Article(id=1156264260901659312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403362, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715097600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-08, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604482150, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604482150, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604482150, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604482150, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2615, endPage=2626, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264261522416307, articleId=1156264260901659312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Organic Pollutant in Groundwater in Zhuzhou, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As industry and agriculture continue to evolve, the threat of organic contamination in groundwater to human health is gaining attention. Following the health risk assessment method recommended by the USEPA, and considering local natural geographical and hydrogeological conditions, organic pollutants in Zhuzhou City’s groundwater were assessed. Using a health risk assessment model, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from three exposure pathways-drinking water, skin, and inhalation-were evaluated. Results show that key organic pollutants in Zhuzhou City’s groundwater include dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD. Non-carcinogenic risks from these pollutants are below specified limits, but every sampling points exceed carcinogenic risk limits, with ZZS119 surpassing the maximum acceptable carcinogenic risk. Inhalation is the primary exposure pathway, contributing to approximately 81% of total risk. Tetrachloroethylene poses the highest carcinogenic risk at 81.08%, followed by trichloroethylene at 11.65%. Urban discharges, volatile organic compounds from chemical plants, insecticide use in forestry, and domestic wastewater discharge have severely contaminated Zhuzhou City’s groundwater, resulting in unacceptable carcinogenic risks for local residents.

, correspAuthors=Hui-lin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-yao LIU, Hui-lin LIU, Kai-kai HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264334385864827, articleId=1156264260901659312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=株洲市地下水中有机污染物的污染特征与健康风险评价, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着工农业的不断发展,地下水中有机污染问题对人体的健康造成的威胁也逐渐被重视。根据美国国家环保局(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法,结合当地自然地理和水文地质条件,对株洲市地下水有机污染物进行检测,并利用健康风险评价模型对饮水、皮肤、呼吸3种暴露途径产生的非致癌风险和致癌风险进行健康风险评价,结果表明:株洲市地下水中主要有机污染物为二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD。地下水中的有机污染物非致癌风险均小于规定限值,而所有采样点的致癌风险指数均超过了致癌风险限值,且ZZS119采样点超过了最大可接受致癌风险限值。地下水中有机物主要暴露途径均是呼吸途径,占总风险比例的81%左右,产生致癌风险最大的有机污染物为四氯乙烯,占比81.08%,其次是三氯乙烯,占比11.65%。株洲市地下水由于城市排污、化工厂挥发性有机物、林木杀虫剂的使用、生活废水的的排放等原因受到了严重的有机物污染,且对当地居民造成了不可接受的致癌风险。

, correspAuthors=刘慧林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘慧林(1978—),男,汉族,甘肃武山人,高级工程师。研究方向:地下水保护、地质灾害防治、生态修复。E-mail:
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刘志尧(1979—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,工程师。研究方向:水文地质、环境地质、地质灾害防治、地下水等矿产资源调查评价。E-mail:

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刘志尧(1979—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,工程师。研究方向:水文地质、环境地质、地质灾害防治、地下水等矿产资源调查评价。E-mail:

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刘志尧(1979—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,工程师。研究方向:水文地质、环境地质、地质灾害防治、地下水等矿产资源调查评价。E-mail:

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Rock and Mine-ral Analysis, 2021, 40(6): 930-943., articleTitle=Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in groundwater in the lower Liaohe River Plain, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233422551494480457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, awardId=湘财建指【2012】157号文, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省财政资金(湘财建指【2012】157号文), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233422542514475038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422542522863647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, companyId=1233422542514475038, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Hunan Center of Natural Resources Affairs, Changsha 410004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422542531252256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, companyId=1233422542514475038, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 湖南省自然资源事务中心, 长沙 410004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233422542602555427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422542615138341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, companyId=1233422542602555427, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mines Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422542636109861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, companyId=1233422542602555427, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 华北科技学院矿山安全学院, 三河 065201)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233422546138353854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Map showing location and sampling points of the study area, figureFileSmall=J2bnbw5Z5hKqOjs7/JuPmQ==, figureFileBig=m1rz6QaqlC4us0SE9NUcvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422546222239940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区位置及采样点分布图, figureFileSmall=J2bnbw5Z5hKqOjs7/JuPmQ==, figureFileBig=m1rz6QaqlC4us0SE9NUcvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422546356457679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hinogramof each organic matter content, figureFileSmall=CB/Yw6HmcQiMYG2SYMt5sQ==, figureFileBig=yaNdUPsZ1o37f6wyf9Dw0Q==, tableContent=null), 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422547858018650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Spatial distribution of carcinogenic risk index at each sampling point, figureFileSmall=+zT9xlsfm+bslYSw7QVRMA==, figureFileBig=kO7Sze7ulQgtk7v+4UgbZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422547958681960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各采样点致癌风险指数空间分布图, figureFileSmall=+zT9xlsfm+bslYSw7QVRMA==, figureFileBig=kO7Sze7ulQgtk7v+4UgbZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422548063539569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Organic compound detection indices in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机物种类 具体检测指标
有机卤代烃 三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷、溴二氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、溴仿、氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烯
有机氯代苯类 氯苯、邻二氯苯、间二氯苯、对二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯
有机单环芳烃 苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯
有机氯农药 总六六六、α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、 δ-BHC、滴滴涕、 p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、o,p-DDT、p,p’-DDT、六氯苯
), ArticleFig(id=1233422548143231356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区有机物检测指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机物种类 具体检测指标
有机卤代烃 三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、1,2-二氯丙烷、溴二氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、溴仿、氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烯
有机氯代苯类 氯苯、邻二氯苯、间二氯苯、对二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯
有机单环芳烃 苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯
有机氯农药 总六六六、α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、 δ-BHC、滴滴涕、 p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、o,p-DDT、p,p’-DDT、六氯苯
), ArticleFig(id=1233422548285837702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The reference data tables for exposure parameters of organic pollutants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
暴露频率EF/(d·a-1) 365
暴露延时ED/a 非致癌物30,致癌物70
平均体重BW/kg 60
平均暴露时间AT/d 非致癌物10 950,致癌物25 550
日饮用量U/(L·d-1) 2
人体表面积Asd/cm2 16 600
洗澡次数FE/(次·d-1) 0.3
洗澡时间TE/(h·次-1) 0.4
肠道吸附比率fi 1
皮肤吸附参数ki/(cm·h-1) 0.001
延滞时间$\tau $/h 1
挥发因子Kc/(L·m-3) 0.5
室内呼吸率Ui/(m3·d-1) 17.14
), ArticleFig(id=1233422548420055445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有机污染物暴露参数取值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
暴露频率EF/(d·a-1) 365
暴露延时ED/a 非致癌物30,致癌物70
平均体重BW/kg 60
平均暴露时间AT/d 非致癌物10 950,致癌物25 550
日饮用量U/(L·d-1) 2
人体表面积Asd/cm2 16 600
洗澡次数FE/(次·d-1) 0.3
洗澡时间TE/(h·次-1) 0.4
肠道吸附比率fi 1
皮肤吸附参数ki/(cm·h-1) 0.001
延滞时间$\tau $/h 1
挥发因子Kc/(L·m-3) 0.5
室内呼吸率Ui/(m3·d-1) 17.14
), ArticleFig(id=1233422548592021921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Organic matter detection of each sampling point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
编号
含量/(μg·L-1)
二氯
甲烷
1,2-
二氯乙烯
三氯
乙烯
四氯
乙烯
p,p'-
DDE
p,p'-
DDD
报出限 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
EPA标准 5 3 5 5 5 5
ZZS117 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS118 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS119 0.5 4.5 1.6 14.9 0.002 0.002
ZZS120 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS121 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS217 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS219 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS220 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS224 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.005 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1233422548747211185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各采样点有机物检出情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
编号
含量/(μg·L-1)
二氯
甲烷
1,2-
二氯乙烯
三氯
乙烯
四氯
乙烯
p,p'-
DDE
p,p'-
DDD
报出限 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
EPA标准 5 3 5 5 5 5
ZZS117 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS118 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS119 0.5 4.5 1.6 14.9 0.002 0.002
ZZS120 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS121 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS217 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS219 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS220 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.002 0.002
ZZS224 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.005 0.007
), ArticleFig(id=1233422548881428925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The calculation results of exposure at each sampling point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
编号
二氯甲烷/
[10-6mg·(kg·d)-1]
1,2-二氯乙烯/
[10-6 mg·(kg·d)-1]
三氯乙烯/
[10-6 mg·(kg·d)-1]
四氯乙烯/
[10-6 mg·(kg·d)-1]
p,p'-DDE/[10-6 mg·
(kg·d)-1]
p,p'-DDD/[10-6 mg·
(kg·d)-1]
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
ZZS117 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS118 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS119 16.67 0.06 71.42 150.00 0.50 642.75 53.33 0.18 228.53 496.67 1.65 2128.22 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS120 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS121 40.00 0.13 171.40 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS217 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS219 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS220 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS224 33.33 0.11 142.83 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.17 0.000 55 0.71 0.23 0.000 77 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1233422550332658125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各采样点暴露量计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
编号
二氯甲烷/
[10-6mg·(kg·d)-1]
1,2-二氯乙烯/
[10-6 mg·(kg·d)-1]
三氯乙烯/
[10-6 mg·(kg·d)-1]
四氯乙烯/
[10-6 mg·(kg·d)-1]
p,p'-DDE/[10-6 mg·
(kg·d)-1]
p,p'-DDD/[10-6 mg·
(kg·d)-1]
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
饮水
暴露
皮肤
暴露
呼吸
暴露
ZZS117 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS118 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS119 16.67 0.06 71.42 150.00 0.50 642.75 53.33 0.18 228.53 496.67 1.65 2128.22 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS120 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS121 40.00 0.13 171.40 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS217 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS219 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS220 16.67 0.06 71.42 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.07 0.000 22 0.29 0.07 0.000 22 0.29
ZZS224 33.33 0.11 142.83 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 6.67 0.02 28.57 0.17 0.000 55 0.71 0.23 0.000 77 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1233422550475264471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Health risk evaluation parameters of organic pollutants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机物
名称
非致癌参考
剂量RfD/
[mg·(kg·d-1)]
致癌斜率
因子SF/
[(kg·d)·mg-1]
参考
二氯甲烷 0.06 0.01 IRIS
1,2-二氯乙烯 0.05 0.12 IRIS
三氯乙烯 0.007 0.40 IRIS
四氯乙烯 0.01 0.54 IRIS
p,p'-DDE 0.000 5 0.17 IRIS
p,p'-DDD 0.000 5 0.24 IRIS
), ArticleFig(id=1233422550617870822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

有机污染物健康风险评价参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有机物
名称
非致癌参考
剂量RfD/
[mg·(kg·d-1)]
致癌斜率
因子SF/
[(kg·d)·mg-1]
参考
二氯甲烷 0.06 0.01 IRIS
1,2-二氯乙烯 0.05 0.12 IRIS
三氯乙烯 0.007 0.40 IRIS
四氯乙烯 0.01 0.54 IRIS
p,p'-DDE 0.000 5 0.17 IRIS
p,p'-DDD 0.000 5 0.24 IRIS
), ArticleFig(id=1233422550768865782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The calculation results of non-carcinogenic risk at each sampling point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
编号
二氯甲烷/10-3 1,2-二氯乙烯/10-3 三氯乙烯/10-3 四氯乙烯/10-3 p,p'-DDE/10-3 p,p'-DDD/10-3 总风险/
10-3
饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸
ZZS117 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS118 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS119 0.28 0.001 1.19 3.00 0.01 12.86 7.62 0.03 32.65 49.67 0.17 212.82 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 321.74
ZZS120 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS121 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 14.24
ZZS217 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS219 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.0004 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS220 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS224 0.56 0.002 2.38 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.34 0.001 1 1.42 0.46 0.002 0 2.00 14.45
累积
风险/
10-3
3.19 0.01 13.57 4.04 0.01 17.42 15.22 0.05 65.29 55.03 0.19 235.70 1.46 0.004 3 6.06 1.58 0.005 2 4.66 423.49
总风
险/
10-3
16.77 21.47 80.56 290.92 7.52 6.25 423.49
), ArticleFig(id=1233422550915666439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各采样点非致癌风险计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
编号
二氯甲烷/10-3 1,2-二氯乙烯/10-3 三氯乙烯/10-3 四氯乙烯/10-3 p,p'-DDE/10-3 p,p'-DDD/10-3 总风险/
10-3
饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸
ZZS117 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS118 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS119 0.28 0.001 1.19 3.00 0.01 12.86 7.62 0.03 32.65 49.67 0.17 212.82 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 321.74
ZZS120 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS121 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 14.24
ZZS217 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS219 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.0004 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS220 0.28 0.001 1.19 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 0.14 0.000 4 0.58 12.18
ZZS224 0.56 0.002 2.38 0.13 0.000 4 0.57 0.95 0.003 4.08 0.67 0.002 2.86 0.34 0.001 1 1.42 0.46 0.002 0 2.00 14.45
累积
风险/
10-3
3.19 0.01 13.57 4.04 0.01 17.42 15.22 0.05 65.29 55.03 0.19 235.70 1.46 0.004 3 6.06 1.58 0.005 2 4.66 423.49
总风
险/
10-3
16.77 21.47 80.56 290.92 7.52 6.25 423.49
), ArticleFig(id=1233422551079244315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The calculation results of carcinogenic risk at each sampling point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
编号
二氯甲烷/10-6 1,2-二氯乙烯/10-6 三氯乙烯/10-6 四氯乙烯/10-6 p,p'-DDE/10-6 p,p'-DDD/10-6 总风险/
10-6
饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸
ZZS117 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS118 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS119 0.17 0.001 0.71 18.00 0.06 77.13 21.33 0.07 91.41 268.20 0.89 1 149.24 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 1 627.36
ZZS120 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS121 0.40 0.001 1.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 39.64
ZZS217 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS219 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS220 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS224 0.33 0.001 1.43 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.03 0.000 1 0.12 0.10 0.000 2 0.24 39.63
累积
风险/
10-6
1.92 0.009 8.11 24.40 0.08 104.57 42.69 0.13 182.85 297.00 0.97 1 272.68 0.11 0.000 4 0.52 0.26 0.001 0.80 1 937.10
总风
险/
10-6
10.04 129.05 225.67 1570.65 0.63 1.06 1 937.10
), ArticleFig(id=1233422551230239280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260901659312, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各采样点致癌风险计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
编号
二氯甲烷/10-6 1,2-二氯乙烯/10-6 三氯乙烯/10-6 四氯乙烯/10-6 p,p'-DDE/10-6 p,p'-DDD/10-6 总风险/
10-6
饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸 饮水 皮肤 呼吸
ZZS117 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS118 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS119 0.17 0.001 0.71 18.00 0.06 77.13 21.33 0.07 91.41 268.20 0.89 1 149.24 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 1 627.36
ZZS120 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS121 0.40 0.001 1.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 39.64
ZZS217 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS219 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS220 0.17 0.001 0.71 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.01 0.000 04 0.05 0.02 0.000 1 0.07 38.41
ZZS224 0.33 0.001 1.43 0.80 0.002 3.43 2.67 0.008 11.43 3.60 0.01 15.43 0.03 0.000 1 0.12 0.10 0.000 2 0.24 39.63
累积
风险/
10-6
1.92 0.009 8.11 24.40 0.08 104.57 42.69 0.13 182.85 297.00 0.97 1 272.68 0.11 0.000 4 0.52 0.26 0.001 0.80 1 937.10
总风
险/
10-6
10.04 129.05 225.67 1570.65 0.63 1.06 1 937.10
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株洲市地下水中有机污染物的污染特征与健康风险评价
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刘志尧 1 , 刘慧林 1, * , 贺凯凯 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(6): 2615-2626
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(6): 2615-2626
株洲市地下水中有机污染物的污染特征与健康风险评价
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刘志尧1 , 刘慧林1, * , 贺凯凯2
作者信息
  • 1 湖南省自然资源事务中心, 长沙 410004
  • 2 华北科技学院矿山安全学院, 三河 065201
  • 刘志尧(1979—),男,汉族,湖南长沙人,工程师。研究方向:水文地质、环境地质、地质灾害防治、地下水等矿产资源调查评价。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘慧林(1978—),男,汉族,甘肃武山人,高级工程师。研究方向:地下水保护、地质灾害防治、生态修复。E-mail:
Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Organic Pollutant in Groundwater in Zhuzhou
Zhi-yao LIU1 , Hui-lin LIU1, * , Kai-kai HE2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hunan Center of Natural Resources Affairs, Changsha 410004, China
  • 2 School of Mines Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403362
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随着工农业的不断发展,地下水中有机污染问题对人体的健康造成的威胁也逐渐被重视。根据美国国家环保局(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法,结合当地自然地理和水文地质条件,对株洲市地下水有机污染物进行检测,并利用健康风险评价模型对饮水、皮肤、呼吸3种暴露途径产生的非致癌风险和致癌风险进行健康风险评价,结果表明:株洲市地下水中主要有机污染物为二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD。地下水中的有机污染物非致癌风险均小于规定限值,而所有采样点的致癌风险指数均超过了致癌风险限值,且ZZS119采样点超过了最大可接受致癌风险限值。地下水中有机物主要暴露途径均是呼吸途径,占总风险比例的81%左右,产生致癌风险最大的有机污染物为四氯乙烯,占比81.08%,其次是三氯乙烯,占比11.65%。株洲市地下水由于城市排污、化工厂挥发性有机物、林木杀虫剂的使用、生活废水的的排放等原因受到了严重的有机物污染,且对当地居民造成了不可接受的致癌风险。

有机污染  /  污染特征  /  健康风险评价  /  地下水

As industry and agriculture continue to evolve, the threat of organic contamination in groundwater to human health is gaining attention. Following the health risk assessment method recommended by the USEPA, and considering local natural geographical and hydrogeological conditions, organic pollutants in Zhuzhou City’s groundwater were assessed. Using a health risk assessment model, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from three exposure pathways-drinking water, skin, and inhalation-were evaluated. Results show that key organic pollutants in Zhuzhou City’s groundwater include dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD. Non-carcinogenic risks from these pollutants are below specified limits, but every sampling points exceed carcinogenic risk limits, with ZZS119 surpassing the maximum acceptable carcinogenic risk. Inhalation is the primary exposure pathway, contributing to approximately 81% of total risk. Tetrachloroethylene poses the highest carcinogenic risk at 81.08%, followed by trichloroethylene at 11.65%. Urban discharges, volatile organic compounds from chemical plants, insecticide use in forestry, and domestic wastewater discharge have severely contaminated Zhuzhou City’s groundwater, resulting in unacceptable carcinogenic risks for local residents.

organic pollutant  /  pollution characteristics  /  health risk assessment  /  groundwater
刘志尧, 刘慧林, 贺凯凯. 株洲市地下水中有机污染物的污染特征与健康风险评价. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2615 -2626 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403362
Zhi-yao LIU, Hui-lin LIU, Kai-kai HE. Pollution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Organic Pollutant in Groundwater in Zhuzhou[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2615 -2626 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403362
有机污染物(organic pollutant,OP)由碳水化合物、蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪等自然有机化合物和部分人工合成的可生物降解有机化合物构成,是对生物系统和人类健康有害的化学物质。有机污染物的特点是生物可降解性差、具有较强毒性、对环境易造成污染,其主要来源于工业排放、农业残留、生活污水等渠道[1]。有机污染物的种类主要包括农药、多环芳烃、多氯联苯等。由于一些有机污染物具有水溶性小、亲脂强的特点,且易与有机质和矿物质形成新的物质,很难在自然水环境中降解[2]。同时可以进行生物累积和干扰人体内分泌,并通过饮用水和食物链对人体造成慢性中毒,甚至致癌、致畸、致突变等潜在健康危害[3-4]。有关监测表明,中国水资源受到多种有机污染物污染,有103种是被国家严格控制的[5]
根据美国环保署(U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,USEPA)的定义,健康风险评价(health risk assessment,HRA)是评估人类暴露于环境中化学物质或其他因素后,可能对健康产生的潜在危害的过程,通常考虑潜在暴露途径、污染物的毒性和人口的暴露情况,以评估健康风险的大小[6-7]。USEPA在1976年首次对可疑致癌物的风险评价提出了准则,对有毒化学品的致癌风险评价提出了具体方法,扩展了健康风险评价的范围[8]。HRA内容主要包括4个方面:①运用流行病学和毒理学等学科对潜在不良健康效应进行评估;②对不良健康效应在不同暴露条件产生的类型和不同程度进行估算;③对受影响人群在不同暴露时间和暴露程度条件下的特征和数量进行判断;④对于社会上存在的公共安全卫生现象进行剖析[7,9]。健康风险评价包括四个步骤:对于危害的识别、剂量-反应的评价、不同暴露途径的评价和暴露风险的评价[7,10]
许多科研工作者对水环境中的有机污染物进行了健康风险评价,并取得了相关成果。Vasseghian等[11]对56个国家的4种水资源中的持久性有机物的风险评估,结果表明土耳其、中国和墨西哥的人口面临的致癌和非致癌风险高于其他被研究国家的人口。Wang等[12]对太湖水体和表层沉积物中的有机污染物进行健康风险评价,结果表明太湖已受到严重的持久性有机污染物污染,太湖北部以生活和工业废弃物排放为主,西部以农药和多氯联苯泄漏为主。张坤峰等[13]采用健康风险和生态风险评价模型对克鲁伦河流域地下水饮用水水源中挥发性有机物风险进行评价,结果表明研究区各采样点均非致癌健康风险,致癌健康风险指数未超规定限值。王新富等[14]对采煤沉陷区水体中的有机氯农药进行健康风险评价,结果表明沉陷区水体有机氯农药对人体不会产生致癌风险。Mei等[15]采用改进的健康风险评价模型对河北石家庄工业区挥发性有机物进行人类健康风险评价,结果表明研究区地下水样品主要受到氯仿、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯的污染,初步调查污染源主要是工业源。众多研究表明,健康风险评价以健康风险指数和致癌风险值的形式将地下水有机污染与人体健康相联系,反映地下水中不同有机物对人体健康的影响,对地下水防治具有积极影响[16]
株洲市是湖南省的第二大城市,城区-旧县一带地下水资源含量高,为株洲市重要的供水水源地。近年来由于城市发展,用水量增加,地下水水位下降,导致株洲市地下水资源紧缺、污染严重等问题不断出现[17],但目前关于株洲市地下水有机物污染特征和健康风险评价的研究很少,急需开展。因此,本文研究以株洲市地下水中有机污染物为研究对象,对株洲市地下水水样进行检测分析,定性与定量研究株洲市地下水有机物的污染状况,并利用USEPA提出的健康风险评价模型对株洲市地下水有机物进行健康风险评价,探究其对人体健康是否存在致癌与非致癌风险,以期为株洲市地下水有机物污染控制提供参考,为株洲市地下水环境和地下水资源保护提供科学依据。
研究区位于湖南省东部、湘江下游,紧邻长沙、湘潭。地理位置坐标为113°01'09″E~113°14'24″E,27°43'15″N~27°56'03″N,区内交通四通八达,京广、沪昆高铁和京广高铁三条铁路干线交汇于此。此次研究主要以株洲市规划中心城区为主、包含临近规划中心城区的应急地下水水源地,研究区总面积298 km2,为满足应急水源地二级保护区和准保护区划分等工作需要,实地调查面积408 km2
研究区属于亚热带季风气候,区内全年平均气温在17~18 ℃,主导风向为北北西,年平均降水量1 442.7 mm,年降水量基本在932.8~2 000 mm,降水一般在4~7月,雨量充沛,年平均相对湿度为78%。研究区内河流属湘江水系,湘江在市区由南部蜿蜒曲折流向北部,然后再向西部流出境。研究区内主要有5条溪流,分别是枫溪、建宁、白石港、铜塘湾、霞湾。
研究区出露的地层包括元古界冷家溪群和板溪群,古生界泥盆系中统-石炭系上统,中生界侏罗系下统、白垩系上下统,以及新生界第四系更新统、全新统。研究区主要地质构造为新华夏系构造,在工作区内广泛分布。根据地下水赋存介质的岩石类别和组合差异,研究区划分为4类含水岩组:松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩类裂隙溶洞水、红层碎屑岩裂隙孔隙水和基岩裂隙水。
1)松散岩类孔隙水
松散岩类孔隙水位于湘江沿岸和研究区内的宽缓冲沟,基本为潜水。其中白水江组-马王堆组含水岩组富水性中等,含水层由下部砂砾石层和中、粗砂层构成。其上部覆盖亚黏土层,厚度变化大,一般为4.9~11.5 m,最厚达22.5 m,构成隔水顶板。地下水出露条件差,地下水位埋深4~8.34 m。泉流量多在0.25~0.05 L/s,最大泉流量1.35 L/s,钻孔涌水量102.8~245.4 m3/d。而含水层富水性贫乏主要为白沙井组含水岩层、新开铺组含水岩层、桔子洲组含水岩层、洞井铺组含水层、残积物含水层这五个含水层,其主要为下部砂砾石层含水,少数由下部粒度粗的碎屑堆积层含水,厚度一般为0.5~14.3 m。上部为厚2.5~13 m的网纹状亚黏土层,构成相对隔水顶板。由于含水岩层被剥蚀切割,地下水储存条件较差,多属潜水。泉水出露于冲沟底部或阶地前缘,大部分为下降泉,流量范围为0.05~0.25 L/s。而新开铺组含水岩层、洞井铺组含水层属潜水,遭强烈剥蚀切割,已丘陵化,储集地下水条件差,泉水多沿冲沟底部出露。
2)碳酸盐岩类裂隙溶洞水
由于含水层岩性、赋存条件、富水性等因素影响,碳酸盐岩类裂隙溶洞水可划分为覆盖型碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水、覆盖型碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩裂隙溶洞水、埋藏型碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水和埋藏型碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩裂隙溶洞水4类。
覆盖型碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水由简家冲组-壶天群-栖霞灰岩、白云质灰岩构成含水层。钻孔涌水量一般大于1 000 m3/d,地下水位埋深0.83~19.8 m,水量丰富,覆盖层为透水性差的红黏土、网纹黏土,含水层厚度变化较大,一般为3~8 m,但雷打石镇北最厚达39 m。
覆盖型碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩裂隙溶洞水由棋子桥灰岩、七里江灰岩、茅口灰岩构成含水岩层。棋子桥灰岩含水层由灰岩、炭泥质灰岩夹钙质页岩组成,主要分布于黄塘-宋家桥、龙头铺、马家河等地,富水性中等。上覆红色黏土或网纹黏土,厚度4~12.5 m。泉流量大于0.25 L/s的占52%,钻孔涌水量一般大于146.88 m3/d。枯季地下水径流模数平均为191.55 m3/(d·km2),局部地下水具有承压性质。而七里江灰岩由灰岩、泥质灰岩夹薄层泥灰岩、钙质泥岩组成,富水性贫乏,上覆红黏土层,厚度1~7 m不等,钻孔涌水量在10~100 m3/d。
埋藏型碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水由简家冲-壶天群-栖霞灰岩含水层构成。该含水层埋藏于白垩系戴家坪组砂岩、砾岩层之下,埋藏深度因地而异,最深261.36 m。钻孔涌水量一般大于1 000 m3/d,水位埋深一般1~10.8 m,为承压水。
埋藏型碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩裂隙溶洞水主要分布于工作区西北部,龙头铺、走沙港及宋家桥西侧至向阳村等地,边界不清楚。均埋藏于白垩系砂岩、砾岩层之下,深度因地而异,一般120 m左右,最深处为向阳村186 m,钻孔涌水量一般大于100 m3/d。
3)红层碎屑岩裂隙孔隙水
红层碎屑岩裂隙孔隙水在埋藏型碳酸岩类裂隙溶洞水分布的地区,主要由含灰质砾岩及钙质砂岩夹灰质砾岩构成含水岩层。最大泉流量为61.467 L/s,钻孔涌水量多大于100 m3/d,富水性以中等为主,局部含水丰富。
4)基岩裂隙水
研究区基岩裂隙水总体含水贫乏,局部跳马涧组含水中等。
地下水补给来源为大气降水沿断裂带入渗补给,同时接受季节性河水的侧向补给;碳酸盐岩中发育的溶洞、管状溶蚀裂隙、构造裂隙及风化裂隙和松散岩类颗粒间隙构成主要的地下水径流通道。孔隙水由于含水岩层向河床及向下游方向倾斜,总体上地下水由河流的上游流向下游,由阶地的后缘向前缘方向径流。基岩裂隙水基本为潜水类型,因此根据地形地貌,地下水径流由高处向低洼处径流,总体上向侵蚀基准面方向运移。埋藏型碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水的径流方向总体上由南南西向北北东。研究区地下水主要以上升泉的形式排泄,如罗正坝的上升泉、泉水窟上升泉群等。
2023年7月共采集45组丰水期地下水样品进行分析(图1),采样前用蒸馏水冲洗500 mL棕色玻璃取样瓶2或3次,再用待测样品冲洗2~3次。水样采集完成后用6 mol/L的HCl保护剂酸化至pH < 2.0保存,以抑制细菌对目标物的降解,并采用聚四氟衬垫螺纹钢盖密封,避光保存,采样完成后全程4 ℃低温保存,并按照相关标准运回实验室。样品采集在7 d完成萃取,萃取液14 d内完成分析,每个水样设置2个平行样。
地下水样品采集结束后24 h内即送往湖南省地质测试研究所化验,采用气相色谱-质谱连用仪(GC/MS2010Plus)对有机物进行检测,本次所有样品的检测分析方法参照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.8—2006)和《地下水样品分析技术指南》进行,有机物测试指标如表1所示。
样品替代物的相对标准偏差(<15%)符合USEPA标准(<30%),回收率和空白加标回收率分别为70%~130%、 60%~120%,检出限高于空白测试结果,满足分析要求,每分析20个样品做一次标样来控制所产生的误差。
采用由USEPA提出,国际认为可靠有效的健康风险评价体系对研究区地下水中检出的有机物进行健康风险评价[18-19]
暴露量表示污染物质通过空气、食物、水等暴露途径进入体内的总量[20-21]。参考USEPA提出的健康风险评价中暴露量的计算公式,分别进行饮水、呼吸及皮肤接触3种途径暴露量,即污染物日摄取剂量的计算[22]。计算过程中一些参数的取值情况参照USEPA给定的数值,同时结合当地居民生活习惯,取相应参数的估计值,并不是准确的统计值。各参数取值如表2所示[22-23]
(1) 饮水途径暴露量计算公式为
${C}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}}=\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{i}}U{E}_{\mathrm{F}}{E}_{\mathrm{D}}}{{B}_{\mathrm{W}}{A}_{\mathrm{T}}}$
式(1)中:CDI为单位时间内每单位体重通过饮水途径吸收的化学物质的量,mg/(kg·d);ρi为有机污染物的浓度。
(2) 皮肤接触暴露量计算公式为
$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}=\frac{I{A}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{d}}{F}_{\mathrm{E}}{E}_{\mathrm{F}}{E}_{\mathrm{D}}}{{B}_{\mathrm{W}}{A}_{\mathrm{T}}\mathrm{ }{f}_{\mathrm{i}}}$
$\mathrm{I}=2\times {10}^{-3}{k}_{\mathrm{i}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{i}}\sqrt[ ]{6\tau {T}_{\mathrm{E}}/\mathrm{\pi }}$
式中:I为单位体面积单次洗澡皮肤摄入的化学物质的量,mg/cm2
(3)呼吸接触途径暴露计算公式为
${C}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}}=\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{i}}{U}_{\mathrm{i}}{E}_{\mathrm{F}}{E}_{\mathrm{D}}}{{B}_{\mathrm{W}}{A}_{\mathrm{T}}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{i}}={\rho }_{\mathrm{i}}{K}_{\mathrm{c}}$
式中:Ci为生活用水挥发出的化学物质的浓度,mg/m3
根据污染物的致癌性质,风险表征既要考虑致癌性又要考虑非致癌性影响,并包括可能导致高致癌风险和低致癌风险因素的讨论。致癌污染物同样具有非致癌风险,在计算时要考虑到[24]。USEPA提出的健康风险评价计算公式和各参数的含义如下。
(1)非致癌风险:用风险指数(heat index,HI)描述,HI限值为1,HI>1时,则判定有机物有害。计算公式为
$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}=\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{I}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{D}}}$
式(6)中:RfD为化学物质的参考剂量,mg/(kg·d)。
(2)致癌风险:致癌物质微量存在就会对人体产生危害,无剂量限值。
低剂量暴露:
Risk=CDISF
高剂量暴露:
Risk=1-exp(-CDISF)
式中:Risk为致癌风险,表示发生癌症的风险指数;SF为污染物的致癌斜率因子,kg/(d·mg),若计算结果大于0.01,则取式(8)计算。
一般来说,多种致癌污染物情况下,非致癌性和致癌性风险应考虑为累积性,以准确确定总风险。需要指出的是,本文研究并未考虑协同作用和拮抗作用[25-27]
表3所示,株洲市地下水45个采样点中有9个采样点检出二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD共6种有机污染物。其中ZZS119采样点1,2-二氯乙烯和四氯乙烯检出浓度分别超EPA标准0.5、1.98倍,均属于严重超标;ZZS121采样点二氯甲烷含量和ZZS224采样点二氯甲烷、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD均超报出限。如图2图3所示,检出的6种有机污染物主要为有机卤代烃、有机氯农药两类。有机卤代烃中的四氯乙烯含量最高,其次是1,2-二氯乙烯,对于中国水环境普遍检出的有机氯农药p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD检出含量相差不大。从有机污染物检出空间分布来看,ZZS117、ZZS118、ZZS119、ZZS120、ZZS121、ZZS217、ZZS219、ZZS220、ZZS224这9个采样点检出的有机物均含有机卤代烃、有机氯农药,而均未检出有机卤代苯类和有机单环芳烃。而有机卤代烃又属于有机物中的挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),大多数挥发性有机物具有毒性、刺激性、致畸和致癌作用[28]。且VOCs是人为污染物,通常在制造或者使用药品、石油等产品时产生并释放到大气或者地下水环境中[13,29]。而有机氯农药的检出可能是由于农药喷洒,污染了地下水,且有机氯农药也具有一定的致癌性。表明研究区已经受到了不同程度的有机物污染,化工厂的挥发性有机物或者喷洒农药等人类活动对地下水产生了影响,尤其是有机卤代烃和有机氯农药污染,应受到关注。
根据式(1)~式(5)对该场地浅层地下水分别进行了饮水吸收、皮肤摄入和呼吸吸入三种途径暴露量的计算,其中各采样点有机物含量低于报出限的,取报出限值进行计算,具体计算结果如表4所示。
根据国际癌症研究署(IRAC)和美国国家环保局综合风险信息系统(IRIS)的致癌物分类标准[30],目标污染物二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD均为致癌物。采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价方法对检出的有机物进行健康风险评价,检出的各有机污染物的化学及毒理学特性如表5所示,根据USEPA信息数据库和国际权威性的化学物质毒理数据库来进行参数的取值[30]
对于研究区9个采样点检测出的6种有机污染物进行分析,如表6所示,6种有机污染物造成的非致癌风险均小于非致癌风险限值(1.0),在可接受范围内。各有机物非致癌风险构成如图4所示,其所占比例顺序为:四氯乙烯>三氯乙烯>1,2-二氯乙烯>二氯甲烷>p,p'-DDE>p,p'-DDD,其中四氯乙烯所占比例最大,占总风险的68.69%,其次是三氯乙烯,占比为19.02%,然后1,2-二氯乙烯占比为5.07%,二氯甲烷占比为3.96%,p,p'-DDE占比为1.78%,p,p'-DDD占比为1.48%。
图5所示,整个研究区非致癌风险占比最大的为呼吸途径,占总非致癌风险的80.93%,饮水途径占19.01%,而皮肤接触途径仅为0.06%,表明对人体产生非致癌危害最重要的是呼吸途径。各采样点非致癌风险指数空间分布如图6所示,从空间来看,在整个研究区内,每个采样点的非致癌风险指数均未超过限值,其各个暴露途径经独立计算同样没有超过非致癌风险限值。从总体上看,研究区地下水中的有机污染物物在3种暴露途径下产生的非致癌风险较低,对人体的健康危害程度小,在可接受范围之内。
各采样点致癌风险计算结果如表7所示。根据《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T777—2021)和USEPA规定的中国可接受的致癌风险值为10-6~10-4,本文研究选取1×10-6作为评价标准。各有机污染物造成的致癌风险比例如图7所示,结果表明研究区四氯乙烯的致癌风险所占比例最大,占比81.08%,其次是三氯乙烯,占比11.65%,1,2-二氯乙烯占比为6.67%,二氯甲烷占比为0.52%,p,p'-DDE占比为0.03%,p,p'-DDD占比为0.05%。研究区内四氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烯对当地居民带来的致癌风险最严重。如图8所示,呼吸途径是研究区内总致癌风险中最主要的贡献因子,占总致癌风险的81.02%,饮水途径占比为18.91%,皮肤接触途径占比为0.07%。这一结果与王兰化等[31]和李丽君等[32]的研究结果相似,可能是人们在日常的生活和清洗过程中由呼吸吸入的污染物的量比较多。如表7所示,各采样点不同暴露途径致癌风险比例经独立计算有一定的差别,但均为呼吸途径致癌风险比例最大,其次为饮水途径,皮肤接触途径所占比例最低。
各采样点致癌风险指数空间分布图如图9所示,研究区所有采样点的致癌风险指数均大于1×10-6,且ZZS119采样点超过了最大可接受的致癌风险限值1×10-4,致癌总风险达到了1.63×10-3,且饮水途径、呼吸途径也均超过了最大可接受致癌风险限值,属于高致癌风险点。分析此处采样点与在城市排污管附近有关,污水中的微量有机物,比如四氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烯渗透到地下水中,导致地下水有机污染严重。其次是ZZS121、ZZS224采样点,致癌总风险为3.97×10-5,属于中致癌风险点。分析这两处采样点在城市化工厂附近以及与附近喷洒的林木杀虫剂有关,化工厂的挥发性有机物,如二氯甲烷;以及林木杀虫剂中的有机成分,如p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD进入地下水,造成地下水有机物污染。ZZS117、ZZS118、ZZS120、ZZS217、ZZS219、ZZS220这几个采样点致癌总风险为3.84×10-5,属于中致癌风险点。分析这几处采样点超过致癌风险限值的原因可能为采样点附近的居民排放的生活废水,废水中的有机污染物质,如二氯甲烷等渗透到地下水中,造成地下水严重污染。由此表明,株洲市地下水受到了严重的有机物污染,且对当地居民造成了不可接受的致癌风险。
(1)根据研究区已有资料,根据USEPA推荐的有机污染物健康评价方法,建立了适宜株洲市地下水有机污染物健康评价指标体系,对株洲市地下水进行健康评价,评价结果与该地区水文地质条件基本吻合。
(2)株洲市地下水受到了一定程度的有机物污染,主要有机污染物为二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD。
(3)株洲市地下水中的有机污染物物在3种暴露途径下产生的非致癌风险较低,对人体的健康危害程度小,在可接受范围之内。致癌风险中,9个采样点的致癌风险指数均超过了1×10-6,ZZS119采样点超过了最大可接受的致癌风险限值1×10-4, 在不可接受范围内,有机物污染严重。
(4)致癌风险和非致癌风险的主要暴露途径均是呼吸途径,占总风险比例的81%左右,其次是饮水途径,占总风险的19%左右,皮肤途径所占比例很小。所以呼吸途径是研究区内总致癌风险中最主要的贡献因子。
(5)株洲市地下水中产生致癌风险最大的有机污染物为四氯乙烯,占比81.08%,其次是三氯乙烯,占比11.65%,1,2-二氯乙烯占比为6.67%,二氯甲烷、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD占比较小。株洲市地下水由于城市排污、化工厂挥发性有机物、林木杀虫剂的使用、生活废水的排放等原因受到了严重的有机物污染,且对当地居民造成了不可接受的致癌风险。
  • 湖南省财政资金(湘财建指【2012】157号文)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403362
  • 接收时间:2024-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
基金
湖南省财政资金(湘财建指【2012】157号文)
作者信息
    1 湖南省自然资源事务中心, 长沙 410004
    2 华北科技学院矿山安全学院, 三河 065201

通讯作者:

* 刘慧林(1978—),男,汉族,甘肃武山人,高级工程师。研究方向:地下水保护、地质灾害防治、生态修复。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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