Article(id=1156264260410925742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309601, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701705600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-05, revisedDate=1732723200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604482032, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604482032, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604482032, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604482032, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2428, endPage=2434, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264262684238522, articleId=1156264260410925742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Prediction of Rolling Bearing Performance Degradation Trend Based on IBA-SVR, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Establishing an accurate rolling bearing performance degradation prediction model plays a crucial role in subsequent processing such as bearing fault classification and life prediction. In order to solve the problem of inaccurate prediction of bearing performance degradation model, an IBA(improved bat algorithm) was proposed to improve the accuracy of degradation model prediction. Firstly, Cat chaotic mapping was applied to the initial position of the population to enhance the traversability of the population and improve the quality of the initial solution. Secondly, an inverse tangent-like control factor was added in the iterative process to improve the algorithm’s accuracy in finding the optimum. Finally, the position updating strategy was improved to prevent from falling into the local optimum. By comparing the results with those obtained from SVR(support vector regression machine) optimized by BA(bat algorithm), SVR optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm, and SVR optimized by gray wolf optimization algorithm, the results show that the absolute mean error of the prediction model optimized by the IBA decreases by 70.60%, 67.19%, 55.56%, and the root-mean-square error decreases by 76.64%, 76.12%, and 76.12%, respectively. 76.64%, 76.12%, and 30.29%, respectively, further proving the accuracy of the improved prediction model.

, correspAuthors=Dong AN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-zhou HUANG, Meng SHAO, Hao WU, Dong AN, Hao-long ZHANG, Zhi-qiang CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264344229896525, articleId=1156264260410925742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于IBA-SVR的滚动轴承性能退化趋势预测, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

建立准确的滚动轴承性能退化预测模型对于轴承故障分类、寿命预测等后续处理有着至关重要的作用。为了解决轴承性能退化模型预测不准确的问题,提出了一种改进的蝙蝠算法(improvement bat algorithm, IBA)来提高退化模型预测的准确度。首先将Cat混沌映射应用到种群初始位置,增强种群的遍历性,提高初始解的质量;其次在迭代过程中加入类反正切控制因子,提高算法寻优精度;最后改进位置更新策略,防止陷入局部最优。通过与蝙蝠算法(bat algorithm, BA)优化的支持向量回归机(support vector regression, SVR)、粒子群优化算法优化的SVR和灰狼优化算法优化的SVR所得的结果做对比,结果表明:IBA所优化预测模型的均值绝对误差分别下降了70.60%、67.19%、55.56%,均方根误差分别下降了76.64%、76.12%、30.29%,进一步证明了改进后的预测模型的准确性。

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* 安冬(1984—),男,汉族,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,副教授。研究方向:精密运动控制理论与方法、电主轴早期故障预测与诊断方法。E-mail:
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黄亚州(1998—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生,研究方向:轴承寿命预测与故障诊断。E-mail:

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黄亚州(1998—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生,研究方向:轴承寿命预测与故障诊断。E-mail:

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Standard test functions

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测试函数 维数 搜索范围 最小值
${f}_{1}\left(x\right)=\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{\left(\stackrel{i}{\sum _{j=1}}{x}_{j}\right)}^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$\begin{array}{l}{f}_{2}\left(x\right)=\stackrel{n-1}{\sum _{i=1}}\left[100\right({x}_{i+1}-{x}_{i}^{2}{)}^{2}+\\ \left({x}_{i}{-1)}^{2}\right]\end{array}$ 30 [-30,30] 0
${f}_{3}\left(x\right)=\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}\left(\right[{x}_{i}{+0.5\left]\right)}^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
${f}_{4}\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{4\mathrm{ }000}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{x}_{i}^{2}-\stackrel{n}{\prod _{i=1}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\frac{{x}_{i}}{\sqrt{i}}+1$ 30 [-600,600] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564643631855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260410925742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

标准测试函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试函数 维数 搜索范围 最小值
${f}_{1}\left(x\right)=\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{\left(\stackrel{i}{\sum _{j=1}}{x}_{j}\right)}^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
$\begin{array}{l}{f}_{2}\left(x\right)=\stackrel{n-1}{\sum _{i=1}}\left[100\right({x}_{i+1}-{x}_{i}^{2}{)}^{2}+\\ \left({x}_{i}{-1)}^{2}\right]\end{array}$ 30 [-30,30] 0
${f}_{3}\left(x\right)=\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}\left(\right[{x}_{i}{+0.5\left]\right)}^{2}$ 30 [-100,100] 0
${f}_{4}\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{4\mathrm{ }000}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{x}_{i}^{2}-\stackrel{n}{\prod _{i=1}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\frac{{x}_{i}}{\sqrt{i}}+1$ 30 [-600,600] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564773655286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260410925742, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of standard function test results

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算法 函数 平均值 标准差 算法 函数 平均值 标准差
IBA 0 0 IBA 4.90×10-5 8.87×10-6
BA f1 4.87×10-9 2.78×10-9 BA f3 8.24×10-5 7.15×10-6
PSO 1.36 8.50×10-1 PSO 4.59×102 3.61×101
GWO 3.62×10-308 4.27×10-312 GWO 1.87×10-2 4.62
IBA 1.49×10-30 3.51×10-31 IBA 5.03×10-15 3.09×10-15
BA f2 1.21 2.84 BA f4 3.90×10-9 1.38×10-9
PSO 1.50×103 1.30×103 PSO 5.95 1.62
GWO 1.48 1.42×10-1 GWO 7.51×10-3 7.10×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564886901500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260410925742, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

标准函数测试结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 函数 平均值 标准差 算法 函数 平均值 标准差
IBA 0 0 IBA 4.90×10-5 8.87×10-6
BA f1 4.87×10-9 2.78×10-9 BA f3 8.24×10-5 7.15×10-6
PSO 1.36 8.50×10-1 PSO 4.59×102 3.61×101
GWO 3.62×10-308 4.27×10-312 GWO 1.87×10-2 4.62
IBA 1.49×10-30 3.51×10-31 IBA 5.03×10-15 3.09×10-15
BA f2 1.21 2.84 BA f4 3.90×10-9 1.38×10-9
PSO 1.50×103 1.30×103 PSO 5.95 1.62
GWO 1.48 1.42×10-1 GWO 7.51×10-3 7.10×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565004342017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260410925742, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Raw characteristics of vibration signals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征类型 特征名称
时域特征 F1:均值,F2:最大值,F3:均方根,F4:峰值因子,F5:方差,F6:脉冲因子,F7:峭度,F8:峰峰值
频域特征 F9:平均频率,F10:均方根频率
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565184697103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260410925742, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

振动信号原始特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征类型 特征名称
时域特征 F1:均值,F2:最大值,F3:均方根,F4:峰值因子,F5:方差,F6:脉冲因子,F7:峭度,F8:峰峰值
频域特征 F9:平均频率,F10:均方根频率
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565344080666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260410925742, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Prediction errors of different algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 MAE RMSE
IBA-SVR 0.0207 0.0260
BA-SVR 0.0704 0.1113
PSO-SVR 0.0631 0.1089
GWO-SVR 0.0322 0.0373
), ArticleFig(id=1233422565482492706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260410925742, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同算法预测误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 MAE RMSE
IBA-SVR 0.0207 0.0260
BA-SVR 0.0704 0.1113
PSO-SVR 0.0631 0.1089
GWO-SVR 0.0322 0.0373
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基于IBA-SVR的滚动轴承性能退化趋势预测
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黄亚州 1 , 邵萌 1 , 吴昊 2 , 安冬 1, * , 张浩龙 1 , 崔志强 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(6): 2428-2434
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(6): 2428-2434
基于IBA-SVR的滚动轴承性能退化趋势预测
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黄亚州1 , 邵萌1, 吴昊2, 安冬1, * , 张浩龙1, 崔志强1
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳建筑大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110168
  • 2 中国重汽集团汽车研究总院, 济南 250102
  • 黄亚州(1998—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生,研究方向:轴承寿命预测与故障诊断。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 安冬(1984—),男,汉族,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,副教授。研究方向:精密运动控制理论与方法、电主轴早期故障预测与诊断方法。E-mail:
Prediction of Rolling Bearing Performance Degradation Trend Based on IBA-SVR
Ya-zhou HUANG1 , Meng SHAO1, Hao WU2, Dong AN1, * , Hao-long ZHANG1, Zhi-qiang CUI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
  • 2 China National Automobile Research Institute, Jinan 250102, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309601
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建立准确的滚动轴承性能退化预测模型对于轴承故障分类、寿命预测等后续处理有着至关重要的作用。为了解决轴承性能退化模型预测不准确的问题,提出了一种改进的蝙蝠算法(improvement bat algorithm, IBA)来提高退化模型预测的准确度。首先将Cat混沌映射应用到种群初始位置,增强种群的遍历性,提高初始解的质量;其次在迭代过程中加入类反正切控制因子,提高算法寻优精度;最后改进位置更新策略,防止陷入局部最优。通过与蝙蝠算法(bat algorithm, BA)优化的支持向量回归机(support vector regression, SVR)、粒子群优化算法优化的SVR和灰狼优化算法优化的SVR所得的结果做对比,结果表明:IBA所优化预测模型的均值绝对误差分别下降了70.60%、67.19%、55.56%,均方根误差分别下降了76.64%、76.12%、30.29%,进一步证明了改进后的预测模型的准确性。

蝙蝠算法  /  滚动轴承  /  退化趋势预测  /  支持向量回归机

Establishing an accurate rolling bearing performance degradation prediction model plays a crucial role in subsequent processing such as bearing fault classification and life prediction. In order to solve the problem of inaccurate prediction of bearing performance degradation model, an IBA(improved bat algorithm) was proposed to improve the accuracy of degradation model prediction. Firstly, Cat chaotic mapping was applied to the initial position of the population to enhance the traversability of the population and improve the quality of the initial solution. Secondly, an inverse tangent-like control factor was added in the iterative process to improve the algorithm’s accuracy in finding the optimum. Finally, the position updating strategy was improved to prevent from falling into the local optimum. By comparing the results with those obtained from SVR(support vector regression machine) optimized by BA(bat algorithm), SVR optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm, and SVR optimized by gray wolf optimization algorithm, the results show that the absolute mean error of the prediction model optimized by the IBA decreases by 70.60%, 67.19%, 55.56%, and the root-mean-square error decreases by 76.64%, 76.12%, and 76.12%, respectively. 76.64%, 76.12%, and 30.29%, respectively, further proving the accuracy of the improved prediction model.

bat algorithm  /  rolling bearings  /  degradation trend prediction  /  support vector regression machine
黄亚州, 邵萌, 吴昊, 安冬, 张浩龙, 崔志强. 基于IBA-SVR的滚动轴承性能退化趋势预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2428 -2434 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309601
Ya-zhou HUANG, Meng SHAO, Hao WU, Dong AN, Hao-long ZHANG, Zhi-qiang CUI. Prediction of Rolling Bearing Performance Degradation Trend Based on IBA-SVR[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2428 -2434 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309601
轴承在航空发动机中应用广泛,其性能直接影响着航空发动机的安全运转,一旦发生轴承失效,极易影响飞行安全。如果能够对滚动轴承性能退化做出准确的预测,则可以提前更换老化轴承,避免事故的发生。
随着故障预测与健康管理(prognostics health management, PHM)技术[1]的发展,中外研究人员开始对轴承的退化状态进行深入学习与探讨。Saidi等[2]提出了一种基于支持向量回归机(support vector regression, SVR)的风力涡轮机高速轴承的预测和健康监测方法,Loutas等[3]提出一种基于ε-SVR的数据驱动方法,用于估计滚动轴承的剩余使用寿命。安冬等[4]提出了一种新的复合退化特征,并利用粒子群优化粒子滤波算法对滚动轴承的寿命进行了预测。李卓漫等[5]利用卷积自编码器完成特征降维,采用混合灰狼算法优化预测模型。在此研究基础上,学者们提出智能算法与支持向量机相结合的预测方法。罗源睿等[6]将蝙蝠算法(bat algorithm, BA)优化的支持向量机应用于轴承故障分类,杨等[7]提出了一种改进的BA,马晨佩等[8]采用麻雀搜索算法与SVR结合,构建一种新的预测模型。但上述方法普遍存在算法收敛速度慢,预测模型精确度不高等问题。
为了克服以上缺陷,现提出一种改进的蝙蝠算法(improvement bat algorithm, IBA)应用到轴承性能退化趋势预测模型。该方法包含两步,即退化特征的重构和预测模型的建立。在信号重构部分,利用主成分分析(programmable counter array, PCA)对采集到的原始振动信号进行特征融合,从而得到能够反映轴承退化趋势的指标;在模型建立部分,由于SVR具有良好的泛化能力和数学基础,显示出较好的预测能力,故采用其对轴承退化阶段进行预测。通过改进BA,将IBA寻找的最优蝙蝠位置应用于优化SVR的参数,进一步提高退化模型的预测精度和稳定性。基于此,构建IBA-SVR轴承退化趋势预测模型。
主成分分析是一种经典的数据处理方法[9],它的主要作用是将高维数据映射到一个低维的子空间中,同时保留数据主要特征的同时实现了数据的降维。其基本原理如下。
设数据集$X=[{x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots,{x}_{m}]$共有m组数据,每组数据有n个特征。
(1)对实验数据进行标准化处理,即
${y}_{ij}=\frac{{x}_{ij}-{\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{x}}}_{j}}{s\left({x}_{j}\right)}$
式(1)中:xij为经过标准化的特征量;${\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{x}}}_{j}$为特征量均值;s(xj)为标准差;$i=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,m,j=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,n。$
(2)计算标准化数据矩阵M的协方差矩阵V,即
$V=\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{v}\left(M\right)=\frac{1}{m-1}M{M}^{\mathrm{T}}$
通过计算求出协方差矩阵V的特征值(${\lambda }_{1},{\lambda }_{2},\dots,{\lambda }_{n})$和特征向量${a}_{i}=({a}_{i1},{a}_{i2},\dots {a}_{in}),\mathrm{其}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,n。$
(3)求前p个主成分的累计贡献率,即
$\mathrm{\varphi }\left(\mathrm{p}\right)=\frac{\stackrel{p}{\sum _{i=1}}{\lambda }_{i}}{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=1}}{\lambda }_{i}}$
取前p个累计贡献率高的主成分向量进行重构,达到数据降维的目的。
蝙蝠算法是Yang[10]在2010年提出的一种新的智能搜索算法,基本原理是模仿蝙蝠的觅食行为特征,利用超声波搜寻猎物位置。N只蝙蝠个体在飞行过程中更新频率、速度和位置值。整个算法包括全局更新和局部更新两部分。全局更新方程为
${f}_{i}={f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+({f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}){r}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}$
${v}_{i}^{t}={v}_{i}^{t-1}-({x}_{i}^{t}-{x}_{\mathrm{*}}){f}_{i}$
${x}_{i}^{t}={x}_{i}^{t-1}+{v}_{i}^{t}$
式中:fii只蝙蝠的发射频率;fmax为最大频率;fmin为最小频率;rand为随机数,范围大小为[0,1];${v}_{i}^{t}$为第i只蝙蝠在t时刻的飞行速度;x*为寻优后的全局最优值;${x}_{i}^{t}$为第i只蝙蝠个体在t时刻的具体位置,$\mathrm{其}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{i}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,N。$
在局部搜索阶段的位置更新公式为
${x}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{w}}={x}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{d}}+\xi {A}^{t}$
式(7)中:xold为当前最优值;$\xi $为[-1,1]之间的随机数;At为所有蝙蝠的当前平均响度$,\mathrm{其}\mathrm{中}\mathrm{t}=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,T。$
随着迭代次数的增加,蝙蝠越来越接近目标值,响度在逐渐变小,同时脉冲发射率在逐渐增加。响度和脉冲发射率更新为
${A}_{i}^{t}=\alpha {A}_{i}^{t-1}$
${r}_{i}^{t+1}={r}_{i}^{0}[1-\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-\gamma t\left)\right]$
式中:${A}_{i}^{t}、{A}_{i}^{t-1}$分别为第i只蝙蝠在tt-1时刻的脉冲响度;${r}_{i}^{t+1}$为第i只蝙蝠在t+1时刻的脉冲发射率;exp为以e为底的指数函数;α为[-1,1]之间的随机数;γ为大于0的随机数。
1)Cat混沌映射优化种群初始位置
在智能优化算法中,初始种群的分布直接影响到算法的收敛速度和准确性[11]。优化算法中的初始位置是采用随机数的方式决定的,这种方法具有一定的偶然性。因此,许多学者将混沌映射引入优化算法的种群初始化中,如李志军[12]将Sobol序列应用到蝙蝠算法,王艳等[13]将tent映射应用到改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法中。但Sobol序列对于初始点的选择非常敏感,Tent映射敏感性较低,这在某些应用中可能不利于提高随机性和安全性。对Cat混沌映射进行了研究,其动力学方程定义为
$\left[\begin{array}{l}{x}_{n+1}\\ {y}_{n+1}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l}1\\ 1\end{array}\right.\left.\begin{array}{l}1\\ 2\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}{x}_{n}\\ {y}_{n}\end{array}\right]\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}1$
式(10)中:xn、yn为映射第n次的坐标值,mod1为模运算。Cat混沌映射在[0,1]区间分布均匀,具有重复性底、结构简单的优点,其迭代2 000次的分布如图1所示。
2)类反正切控制因子
由式(5)可知,每个蝙蝠的移动速度更新系数为1,其严重影响了算法的寻优速度,且降低了蝙蝠的探索与开发能力[14]。故在速度更新的基础上,提出了加入类反正切控制因子,提高算法的全局搜索能力,加快算法的收敛。具体控制因子为
$\omega =1-\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[a{\left(\frac{t}{{t}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right)}^{b}\right]\left|\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\frac{c}{{t}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right|$
式(11)中:tmax为最大迭代次数;t为当前迭代次数;abc为常数。
根据蝙蝠算法的特性,经过反复的对比测试,本文采用a=200,b=6,c=240的方法,图2为类反正切控制因子的选取曲线。速度更新公式改为
${v}_{i}^{t}=\omega {v}_{i}^{t-1}+({x}_{i}^{t}-{x}_{\mathrm{*}}){f}_{i}$
3)改进位置更新策略
通过引入一个随机数,使位置更新策略更具有随机性和多样性,有助于避免算法陷入局部最优解,提高其鲁棒性。修改公式为
${x}_{i}^{t}=\tau {x}_{i}^{t-1}+{v}_{i}^{t}$
式(13)中:$\tau $为介于(0,1)的随机数。
整理式(4)~式(13)可得,当t→∞时,得${v}_{t}\to \frac{{x}_{\mathrm{*}}{f}_{i}(1-\tau )}{{f}_{i}+(1-\tau )(1-\omega )},$假设存在一个变量yt,yt=x*-xt,可得到$\underset{t\to \infty }{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}}{y}_{t}=\frac{{x}_{\mathrm{*}}(1-\tau )(1-\omega )}{{f}_{i}+(1-\tau )(1-\omega )},$此时yt为一个有限的实数,相对于原始的蝙蝠算法,$\tau $并不是一个常数,会生成随机数,进而改变yt,使其也不会保持为一个常量值,可用来防止算法收敛过早。这样,在选择合适的$\tau 、\omega $和fi时,在一定时间内蝙蝠的速度收敛于一个稳定的值。由于速度收敛,那么蝙蝠的位置也必将收敛于一个稳定的值。
为了验证IBA算法的性能,本文研究中选取4组测试函数进行测试,函数f1~f4表1所示,本实验在软件MATLAB 2019b上执行。实验平台采用PC机,操作系统为Win10 64位,处理器为Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-10 505 CPU @3.20 GHz,内存8.0 GB。设置种群规模为30,最大迭代次数为1 000,响度最大值A为0.25,脉冲发射率r0的最大值为0.5。每组实验计算30次,记录并保存最优解的平均值和标准差。每组实验迭代次数1 000次,选取粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)、灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimization, GWO)和传统BA算法进行对比,得到表2结果。算法设置如下粒子群优化算法设置为:c1=1,c2=1,ω=1;灰狼优化算法:收敛因子a从2线性递减到0。
表2图3可以明显看出,通过改进传统BA算法,引入Cat混沌映射、类反正切控制因子与改进位置更新策略的方法,极大地改善了BA算法的优化性能。与其他3种优化算法相比,IBA对单模态基准函数和多模态基准函数有较好的寻优效果,迭代速度更快,优化效果更好。
单一的退化特征很难全面地反映轴承的失效过程,本文提取轴承振动信号的8个时域特征和2个频域特征,详细特征如表3所示。
对于上述10维原始信号特征,采用1.1节描述的PCA方法进行特征融合,筛选出能较为全面描述轴承退化信息的特征,通常选取第一主特征作为退化指标。
本文研究建立了基于改进的蝙蝠算法优化支持向量回归机(IBA-SVR)的退化特征预测模型,优化过程如图1所示。该模型使用IBA优化SVR的惩罚函数C与核函数参数g,通过选择全局蝙蝠的最优位置来提高SVR的预测精确度和优化速度。选择常用的灰狼优化算法与传统蝙蝠算法进行对比,分析各种算法应用到轴承退化预测模型的优劣。滚动轴承退化趋势预测流程如图4所示。
本文实验数据来自IEEE PHM2012年数据挑战赛[15],平台结构如图5所示。主要由转动、加载以及测量部分组成,其中测量部分包括采集试验轴承的水平方向和垂直方向上的加速度信号,本文研究中选取水平方向的振动信号。当振动信号超过20g(g为重力加速度)时,认为轴承损坏,无法继续使用。
实验的训练集采用轴承1_1的加速度振动信号,共2 803个样本,除去振动幅值超过20g的信号,则剩余2 756个样本,如图6所示。测试集选取轴承1_2的加速度信号,共871个样本。
对轴承1_1及1_2提取如表3所示的10个时域频域特征,再利用PCA进行融合,得到前6个主成分的贡献率如图7所示,其中第一主成分占68.67%,故将第一主成分作为退化指标进行分析。
将轴承退化指标经过平滑处理,如图8所示,并建立SVR滚动预测模型,由于轴承运行前期的振动信号较为平稳,只选取轴承1_2的后20%作为测试集。
基于IBA对SVR中的参数Cg进行寻优的过程中,首先使用Cat混沌映射对种群进行初始化,种群规模n=30,最大迭代次数T=100,Cg的范围为[0,100],响度A最大值为0.25,脉冲发射率r0的最大值为0.5。分析构建的退化指标,得到性能预测模型。为了更好地展示实验效果,选用BA、PSO与GWO优化算法进行对比,轴承的退化趋势预测如图9所示。从图9可以看出,IBA-SVR模型能够较精准地预测每一个阶段,预测值与原始值的误差极小。而BA-SVR、PSO-SVR和GWO-SVR模型在采样点710~720阶段均预测较差。在采样点720~820阶段,BA-SVR和GWO-SVR模型预测较为准确,但BA-SVR模型在采样点820~870阶段的退化趋势预测表现不佳。
为了能够量化IBA算法在预测性能上的优势,选用均值绝对误差EMAE与均方根误差ERMSE进行评价,EMAEERMSE作为评价性能的标准,其越小表明预测值与实际值之间的误差越小。具体数据如表4所示。其表达式为
${E}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{E}}=\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}\left|{y}_{i}-{\dot{\mathrm{y}}}_{i}\right|$
${E}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}({y}_{i}-{\dot{\mathrm{y}}}_{i}{)}^{2}}$
式中:n为预测数据的个数;yi为第i个指标的测量值;${\dot{\mathrm{y}}}_{i}$为第i个指标的真实值。
经过实验表明,与BA优化的退化模型相比,应用IBA所构建的轴承退化预测模型均值绝对误差MAE减小了0.049 7,下降了70.60%,均方根误差RMSE减小了0.085 3,下降了76.64%,与PSO算法相比,MAE减小了0.042 4,下降了67.19%,RMSE减小了0.082 9,下降了76.12%。,与GWO优化的退化模型相比,MAE减小了0.011 5,下降了55.56%,RMSE减小了0.011 3,下降了30.29%。
针对现有的滚动轴承性能退化预测模型精确度不高的问题,提出了基于IBA-SVR的滚动轴承性能退化模型,在轴承数据集上进行了验证,通过对比分析其他模型的寿命预测趋势,得出如下结论。
(1)对BA算法进行改进,通过引入Cat混沌映射改善初始种群位置、加入类反正切控制因子调节惯性权重以及改进位置更新策略的方法,使算法在寻优速度与精度方面得到了极大的提高。采用4种标准测试函数对IBA进行了检验,实验结果表明了所提出算法的优越性。
(2)通过使用PCA建立准确反映轴承失效信息的退化特征,并作为SVR的输入,引用所提出的IBA对其参数进行优化,提高了预测模型的准确性。并与BA、PSO、GWO算法构建的退化模型进行对比,实验结果证明,在构建退化趋势预测模型方面,本文模型明显优于对比模型,对研究轴承退化趋势及使用寿命具有一定的意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51975130)
  • 辽宁省教育厅项目(LJKMZ20220915)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309601
  • 接收时间:2023-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-05
  • 修回日期:2024-11-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(51975130)
辽宁省教育厅项目(LJKMZ20220915)
作者信息
    1 沈阳建筑大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110168
    2 中国重汽集团汽车研究总院, 济南 250102

通讯作者:

* 安冬(1984—),男,汉族,辽宁葫芦岛人,博士,副教授。研究方向:精密运动控制理论与方法、电主轴早期故障预测与诊断方法。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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