Article(id=1156264260402537133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604482030, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604482030, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604482030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604482030, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2585, endPage=2594, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264261803434677, articleId=1156264260402537133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Light Beacons in Wind-Wave Environment and Optimization Scheme, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of light beacons in wind-wave environments and propose an optimization scheme based on stress concentration points, the VOF (volume of fluid) method was used to calculate the pressure distribution on the surface of the light beacon under wave and wind conditions and the resulting deformations. The results indicate that stress concentration occurs at the base of the central support of the light beacon, with the maximum displacement at the top of the light beacon. Two optimization schemes were investigated based on these findings. In the slanted support scheme, stress concentration shifted to the top of the support, reducing by 32.2% compared to before optimization. The maximum deformation was at the base in the middle, a 40.1% reduction compared to before optimization. In the end-strengthened scheme, stress concentrated at the bottom, with a reduction of 0.08% compared to before optimization, while the maximum deformation was at the top of the light beacon, which was reduced by 23.1% compared to before optimization. It is evident that the light beacon structure with slanted supports can effectively reduce stress intensity and disperse the impact of wind and waves on other parts of the light beacon, representing a better structural optimization scheme.

, correspAuthors=Chen-xu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-wei YUE, Hai-yan FAN, Jing-zhou YUAN, Yi-peng LIN, Chen-xu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264396688056917, articleId=1156264260402537133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=灯桩在风浪环境中水动力特性及其优化方案, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为分析灯桩在风浪环境下的水动力特性,并根据其应力集中点给出优化方案。通过VOF(volume of fluid)方法求解了灯桩表面在风浪中的压力分布,以及压力造成形变。结果表明:灯桩应力集中位置在灯桩中间支柱的根部,最大位移位置在灯桩顶端;据此研究了两种优化方案,斜柱支撑方案应力集中在支柱的顶部,比优化前减小32.2%,最大变形量在中部底座处,比优化前减小40.1%;端部加强方案应力集中在底部,比优化前减小0.08%,最大变形发生在灯桩顶部,与优化前相比减小了23.1%。可见支柱斜撑的灯桩结构可以有效地减小结构受到的应力强度,分散了灯桩其他部分受到的风浪的冲击,是更好的结构优化方案。

, correspAuthors=王晨旭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王晨旭(1984—),男,汉族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,博士,讲师。研究方向:海洋结构物设计制造。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vcHXg35r3t12uo+F+Xn9Iw==, magXml=I3NVdRvGv3EkVZ6pTD4QrA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=D3DQUCPtwQs48L/8RHvvUw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=fKQ7fjx0ViA7xqt0SkH2dg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=q3TvJdb2pzS1Td9TcP2Lew==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

岳志伟(1982—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航标理论及设计。E-mail:

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岳志伟(1982—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航标理论及设计。E-mail:

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岳志伟(1982—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航标理论及设计。E-mail:

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caption=Deformation of light beacon, figureFileSmall=cQhwbwxXsNHReTt+n2IFIw==, figureFileBig=uDlca8jgzOqIbIG1EeSP1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422562215121165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260402537133, language=CN, label=图23, caption=灯桩形变, figureFileSmall=cQhwbwxXsNHReTt+n2IFIw==, figureFileBig=uDlca8jgzOqIbIG1EeSP1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422563699904792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260402537133, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 工况1 工况2
波谱类型 五阶VOF波 五阶VOF波
风速/(m·s-1) 6 6
波高/m 1.8 4
周期/s 5 5
水深/m 5.4 5.4
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563821539619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260402537133, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 工况1 工况2
波谱类型 五阶VOF波 五阶VOF波
风速/(m·s-1) 6 6
波高/m 1.8 4
周期/s 5 5
水深/m 5.4 5.4
), ArticleFig(id=1233422563947368748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260402537133, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Properties of light beacon materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 密度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比
C30混凝土 2 400 30 000 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564060614965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264260402537133, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

灯桩材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 密度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比
C30混凝土 2 400 30 000 0.20
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灯桩在风浪环境中水动力特性及其优化方案
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岳志伟 1 , 范海燕 1 , 袁靖周 1 , 林一鹏 1 , 王晨旭 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(6): 2585-2594
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(6): 2585-2594
灯桩在风浪环境中水动力特性及其优化方案
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岳志伟1 , 范海燕1, 袁靖周1, 林一鹏1, 王晨旭2, *
作者信息
  • 1 交通运输部南海航海保障中心, 广州 510000
  • 2 天津大学海洋科学与技术学院, 天津 300072
  • 岳志伟(1982—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航标理论及设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王晨旭(1984—),男,汉族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,博士,讲师。研究方向:海洋结构物设计制造。E-mail:
Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Light Beacons in Wind-Wave Environment and Optimization Scheme
Zhi-wei YUE1 , Hai-yan FAN1, Jing-zhou YUAN1, Yi-peng LIN1, Chen-xu WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Southern Navigation Service Center, Maritime Safety Administration, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 2 School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403191
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为分析灯桩在风浪环境下的水动力特性,并根据其应力集中点给出优化方案。通过VOF(volume of fluid)方法求解了灯桩表面在风浪中的压力分布,以及压力造成形变。结果表明:灯桩应力集中位置在灯桩中间支柱的根部,最大位移位置在灯桩顶端;据此研究了两种优化方案,斜柱支撑方案应力集中在支柱的顶部,比优化前减小32.2%,最大变形量在中部底座处,比优化前减小40.1%;端部加强方案应力集中在底部,比优化前减小0.08%,最大变形发生在灯桩顶部,与优化前相比减小了23.1%。可见支柱斜撑的灯桩结构可以有效地减小结构受到的应力强度,分散了灯桩其他部分受到的风浪的冲击,是更好的结构优化方案。

灯桩  /  群柱结构  /  计算流体力学  /  水动力

To analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of light beacons in wind-wave environments and propose an optimization scheme based on stress concentration points, the VOF (volume of fluid) method was used to calculate the pressure distribution on the surface of the light beacon under wave and wind conditions and the resulting deformations. The results indicate that stress concentration occurs at the base of the central support of the light beacon, with the maximum displacement at the top of the light beacon. Two optimization schemes were investigated based on these findings. In the slanted support scheme, stress concentration shifted to the top of the support, reducing by 32.2% compared to before optimization. The maximum deformation was at the base in the middle, a 40.1% reduction compared to before optimization. In the end-strengthened scheme, stress concentrated at the bottom, with a reduction of 0.08% compared to before optimization, while the maximum deformation was at the top of the light beacon, which was reduced by 23.1% compared to before optimization. It is evident that the light beacon structure with slanted supports can effectively reduce stress intensity and disperse the impact of wind and waves on other parts of the light beacon, representing a better structural optimization scheme.

light beacon  /  group pile structure  /  computational fluid dynamics  /  hydrodynamics
岳志伟, 范海燕, 袁靖周, 林一鹏, 王晨旭. 灯桩在风浪环境中水动力特性及其优化方案. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2585 -2594 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403191
Zhi-wei YUE, Hai-yan FAN, Jing-zhou YUAN, Yi-peng LIN, Chen-xu WANG. Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Light Beacons in Wind-Wave Environment and Optimization Scheme[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2585 -2594 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403191
灯桩是航道中重要的固定助航标志,设置在重要、复杂的水域,具有指示交通功能。为此,灯桩持续稳定的发挥航标效能十分必要,若灯桩受损,会对周边船舶的航行安全、港口业务和经济发展带来一定的影响。恶劣海况下风浪荷载对灯桩结构的破坏是其损毁的主要原因之一,因此,研究灯桩在风浪环境中的水动力特性是保障灯桩安全工作的必要课题。
灯桩通常由数个桩腿固定在航道底,可归为群柱承台结构。近50年来,研究人员对单桩周围波浪作用的模式和机制进行了详细的研究[1-5]。与单柱相比,由于多个圆柱体之间多个波反射和干涉效应,在多柱情况下评估复杂的波衍射难度较大。而且圆柱体到中心距离也是影响波浪力的重要因素,当圆柱体间隔非常近时,使用势理论的低阶方法无法求解水动力。随着计算机算力突飞猛进,可计算黏性的CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法取得了长足发展。CFD可以探明基础流动和波动,并生成准确和详细的结果,无须对典型波浪模型进行假设和简化。Mayer等[6]为计入黏性效应,使用Navier-Stokes方程求解波浪问题。他们给出了两种描述波浪的数值方法,其中VOF(volume of fluid)在后来的数值计算中被广泛植入。杨晨等[7]以Navier-Stokes为控制方程,选用k-ε湍流模型和VOF法模拟了三维波浪场中 小尺度群桩柱所受波浪力,给出了各桩柱干扰系数与桩柱距的关系。Li等[8]开发了用Navier-Stokes方程构建三维波浪的方法,使得在计算波浪载荷时引入黏性效应成为较为成熟的数值算法。Jacobsen等[9]使用CFD软件计算此类问题,是较早的使用CFD方法的研究报告。Kamath等[10-11]用CFD方法分别研究了二维和三维的多柱受波浪力载荷特点。Qu等[12]k-ω湍流模型求解了孤立波加载在群柱承台结构(桥)上的水动力特性,Wen等[13]同样用k-ω湍流模型求解了在有风加入的工况下桥桩和桥面的动力响应。Ma等[14]采用CFD和DEM(discrete element method)结合模型求解了双柱受波浪冲刷时的周围流场特性。靳林晓[15]用VOF法研究了桩柱受波浪冲击后的爬升问题。综上可知在CFD方法里,应用Navier-Stokes方程并通过VOF法控制波面的手段已较为成熟,可解决一些较复杂的流场情况。
以往研究者用CFD方法对这种多柱排列结构在波浪中的水动力特性做出了大量研究,但针对灯桩的研究尚显不足,尤其缺少完整的、精细化计算以给出准确的水动力载荷分析。这种缺失使灯桩结构设计的改进和优化缺乏科学指导。本文研究针对航道内的灯桩在风浪耦合环境下,采用CFD方法对其所受的载荷进行计算,对结构体形变的风险给出评估,并给出优化设计的思路。
本文研究选择了时均化的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)模型,其中速度和压力等流体属性被分解成平均值和涡动(波动)部分。雷诺平均的N-S方程和连续方程共同构成了一个闭合的非线性方程组,用来描述复杂的流体运动。
$\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0$
式(1)中:xi为空间上的3个方向,i=1,2,3。
同时满足动量方程,即纳维斯托克斯(Navier-Stokes,N-S)方程。
$\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial t}+\overline{{u}_{j}}\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial \stackrel{-}{p}}{\partial {x}_{i}}+\nu \frac{{\partial }^{2}\overline{{u}_{i}}}{\partial {x}_{j}\partial {x}_{j}}-\frac{\partial \overline{{u}_{i}\text{'}{u}_{j}\text{'}}}{\partial {x}_{j}}$
式(2)中:$\overline{{u}_{i}}$为第i个方向上的平均速度分量;ρ为流体密度;$\stackrel{-}{p}$为平均压力;v为动力黏性系数;$\overline{u{\text{'}}_{i}u{\text{'}}_{j}}$为雷诺应力,代表速度波动的相关性,是需要通过模型额外计算的部分。
上述方程是雷诺平均的控制方程。
在本文研究中,使用CFD软件STAR-CCM+选择SST k-ω湍流模型进行数值模拟,包括两个额外的传输方程来表示流动的湍流特性。包括湍动能k的湍流动能输运方程,即
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\mathrm{\rho }\mathrm{k}\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\mathrm{\rho }\mathrm{k}{\stackrel{-}{u}}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\Gamma }_{k}\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)+{G}_{k}-{Y}_{k}$
以及耗散率ω的湍流耗散率输运方程,即
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\mathrm{\rho }\mathrm{\omega }\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\mathrm{\rho }\mathrm{\omega }{\stackrel{-}{u}}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({\Gamma }_{\omega }\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{j}}\right)+{G}_{\omega }-\\ {Y}_{\omega }+{S}_{\omega }\end{array}$
式中:${\Gamma }_{k}$和${\Gamma }_{\omega }$分别为kω的有效扩散系数;GkGω分别为kω的生成项;YkYω分别为kω的湍流耗散项;Sω为交叉扩散项。
VOF方法是用CFD求解波浪的基本方法之一[6],VOF方法在流体网格中引入了体积分数α这一物理量,α在0和1之间取值,当α为0或1时,表示网格中只存在一种流体;当α为其他值时,表示网格中存在两种流体,所有这些网格就构成了两相流体的交界面,具体到本文,即为自由表面。引入了体积分数之后,流体密度ρ和动力黏性系数μ变为
$\mathrm{\rho }=\stackrel{2}{\sum _{q=1}}{a}_{q}{\rho }_{q}$
$\mathrm{\mu }=\stackrel{2}{\sum _{q=1}}{a}_{q}{\mu }_{q}$
式中:a1和a2体积分别为空气相与水相的体积分数,且两者之和为1。
还满足如下输运方程,即
$\frac{\partial {a}_{q}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\overline{{u}_{i}}{a}_{q}\right)}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0, q=\mathrm{1,2};i=\mathrm{1,2},3$
综上所述,对于本文研究的不可压黏性两相流问题,控制方程组包含连续性方程式(1),RANS方程式(2),湍流模型方程式(3)和式(4),以及体积分数输运方程式(7)。它们共同构成一个闭合的方程组。
利用STAR-CCM+软件的3-CAD-Model模块建立的灯桩全尺寸模型,如图1所示。需要指出的是,在此处忽略防护栏及细小的构件的模型。
图2为计算域的尺寸图,由于采用的是形变网格法,因此存在背景区域、形变区域两个区域,计算域的主要三维尺度80 m×40 m×30.4 m,以原点为基准范围为-40 m<x<40 m,-20 m<y<20 m,-5.4 m<z<25 m,需要指出的是,静水面距离背景区域底部为5.4 m。边界条件设置情况如图3所示。
网格划分如图4所示,显示了背景区域以及形变区域的网格划分情况,可以看到,为了利用VOF方法更好地捕捉自由液面形状,本文研究对静水面附近的网格进行了加密处理,同时,为了保证背景网格与形变网格之间插值的准确性,对于形变区域外围的背景区域也做了网格加密,并同时采用自适应网格对形变网格与自由液面网格进行自动加密,这样能更好地捕捉到自由液面的翻卷与形变。计算域中背景域网格数量为9.88×106,重叠域网格数量为3.14×106
曲线图和柱状图分别如图1图2所示,有多条曲线的需给出图例。根据南海保障中心辖区内永兴岛附近水域环境监测值,取冬季和夏季平均波高和风速,如表1所示。
波浪充分发展后的流场计算情况如图5图6所示,从工况1中可以看到此时桩体平台部分基本都被波浪所淹没,超过平台高度的波浪在冲击到桩体后向反方向产生翻卷,此时波浪的冲击对桩体的根部会产生较大沿X方向的瞬时力,而工况2的情况更加严重,当波高达到4 m后,波峰到达桩体时,桩体的下半部分基本都浸没于波浪之中,而波峰会沿着桩体向上爬升,使桩体的浸没面积大幅增加,此时未产生波浪的翻卷现象。
图7图8所示为沿X方向的速度云图,从工况1中可以看到波浪在受到灯桩的阻碍后,在灯桩的后方形成了短距离的低速区,波峰的背风面会形成小范围的高速区域。在工况2时,随着波高的增加,由于狭管效应,波面上方的空气流速大幅增加,形成了大范围的高速区域。
通过上述分析可知,风浪耦合时浪高影响风速,风速随着浪高的将增加而增大。风、浪作用下的灯桩的X向受力时历曲线由图9图10给出。从图9图10中可以看到,灯桩的受力随着波浪的冲击呈周期性变化,接近于类似波浪的正弦曲线,波高为1.8 m的工况1在计算稳定后X方向最大受力为454 kN,平均受力为294 kN,而波高为4 m的工况2在计算稳定后X方向最大受力为817 kN,平均受力为385 kN。
由灯桩受力情况可得其表面的压力分布(图11图12),工况1时由于波浪对灯桩桩体的冲击力较为缓和,此时灯桩桩体压力比较均匀,没有出现受波浪冲击而形成高压区,而此时受波浪整体冲击作用,灯桩根部作为固定端面,在其附近产生了较大的压力。而工况2时由于波浪的幅值有所提高,灯桩桩体受到的瞬时冲击力大幅增加,此时除了灯桩的根部压力较大以外,灯桩桩体的平面的连接处也因为冲击作用产生了压力集中区。
得到灯桩在风、浪工况下的压力分布计算结果后,可进行下一步灯桩结构有限元分析。
首先对灯桩所用材料进行定义,根据袁靖周等[16]的研究,所设计的灯桩强度不应低于C30混凝土,其属性如表2所示。
在定义灯桩的材料属性之后,在STAR CCM+中进行网格划分,并进行分析求解,校核工况为波浪冲击工况。
图13为灯桩有限元模型,忽略小型结构部分。X 轴正向沿波浪方向。计算模型中主要采用四面体单元模拟,在过渡区域以及固定桩等局部进行网格加密处理,网格单位大小50 mm,模型共有9.976 9×104个单元。
引用3.2节中灯桩所受的波浪力,将其加载在灯桩有限元模型上,得到结果如图14图15所示,在工况1条件下,波峰在抵达灯桩时,此时灯桩被波浪冲击,灯桩的支柱根部作为固定端,导致最大应力出现在了底部支柱的根部,为7.66 MPa,尤其是中间支柱的根部以及顶部都出现了较大应力集中,而平台上方的桩体整体应力并不大。而在工况2时,从图16中可以看到,桩体的应力情况与工况1非常类似,同样在桩体支柱的上下两端出现了应力集中,最大应力为8.55 MPa,桩体本身在受到波浪冲击后,将力矩传递到了固定端支柱上,使得桩体应力远低于底部的支柱的应力。
图16图17所示,两种工况下,灯桩的最大位移均发生在灯桩顶部,说明振荡力使灯桩产生轻微的振动,振动最大幅度分别为2.47cm、3.22cm。这种振动将加剧灯桩结构的损坏,特别是对灯桩柱础的结构强度提出考验,设计时应避免振动的发生。同时可以看到,灯桩5个柱础各自形变几乎相等,没有较大的分别,这与雷欣欣[17]的实验结果相同。
波浪冲击时在1.8 m波高工况下灯桩最大应力为 7.66 MPa,位置在灯桩中间支柱的根部,整体最大位移量约为2.47cm,位置在灯桩顶端。波浪冲击时在4 m波高工况下灯桩最大应力为8.55 MPa,位置在灯桩中间支柱的根部,整体最大位移量约为3.22 cm,位置在灯桩顶端。通过有限元直接计算,灯桩在波浪冲击工况下,最大应力值小于材料屈服强度。在灯桩设计时应减小振动幅度,避免共振的发生。以上有限元分析给出了灯桩结构中应力集中位置,可为灯桩结构优化提供参考。
通过对灯桩在风浪耦合的环境中的结构应力研究发现灯桩应力集中点在支柱的底部,由于底部受到较大的应力,造成桩身整体振动,威胁结构安全。由于局部应力过大和振动幅度过大都可能造成结构的损坏,特别是后者,一旦引发发共振,则结构将被较大程度的破坏。因此优化方案主要针对两个问题:一是减小应力集中处的受力,二是降低结构振动幅度。研究给出两种优化方案,分别是对灯桩底部支柱进行倾斜优化后的模型和对灯桩底部支柱的两端采用圆台进行加固后的模型,如图18所示。
为验证优化模型的可靠性,取永兴岛附近水域历年监测出现的最大波高值9 m。其计算域如图19所示。
优化结构的数值求解过程,如图20所示。
图21所示,通过对灯桩在风、浪工况下的X方向受力进行了分析,可得到优化前的灯桩受力最大值约为3 332 kN,平均值为1 116 kN,支柱斜撑的灯桩受力最大值约为3 339 kN,平均值为933 kN,支柱两端加固灯桩受力最大值约为3 312 kN,平均值为1 091 kN。由于波高的数值较大,迎浪方向的灯桩底座面以及支柱上沿均由于波浪冲击产生了较大的压力,三种结构形式受波浪冲击的最大压力面相当。
有限元计算过程与前文一致,如图22(a)所示,优化前灯桩应力集中点在桩腿底部,最大可达23.9 MPa。如图22(b)所示,斜柱支撑的灯桩应力集中在桩身支柱的顶部,最大应力为16.2 MPa,比优化前减小32.2%。如图22(c)所示,端部加强的灯桩支柱应力集中在底部,最大达22.1 MPa,比优化前减小0.08%。从图22可以发现,在灯桩支柱改变支撑角度后灯桩桩身受到的应力大幅减小,并且最大应力集中在支柱的顶端,也就是整个灯桩结构的中间位置,相比优化前力臂更短,利于减小其屈曲挠度。尽管支柱端部加强的设计在所受应力上与优化前相比只有轻微的减小,但应力集中在加强部位,不能凭应力未明显减小而认定其优化效果不佳,需要考察整个灯桩结构的变形量而确定是否起到优化作用。
图23(a)所示,灯桩优化前最大变形在其顶部,最大值达到4.84 cm,在强风浪中,受力造成变形从支柱底部向上逐渐增大,灯桩顶部最大,说明位移是自下而上的传递。因为波浪是周期性变化的能量传递,波浪力随着波浪的起伏承振荡变化,这样就会造成灯桩的振动,相当于以灯桩支柱底部为原点,灯桩顶部为端点的钟摆形晃动。如果振动频率与材料自身频率吻合,形成共振,将存在较大的结构安全隐患。
图23(b)所示,支柱斜撑时灯桩最大变形量在其中部底座处,最大为2.9 cm,相比优化前减小40.1%。由于最大位移处在灯桩中部,说明支柱与基座连接有效的缓冲了灯桩的晃动幅度,把振动的传递阻隔在基座处,从基座往上,变形幅度逐渐降低。这种优化设计可以使灯桩的最大变形发生在结构最强的基座处,可较大程度的降低灯桩振动,并且较之优化前,振动半径减小一半,有效地提高了灯桩的结构强度。
图23(c)所示,在加固支柱后,灯桩的变形量大幅度减小,最大为3.72 cm,与优化前相比减小了23.1%。变形量依然是从支柱底部向上逐渐增大,最大变形发生在灯桩顶部。计算结果说明尽管端部加固使灯桩变形量减小,但振动依然是自下而上的传递,优化效果不如斜撑支柱的方案。
应用VOF方法对风耦合环境中灯桩的水动力特性进行了分析,并根据及由风浪引起的应力集中和形变量,对灯桩结构特点进行优化方案研究,得出如下结论。
(1)在1.8 m和4 m波高工况下,灯桩最大应力分别为 7.66 MPa和8.55 MPa,位置在灯桩中间支柱的根部。整体最大位移量约为2.47 cm和3.22 cm,位置在灯桩顶端。
(2)两种优化方案中斜柱支撑的灯桩应力集中在支柱的顶部,最大应力为16.2 MPa,比优化前减小32.2%。支柱端部加强的灯桩支柱应力集中在底部,最大达22.1 MPa,比优化前减小0.08%。
(3)支柱斜撑灯桩最大变形量在其中部底座处,最大为2.9 cm,相比优化前减小40.1%,此种结构把振动的传递阻隔在基座处,从基座往上,变形幅度逐渐降低。支柱加固灯桩变形量最大为3.72 cm,与优化前相比减小了23.1%,变形从支柱底部向上逐渐增大,最大变形发生在灯桩顶部。
综上可知,支柱斜撑的灯桩结构可以有效地减小结构受到的应力强度,在降低灯桩振动幅度的同时将最大振幅和最大受力处都集中在结构强度最强的基座处,分散了灯桩其他部分受到的风浪的冲击,是更好的结构优化方案。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52201414)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403191
  • 接收时间:2024-04-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-29
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
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国家自然科学基金(52201414)
作者信息
    1 交通运输部南海航海保障中心, 广州 510000
    2 天津大学海洋科学与技术学院, 天津 300072

通讯作者:

* 王晨旭(1984—),男,汉族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,博士,讲师。研究方向:海洋结构物设计制造。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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