激发材料制品的外观,降低抗渗性和力学性能[3],泛碱现象主要是由于碱激发材料中过多的游离碱和较多的孔隙,导致水分蒸发时游离碱迁移到材料表面。为了解决泛碱问题,可采取降低内部孔隙率、进行表面疏水改性和控制激发剂化学成分的方法[4]。王金邦[5]通过加入5A沸石和纳米SiO2的方式来减少防护/修补用碱激发矿渣/钢渣胶凝材料的泛碱程度。Saludung等[6]发现通过加入硅灰可以降低碱激发矿渣胶凝材料的泛碱程度,这主要是由于硅灰中的活性SiO2在强碱条件下容易被激发从而发生地质聚合反应,优化了材料内部的孔结构[7],同时由于硅灰的比表面积较小,可以起到微集料填充效应[8],提高了材料的密实度。王国栋[9]的研究结果表明与未添加改性材料相比,在碱激发矿渣涂层材料的表面涂刷甲基硅油和纳米环保渗透型有机硅防水剂可以大幅降低了试样的泛碱程度。Longhi等[10]通过优化地聚物配合比,使体系中可溶性硅酸盐增加,从而削弱其泛碱程度。泛碱程度的降低与地聚物凝胶中Si含量较高有关,较高的Si含量降低了试件的孔隙率和渗透性,并延缓碱金属离子浸出的过程。房杰等[11]研究发现不同模数和碱当量的激发剂对碱激发偏高岭土泛碱有着影响。研究结果表明,碱激发材料的激发剂模数和碱当量不宜过高或过低。因此,在选择激发剂时需要注意模数和碱当量的合适性,以避免泛碱问题的发生。
综上所述,目前大多研究是通过减少游离碱的含量和优化体系孔隙率,以及降低碱金属阳离子的浸出来减少泛碱。原料绝大多数都是粉煤灰、高炉矿渣粉或偏高岭土,对使用再生微粉的修补用碱激发材料却鲜有研究,并且减少泛碱的措施单一。因此,现通过单一措施(如表面涂刷外加剂或掺加矿物掺合料)和复合措施(将表面涂刷外加剂与掺加矿物掺合料相结合)来改善修补用碱激发材料的泛碱程度,以期为降低修补用碱激发材料的泛碱问题提供参考。
本次试验所用矿渣为S95级矿渣,密度为2.85 g/cm3,细度为3.17%(45μm筛余量),需水量比为102%,7 d、28 d活性指数分别为86%、90%。再生微粉比表面积为744.2 m2/kg,需水量比为106%。骨料为天然河砂,细度模数2.3,表观密度2 630 kg/m3、堆积密度1 820 kg/m3、孔隙率31%。本次试验所用水包括自来水和去离子水,其中自来水用于修补砂浆的制备,去离子水用于泛碱加速试验。采用水玻璃作为碱激发剂,模数2.25、波美度50/°Bé。氢氧化钠为片状,纯度为99.2%。
抑制泛碱的措施主要有降低内部孔隙率、对材料表面进行疏水改性和控制激发剂化学成分等。本次实验中泛碱抑制材料分为试件表面喷涂外加剂和掺加玻璃粉、赤泥两种方式。外加剂为有机硅防水剂和PNC401防水涂料。有机硅防水剂为无色透明液体,主要成分为甲基硅酸钠,防水性能优异,使用时按照外加剂∶水=1∶8的比例,均匀喷涂在试件表面。PNC401防水涂料是一种青灰色干粉状混合物,由硅酸盐水泥、石英砂以及多种活性化合物组成。使用时按照水与粉体的比例为0.3∶1,配制成涂料,均匀刮涂在试件表面。玻璃粉是由废弃玻璃经清洗、干燥、磨细后得到的,外观为白色粉体,如如图1(a)所示,密度为3.12 g/cm3,平均粒径5~6 μm。本次试验采用的拜耳法赤泥,如图1(c)所示,粒径分布不均匀,其中细颗粒可以促进Si4+的浸出,从而生成凝胶物质,粗颗粒可以起到胶结作用[12],比表面积为1 262 m2/kg。矿渣、再生微粉、玻璃粉、赤泥化学组成如表1所示。
表2为所制备的修补用碱激发材料配合比,玻璃粉、赤泥分别以5%、10%、15%的掺量等量替代矿渣和再生微粉,对照组不掺加玻璃粉、赤泥。预试验结果表明掺加玻璃粉、赤泥显著提高了砂浆的流动度,同时对强度造成了不利影响,为保持砂浆的工作性能和力学性能,对掺有玻璃粉、赤泥的砂浆选用0.35的水胶比。
本次试验需使用模数n=1.2的水玻璃,故需要加入NaOH降低水玻璃模数,经计算每100 g水玻璃需加入15.53 g NaOH。提前24 h配制碱激发剂,将配制好的溶液倒入搅拌锅中,加入粉料搅拌成型,养护至规定龄期后进行相关测试。
(1)力学性能。参照《水泥胶砂强度检验方法(ISO法)》(GB/T 17671—2021)进行抗压抗折强度测试[13]
(2)黏结性能。将界面弯拉强度作为修补砂浆的黏结强度,黏结强度试件成型后,分别测试6 h、1 d、7 d、28 d抗折强度,取3个试件的平均值作为修补砂浆的黏结强度。
(3)泛碱加速试验。目前,尚无统一的中外测试方法来评估泛碱程度。参考相关文献,本次试验选择称量泛碱质量作为评价指标。首先制备Φ50 mm×100 mm的砂浆试件,并进行7 d的养护。然后将试件放置在500 mL的塑料烧杯中,注入等量的去离子水,自然发至水分完全干燥。最后,使用不锈钢药勺轻轻刮下试件表面的碱,并称量其质量,以定量评价泛碱程度。
(4)微观实验。X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction,XRD)样品经磨细后过200目筛,使用岛津XRD-6100分析材料的矿物组成,使用MDI Jade 6软件对测得的原始数据进行处理与分析;使用Mal-vern 3000型马尔文激光粒度仪对原材料进行粒径分析;使用蔡司sigma300扫描电子显微镜观察和拍摄不同倍数下样品的密实程度和水化产物的微观形貌图像,并进行能谱分析;使用麦克ASAP2420多站全自动比表面及孔隙度分析仪分析修补砂浆的介孔累计孔体积和孔径分布;使用基恩士Keyence VHX-2000 3D超景深三维显微镜分析试样表面孔隙分布情况及孔隙数量。
图2图3图4(a)分别为不同玻璃粉掺量下对修补砂浆抗压、抗折强度、压折比和黏结强度影响规律。图2可以看出,随着玻璃粉掺量的增加,砂浆的抗压强度均呈先增加后下降趋势。与对照组相比,GP-5组6 h、1 d、7 d和28 d抗压强度分别增加了11.0%、23.8%、9.9%和11.5%,可以看出玻璃粉的加入对早期强度影响较大,这主要是因为玻璃粉能在早期水化过程中提供成核位置,促进更多胶凝相水化物的生成[14]。随着玻璃粉掺量的增加,GP-15组6 h、1 d、7 d和28 d抗压强度分别减少了7.3%、3.8%、8.1%和1.3%,玻璃粉部分替代矿渣和再生微粉,使得水化产物数量相对较少,因此强度降低,而玻璃粉在后期发挥了火山灰活性,玻璃粉在碱性环境下不断溶出无定形SiO2,与Ca2+反应生成部分凝胶[15],提高了后期强度。由图3可以看出玻璃粉的加入会对修补砂浆的抗折强度均会产生不利影响。而修补砂浆的黏结强度与抗压强度由关联。综上所述,可以看出掺加5%玻璃粉对碱激发材料的力学性能有积极影响,而玻璃粉掺量达到15%时,却会产生不利影响。
图2图3图4(b)为不同赤泥掺量下对修补砂浆力学性能的影响规律。可以看出,当赤泥掺量增加时,修补砂浆的抗压抗折强度和黏结强度均呈先增加后缓慢下降趋势。与对照组组相比,掺加5%赤泥的RM-5组6 h、1 d、7 d和28d抗压强度分别增加了9.1%、13.6%、7.1%和9.4%;而RN-15组6 h、1 d、7 d和28 d抗压强度分别减少了6.7%、8.1%、6.0%和5.9%。掺加5%赤泥后,抗压强度有所增加,这表明赤泥在一定掺量内对抗压强度有积极影响,在水化过程中起到微骨料的作用[16]。而随着赤泥掺入量的增加,会对修补砂浆的抗压强度产生不利影响。一方面是因为赤泥是从铝土矿中用强碱溶解后分离得到的产物,含有大量晶体,活性较低[17],同时其含有的Na2O阻碍了钙矾石的生成[18],另一方面掺入赤泥后降低了矿渣和再生微粉的掺量,减少了水化产物的生成,因此导致力学强度下降。由图3可看出随着赤泥掺量的增加,抗折强度逐渐下降,RM-15组28 d抗折强度仅为7.8 MPa。而赤泥黏结强度的发展规律与抗压强度类似。
图5可知,与对照组相比,涂刷PNC401防水涂料与涂刷有机硅防水剂组的泛碱量分别减少了61.3%和26.7%,因此表面涂刷PNC401防水涂料与有机硅防水剂均可以减少泛碱量,且涂刷PNC401防水涂料对泛碱程度改善效果优于有机硅防水剂。两种外加剂涂刷在试件表面后,均能不同程度地渗透进试件的表层,从而阻碍材料内部水分的迁移,减少了游离盐碱的溢出载体,故在一定程度上降低了砂浆的泛碱程度。
图5可知,与对照组相比,掺加玻璃粉能降低砂浆的泛碱程度,且随着玻璃粉掺量的增加,砂浆的泛碱程度也逐渐降低。与对照组相比,GP-5、GP-10和GP-15的泛碱量分别降低了49.3%、54.7%和60.7%。玻璃粉能改善砂浆泛碱程度可能是因为玻璃粉的粒径较小,具有微集料效应,掺入后能改善砂浆的颗粒级配,提高了体系密实度,同时玻璃粉也具有一定的潜在活性,火山灰效应[19]生成低碱度水化硅酸钙,降低六方板状结构的氢氧化钙富集程度,改善混凝土的孔隙结构。
图5可知,与对照组相比,RM-5、RM-10和RM-15组的泛碱量分别降低了43.3%、46.0%和52.0%。添加赤泥后,可以有效降低修补砂浆的泛碱量。这主要是因为碱性激发剂提供了碱性介质,使赤泥中的Si-O和Al-O键断裂,形成游离的活性成分,从而更容易与钙质成分反应生成具有水硬性的水化铝硅酸钙等物质,使修补砂浆结构更加密实。相比于添加玻璃粉的组别,添加赤泥的组别的泛碱程度稍高。这可能是因为赤泥的活性较低,水化产物含量较少,只有少量凝胶能够填充砂浆内部的孔隙,因此添加赤泥的组别的泛碱程度较添加玻璃粉的组别稍大。
图6可知,与GP-15组相比,在GP-15组表面涂刷PNC401防水涂料或有机硅防水剂能够显著降低砂浆的泛碱程度,图6(c)图6(d)中试件的表面均未出现明显的泛碱;与RM-15组相比,在RM-15组表面涂刷PNC401防水涂料和有机硅防水剂均显著减少了修补砂浆的泛碱,图6(e)图6(f)中试件的表面均未出现明显的泛碱。综上所述,与单掺玻璃粉、赤泥相比,将表面涂刷外加剂与掺加玻璃粉、赤泥相结合显著减少了砂浆的泛碱。
1)对照组
图7(a)可以看出,对照组的表面存在明显的微小孔隙和较大孔隙,以及较多的裂缝,这增加了碱性离子溶出的通道,并提高了毛细管应力,从而导致对照组的泛碱程度较高。从图7(b)中可以观察到水化产物中含有较多的Ca(OH)2晶体和AFt(钙矾石),由图7(c)中可以看到许多凝胶状产物覆盖在表面,同时填充在缝隙中。对图7(c)中红色标记处进行能谱电扫,如图7(d)显示该处凝胶体的主要元素为Ca、Na、Si以及少量Al等,其中Ca/Si大于1.5,说明对照组为高钙体系,生成了较多的C-S-H凝胶[20],且C-S-H凝胶主要为水硅钙石六水合物[21]
2)掺加玻璃粉
图8(a)可以看出GP-15试样表面较为均匀、平整、致密,且无明显裂纹,孔隙数量也较少,因此有利于降低试件的泛碱程度。由图8(b)可以看出GP-15水化生成了少量Ca(OH)2晶体和凝胶产物附着在试样表面。将图8(c)中红色标记处进行能谱电扫后结果如图8(d)所示,该处凝胶体的主要元素为Si、Ca、Al、Na,其中Ca/Si为0.75,研究表明当Ca/Si≥0.6时,碱激发胶凝材料体系中主要生成的是C-A-S-H凝胶[22]
3)掺加赤泥
图9(a)可以看出RM-15试样表面较为均匀密实、光滑平整,无微裂纹,因此显著降低了试件的泛碱程度。由图9(b)可以看出颗粒间的缝隙中有大量的凝胶状和块状的水化产物,由图9(c)中可以看出大量的凝胶状产物互相交织在一起,对图9中红色标记处进行能谱电扫,结果如图9(d)所示,其中主要元素为Si、Ca、Al、Na,其中Ca/Si为0.69,说明此处主要生成了C-A-S-H凝胶。
为探究掺加玻璃粉和赤泥后对修补砂浆孔结构的影响,选取对照组、GP-15和RM-15组进行氮吸附试验,测量的孔径范围为1~100 nm,试验结果如图10所示。根据孔径大小,材料的孔隙主要分为小凝胶孔(<10 nm)、大凝胶孔(10~50 nm)、毛细孔(50~10 μm)和粗孔(>10 μm)[23]。毛细孔体积越大,孔隙内游离的Na+越容易随水分的蒸发迁移而析出[24],从而导致出现泛碱现象。由图10(a)可知,对照组、GP-15和RM-15组的最可几孔径分别为3.5、3.4、3.7 nm,属于小凝胶孔,可见掺加玻璃粉和赤泥后对修补砂浆最可几孔径的影响不大。由图10(b)可知,对照组累计孔隙率为0.067 cm3/g,GP-15组累计孔隙率为0.050 cm3/g,RM-15组累计孔隙率为0.059 cm3/g,与对照组相比,GP-15组的累计孔隙率降低了25.4%,RM-15组的累计孔隙率降低了11.9%,,由此可见,掺入玻璃粉和赤泥后砂浆的凝胶孔数量和毛细孔数量均有所降低,因此能显著降低砂浆的泛碱程度。
为进一步分析掺加玻璃粉和赤泥对修补砂浆内部孔结构的影响,选取对照组、GP-15和RM-15进行超景深图像分析,如图11所示,图11中红色部分即为孔隙。对照组砂浆的红色区域数量最多、面积最大,存在较多的孔隙,掺加玻璃粉和赤泥后,红色区域明显减少,可以看出毛细孔的数量显著降低。由孔隙数据可知,对照组总孔隙数量为20 518,GP-15组的总孔隙数量为7 486,RM-15组的总孔隙数量为9 973,与对照组相比,GP-15组和RM-15组的总孔隙数量分别降低了63.5%和51.4%。由于玻璃粉和赤泥的粒径较小,掺入后能填充砂浆内部的孔隙,同时生成的水化产物可以起到填充孔隙的作用。
主要研究了通过单一措施和复合措施来改善修补用碱激发材料的泛碱程度,同时确保满足修补砂浆所要求的工作性能和力学性能,并对抑制泛碱机理进行微观解释,得出如下结论。
(1)随着玻璃粉、赤泥掺量增加,修补砂浆抗压和黏结强度先增大后逐渐减小,抗折强度逐渐降低,尤其对早期强度的影响较大,玻璃粉、赤泥的掺量在15%内满足修补砂浆各项性能要求。
(2)在试件表面涂刷PNC401防水涂料或有机硅防水剂后泛碱量分别减少了61.3%和26.7%,涂刷PNC401防水涂料抑制泛碱的效果优于涂刷有机硅防水剂。随着玻璃粉、赤泥掺量的增加,砂浆的泛碱程度逐渐降低,掺加玻璃粉对砂浆泛碱程度的抑制效果优于赤泥。
(3)对照组内部存在明显的孔隙和裂缝,水化产物包括钙矾石、Ca(OH)2晶体以及C-S-H凝胶等;掺加15%玻璃粉或15%赤泥后降低了水化产物的Ca/Si,促进了C-A-S-H凝胶的生成,砂浆内部孔隙数量较少,无明显裂缝产生,减少了碱性离子的溶出通道,最可几孔径无显著影响,凝胶孔数量和毛细孔数量均有所降低,毛细孔数量和总孔隙数量降低,从而降低了试件的泛碱程度。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3803403)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403353
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3803403)
作者信息
    1 北京建筑大学土木与交通工程学院, 北京 100044
    2 住房城乡建设部建筑垃圾资源化工程技术创新中心, 北京 100044

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* 周文娟(1977—),女,汉族,安徽宿州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:固体废弃物的资源化利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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