Article(id=1156264259815334569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604481891, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604481891, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604481891, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604481891, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2371, endPage=2378, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264260264125100, articleId=1156264259815334569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Bus Voltage Ripple of DC Power Supply Servo Driver, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The switching of power devices in servo drive can lead to bus voltage ripple, which may result in performance degradation, electromagnetic interference, and harmonic issues in permanent magnet synchronous motor AC servo systems. To address these issues, the influence of the switching process of power device on the voltage ripple of bus was analyzed and studied for the DC power supply servo drive system. Firstly, based on the working principle of PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor)and SVPWM (space vector pulse width modulation) algorithm, the ripple current of the busbar capacitor was analyzed. Then, according to the law of charge conservation, the relationship between the busbar capacitance, busbar voltage and current amplitude under the seven-stage and five-stage SVPWM modulation was analyzed theoretically, and its simplified expression was given. Finally, the theoretical results were verified by simulation experiments.

, correspAuthors=Jie MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing-yan LIANG, Jie MA, Gao-sheng ZHANG, Wen-shan XIAO, Zhi-qiang QI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264344385085778, articleId=1156264259815334569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=直流供电伺服驱动器母线电压纹波研究, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

伺服驱动器功率器件开关切换会导致母线电压产生纹波,可能造成永磁同步电机伺服驱动系统性能下降、电磁干扰以及谐波问题。为应对上述问题,针对直流供电伺服驱动系统,分析研究了功率器件开关过程对母线电压纹波的影响。首先根据永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)工作原理与空间矢量脉宽调制(space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)算法,分析了母线电容的纹波电流;然后根据电荷守恒定律,理论分析了七段式和五段式SVPWM调制方式下母线电容容量与母线电压以及电流幅值之间的关系,给出了其简化表达式。最后,通过仿真试验对理论结果进行了验证。

, correspAuthors=马捷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 马捷(1985—),男,回族,甘肃天水人,硕士,研究员。研究方向:火炮伺服控制技术。E-mail:
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梁炳炎(2000—),男,汉族,河南禹州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电机驱动控制技术。E-mail:

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梁炳炎(2000—),男,汉族,河南禹州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电机驱动控制技术。E-mail:

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梁炳炎(2000—),男,汉族,河南禹州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电机驱动控制技术。E-mail:

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Us直流侧电路包括直流电源;rs为电源内阻;Lbus为直流母线杂散电感;C1为母线电容;rc为母线电容等效串联电阻

, figureFileSmall=jCmAGMIsJznVd0clemoazw==, figureFileBig=VWx3zo1qacN5nDXLy6mE1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560529019466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Voltage space vector synthesis diagram, figureFileSmall=UzvV0gX9dG2VMM0iAZuRPg==, figureFileBig=UmXBALXC3FXKYtqVQfRQ2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560642265681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电压空间矢量合成示意图

θ为合成的电压空间矢量Uout与α轴的夹角;T4、T6分别为基本电压矢量U4、U6的作用时间

, figureFileSmall=UzvV0gX9dG2VMM0iAZuRPg==, figureFileBig=UmXBALXC3FXKYtqVQfRQ2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560763900509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Time allocation in sector I of seven-segment formula, figureFileSmall=BbMmjBOHP2EM/fLiZsAZYw==, figureFileBig=NwFSYjnK7fm+zZJEiVbcYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560889729632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图3, caption=七段式第I扇区内时间分配, figureFileSmall=BbMmjBOHP2EM/fLiZsAZYw==, figureFileBig=NwFSYjnK7fm+zZJEiVbcYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560998781545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Time allocation in sector I of the five-segment formula, figureFileSmall=c6U1MQ7n2F0KVisb2aTTRA==, figureFileBig=qJALxMY1SJ1OBHc88zg5/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422561112027761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图4, caption=五段式第I扇区内时间分配, figureFileSmall=c6U1MQ7n2F0KVisb2aTTRA==, figureFileBig=qJALxMY1SJ1OBHc88zg5/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422561221079672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PMSM AC servo drive system equivalent circuit, figureFileSmall=cPSlpRXlO/7vlUov/OJ9sQ==, figureFileBig=+WVDNflSj+EAk/+nDr0UqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422561351103104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图5, caption=PMSM交流伺服驱动系统等效电路

isic分别表示母线电流和纹波电流;udcuc分别为母线电压和母线电容电压;uL为杂散电感电压;iI为负载电流

, figureFileSmall=cPSlpRXlO/7vlUov/OJ9sQ==, figureFileBig=+WVDNflSj+EAk/+nDr0UqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422561514680969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Voltage vector diagram, figureFileSmall=kDsPWxmbg12Sx5sw0UDVqw==, figureFileBig=0mPcI84Z8U2pMuzEva4Zsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422561699230361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图6, caption=电压矢量图

Uoutud、uq合成的定子电压矢量;$\varphi $为电机的功率因数角

, figureFileSmall=kDsPWxmbg12Sx5sw0UDVqw==, figureFileBig=0mPcI84Z8U2pMuzEva4Zsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422561846031009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Seven section I sector action time adjustment, figureFileSmall=bRVWAcS/th213XiB14V+ZQ==, figureFileBig=0m4TmhSDhdjwVOGDuzoLrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422562064134823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图7, caption=七段式第I扇区作用时间调整, figureFileSmall=bRVWAcS/th213XiB14V+ZQ==, figureFileBig=0m4TmhSDhdjwVOGDuzoLrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422562194158255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Bus current/load current/ripple current waveform, figureFileSmall=dGoFxUGxa+91wuV9tBHN1Q==, figureFileBig=S2CiCcApkY8mmffp0rg2vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422563674747581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图8, caption=母线电流/负载电流/纹波电流波形图, figureFileSmall=dGoFxUGxa+91wuV9tBHN1Q==, figureFileBig=S2CiCcApkY8mmffp0rg2vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422563792188100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Bus voltage waveform diagram, figureFileSmall=ObwJp0rH/qIogCPC1EeZqA==, figureFileBig=OsaB4/ehbBIRUNlaWMPZSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422563909628620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图9, caption=母线电压波形图, figureFileSmall=ObwJp0rH/qIogCPC1EeZqA==, figureFileBig=OsaB4/ehbBIRUNlaWMPZSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422564077400789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Current waveform diagram with large equivalent duty cycle ratio, figureFileSmall=ltikVU8vq9HLPCM7CLB2Jg==, figureFileBig=f05/QuWETcuXvwAmuTM6+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422564182258391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=图10, caption=等效占空比较大时电流波形图, figureFileSmall=ltikVU8vq9HLPCM7CLB2Jg==, figureFileBig=f05/QuWETcuXvwAmuTM6+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422564337447648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Voltage ripple value under different equivalent duty cycle of seven phases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等效占
空比
纹波仿真值
uf/V
纹波估算值
ug/V
估算误差
$(\left|{u}_{\mathrm{f}}-{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\right|/{u}_{\mathrm{f}})$/%
0.19 4.037 4.01 0.67
0.27 5.088 5.133 0.88
0.41 6.251 6.30 0.78
0.5 6.5 6.51 0.15
0.61 6.346 6.195 2.38
0.74 5.885 5.01 14.87
0.78 5.648 4.469 20.87
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564496831206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

七段式不同等效占空比下电压纹波值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等效占
空比
纹波仿真值
uf/V
纹波估算值
ug/V
估算误差
$(\left|{u}_{\mathrm{f}}-{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\right|/{u}_{\mathrm{f}})$/%
0.19 4.037 4.01 0.67
0.27 5.088 5.133 0.88
0.41 6.251 6.30 0.78
0.5 6.5 6.51 0.15
0.61 6.346 6.195 2.38
0.74 5.885 5.01 14.87
0.78 5.648 4.469 20.87
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564647826158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Voltage ripple value under different equivalent duty cycle of five phases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等效占
空比
纹波仿真值
uf/V
纹波估算值
ug/V
估算误差
$\left|{u}_{\mathrm{f}}-{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\right|/{u}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{\%}$
0.19 7.696 8.02 4.21
0.27 9.705 10.266 5.78
0.41 11.824 12.6 6.56
0.5 12.042 13.02 8.12
0.61 11.628 12.39 6.55
0.74 9.649 10.02 3.84
0.78 8.632 8.938 3.54
), ArticleFig(id=1233422564765266676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259815334569, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

五段式不同等效占空比下电压纹波值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等效占
空比
纹波仿真值
uf/V
纹波估算值
ug/V
估算误差
$\left|{u}_{\mathrm{f}}-{u}_{\mathrm{g}}\right|/{u}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{\%}$
0.19 7.696 8.02 4.21
0.27 9.705 10.266 5.78
0.41 11.824 12.6 6.56
0.5 12.042 13.02 8.12
0.61 11.628 12.39 6.55
0.74 9.649 10.02 3.84
0.78 8.632 8.938 3.54
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直流供电伺服驱动器母线电压纹波研究
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梁炳炎 , 马捷 * , 张高生 , 肖文山 , 齐志强
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(6): 2371-2378
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(6): 2371-2378
直流供电伺服驱动器母线电压纹波研究
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梁炳炎 , 马捷* , 张高生, 肖文山, 齐志强
作者信息
  • 西北机电工程研究所, 咸阳 712099
  • 梁炳炎(2000—),男,汉族,河南禹州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电机驱动控制技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 马捷(1985—),男,回族,甘肃天水人,硕士,研究员。研究方向:火炮伺服控制技术。E-mail:
Bus Voltage Ripple of DC Power Supply Servo Driver
Bing-yan LIANG , Jie MA* , Gao-sheng ZHANG, Wen-shan XIAO, Zhi-qiang QI
Affiliations
  • Northwest Institute of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xianyang 712099, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403120
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伺服驱动器功率器件开关切换会导致母线电压产生纹波,可能造成永磁同步电机伺服驱动系统性能下降、电磁干扰以及谐波问题。为应对上述问题,针对直流供电伺服驱动系统,分析研究了功率器件开关过程对母线电压纹波的影响。首先根据永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)工作原理与空间矢量脉宽调制(space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)算法,分析了母线电容的纹波电流;然后根据电荷守恒定律,理论分析了七段式和五段式SVPWM调制方式下母线电容容量与母线电压以及电流幅值之间的关系,给出了其简化表达式。最后,通过仿真试验对理论结果进行了验证。

直流供电  /  伺服驱动器  /  母线电压纹波  /  母线电容  /  空间矢量脉宽调制算法

The switching of power devices in servo drive can lead to bus voltage ripple, which may result in performance degradation, electromagnetic interference, and harmonic issues in permanent magnet synchronous motor AC servo systems. To address these issues, the influence of the switching process of power device on the voltage ripple of bus was analyzed and studied for the DC power supply servo drive system. Firstly, based on the working principle of PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor)and SVPWM (space vector pulse width modulation) algorithm, the ripple current of the busbar capacitor was analyzed. Then, according to the law of charge conservation, the relationship between the busbar capacitance, busbar voltage and current amplitude under the seven-stage and five-stage SVPWM modulation was analyzed theoretically, and its simplified expression was given. Finally, the theoretical results were verified by simulation experiments.

DC power supply  /  servo driver  /  bus voltage ripple  /  busbar capacitance  /  svpwm algorithm
梁炳炎, 马捷, 张高生, 肖文山, 齐志强. 直流供电伺服驱动器母线电压纹波研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2371 -2378 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403120
Bing-yan LIANG, Jie MA, Gao-sheng ZHANG, Wen-shan XIAO, Zhi-qiang QI. Bus Voltage Ripple of DC Power Supply Servo Driver[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2371 -2378 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403120
永磁同步电机交流伺服驱动系统主要由伺服驱动器和永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)组成,伺服驱动器具有控制精度高、体积小、质量轻、效率高、响应速度快、调速范围宽等优点[1-2],广泛应用于武器伺服系统、电动汽车等高性能要求场合[3-6]
直流供电伺服驱动器是直接采用直流电源进行供电,其功率器件的开关切换动作会引起母线电压的快速变化,从而产生电压纹波,这些纹波可能引起电磁干扰并增加系统的谐波[7-9],导致系统性能下降、设备故障以及干扰其他电子设备运行。母线电容能够吸收功率器件开关变化引起的高脉冲电流、抑制谐波、防止瞬时电压冲击以及平滑母线电压[10-12],是直流供电伺服驱动器的必备器件,同时也是影响其性能、体积和成本的关键因素之一[13-14]。通过对母线电压纹波的分析计算,能够有效指导母线电容的选型,为工程设计应用提供参考依据。
目前,关于PMSM伺服驱动系统母线电容的研究较多。文献[15]根据交-直-交无电解电容变频器,分析了电路开关过程中母线电容纹波和谐振原因,为电容参数的选择提供依据。文献[16]根据六脉波电压供电的交-直-交变频电路结构,分析了不同功率因数下逆变器侧回馈电流及能量的大小,由此得到电容容量的计算方法。文献[17]通过建立单相无电解电容逆变器驱动的PMSM驱动系统拓扑结构,分析得到母线电容与母线电压及电机性能的关系。为了能够抑制母线电压波动,提高驱动系统稳压能力,一些学者针对PMSM伺服驱动系统控制策略展开了研究 [18-21]。上述文献主要针对交流供电伺服驱动系统整流模块造成的母线电压波动进行了深入研究,却未涉及直流供电伺服驱动系统有关特性分析。
直流供电伺服驱动系统母线电容相关研究主要是围绕新能源汽车应用进行的[22-25]。文献[22-23]从高压母线对汽车安全的方向入手,研究了母线电容的主动放电控制策略。文献[24]分析了电动汽车电机控制器母线电容纹波电流特征及影响因素,为母线电容选型匹配提供了参考。文献[25]提出了一种准在线金属薄膜电容估计方法,为薄膜电容的状态监测和故障诊断提供数据支持。然而,鲜见对功率器件开关过程所引起的母线电压纹波进行深入分析的报道。
因此,现对直流供电伺服驱动系统母线电压纹波进行深入的理论分析。首先根据伺服驱动器工作原理,分析母线电容的纹波电流;然后根据母线电容充放电电荷守恒定律,推导出母线电压纹波的精确表达式,给出七段式和五段式空间矢量脉宽调制(space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)调制方法的母线电容简化计算公式。最后通过将电压纹波仿真值与理论计算值进行对比,验证理论分析的有效性。为母线电压波动研究分析进行有效补充,为直流供电伺服驱动器母线电容设计提供重要理论依据。
为了更直观分析直流供电伺服驱动器功率器件开关切换引起的母线电压纹波状态变化,PMSM交流伺服驱动系统工作原理简化成如图1所示。直流电源经逆变模块进行DC-AC变换后,为交流负载侧PMSM供电;直流母线上并联有母线电容等效模型,且工作频率较低时,其等效串联电感忽略不计[25]。功率器件本身的死区时间、寄生电容等因素不作考虑,后续分析中将其简化为理想开关。
PMSM定子绕组三相电流iA、iB与iC可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{A}=I\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}(-{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}})\\ {i}_{B}=I\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(-{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}+\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }\right)\\ {i}_{C}=I\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(-{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}-\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:I为相电流幅值;θe为电角度。
将自然坐标系ABC变换到同步旋转坐标系d-q,各变量具有如下关系,即
$[{f}_{d} {f}_{q} {f}_{0}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}={T}_{3s/2\mathrm{r}}[{f}_{A} {f}_{B} {f}_{C}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$
式(2)中:T3s/2r为坐标变换矩阵。
${T}_{3s/2r}=k\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left({\theta }_{e}-\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }\right)& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}+\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }\right)\\ -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}& -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}-\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }\right)& -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}+\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}& \frac{1}{2}\end{array}\right]$
式(3)中:k为变换系数,采用功率不变作为约束条件时,$k=\sqrt{2/3};$在后续分析中均采用幅值不变作为约束条件,此时k=2/3。
PMSM同步旋转坐标系d-q下定子电压方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{d}=R{i}_{d}+{L}_{d}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}-{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{q}{i}_{q}\\ {u}_{q}=R{i}_{q}+{L}_{q}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{d}t}+{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}({L}_{d}{i}_{d}+{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}})\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:ud、uq分别为定子电压d-q轴分量;id、iq分别为定子电流的d-q轴分量;R为定子电阻;ωe为电角速度;Ld、Lq分别为d-q轴电感分量;${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}$为永磁体磁链。
电机稳态运行时,可认为电机转速ωm恒定,PMSM的机械运动方程为
$J\frac{\mathrm{d}{\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}}{\mathrm{d}t}={T}_{\mathrm{e}}-{T}_{\mathrm{L}}-B{\omega }_{\mathrm{m}}=0$
电磁转矩Te方程为
${T}_{\mathrm{e}}=\frac{3}{2}{p}_{\mathrm{n}}{i}_{q}\left[{i}_{d}\right({L}_{d}-{L}_{q})+{\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}]$
式(6)中:ωm为电机的机械角速度;J为转动惯量;B为阻尼系数;TL为负载转矩;pn为磁极对数。
根据SVPWM算法调制原理,电压空间矢量Uout旋转空间被划分为6个扇区,后续就Uout位于第I扇区为例,针对电机稳态运行时,功率器件开关切换引起的母线电压纹波进行深入分析。
SVPWM算法采用平均值等效原理,即在一个开关周期Ts内通过对基本电压矢量进行组合,使其平均值与目标电压空间矢量Uout相等。基本电压矢量是由逆变模块三相桥臂的8种不同开关状态组合产生。在第I扇区内,电压空间矢量Uout可由基本电压矢量U4、U6和零矢量在时间上的不同组合得到。电压空间矢量合成示意图如图2所示。
基本电压矢量在一个开关周期Ts内作用时间表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{4}=\sqrt{3}\frac{\left|{U}_{out}\right|}{{U}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{3}-\theta \right)\\ {T}_{6}=\sqrt{3}\frac{\left|{U}_{out}\right|}{{U}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta \end{array}\right.$
式(7)中:Udc为三相两电平电压源逆变器的直流母线电压。
开关周期Ts内功率器件导通时间为
${t}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}={T}_{4}+{T}_{6}=\sqrt{3}\frac{\left|{U}_{out}\right|}{{U}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{3}+\theta \right)$
记$m=\sqrt{3}\frac{\left|{U}_{out}\right|}{{U}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}},$令$D=\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}},$则
$D=m\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{3}+\theta \right)$
定义Sa、Sb、Sc分别表示 ABC三相桥臂功率器件开关状态,三相桥臂开关函数表示为
${s}_{(a,b,c)}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, \mathrm{上}\mathrm{桥}\mathrm{臂}\mathrm{开}\mathrm{通}\mathrm{、}\mathrm{下}\mathrm{桥}\mathrm{臂}\mathrm{关}\mathrm{断}\\ 0, \mathrm{上}\mathrm{桥}\mathrm{臂}\mathrm{关}\mathrm{断}\mathrm{、}\mathrm{下}\mathrm{桥}\mathrm{臂}\mathrm{开}\mathrm{通}\end{array}\right.$
SVPWM算法的合成方式主要有七段式和五段式两种。采用七段式SVPWM算法时,电压空间矢量Uout位于第I扇区内三相桥臂的开关切换顺序为$000\to 100\to 110\to 111\to 110\to 100\to 000。$该扇区单个开关周期Ts内七段式SVPWM算法开关状态时间分配如图3所示。
图3中,零矢量U0、U7的作用时间分别表示为T0=T7=1/2(Ts-T4-T6)。七段式在时间上对零矢量进行了平均分配,产生的PWM波形对称,能够有效降低谐波分量。
采用五段式SVPWM算法时,开关切换顺序为100→110→111→110→100,开关周期Ts内五段式SVPWM算法开关状态时间分配如图4所示。
图4中,零矢量U7作用时间可以表示为T7=Ts-T4-T6。五段式SVPWM算法相较于七段式,每个开关周期内开关切换次数减少2次,减小了开关损耗,但明显增大了电流的谐波含量。
根据不同基本电压矢量作用效果,可以将直流供电伺服驱动器的工作状态分为三种:零矢量U0或U7作用;矢量U4作用和矢量U6作用。
第一种情况:零矢量U0或U7作用时,三相桥臂开关状态为000或111,即三相上桥臂均关断或均开通,交流侧断路,负载PMSM被屏蔽。负载电流等于各相上桥臂电流和,因而此时负载电流为0,母线电容续流,直流电源给电容供电,纹波电流流向母线电容,其处于充电状态,母线电压升高。
第二种情况:矢量U4作用时,三相桥臂开关状态为100,A相上桥臂开通,BC相下桥臂开通。此时负载电流为A相电流iA,直流电源与母线电容共同为交流负载侧供电,纹波电流流出电容,其处于放电状态,母线电压下降。
第三种情况:矢量U6作用时,三相桥臂开关状态为110,AB相上桥臂开通,C相下桥臂开通。此时负载电流为A相与B相电流和,直流电源与母线电容共同为交流负载侧供电,纹波电流流出电容,其仍为放电状态,母线电压继续下降。
由上述分析可知,功率器件开关状态切换直观表现为负载电流的剧烈变化,进而造成直流供电伺服驱动器直流侧电路工作状态发生改变。在对直流侧纹波电流进行分析时,交流负载侧部分整体可由直流电流源替换,则PMSM伺服驱动系统的等效电路如图5所示。
此时等效电路的直流侧电源与杂散电感、母线电容构成二阶回路,交流侧是幅值大小随功率器件开关状态切换而变化的直流电流源,在保持某一开关状态不变的时间段内可认为是定值。根据图5,基于基尔霍夫电路定律构建电路方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{\mathrm{I}}={i}_{\mathrm{s}}+{i}_{\mathrm{c}}\\ {i}_{\mathrm{c}}=-{C}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ {u}_{\mathrm{L}}={L}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{s}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{d}t}\\ {U}_{\mathrm{s}}={i}_{\mathrm{s}}{r}_{\mathrm{s}}-{i}_{\mathrm{c}}{r}_{\mathrm{c}}+{u}_{\mathrm{L}}+{u}_{\mathrm{c}}\end{array}\right.$
解方程组,求解得到纹波电流表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{c}=\frac{A{\lambda }_{1}+B}{\lambda }{\mathrm{e}}^{{\lambda }_{1}t}-\frac{A{\lambda }_{2}+B}{\lambda }{\mathrm{e}}^{{\lambda }_{2}t}\\ A={L}_{bus}[{i}_{I}-{i}_{s(0+)}],\mathrm{ }B={i}_{I}{r}_{s}-{U}_{s}+{u}_{c(0+)}\\ \lambda =\sqrt{({r}_{s}+{r}_{c}{)}^{2}-\frac{4{L}_{bus}}{{C}_{1}}}\\ {\lambda }_{1}=\frac{-({r}_{s}+{r}_{c})}{2{L}_{bus}}+\frac{\lambda }{2{L}_{bus}}\\ {\lambda }_{2}=\frac{-({r}_{s}+{r}_{c})}{2{L}_{bus}}-\frac{\lambda }{2{L}_{bus}}\end{array}\right.$
式(12)中:is(0+)、uc(0+)分别为功率器件开关状态切换后0+时刻母线电流值和母线电容电压值;A、B、λ、λ1、λ2均为过程量。
本文研究中PMSM采用${i}_{d}^{\mathrm{*}}=0$的控制策略,通过调节iq电流控制电机电磁转矩。
定子电压的矢量表达如图6所示。
Uout分别在d-q和α-β轴系进行矢量表达,通过反Park变换统一在α-β轴系表示,之后利用三角函数诱导公式,得到角度关系式为
$\varphi +{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}=\theta -\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{2}$
ABC轴系定子三相绕组相电压uA、uB、uC对应的合成空间电压矢量为
${U}_{out1}={u}_{A}+a{u}_{B}+{a}^{2}{u}_{C}=\frac{3}{2}{U}_{\mathrm{m}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left(\omega t-\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{2}\right)}$
式(14)中:Uout1ABC轴系内电压空间矢量;Um为相电压幅值;ω为相电压角频率;$a={\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }},{a}^{2}={\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{4}{3}\mathrm{\pi }}={\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\pi }}。$
记等效占空比为
$e=\frac{\left|{U}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}1}\right|}{{U}_{dc}}=\frac{\frac{3}{2}{U}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{U}_{dc}}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}m$
式(15)中:Udc为直流母线电压。
由SVPWM算法功率器件开关特性可知${U}_{\mathrm{m}}\le \frac{2}{3}{U}_{dc},$则等效占空比e≤1。
为方便后续分析计算,将单个开关周期Ts内七段式调制基本电压矢量作用时间分配调整为如图7所示。
图7可知,母线电容进行了两次充放电操作。PMSM稳态运行,且直流供电伺服驱动器输出等效占空比较小时,母线电容在单个开关周期Ts内两次充放电过程母线电压变化近似一致,因而可简化为对其中一个完整充放电过程进行研究,半个周期Ts/2内开关状态切换为000→100→110。且一个完整的充放电过程中,流入流出母线电容的电荷量Q相等。
为方便分析计算母线电压纹波,做出假设:忽略直流母线杂散电感Lbus和母线电容等效串联电阻rc,此时有Δudc=Δuc=Δu。
图7中,开关状态000持续时间t0~t1,负载电流iI=0;100状态持续时间t1~t2,负载电流${i}_{I}={i}_{A}=I\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}(\theta -\varphi ),$考虑到该开关状态时间段内iA变化很小,可以视为定值,因此记iI=II1;110状态时间t2~t3,负载电流${i}_{I}={i}_{A}+{i}_{B}=I\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}[\frac{\pi }{3}-(\theta -\varphi \left)\right],$该时间段内iA、iB变化很小,可以视为定值,记iI=II2。在半个开关周期Ts/2内纹波电流表达式为
${i}_{\mathrm{c}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{1}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}[{u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{0}+)}-{U}_{\mathrm{s}}]{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t-{t}_{0}}{\tau }},& {t}_{0}\le t<{t}_{1}\\ \frac{1}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}[{u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{1}+)}-{U}_{\mathrm{s}}+{I}_{{I}_{1}}{r}_{\mathrm{s}}]{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t-{t}_{1}}{\tau }},& {t}_{1}\le t<{t}_{2}\\ \frac{1}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}[{u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{2}+)}-{U}_{\mathrm{s}}+{I}_{{I}_{2}}{r}_{\mathrm{s}}]{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t-{t}_{2}}{\tau }},& {t}_{2}\le t<{t}_{3}\end{array}\right.$
式(16)中:$\tau ={r}_{\mathrm{s}}{C}_{1},$表示时间常数。
在母线电容充电阶段,即开关状态000时,流入母线电容电荷量表达式为
$Q={C}_{1}\mathrm{\Delta }u={\int }_{0}^{(1-D)\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{2}}\frac{1}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}[{U}_{\mathrm{s}}-{u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{0}+)}]{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t}{\tau }}\mathrm{d}t$
开关状态100时间段内,流出母线电容电荷量表达式为
${Q}_{1}={C}_{1}\mathrm{\Delta }{u}_{1}={\int }_{0}^{\frac{{T}_{4}}{2}}\frac{1}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}[{u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{1}+)}-{U}_{\mathrm{s}}+{I}_{{I}_{1}}{r}_{\mathrm{s}}]{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t}{\tau }}\mathrm{d}t$
开关状态110时间段内,流出母线电容的电荷量表达式为
${Q}_{2}={C}_{1}\mathrm{\Delta }{u}_{2}={\int }_{0}^{\frac{{T}_{6}}{2}}\frac{1}{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}}[{u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{2}+)}-{U}_{\mathrm{s}}+{I}_{{I}_{2}}{r}_{\mathrm{s}}){\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t}{\tau }}\mathrm{d}t$
同时有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}Q={Q}_{1}+{Q}_{2}\\ {u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{1}+)}={u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{0}+)}+\mathrm{\Delta }u\\ {u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{2}+)}={u}_{\mathrm{c}({t}_{0}+)}+\mathrm{\Delta }u-\mathrm{\Delta }{u}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
联立式(16)~式(20)解得
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{\Delta }u=\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{s}}{I}_{{I}_{2}}(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{T}_{6}}{2\tau }})+{r}_{\mathrm{s}}{I}_{{I}_{1}}({\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{T}_{6}}{2\tau }}-{\mathrm{e}}^{-D\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{2\tau }})}{1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{2\tau }}}\times \\ [1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-(1-D)\frac{{T}_{s}}{2\tau }}]\end{array}$
为便于工程应用分析计算,对公式进行化简。在${T}_{\mathrm{s}}<<2\tau $时,利用等价无穷小替换公式,可以得到
$\mathrm{\Delta }u=\frac{{I}_{{I}_{1}}D{T}_{\mathrm{s}}+{T}_{6}({I}_{{I}_{2}}-{I}_{{I}_{1}})}{2{C}_{1}}(1-D)$
将式(7)、式(9)代入式(22)可得
$\mathrm{\Delta }u=\frac{I{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}m\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi }{2{C}_{1}}[1-m\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{3}+\theta \right)]$
PMSM稳态运行时,θ是公式内的唯一变量,在第I扇区的变化范围为0~π/3,可以判断出θ=0或π/3时,母线电压纹波最大,此时$D=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}m=e,$表示为
$\mathrm{\Delta }u=\frac{I{T}_{\mathrm{s}}e\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi }{2{C}_{1}}(1-e)$
式(24)中:$\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi $为电机的功率因数;I为相电流幅值;Ts为开关周期;C1为母线电容。
由式(24)分析可得,等效占空比为0.5时,有电压纹波最大值为
$\mathrm{\Delta }{u}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\frac{I{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi }{8{C}_{1}}$
则母线电容容量计算式为
${C}_{1}=\frac{{I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi }{8r{U}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}}$
式(26)中:r为母线电压纹波率;Imax为PMSM最大功率运行时的最大相电流幅值。
值得注意的是,直流供电伺服驱动器输出等效占空比大于0.5时,由于基本电压矢量U6作用时间段内出现is>II2,在该时段内电源同时给母线电容和交流负载侧供电,则母线电容为充电状态,有别于先前分析的放电状态,导致式(24)计算结果偏小。但是实际母线电压纹波最大值同样出现在等效占空比0.5附近,因此电压纹波最大值仍然可以用式估算,母线电容可由式(26)计算。
根据图3图4中单个开关周期Ts内基本电压矢量作用时间的不同分配,可以发现五段式调制时,零矢量只有U7作用,且其作用时间两倍于七段式调制时U7的作用,表明五段式中母线电容单次充电时间是七段式的两倍,因此产生的母线电压纹波值可近似为七段式时的两倍。
五段式调制时电压纹波表达式为
$\mathrm{\Delta }u=\frac{I{T}_{\mathrm{s}}e\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi }{{C}_{1}}(1-e)$
在等效占空比为0.5时,电压纹波同样有最大值为
$\mathrm{\Delta }{u}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\frac{I{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi }{4{C}_{1}}$
母线电容容量计算式为
${C}_{1}=\frac{{I}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi }{4r{U}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}}$
考虑直流电源电压Us=500V,电源内阻rs=0.3Ω;母线电容C1=160μF,母线电容等效串联电阻rc=2mΩ;直流母线杂散电感Lbus=300nH;永磁同步电机磁极对数pn=4,永磁体磁链${\psi }_{\mathrm{f}}=0.192\mathrm{W}\mathrm{b},$电机功率因数$\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi =0.96;$功率器件开关频率fs=10kHz。在1 500r/min、100 N·m的仿真条件下,电机稳态运行时单个开关周期Ts内母线电流、负载电流和纹波电流波形变化如图8所示。
根据图8中电流波形可知,负载电流因功率器件开关状态切换表现为矩形脉冲;母线电流在电容缓冲下在一定范围内波动。零矢量作用,负载电流为0时,交流负载侧被屏蔽断路,母线电容起到续流作用,为充电状态,纹波电流为负值;矢量U4、U6作用,负载侧电路开通,母线电容吸收冲击脉冲电流,为放电状态,纹波电流为正值,同母线电流一起向交流负载侧供电。
直流母线杂散电感Lbus大小与母线长短正相关,导线越长,杂散电感值越大。分别取杂散电感值为0 nH、500 nH、1 μH,母线电压波形如图9所示。
根据图9电压波形可知,杂散电感Lbus主要影响是功率器件开关切换瞬间在母线电压上产生尖峰脉冲。直流母线越长,Lbus越大,开关切换瞬间母线电压尖峰脉冲越大。进一步研究发现,电压尖峰脉冲大小同时与母线电容等效串联电阻rc阻值相关,由于选取的薄膜电容的rc阻值很小,因此图9中电感值增大后尖峰脉冲变化不明显。
基于七段式SVPWM算法仿真模型和估算公式,可以得到不同等效占空比下母线电压纹波值,如表1所示。根据表1中结果,可以看出电压纹波仿真值、估算值均在等效占空比0.5处达到最大,仿真结果与理论分析的结论具有一致性;且估算误差不足1%,表明式(25)计算得到的电压纹波最大值与纹波仿真值吻合,具有很高的准确度。
对比表1纹波仿真值和纹波估算值数据发现,等效占空比较大时,电压纹波估算误差增大,此时单个开关周期Ts内电流波形如图10所示。
对比图8图10电流波形图,可以发现等效占空比较大时,在基本电压矢量U6作用时间段内,出现母线电流大于负载电流,纹波电流为负值的情况,此时母线电容转换为充电状态,母线电压纹波仿真值会大于式(24)的估算值,造成偏差,验证了前文理论分析的正确性。
基于五段式SVPWM算法仿真模型和估算公式,可以得到不同等效占空比下母线电压纹波值,如表2所示。采用五段式SVPWM调制算法时,纹波仿真值与估算值大小变化规律一致,均在等效占空比为0.5处达到最大,且具有较高的准确度。因此五段式调制时,电压纹波最大值可以由式(28)估算,进而直流供电伺服驱动器设计中母线电容参数能够由式(29)进行计算。
针对直流供电伺服驱动器功率器件开关切换引起的母线电压纹波进行了分析研究,通过仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性,得到了如下结论。
(1)等效占空比较小时,零矢量作用时段内,直流电源给母线电容供电;非零矢量作用时段内,直流电源与母线电容共同给交流负载侧供电。而等效占空比较大时,母线电流值较大,非零矢量作用时段内,功率器件开关切换过程中存在母线电流大于负载电流的情况,则直流电源同时给母线电容和负载供电。
(2)基于七段式SVPWM算法原理,利用电荷守恒定律,推导出母线电压纹波准确计算公式。进一步分析发现在转角θ变化范围0~π/3中,母线电压纹波在θ=0或π/3时最大,在θ=π/6时最小。在此基础上,深入研究发现等效占空比为0.5时,母线电压纹波存在最大值。
(3)在单个开关周期内,五段式调制时相较于七段式,母线电容仅有一个完整的充放电周期,且其充电时间两倍于七段式调制。根据SVPWM算法两种合成方式的不同特点,推导得到相应的母线电容计算公式,为不同电机参数下母线电容选型提供了有效依据。
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403120
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
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    西北机电工程研究所, 咸阳 712099

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* 马捷(1985—),男,回族,甘肃天水人,硕士,研究员。研究方向:火炮伺服控制技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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