Article(id=1156264260687749807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401271, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708963200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-27, revisedDate=1732723200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604482099, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604482099, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604482099, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604482099, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2406, endPage=2418, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264261258175153, articleId=1156264260687749807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Production Line Vehicle Scheduling Problem Based on Plant Simulation, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With China’s Manufacturing 2025 Plan, the military industry to implement the unmanned production line, and AGV (automated guided vehicle) as a fully automated production line of the main logistics carrier, the scheduling of its strengths and weaknesses directly determines the capacity and efficiency of the entire production line. Due to the security requirements of military industrial places, wireless communication and other means cannot be used, and only point-to-point optical communication can be used, which also worsens the real-time communication of AGVs. Based on Plant Simulation software, a simulation system model was established, the real-time data interaction channel between the logistics simulation software and the field controller was opened, the synchronous operation of the simulation system and the reality was realized, and the seamless connection between the logistics simulation software and the field controller was completed, which effectively solves the difficult problem of poor real-time AGV scheduling caused by the lack of wireless power in the military industry. Experiments have proven that this method effectively simplifies the difficulty of writing the scheduling system and improves the overall real-time performance of the system by 0.058 seconds. Compared with the traditional method, the writing time is shortened by 9.7 times, and the debugging time is even shorter by 22 times. This study lays the foundation for the realization of full automation of military production lines and provides technical support for the use of pulsation production lines in hazardous places.

, correspAuthors=Song-kai LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao-ran LIU, Song-kai LIU, Bin CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264377616556328, articleId=1156264260687749807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于Plant Simulation的产线车辆调度问题, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着“中国制造2025计划”的进行,军工工业要推行产线无人化,而自动引导车(automated guided vehicle,AGV)作为全自动化生产线的主要物流载体,其调度的优劣直接决定了整个产线的产能和效率。由于军工场所对于安全性的要求,无法采用无线通信等手段,只能采用点对点的光通讯方式,这也使得AGV通讯的实时性变差。基于Plant Simulation软件,建立了仿真系统模型,打通了该物流仿真软件与现场控制器的实时数据交互通道,实现了仿真系统与现实同步运行,完成了物流仿真软件与现场控制器的无缝连接,有效地解决了军工工业没有无线造成AGV调度实时性差的难题。实验证明,这种方法有效地简化了调度系统的编写难度,并使系统整体的实时性能提高了0.058 s。与传统方法相比,编写时间缩短了9.7倍,调试时间更缩短了22倍。为军工产线实现全自动化奠定基础,并为在危险场所使用脉动生产线提供技术支持。

, correspAuthors=刘松凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘松凯(1984—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:机械设计及其自动化。E-mail:
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刘浩然(1999—),男,汉族,北京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制工程。E-mail:

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刘浩然(1999—),男,汉族,北京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制工程。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(10): 4239-4246., articleTitle=Research on slope stability based on improved sparrow search algorithm and support vector machine, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233422551075050010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422551083438622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, companyId=1233422551075050010, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Shenyang University of Chemical Technology School of Information Engineering, Shenyang 110142, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422551091827230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, companyId=1233422551075050010, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Using controller logic programming to write scheduling plans, transmitting instructions from the beginning to the completion of changes in surface road signs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/
位置
路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
测试1 3.62 3.96 4.45 6.23 4.65 5.01 5.26
测试2 3.53 4.35 4.23 6.35 4.71 4.94 5.52
测试3 3.37 3.87 4.39 6.01 4.62 5.23 5.54
测试4 3.82 3.99 4.16 6.38 4.41 5.18 5.22
测试5 3.56 4.15 4.51 6.51 4.95 5.25 5.41
测试6 3.67 4.02 4.33 5.96 4.63 4.99 5.37
测试7 3.59 4.22 4.01 6.15 4.41 5.12 5.29
测试8 3.76 4.29 4.26 6.25 4.76 5.01 5.36
测试9 3.47 3.91 4.52 6.22 4.91 5.06 5.45
测试10 3.51 4.21 4.26 6.34 4.62 5.15 5.51
), ArticleFig(id=1233422561661472998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用控制器逻辑编程编写调度方案传递指令开始到地表路标完成变化时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/
位置
路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
测试1 3.62 3.96 4.45 6.23 4.65 5.01 5.26
测试2 3.53 4.35 4.23 6.35 4.71 4.94 5.52
测试3 3.37 3.87 4.39 6.01 4.62 5.23 5.54
测试4 3.82 3.99 4.16 6.38 4.41 5.18 5.22
测试5 3.56 4.15 4.51 6.51 4.95 5.25 5.41
测试6 3.67 4.02 4.33 5.96 4.63 4.99 5.37
测试7 3.59 4.22 4.01 6.15 4.41 5.12 5.29
测试8 3.76 4.29 4.26 6.25 4.76 5.01 5.36
测试9 3.47 3.91 4.52 6.22 4.91 5.06 5.45
测试10 3.51 4.21 4.26 6.34 4.62 5.15 5.51
), ArticleFig(id=1233422561837633781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Write a scheduling plan using high-level programming language to transmit instructions and complete the change time from the beginning to the completion of surface road signs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/
位置
路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
测试1 1.21 1.35 1.54 2.26 1.76 1.82 1.94
测试2 0.96 1.16 1.29 2.02 1.64 1.68 2.02
测试3 0.92 1.25 1.68 2.45 1.72 2.05 1.79
测试4 1.02 1.32 1.64 2.43 1.59 1.86 2.05
测试5 1.17 1.28 1.72 2.34 1.86 1.88 1.88
测试6 1.09 1.19 1.58 2.39 1.69 1.95 1.96
测试7 1.15 1.22 1.42 2.23 1.78 1.89 1.91
测试8 1.26 1.26 1.56 2.26 1.81 1.92 1.99
测试9 1.19 1.38 1.43 2.37 1.66 1.82 1.89
测试10 1.12 1.25 1.51 2.31 1.74 1.87 2.08
), ArticleFig(id=1233422562047348992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用高级语言编程编写调度方案传递指令开始到地表路标完成变化时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/
位置
路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
测试1 1.21 1.35 1.54 2.26 1.76 1.82 1.94
测试2 0.96 1.16 1.29 2.02 1.64 1.68 2.02
测试3 0.92 1.25 1.68 2.45 1.72 2.05 1.79
测试4 1.02 1.32 1.64 2.43 1.59 1.86 2.05
测试5 1.17 1.28 1.72 2.34 1.86 1.88 1.88
测试6 1.09 1.19 1.58 2.39 1.69 1.95 1.96
测试7 1.15 1.22 1.42 2.23 1.78 1.89 1.91
测试8 1.26 1.26 1.56 2.26 1.81 1.92 1.99
测试9 1.19 1.38 1.43 2.37 1.66 1.82 1.89
测试10 1.12 1.25 1.51 2.31 1.74 1.87 2.08
), ArticleFig(id=1233422562210926861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Writing a scheduling plan using a logistics simulation platform, transmitting instructions, and completing changes in surface road signs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/
位置
路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
测试1 1.05 1.29 1.46 2.32 1.62 1.76 1.82
测试2 0.81 1.31 1.56 2.19 1.77 1.89 1.94
测试3 0.92 1.10 1.42 2.25 1.61 1.64 1.91
测试4 0.89 1.24 1.58 2.48 1.79 1.61 1.86
测试5 1.12 1.30 1.49 2.29 1.64 1.72 1.87
测试6 1.02 1.22 1.45 2.42 1.68 1.81 1.94
测试7 1.05 1.19 1.47 2.34 1.63 1.79 1.82
测试8 0.98 1.28 1.56 2.39 1.73 1.68 1.76
测试9 0.86 1.26 1.51 2.46 1.66 1.74 1.95
测试10 1.19 1.29 1.34 2.33 1.71 1.76 1.83
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563670544656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

用物流仿真平台编写调度方案传递指令开始到地表路标完成变化时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/
位置
路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
测试1 1.05 1.29 1.46 2.32 1.62 1.76 1.82
测试2 0.81 1.31 1.56 2.19 1.77 1.89 1.94
测试3 0.92 1.10 1.42 2.25 1.61 1.64 1.91
测试4 0.89 1.24 1.58 2.48 1.79 1.61 1.86
测试5 1.12 1.30 1.49 2.29 1.64 1.72 1.87
测试6 1.02 1.22 1.45 2.42 1.68 1.81 1.94
测试7 1.05 1.19 1.47 2.34 1.63 1.79 1.82
测试8 0.98 1.28 1.56 2.39 1.73 1.68 1.76
测试9 0.86 1.26 1.51 2.46 1.66 1.74 1.95
测试10 1.19 1.29 1.34 2.33 1.71 1.76 1.83
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563775402266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Writing a scheduling plan using a logistics simulation platform, transmitting instructions, and completing changes in surface road signs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/位置 路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
控制器逻辑编程 3.59 4.10 4.31 6.24 4.67 5.09 5.39
高级语言编程 1.11 1.27 1.54 2.31 1.73 1.87 1.95
物流仿真平台 0.99 1.25 1.48 2.35 1.68 1.74 1.87
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563892842791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3种方法各路口完成变化的延迟时间汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验/位置 路口1 路口2 路口3 路口4 路口5 路口6 路口7
控制器逻辑编程 3.59 4.10 4.31 6.24 4.67 5.09 5.39
高级语言编程 1.11 1.27 1.54 2.31 1.73 1.87 1.95
物流仿真平台 0.99 1.25 1.48 2.35 1.68 1.74 1.87
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563993506095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Compile scheduling strategies and build data for 19 AGVs on site in a certain workshop

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方法\现场 编写时间/h 调试时间/h 节拍达标率/%
控制器逻辑编程 160 4 312 76.4
高级语言编程 59 2 154 86.2
物流仿真平台 6 103 90.7
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564098363703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

对某工房现场的19台AGV进行调度策略编写搭建数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法\现场 编写时间/h 调试时间/h 节拍达标率/%
控制器逻辑编程 160 4 312 76.4
高级语言编程 59 2 154 86.2
物流仿真平台 6 103 90.7
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564199027007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Compile scheduling strategies and build data for 7 AGVs on site in a certain workshop

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法\现场 编写时间/h 调试时间/h 节拍达标率/%
控制器逻辑编程 45 1 246 92.6
高级语言编程 38 1 062 93.1
物流仿真平台 4 59 93.8
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对某工房现场的7台AGV进行调度策略编写搭建数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法\现场 编写时间/h 调试时间/h 节拍达标率/%
控制器逻辑编程 45 1 246 92.6
高级语言编程 38 1 062 93.1
物流仿真平台 4 59 93.8
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564463268178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Compile scheduling strategies and build data for 9 AGVs on site in a certain workshop

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方法\现场 编写时间/h 调试时间/h 节拍达标率/%
控制器逻辑编程 66 1 427 88.6
高级语言编程 44 1 258 92.4
物流仿真平台 4.5 46 93.2
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564601680218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

对某工房现场的9台AGV进行调度策略编写搭建数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法\现场 编写时间/h 调试时间/h 节拍达标率/%
控制器逻辑编程 66 1 427 88.6
高级语言编程 44 1 258 92.4
物流仿真平台 4.5 46 93.2
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AGV scheduling plan table

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车名 调度方案排序
AGV1 M2→M4→M6→M2→M1→M4→M7→M3
AGV2 M3→M1→M2→M3→M5→M1→M7→M5
AGV3 M3→M5→M6→M1→M4→M6→M7→M4
AGV4 M5→M7→M3→M6→M2→M4→M5→M3→M6
AGV5 M2→M4→M5→M7→M6→M4→M1→M6→M7
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564836561261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

AGV调度方案表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车名 调度方案排序
AGV1 M2→M4→M6→M2→M1→M4→M7→M3
AGV2 M3→M1→M2→M3→M5→M1→M7→M5
AGV3 M3→M5→M6→M1→M4→M6→M7→M4
AGV4 M5→M7→M3→M6→M2→M4→M5→M3→M6
AGV5 M2→M4→M5→M7→M6→M4→M1→M6→M7
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564970778998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

AGV scheduling plan table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车名 调度方案排序
AGV1 M2→M4→M6→M2→M1→M4→M7→M3→M4
AGV2 M3→M1→M2→M3→M5→M1→M7→M5
AGV3 M3→M5→M6→M1→M4→M6→M7
AGV4 M5→M4→M7→M3→M6→M2→M6→M4→M5→M3
AGV5 M2→M1→M5→M7→M6→M4→M7
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565079830910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

AGV调度方案表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车名 调度方案排序
AGV1 M2→M4→M6→M2→M1→M4→M7→M3→M4
AGV2 M3→M1→M2→M3→M5→M1→M7→M5
AGV3 M3→M5→M6→M1→M4→M6→M7
AGV4 M5→M4→M7→M3→M6→M2→M6→M4→M5→M3
AGV5 M2→M1→M5→M7→M6→M4→M7
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565197271430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Comparison table of algorithm idle rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
订单 KM算法 麻雀算法
利用率/% 空闲率/% 利用率/% 空闲率/%
订单1 87.6 12.4 63.0 37.0
订单2 92.9 7.1 93.1 6.9
订单3 84.6 15.4 90.2 9.8
订单4 88.2 11.8 91.7 8.3
订单5 88.7 11.3 92.1 7.9
订单6 89.2 10.8 92.6 7.4
订单7 86.3 13.7 90.0 10.0
订单8 92.1 7.9 92.8 7.2
订单9 88.0 12.0 89.6 10.4
订单10 91.8 8.2 92.5 7.5
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565344072083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260687749807, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

算法空闲率对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
订单 KM算法 麻雀算法
利用率/% 空闲率/% 利用率/% 空闲率/%
订单1 87.6 12.4 63.0 37.0
订单2 92.9 7.1 93.1 6.9
订单3 84.6 15.4 90.2 9.8
订单4 88.2 11.8 91.7 8.3
订单5 88.7 11.3 92.1 7.9
订单6 89.2 10.8 92.6 7.4
订单7 86.3 13.7 90.0 10.0
订单8 92.1 7.9 92.8 7.2
订单9 88.0 12.0 89.6 10.4
订单10 91.8 8.2 92.5 7.5
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基于Plant Simulation的产线车辆调度问题
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刘浩然 1, 2 , 刘松凯 2, * , 陈斌 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(6): 2406-2418
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(6): 2406-2418
基于Plant Simulation的产线车辆调度问题
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刘浩然1, 2 , 刘松凯2, * , 陈斌1
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳化工大学信息工程学院, 沈阳 110142
  • 2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所, 沈阳 110016
  • 刘浩然(1999—),男,汉族,北京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:控制工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘松凯(1984—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:机械设计及其自动化。E-mail:
Production Line Vehicle Scheduling Problem Based on Plant Simulation
Hao-ran LIU1, 2 , Song-kai LIU2, * , Bin CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Shenyang University of Chemical Technology School of Information Engineering, Shenyang 110142, China
  • 2 Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401271
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随着“中国制造2025计划”的进行,军工工业要推行产线无人化,而自动引导车(automated guided vehicle,AGV)作为全自动化生产线的主要物流载体,其调度的优劣直接决定了整个产线的产能和效率。由于军工场所对于安全性的要求,无法采用无线通信等手段,只能采用点对点的光通讯方式,这也使得AGV通讯的实时性变差。基于Plant Simulation软件,建立了仿真系统模型,打通了该物流仿真软件与现场控制器的实时数据交互通道,实现了仿真系统与现实同步运行,完成了物流仿真软件与现场控制器的无缝连接,有效地解决了军工工业没有无线造成AGV调度实时性差的难题。实验证明,这种方法有效地简化了调度系统的编写难度,并使系统整体的实时性能提高了0.058 s。与传统方法相比,编写时间缩短了9.7倍,调试时间更缩短了22倍。为军工产线实现全自动化奠定基础,并为在危险场所使用脉动生产线提供技术支持。

AGV调度  /  Plant Simulation  /  离散仿真  /  实时性  /  智能调度

With China’s Manufacturing 2025 Plan, the military industry to implement the unmanned production line, and AGV (automated guided vehicle) as a fully automated production line of the main logistics carrier, the scheduling of its strengths and weaknesses directly determines the capacity and efficiency of the entire production line. Due to the security requirements of military industrial places, wireless communication and other means cannot be used, and only point-to-point optical communication can be used, which also worsens the real-time communication of AGVs. Based on Plant Simulation software, a simulation system model was established, the real-time data interaction channel between the logistics simulation software and the field controller was opened, the synchronous operation of the simulation system and the reality was realized, and the seamless connection between the logistics simulation software and the field controller was completed, which effectively solves the difficult problem of poor real-time AGV scheduling caused by the lack of wireless power in the military industry. Experiments have proven that this method effectively simplifies the difficulty of writing the scheduling system and improves the overall real-time performance of the system by 0.058 seconds. Compared with the traditional method, the writing time is shortened by 9.7 times, and the debugging time is even shorter by 22 times. This study lays the foundation for the realization of full automation of military production lines and provides technical support for the use of pulsation production lines in hazardous places.

AGV scheduling  /  Plant Simulation  /  discrete simulation  /  real time performance  /  intelligent dispatching
刘浩然, 刘松凯, 陈斌. 基于Plant Simulation的产线车辆调度问题. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2406 -2418 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401271
Hao-ran LIU, Song-kai LIU, Bin CHEN. Production Line Vehicle Scheduling Problem Based on Plant Simulation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2406 -2418 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401271
众所周知,军工工业承担着武装力量的生产任务,是国家安全的支柱,随着现代战争的发展,军方对产品研发生产过程的质量监控越来越严格,军工企业必须借助智能制造技术推动生产效率与制造质量的升级[1]。然而,中国军工产品生产工艺的全自动化升级仍存在一些制约因素[2]。只有克服产线无人化变革难题,才能提升生产效率和制造质量。自动引导车(automated guided vehicle,AGV)作为全自动化产线的核心物流载体是代替人工进行搬运作业的主要工具。通过AGV与自动化生产线的协调配合,能够形成高效的脉动生产线,解决智能产线全自动的最后一公里的问题[3]。因此脉动生产线中车辆调度的优劣直接影响着整个产线的产能和效率。
然而,由于军工生产设施对于安全性的严格要求,无法使用无线通信方法。而市面上的无人运输车调度系统都依赖于通过无线网络对车辆进行实时定位,并根据实时位置建立数学模型,再用智能算法提供调度指令,例如,王慧丽等[4]通过多目标约束构建物资配送路径规划模型,再通过混合遗传算法优化出最优路线,通过无线网络传递给调配中心;因此市面上现有的无人运输车调度系统不适用于危险场所的生产环境,只能依靠文献[5]点对点的光通讯向固定位置的车辆发送调度指令,但这严重限制了整个系统的实时性能,成为如文献[6]所述脉动生产线效率低下的瓶颈问题。
综上所述,无人运输车的调度问题是提升产线效率的关键因素[7]。当今社会,企业更加关注减少产线设备空闲的时间,高效的调度提高了产线在市场上的竞争力,进而为产线良性运行提供了保障。通过整理AGV相关的数据库检索的信息,重点关注调度、路径规划、算法等流行关键词,并总结了与之相关的一些代表性文献,例如,王利明等[8]设计了具有位置确认、信号传输、定位应用功能的智能调度系统,解决多作业车辆行驶时车辆拥堵、安全风险高、调度难的问题;史郑延慧等[9]设计的基于遗传-蚁群优化算法的QoS组播路由算法提高求解模型的路径优化效果;周恒恒等[10]利用深度强化学习对决策模型进行训练,提高DDPG模型的控制精度和稳定性等。通过多组模型仿真发现已有提出的方法在多品种危险场所混流脉动生产线中应用的缺陷。
离散仿真技术是基于Plant simulation物流仿真软件来实现,通过在软件中搭建模型,指定运行规则,来复刻现实的场景动作,实现对现场生产结果的预测[11]。纪志勇等[12]团队用物流仿真软件搭建了纺机车间的模型,利用遗传算法进行物流仿真优化,得到接近最优的生产流程;李浩等[13]用物流仿真软件针对批量小且品种多的智能电表产线建立模拟实际生产的仿真模型,提高智能电表产线的生产效率;由上述案例可以看出利用该软件搭建模拟现实的仿真环境,通过自带的遗传算法工具可以轻松实现对生产物流的规划。
龙琴等[14]提出了幂次趋近律的滑模轨迹跟踪控制方法,解决AGV轨迹跟踪过程中的位置偏差和姿态偏差问题,并通过仿真试验证明所提方法的可行性与有效性。刘聪聪[15]通过多策略改进遗传算法,根据实际案例的数据构建模型,在模型中对单机调度等模型进行比较测试,验证仿真系统提高产线设备利用率的鲁棒性。上述案例中通过该软件搭建模的模型,通过自带的遗传算法工具对产线和无人运输车进行规划,可以作为在现有条件下最佳的生产物流序列的参数依据。
上述应用都是将物流仿真软件在设计时期作为参数测定标准或动画演示的作用,并没有完全将该软件预留的功能展现出来,根据无人运输车在危险场所调度困难的问题,现结合物流仿真软件的特性,提出这种对危险场所中无法使用无线网络的情况下,对无人运输车进行离线仿真并实时在线调度的仿真系统。
随着脉动生产线在危险场所生产中的使用,脉动生产线的无人运输车的运输效率成为决定生产节拍的重要因素[16],这就对无人运输车的调度系统有着更高的要求。对于危险环境中的无人运输车调度有着以下4个问题。
(1)调度系统编写难度大。编写调度程序时需要考虑各种调度情况,在没有无线调度系统的情况下,通常采用穷举法来列举所有可能存在的车辆运行情况,当涉及混流生产线时,由于不同产品的工序时间不同,调度策略的编写难度会随着产品种类的增加而成倍增加。
(2)调度效率低。在多品种混流生产中引入无人运输车可以显著提高产线的智能化和柔性化程度,实现对危险产品的全自动化生产。由文献[17]所述多个产品混流对无人运输车调度系统的实时性有着非常高的要求,但是不能使用无线通信方式,只能在固定位置将指令传递给无人运输车,以指导其按照文献[18]所述的固定路径行动。这种通信方式的实时性较差,无法准确知道车辆运行过程中的位置。为了避免车辆之间发生碰撞和冲突,调度系统通常采用当前车辆完成当前任务后,再启动下一辆车的方式。这种方式调度效率太低,很难满足混流生产线产能的需要。
(3)智能化程度较低。由于无法使用无线网络,当无人运输车在厂区内的轨迹复杂度较高时,调度系统无法保证实时性,在多车辆同步调度时存在安全隐患,只能等待上一辆车到达目的地后才能启动下一辆车,导致系统空闲时间过长,效率低下[19]。当车辆进入工位时,由于道路只能容纳单向通行,每个时刻只允许一辆车进入非主路径上工位前方的路径。同时,该工位必须没有产品,才能让AGV将尚未加工的产品运输到非主路径上工位前方的路径。此外,当前一个AGV完成装载并准备离开时,另一个AGV不得同时携带未完成装载的产品进入该区域。这些情况增加了算法使用时的约束条件,限制了算法的优势发挥[20]。因此,调度规划通常依赖于逻辑思维,通过高级语言或纯逻辑控制进行编写,然后再通过信息系统传输调度指令。这导致整个系统的智能化程度相对较低。
(4)存在交叉冲突死锁问题。从综合规划布局美观性等方面考虑,往往会出现由于工位摆放而导致车辆路径出现相向行驶的情况,这给车辆调度带来了很多交叉冲突的潜在问题。举例来说,图1所示的工位顺序,因为工序2和工序5位于同一位置,意味着工序2完成后需要返回到工序3,再到工序4,导致从2号到达3号的路径与从3号到4号、4号到5号的路径形成相向冲突,增加了调度的复杂性。
本文方法是以Plant Simulation物流仿真软件为基础,在软件中仿照现实搭建虚拟的工厂环境,再将整个系统各部分的约束条件输入仿真软件中的各工位控制设定里,启动仿真,系统会根据约束条件寻找最适合的无人运输车调度运输路线,并通过软件自带的控制器接口将仿真系统生成的调度指令实时传输到现场的主控制器中,再由主控制器生成相应的调度指令传递给现场各动态码显示屏,完成仿真指导调度,流程如图2所示。
该方法为解决上述多品种混流生产线与无人运输车联动生产作业时,因混流产线每日生产规划数量和频次不同,造成的无人运输车调度策略难以编写的情况,在软件中搭建现场仿真模型,并通过仿真找到最优的调度方案,并将控制信号传递给现场,指导现场无人运输车调度生产的方法,该方法也可增强多品种危险场所混流脉动生产线的生产效率和设备使用率,规划该产线最合理的物流计划,提升危险场所智能生产的强度[21]
而为解决上述危险产品脉动生产线车辆调度实时性差的问题,采用在危险产品生产过程会在路径的交叉口处加入动态码显示屏的方法,实现调度指令的实时传输,将该屏幕嵌入路口的地面,当车辆经显示屏时会读取屏幕显示的二维码读取相应的指令,即左转、右转和直行等指令,在动态码显示屏前40 cm处有一个红外传感器,传感器检测到车辆经过时,会给调度系统发送信号请求,调度系统将调度指令以动态码的方式展现在屏幕上。该方法大大提升整个系统调度的实时性。
先在仿真软件中搭建仿真模型,由现场的实例图可知,现场生产顺序是自左向右,不同产品在各个工位的加工时间也各不相同,并且现场无人运输车都是单线行驶,因此依靠算法调度车辆的系统较为复杂。根据现场实物的摆放位置在仿真软件中搭建出对应的仿真模型,在搭建好的模型中,需要对各个工位设定现实存在的约束条件,以达到仿真接近现实的最佳效果。
根据上面的约束条件,对无人运输车调度系统的仿真模型进行约束条件写入,先对各工位取件进行编辑,在非主路径的工位前路径设置传感器,当产品到达传感器且现场传感器反馈回到位信号,再将产品进入对应工位。再通过路径空闲的变量作为给无人运输车赋值的依据,即实现了每条路上每一时刻只有一辆车。
对于工序2、工序3、工序4以及工序5(工序2)形成的逆流循环问题,通过开设中间避让点的方法,即在工序3与工序4之间加一个避让点,通过对路径设置变量,并在无人运输车启动时对路径进行变量信息更改,达到提前占用整个路段的目的,避免调度过程中迎面对冲的多无人运输车调度碰撞问题[22]
对于混装线产品生产调度的问题,需要采用算法去进行计算得到时间最短效益最高的生产物流调度方案,因此需要先对整个系统的无人运输车进行建模优化,假设订单x有个产品,需要经过的工序有y个,则无人运输车最小的搬运周期公式为
$\stackrel{x}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{y}{\sum _{j=1}}({{T}_{\mathrm{取}}}_{ij}+{{T}_{\mathrm{放}}}_{ij}+{{T}_{\mathrm{加}}}_{ij}){{n}_{i}}_{j}$
式(1)中:Tij为第i个产品在第j个工位被取走所花费的时间;Tij为第i个产品在第j个工位被放入所花费的时间;Tij为第i个产品在第j个工位被加工所花费的时间;nij为无人运输车在第i个产品在第j个工位取走产品的容纳量,一般取1即可;i=1,2,…,x;j=1,2,…,y
理想传动状态下订单的周期为
$\stackrel{x}{\sum _{i=1}}({N}_{i}{T}_{i}+{T}_{\mathrm{C}i})+(Y-1){T}_{1}$
式(2)中:Ni为订单包含的产品个数;Ti为单个产品在生产中的时间;Tci为切换产品时工序的准备时间;Ni为产品之间切换时,机器所需的准备时间。
由此可知无人运输车优化的模型为
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\stackrel{x}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{y}{\sum _{j=1}}({T}_{\mathrm{取}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+{T}_{\mathrm{放}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+{T}_{\mathrm{加}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}){{n}_{i}}_{j}\ge \\   \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\stackrel{x}{\sum _{i=1}}({N}_{i}{T}_{i}+{T}_{\mathrm{C}i})+(Y-1){T}_{1}\end{array}$
再根据总时间最小的原则以无人运输车的总路径的和最小,建立整个系统要优化的目标函数,即以总时间最小为目标函数的公式为
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{T}=\stackrel{x}{\sum _{h=1}}(\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{取}\mathrm{h}}-\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{放}\mathrm{h}-1})+\\ \stackrel{x}{\sum _{h=1}}(\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{放}\mathrm{h}}-\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{取}\mathrm{h}-1})+(Y-1){T}_{1}\end{array}$
式(4)中:TSh为无人运输车第h放货的开始时间;TSh-1为无人运输车第h-1次取货的开始时间;TSh为无人运输车第h次开始取货的开始时间;TSh-1为无人运输车第h-1放货的开始时间;h=1,2,…,xy
最短路径为目标函数的公式为
$\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{L}=\stackrel{x}{\sum _{h=1}}(2\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{取}\mathrm{h}}-\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{放}\mathrm{h}-1}-\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{放}\mathrm{h}})$
对于多目标优化问题,通过遗传算法可以对目标函数进行求解得到最适的调度策略。本文系统采用软件自带的遗传算法,可以实现自定义变量和优化依据,通过仿真系统具有可快速运行的特点,对整个生产过程进行多次仿真迭代,得到子代所有实验结果中找到优化目标最适的排序序列,并生成对应的迭代实验报告,可以直观地得到最适合的生产排序序列,可以将序列顺序传递给主控制器进行指导现场生产,实现对混装线产品的生产调度进行排序优化功能的同时,还避免了编写相适应算法的繁琐。
该系统核心技术是实时调度的实现,在仿真环境中,转弯的岔路口处设置红外线传感器,当仿真的无人运输车运行到设置的红外传感器处时,启动停止信号,等待判定条件,即当现实中同样位置的传感器检测到现场的车辆到位,会将到位信号通过主控制器传递给仿真系统,仿真系统得到到位信号后继续执行调度任务,同时给主控制器根据仿真系统传递的调度指令,改变对应岔路口动态码显示屏的信息,使现场车辆经过路口时采集到对应的实时调度的信息,完成在没有无线的情况下对现场车辆进行实时在线的调度指导。
进行上述各步骤的约束,即可让仿真系统自行生成一个具有对多品种混流脉动生产线进行生产排序,并按照排序对现场无人运输车进行实时调度指导的实时在线调度系统(图3)。
先对车辆上工件可去的加工工位进行权重运算,需要去工位的权重值为n,不需要去的权重值为0,车辆上无工件的权重值也为0,可以得出下述工件与工位的权值矩阵函数ab,公式为
$\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}\mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{1}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{1}& \mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{1}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{2}& \dots & \mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{1}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{n}\\ \mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{2}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{1}& \mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{2}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{2}& \dots & \mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{2}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{n}\\ ︙& ︙& \mathrm{ }& ︙\\ \mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{n}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{1}& \mathrm{a}{\text{'}}_{n}\mathrm{b}{\text{'}}_{2}& \dots & \mathrm{a}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{n}\mathrm{b}\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{n}\end{array}\right]$
再根据车辆移动到工位所需的移动单位个数进行权重值换算,得到车辆位置与工位的权值矩阵函数AB,公式为
$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{a}_{1}{b}_{1}& {a}_{1}{b}_{2}& \dots & {a}_{1}{b}_{n}\\ {a}_{2}{b}_{1}& {a}_{2}{b}_{2}& \dots & {a}_{2}{b}_{n}\\ ︙& ︙& \mathrm{ }& ︙\\ {a}_{n}{b}_{1}& {a}_{n}{b}_{2}& \dots & {a}_{n}{b}_{n}\end{array}\right]$
再根据工位上的空闲情况与车辆上的空闲情况进行权重值换算,车辆和工位都空闲或都满载,此时权重值为-2n,剩余情况权重值为0,可得到车辆状态的权重矩阵函数CD,如式(8)所示。
$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{c}_{1}{d}_{1}& {c}_{1}{d}_{2}& \dots & {c}_{1}{d}_{n}\\ {c}_{2}{d}_{1}& {c}_{2}{d}_{2}& \dots & {c}_{2}{d}_{n}\\ ︙& ︙& \mathrm{ }& ︙\\ {c}_{n-1}{d}_{1}& {c}_{n-1}{d}_{2}& \dots & {c}_{n-1}{d}_{n}\\ {c}_{n}{d}_{1}& {c}_{n}{b}_{2}& \dots & {c}_{n}{d}_{n}\end{array}\right]$
先对工位现状和车辆空闲情况进行权值分配,列出权值的矩阵函数EF,公式为
$\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}=\left[\begin{array}{lllll}{e}_{1}{f}_{1}& {e}_{1}{f}_{2}& \dots & {e}_{1}{f}_{n}& \\ {e}_{2}{f}_{1}& {e}_{2}{f}_{2}& \dots & {e}_{2}{f}_{n}& \\ ︙& ︙& \mathrm{ }& ︙& ︙\\ {e}_{n}{f}_{1}& {e}_{n}{f}_{2}& \dots & {e}_{n}{f}_{n}& \end{array}\right]$
最后的权重矩阵由式(7)~式(9)的3个矩阵函数各项相加所得的xyn阶矩阵即为车辆调度的权重矩阵函数,由权重矩阵可以根据取可行的顶标公式,得到权重函数的顶标值,取可行的顶标公式T(X)和T(Y)为
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}T\left(x\right)=\mathrm{M}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{u}(x,y),& x\in {V}_{1}\\ T\left(y\right)=0,& y\in {V}_{2}\end{array}\right.$
式(10)中:Maxu(x,y)为xy匹配关系中最大权值;V1为车辆选择范围;V2为工位选择范围。
该模型T的等子图可根据权重矩阵列出,如图4所示。
在等子图中执行加权重后的KM算法,先设定初始匹配方案,一般设定当XnYn之间的函数关系。
$T\left(x\right)+T\left(y\right)=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}T\left({x}_{n}\right)$
则将(Xn,Yn)放入初始的集合H中,初始匹配集合H的元素为
$H=\left\{\right({x}_{1},{y}_{1}),({x}_{2},{y}_{2}),({x}_{4},{y}_{4}),({x}_{5},{y}_{5}),({x}_{6},{y}_{6}),({x}_{8},{y}_{8}\left)\right\}$
再根据初始匹配集合H,找到补集M,其中的Xn作为S集合中的初始因子匹配最大增广路,M集合为
$M=\{{x}_{2},{x}_{4},{x}_{5},{x}_{6},{x}_{7},{x}_{8},{x}_{10}\}$
寻找补集M中的Xn对应的临边,并放入临边集合R(S)中,当X2被选择时,R(S)表示与其直接相邻的元素,集合为
$R\left(S\right)=\left\{{y}_{9}\right\}$
再依次判定R(S)中被选中的元素是否空闲,如果空闲则配对,如果不空闲,则将临边集合R(S)中被判定的元素匹配的xn放入初始因子S集合中,Y9空闲,将X2Y9建立连接,再选择X4,此时R(S)的集合为
$R\left(S\right)=\{{y}_{5},{y}_{8}\}$
再判定R(S)中被选中的元素是否空闲,不空闲,将临边集合R(S)中匹配的xn放入M集合中,将yn放入临边集合R(S)中,一直重复到R(S)与终止集合元素T一致。Y10空闲,将X4Y10建立连接,由于Y10有连接对象,因此将Y10的连接对象X10放入M集中,M集变为
$M=\{{x}_{5},{x}_{6},{x}_{7},{x}_{8},{x}_{10}\}$
继续X5的匹配判定,直到补集M中的元素全部取完,得到的是在初始的权值函数下,得到的最佳匹配方案。
下一步将非匹配边元素放入集合中,并寻找次权值匹配边,再将所关联元素的顶标值相减,得到权重值的最小下降单位,通过单位公式计算出权值最小下降单位α,公式为
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{\alpha }=\stackrel{n}{\sum _{x=1}}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{y=1}}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left\{T\right(x)+T(y)-W(x,y\left)\right\},\\ x\in S,y\in {V}_{2}-T\end{array}$
新可行顶标值根据变换公式得出
$T\text{'}\left(u\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}T\left(u\right)-\lambda,& u\in S\\ T\left(u\right)+\lambda,& u\in T\\ T\left(u\right),& u\in ({V}_{1}-S)\bigcap ({V}_{2}-T)\end{array}\right.$
由此可画出顶标修改后的新T的等子图,再按流程图5所示过程执行,得到最优匹配方案为止。
参考连浩等[23]所述,可知麻雀一般都是群体觅食,群体中分为三类,其中20%的个体作为觅食者,负责搜索发现食物的踪迹,80%作为捕食者,对食物进行捕获,提高捕食团队提升捕捉成功率。同时,在总群体中随机选择20%作为警觉者,时刻警觉危险信号,减少进入局部最优解的可能性。
首先需要构建麻雀的种群,构建算法需要的麻雀种群T
$T=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{t}_{1}^{1}& {t}_{1}^{2}& \dots & {t}_{1}^{n}\\ {t}_{2}^{1}& {t}_{2}^{2}& \dots & {t}_{2}^{n}\\ ︙& ︙& \mathrm{ }& ︙\\ {t}_{n}^{1}& {t}_{n}^{2}& \dots & {t}_{n}^{n}\end{array}\right]$
式(20)中:q为可以优化方向的个数(维度);n为个体的数量;${t}_{n}^{q}$为种群中的第n个麻雀在第q个优化方向的适应度变量。
由式(19)可推得麻雀种群的适应度函数即
$\mathrm{F}\mathrm{T}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}f[{x}_{1}^{1},{x}_{1}^{2},\dots,{x}_{1}^{n}]\\ f[{x}_{2}^{1},{x}_{2}^{2},\dots,{x}_{2}^{n}]\\    ︙\\ f[{x}_{n}^{1},{x}_{n}^{2},\dots,{x}_{n}^{n}]\end{array}\right.$
式(20)中:FT为种群的适应度函数。
根据麻雀种群的习惯,可知觅食者比捕食者具备更高的搜索能力,因此,优先考虑觅食者的位置更新变化,可通过下式(21)得出每次迭代后的觅食者位置更新变化。
${T}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}}^{\mathrm{q}+1}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{T}_{i,j}^{q}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(\frac{-i}{\omega {\zeta }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right),& w<{S}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ {T}_{i,j}^{q}+VE,& w\ge {S}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(21)中:${T}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}}^{\mathrm{q}+1}$为当前时刻的觅食者的位置信息;q为迭代次数;Ti,j为第i个麻雀在第j个优化方向的位置信息;${T}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}}^{\mathrm{q}}$为上一时刻觅食者的位置信息;ω为在0~1的一个随机数;εmax为迭代的最大次数;w为预警值,一般在[0,1]之间;Smax为前所在位置的安全值上限,一般在[0.5-1]之间;V为一个服从正态分布的随机数;E为一个行矩阵,即一个1行q列,元素全为1的矩阵。
w<Smax时,表示搜索环境没有捕食者,环境安全,可以进一步扩大搜索半径;当w>Smax时,表示发现危险信号,种群逃离当前位置,寻找安全位置继续进行觅食。
觅食者搜寻过程中,捕食者会跟在后面,发现食物时,会向食物方向靠拢,此时,捕食者开始加速冲刺,跟觅食者进行争夺或在附近进行捕食,因此模拟捕食者的公式为
${T}_{1\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}}^{\mathrm{q}+1}$=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}V\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(\frac{{T}_{1B}^{q+1}-{T}_{1i,j}^{q}}{{i}^{2}}\right),& i>\frac{m}{2}\\ {T}_{1G}^{q+1}+\left|{T}_{1G}^{q+1}-{T}_{1i,j}^{q}\right|{A}^{+}E,& i\le \frac{m}{2}\end{array}\right.$
式(22)中:${T}_{1\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}}^{\mathrm{q}+1}$为下一时刻觅食者位置信息;${T}_{\mathrm{G}}^{\mathrm{q}+1}$为在当前时刻全局最佳位置信息;${X}_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{q}+1}$为在当前时刻全局最差位置信息;A是一个1行q列,元素随机为1或-1的行矩阵。
A+矩阵为
$\begin{array}{l}{A}^{+}={A}^{\mathrm{T}}(A{A}^{\mathrm{T}}{)}^{-1}=\\     \left[\begin{array}{l}{a}_{1}\\ {a}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {a}_{m}\end{array}\right]{\left([{a}_{1} {a}_{2} \dots  {a}_{m}]\left[\begin{array}{l}{a}_{1}\\ {a}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {a}_{m}\end{array}\right]\right)}^{-1}\end{array}$
im/2时,表示第i个捕食者发现食物,并实施抓捕,此时个体继续保持捕食行为;当i>m/2时,表示第i个捕食者没有发现食物,处于饥饿状态,此时需要继续前往其他地方觅食,以获取能量。
捕食时整个群体是随机混合的,麻雀警惕性很高,捕食时也会有部分个体时刻留意外界危险,随机选取[20%]的个体作为警觉者,当感知到危险时,警觉者向群体发出警报,使群体采取相应措施,意识到危险的麻雀个体的位置更新公式为
${T}_{2}{}_{\mathrm{i},\mathrm{j}}^{\mathrm{q}+1}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{T}_{G}^{q}+\varphi \left|{T}_{2}{}_{i,j}^{q}-{T}_{G}^{q}\right|,& {f}_{i}>{f}_{\mathrm{g}}\\ {T}_{2}{}_{i,j}^{q+1}+R\frac{\left|{T}_{1}{}_{G}^{q+1}-{T}_{1}{}_{i,j}^{q}\right|}{({f}_{i}-{f}_{\mathrm{g}})+\mu },& {f}_{i}>{f}_{\mathrm{g}}\end{array}\right.$
式(24)中:${T}_{\mathrm{G}}^{\mathrm{q}}$为前一时刻全局最佳的位置信息;${T}_{B}^{q}$为前一时刻全局最差的位置信息;ϕ为步长的控制参数,是一个服从均值为0的,方差为1的标准正态分布的随机数;R为一个属于[-1,1]区间的随机数;fi为第i个警觉者的适应度值;fg为全局最佳的适应度值;fb为全局最差的适应度值;μ为一个防止分母为0的最小常数。
fi>fg时,表示当前时刻警觉者个体在种群的边缘,非常容易被捕食者,当fi=fg时,表示当前时刻警觉者个体在种群的中间,靠近附近的个体可以减少被捕食的概率。
麻雀算法的流程图如图6所示。
在总装工房中存在一条多产品混流脉动生产线,该产线具有8个工位,对于不同产品有不同的加工时间和加工顺序,以该产线7辆AGV车的7个路口为例,分别对用控制器逻辑编程编写调度方案、高级语言编程编写调度方案以及用物流仿真平台编写调度规则进行信号传递实时性测试,根据现场地表动态码做出相应变化动作的反应时间为标准测得表1~表3数据。
表1~表3三组表格测定的数据进行处理和归纳,可以得出各个方案在每个路口的反应时间均值,如表4所示。
将表格数据转化成空间图如图3所示。从图3中可以看出纯逻辑控制编写的方案从调度系统下发的调度动作指令延迟时间都在3~7 s,明显比高级语言编程编写的方案和物流仿真平台编写的方案延迟时间长,系统的实时性较差,而高级语言编程编写的方案与物流仿真平台编写的方案普遍慢0.058 s,从调度系统下发的调度动作指令延迟时间都在1~3 s,因此实时性方面,物流仿真平台编写的方案实时性更好,但都比纯逻辑控制编写的方案在实时性方面要更有优势。
由于现场搭建时间较长,仅能提供3个现场做实验对比的实验,经过对3个现场的AGV调度系统进行比对,分别用控制器逻辑编程编写调度方案、用高级语言编程编写调度方案以及用Plant Simulation物流仿真平台搭建系统编写调度规则3种方法进行对比实验,分别从系统编写时间、调试调度系统时间以及调度系统的节拍达标率3方面采集了数据进行统计,对比结果如下。表5为用上述3种方法对总装工厂工房中的19台AGV进行调度策略编写,得到的各个方法所消耗的编写时间、调试时间以及产品生产节拍的达标率;表6为用上述3种方法对总装工厂工房中的7台AGV进行调度策略编写,得到的各个方法所消耗的编写时间、调试时间以及产品生产节拍的达标率;表7为用上述3种方法对总装工厂工房中的9台AGV进行调度策略编写,得到的各个方法所消耗的编写时间、调试时间以及产品生产节拍的达标率。
表5~表7可以看出3个工厂实验可得出下属结论,物流仿真平台搭建的虚拟实时调度系统比之前常用的两种方法缩短了编写调度系统的时长,并通过仿真模拟的方式缩短了调度系统的调试时间,根据各评比方面绘制成图7~图9
根据图7,使用物流模拟平台进行调度策略编写的方法与前两种方法相比,系统写入时间减少了9.7倍。图8显示,物流模拟系统的总体调试时间显著减少,减少了22倍。这种方法在这两个方面都很出色。基于物流模拟平台的系统结合了自己的模拟功能,实现了实时速度控制和快进能力。模拟调试在同一时间段内比实时执行快,大大节省了时间。图9显示,随着车辆数量的增加,物流模拟系统比其他两种方法的合规率更高。物流仿真平台方法的合规率平均比高级语言编程方法高出2个百分点,比控制器逻辑编程和发电方法高出6.7个百分点。因此,物流仿真平台方法在建设时间、调试时间和达标率方面具有优势。
采用KM算法对某工厂的生产订单进行排产优化,先建立模型,得到实时变化的权重函数矩阵,再根据权重函数矩阵,得到匹配方案如图10所示。
再根据KM算法的权重矩阵生成图10左侧的选配调度方案,即为下次数据交互的调度方案,再将优化后的调度方案通过仿真系统传递给车辆执行,完成一个实时调度的周期,再将新采集的数据带入模型,得到新的权重矩阵,重复上面的权重运算,直到生产结束,得到车辆调度的信息,如表8所示。
表8可以看出车辆的任务比较均匀,不存在单车任务量过大的情况,再将仿真系统对工位空闲时长记录调出,生成各工位的工作情况甘特图,如图11所示。由图11可以看出KM算法优化的调度方案将各工位的空闲率提升到86.7%,有效缩短了产线的订单完成时间。
采用麻雀算法对某工厂的生产订单进行排产优化,先对麻雀算法的参数进行拟定,通过不同系数得到的适度值优化曲线如图12所示。
图12得到各参数拟合的效果,根据稳定时迭代次数越小,则参数拟合越接近的原则可以得出最适合的曲线参数,再将最适的参数代入算法,通过对实验订单的优化可以得出新的调度方案,如表9所示。
通过仿真系统的指导现场,实现对车辆的调度,通过仿真系统对工位空闲时长记录,可生成各工位的工作情况甘特图,如图13所示。
图13可以看出各工位的空闲情况,以及车辆的调度流程,麻雀算法优化的调度方案将各工位的空闲率提升到88.2%,有效提高了产线的生产效率。
以总装现场的生产为例,用不同算法的调度系统分别对相同订单进行调度效果测试,记录各算法订单的完成时间,并绘制成数据表如图14所示。
图14可以得出,在10组测试的订单任务中,KM算法的订单完成时间略慢于麻雀搜索算法的订单完成时间。将各工位的使用率进行汇总求均值,结果如表10所示。
表10中的KM算法与麻雀算法工位空闲率对比表可以清晰地看出,大部分时刻麻雀算法的空闲率都比KM算法要低一些,将表10绘制成曲线图可以更直观地看出对比效果。
图15可以看出,订单1的麻雀算法设备利用率较低,是因为算法陷入了局部最优解,导致后续工位空闲率剧增,对于简单的系统KM算法与麻雀算法接近,当系统复杂时,KM算法稳定性更高,但算法运行速度较慢,麻雀算法速度更快,但容易陷入局部最优解。
设定了总装3个危险场所工厂的产线为研究背景,针对没有无线网络的环境下,多辆AGV调度困难的问题,提出了一种基于plant simulation物流仿真软件的离散仿真实时调度技术,通过实验得出以下结论。
(1)通过延时测试实验证明,仿真指导现场生产技术,通过主控系统直接对现场地标动态码进行控制,缩短了传统方法中设备信息互传的延时时长。
(2)通过调度系统搭建数据实验证明,仿真指导现场生产技术比传统方法在编写时长和调试时长方面都有着巨大的优势,同时节拍达标率也随现场的复杂程度而提高。
(3)通过算法对比试验证明,在车间布局较为简单的情况下,KM算法的调度准确率高于麻雀算法,且调度速率接近,随着车间布局逐渐复杂,麻雀算法明显快于KM算法的调度效果。
总之,离线仿真的实时调度系统可以提高产线生产效率,减少编写和调试调度程序的工作量,同时提供更快的错误定位和修复,具有显著的可利用价值。
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401271
  • 接收时间:2024-02-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-28
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    1 沈阳化工大学信息工程学院, 沈阳 110142
    2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所, 沈阳 110016

通讯作者:

* 刘松凯(1984—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:机械设计及其自动化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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