Article(id=1156264259504956071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=1734192000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604481817, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604481817, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604481817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604481817, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2564, endPage=2577, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264259966329515, articleId=1156264259504956071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Seismic Performance Analysis of Small and Medium Span Bridge Considering Uncertainty, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of typical uncertainty factors on the seismic performance of small-and medium-span bridges during design, construction, and service, a four-span continuous small box girder bridge was taken as the engineering background, and a nonlinear dynamic model was built based on OpenSees. The influence mechanisms of seismic uncertainty, modeling parameter uncertainty, and capacity uncertainty on the seismic demand of key components were analyzed. On this basis, combined with the theory of fragility analysis, the linkage effect of the above uncertainty factors in the establishment of component fragility curves was explored, and then the degree of influence of each type of uncertainty factors on the analysis of structural seismic performance was quantified. The results show that the differences in the seismic hysteresis curves of the components are mainly caused by the uncertainties of the modeling parameters, while the differences in the peak seismic response are mainly caused by the combined uncertainties of ground shaking and modeling parameters. The modeling parameter uncertainty and component seismic capacity uncertainty can lead to an increase in the probability of structural damage, which consequently makes some components unable to meet the required damage state. The consideration of the uncertainty factor increases the probability of failure of the bridge system susceptibility curve, and the effect of uncertainty increases as the degree of damage deepens, biasing the analysis results by more than 30 percent.

, correspAuthors=Li-feng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian MA, Jiang-dong XIONG, Guan-lin SU, Chun-yu DUAN, Li-feng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264365356605488, articleId=1156264259504956071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑不确定性的山区中小跨径桥梁抗震性能分析, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨中小跨径桥梁在设计、建造及服役期间中典型的不确定性因素对结构抗震性能的影响,以一座4跨连续小箱梁桥为工程背景,基于OpenSees建立非线性动力模型,分析了地震波不确定性、建模参数不确定性和构件抗震能力不确定性对关键构件地震动响应的影响机理。在此基础上,结合易损性分析理论,探讨了以上不确定性因素在构件易损性曲线的建立过程中的联动效应,进而量化了各类不确定性因素对结构抗震性能分析的影响程度。结果表明:构件的地震滞回曲线的差异主要由建模参数的不确定性造成,而峰值地震响应差异主要由地震动和建模参数的不确定性联合所导致;建模参数的不确定性和构件抗震能力的不确定性均会导致结构失效概率的增加,继而使得部分构件无法满足既定的损伤状态;考虑不确定性因素会增加桥梁系统易损性曲线的失效概率,且随着损伤程度的加深,不确定性的影响也会越大,使分析结果偏差30%以上。

, correspAuthors=李立峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李立峰(1971—),男,汉族,湖南沅江人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁工程。E-mail:
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马健(1981—),男,彝族,云南大姚人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:公路工程。E-mail:

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马健(1981—),男,彝族,云南大姚人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:公路工程。E-mail:

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马健(1981—),男,彝族,云南大姚人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:公路工程。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Elevation and finite element modeling of the relying bridge, figureFileSmall=6ADhEz6VpPAIkaxH0uuReQ==, figureFileBig=9sgtJtN9VzZcxoc92s9RiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422551741952064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图1, caption=依托工程立面及有限元建模示意, figureFileSmall=6ADhEz6VpPAIkaxH0uuReQ==, figureFileBig=9sgtJtN9VzZcxoc92s9RiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422551897141326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Diagram of the finite element dynamic analysis model, figureFileSmall=f62AaxHcd6tTZC4zBz2YCQ==, figureFileBig=wVgg1RIQsF4nLM4zOyITAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552077496420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图2, caption=有限元动力分析模型示意图, 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figureFileBig=oPuk8pJYuAcU0rLiVd1y1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552576618645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图4, caption=考虑不确定性的桥梁易损性曲线建立示意图, figureFileSmall=I85374tQ/DGIbgXd0vS/8w==, figureFileBig=oPuk8pJYuAcU0rLiVd1y1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552723419300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Seismic response of the components under the same seismic wave excitation, figureFileSmall=/otsW0/CtDQ0in69M2G2jg==, figureFileBig=0DJMAFLFc+CfMa01bgqPKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552870219954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图5, caption=依托工程各构件在相同地震波激励下的地震响应规律

${\mu }_{\varphi }$为桥墩曲率延性系数;${\mu }_{\delta }$为支座位移延性系数;$\delta $为挡块变形

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${\mu }_{\mathrm{\varphi }\mathrm{L}}、{\mu }_{\mathrm{\varphi }\mathrm{T}}$分别为桥墩纵桥向和横桥向曲率延性系数;${\Delta }_{\mathrm{\delta }\mathrm{L}}、{\Delta }_{\mathrm{\delta }\mathrm{T}}$分别为支座纵桥向和横桥向位移;Δi为挡块变形或桥台变形

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${\mu }_{\mathrm{\varphi }\mathrm{L}}、{\mu }_{\mathrm{\varphi }\mathrm{T}}$分别为桥墩纵桥向和横桥向曲率延性系数;${\Delta }_{\mathrm{\delta }\mathrm{L}}、{\Delta }_{\mathrm{\delta }\mathrm{T}}$分别为支座纵桥向和横桥向位移;Δi为挡块变形或桥台变形

, figureFileSmall=7U/qdrdXx5STIXQk4dRIzA==, figureFileBig=iECUsIx3S/bzTdDozWhkmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555416162595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of vulnerability curves of each key component from model 1 to model 4, figureFileSmall=mDVPjQ11aQmqjwpfeY/EhA==, figureFileBig=479cStsoLTAPyz5/ucj0Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555525214513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图10, caption=模式1~模式4各关键构件易损性曲线对比

SL为轻微损伤;MO为中等损伤;EX为严重损伤;CO为完全损伤

, figureFileSmall=mDVPjQ11aQmqjwpfeY/EhA==, figureFileBig=479cStsoLTAPyz5/ucj0Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555705569599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison of vulnerability curves of key components in model 1 and from model 4 to model 7, figureFileSmall=h2PvtBZho5exeSje5UJIrQ==, figureFileBig=hXqZIfzgd8eP2dsfJw7nfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555860758857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图11, caption=模式1和模式4~模式7下各关键构件易损性曲线对比, figureFileSmall=h2PvtBZho5exeSje5UJIrQ==, figureFileBig=hXqZIfzgd8eP2dsfJw7nfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555978199382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of system vulnerability curves under various damage limit states from model 1 to model 4, figureFileSmall=QRiVCGUBbiFTLFsmbAS6gA==, figureFileBig=6fje9mfHgrF/qaNgSmRupQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422556095639899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图12, caption=模式1~模式4桥梁各损伤极限状态下系统易损性曲线对比, figureFileSmall=QRiVCGUBbiFTLFsmbAS6gA==, figureFileBig=6fje9mfHgrF/qaNgSmRupQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422556267606377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Comparison of system vulnerability curves under various damage limit states in model 1 and from model 4 to model 7, figureFileSmall=IEqsfE4u6njhxOWM4I58xQ==, figureFileBig=6cOypPZ0idmtgDXA/+cWNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422556389241206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=图 13, caption=模式1和模式4~模式7桥梁各损伤极限状态下系统易损性曲线对比, figureFileSmall=IEqsfE4u6njhxOWM4I58xQ==, figureFileBig=6cOypPZ0idmtgDXA/+cWNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422556498293119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Uncertainty in bridge structural modeling parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型 参数变量 概率分布类型 统计参数
平均值 变异系数
结构层次 上部结构容重系数γw/(kN·m-3)[10-11] 正态分布 1.06 0.10
桥墩直径D/m[10] 正态分布 1.75 0.05
阻尼比$\zeta $[7-8] 正态分布 0.05 0.28
材料层次 混凝土峰值压应力fcc/MPa[9,12-13] 对数正态分布 31.69 0.20
纵筋屈服强度fy/MPa[12] 对数正态分布 400 0.07
纵筋弹性模量Es/MPa[10] 对数正态分布 2×105 0.02
边界层次 伸缩缝Δ/mm[7] 正态分布 80 0.15
挡块间距δ/mm[9] 对数正态分布 50 0.20
PTEB剪切模量Ge/MPa[14] 正态分布 1.2 0.14
PTEB滑动摩阻系数μPTEB/(kN·m-1)[10] 均匀分布 0.15 0.25
PTFE滑动摩阻系数μPTFE/(kN·m-1)[10] 均匀分布 0.01 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556636705158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

桥梁结构建模参数方面的不确定性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数类型 参数变量 概率分布类型 统计参数
平均值 变异系数
结构层次 上部结构容重系数γw/(kN·m-3)[10-11] 正态分布 1.06 0.10
桥墩直径D/m[10] 正态分布 1.75 0.05
阻尼比$\zeta $[7-8] 正态分布 0.05 0.28
材料层次 混凝土峰值压应力fcc/MPa[9,12-13] 对数正态分布 31.69 0.20
纵筋屈服强度fy/MPa[12] 对数正态分布 400 0.07
纵筋弹性模量Es/MPa[10] 对数正态分布 2×105 0.02
边界层次 伸缩缝Δ/mm[7] 正态分布 80 0.15
挡块间距δ/mm[9] 对数正态分布 50 0.20
PTEB剪切模量Ge/MPa[14] 正态分布 1.2 0.14
PTEB滑动摩阻系数μPTEB/(kN·m-1)[10] 均匀分布 0.15 0.25
PTFE滑动摩阻系数μPTFE/(kN·m-1)[10] 均匀分布 0.01 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556728979855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The uncertainty of seismic capability of bridge components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 轻微损伤(SL) 中等损伤(MO) 严重损伤(EX) 完全损伤(CO)
$\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}}}$ βR|LS1 $\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}}}$ βR|LS2 $\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}}}$ βR|LS3 $\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}}}$ βR|LS4
桥墩${{\mu }_{\mathrm{\varphi }}}^{\left[2\right]}$ 1.0 0.127 1.3 0.274 3.6 0.321 19.5 0.383
PTEB${{\mu }_{\mathrm{\delta }}}^{\left[16-17\right]}$ 1.0 0.246 1.5 0.246 2.0 0.472 2.5 0.472
常规挡块Δ/cm[18] 0.1 0.246 1.3 0.246 5.3 0.472 9.6 0.472
桥台Δ/cm[19] 0.6 0.246 1.1 0.246 3.5 0.472 10.0 0.472
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556905140633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

桥梁各构件抗震能力的不确定性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 轻微损伤(SL) 中等损伤(MO) 严重损伤(EX) 完全损伤(CO)
$\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{1}}}$ βR|LS1 $\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}}}$ βR|LS2 $\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}}}$ βR|LS3 $\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}}}$ βR|LS4
桥墩${{\mu }_{\mathrm{\varphi }}}^{\left[2\right]}$ 1.0 0.127 1.3 0.274 3.6 0.321 19.5 0.383
PTEB${{\mu }_{\mathrm{\delta }}}^{\left[16-17\right]}$ 1.0 0.246 1.5 0.246 2.0 0.472 2.5 0.472
常规挡块Δ/cm[18] 0.1 0.246 1.3 0.246 5.3 0.472 9.6 0.472
桥台Δ/cm[19] 0.6 0.246 1.1 0.246 3.5 0.472 10.0 0.472
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557026775462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis model of the uncertainty factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 模式名称 考虑不确定性因素
1 RTR Only 地震波的不确定性
2 RTR+CRI 地震波、建模关键参数不确定性
3 RTR+DU 地震波、构件抗震能力的不确定性
4 RTR+CRI+DU 地震波、建模关键参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性
5 RTR+SU+DU 地震波、结构层次的建模参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性因素
6 RTR+MU+DU 地震波、材料层次的建模参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性因素
7 RTR+BU+DU 地震波、边界层次的建模参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性因素
), ArticleFig(id=1233422557135827376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259504956071, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

依托工程不确定性因素分析模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 模式名称 考虑不确定性因素
1 RTR Only 地震波的不确定性
2 RTR+CRI 地震波、建模关键参数不确定性
3 RTR+DU 地震波、构件抗震能力的不确定性
4 RTR+CRI+DU 地震波、建模关键参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性
5 RTR+SU+DU 地震波、结构层次的建模参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性因素
6 RTR+MU+DU 地震波、材料层次的建模参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性因素
7 RTR+BU+DU 地震波、边界层次的建模参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性因素
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考虑不确定性的山区中小跨径桥梁抗震性能分析
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马健 1 , 熊江东 2 , 苏官林 1 , 段春雨 1 , 李立峰 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(6): 2564-2577
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(6): 2564-2577
考虑不确定性的山区中小跨径桥梁抗震性能分析
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马健1 , 熊江东2, 苏官林1, 段春雨1, 李立峰3, *
作者信息
  • 1 怒江美丽公路绿道建设工程指挥部, 泸水 673200
  • 2 云南省综合交通发展中心, 昆明 650032
  • 3 湖南大学土木工程学院, 长沙 410082
  • 马健(1981—),男,彝族,云南大姚人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:公路工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李立峰(1971—),男,汉族,湖南沅江人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁工程。E-mail:
Seismic Performance Analysis of Small and Medium Span Bridge Considering Uncertainty
Jian MA1 , Jiang-dong XIONG2, Guan-lin SU1, Chun-yu DUAN1, Li-feng LI3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Nujiang Meili Highway Greenway Construction Engineering Headquarters, Lushui 673200, China
  • 2 Yunnan Comprehensive Transportation Development Center, Kunming 650032, China
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403056
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为探讨中小跨径桥梁在设计、建造及服役期间中典型的不确定性因素对结构抗震性能的影响,以一座4跨连续小箱梁桥为工程背景,基于OpenSees建立非线性动力模型,分析了地震波不确定性、建模参数不确定性和构件抗震能力不确定性对关键构件地震动响应的影响机理。在此基础上,结合易损性分析理论,探讨了以上不确定性因素在构件易损性曲线的建立过程中的联动效应,进而量化了各类不确定性因素对结构抗震性能分析的影响程度。结果表明:构件的地震滞回曲线的差异主要由建模参数的不确定性造成,而峰值地震响应差异主要由地震动和建模参数的不确定性联合所导致;建模参数的不确定性和构件抗震能力的不确定性均会导致结构失效概率的增加,继而使得部分构件无法满足既定的损伤状态;考虑不确定性因素会增加桥梁系统易损性曲线的失效概率,且随着损伤程度的加深,不确定性的影响也会越大,使分析结果偏差30%以上。

桥梁工程  /  中小跨径桥梁  /  易损性分析  /  不确定性

To explore the effects of typical uncertainty factors on the seismic performance of small-and medium-span bridges during design, construction, and service, a four-span continuous small box girder bridge was taken as the engineering background, and a nonlinear dynamic model was built based on OpenSees. The influence mechanisms of seismic uncertainty, modeling parameter uncertainty, and capacity uncertainty on the seismic demand of key components were analyzed. On this basis, combined with the theory of fragility analysis, the linkage effect of the above uncertainty factors in the establishment of component fragility curves was explored, and then the degree of influence of each type of uncertainty factors on the analysis of structural seismic performance was quantified. The results show that the differences in the seismic hysteresis curves of the components are mainly caused by the uncertainties of the modeling parameters, while the differences in the peak seismic response are mainly caused by the combined uncertainties of ground shaking and modeling parameters. The modeling parameter uncertainty and component seismic capacity uncertainty can lead to an increase in the probability of structural damage, which consequently makes some components unable to meet the required damage state. The consideration of the uncertainty factor increases the probability of failure of the bridge system susceptibility curve, and the effect of uncertainty increases as the degree of damage deepens, biasing the analysis results by more than 30 percent.

bridge engineering  /  small and medium span bridge  /  fragile analysis  /  uncertainty
马健, 熊江东, 苏官林, 段春雨, 李立峰. 考虑不确定性的山区中小跨径桥梁抗震性能分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2564 -2577 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403056
Jian MA, Jiang-dong XIONG, Guan-lin SU, Chun-yu DUAN, Li-feng LI. Seismic Performance Analysis of Small and Medium Span Bridge Considering Uncertainty[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2564 -2577 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403056
中国中小跨径桥梁应用最为广泛,目前而言,其抗震设计普遍采用延性设计。然而相较于特大桥和大桥,中小跨径桥梁的震害次数更频繁、受损程度更严重;此外,设计、施工及服役期间面临的各种不确定性因素会对结构的抗震性能造成一定影响。因此,迫切需要思考并解决如何在评估中小跨径桥梁的抗震性能时,客观有效地考虑各种不确定性因素对结构抗震性能的影响问题。
地震易损性分析是基于概率理论的抗震性能评估方法,其反映了地震动强度与结构损伤概率的联系,可通过概率理论考虑各类不确定性因素的影响。Nielson[1]考虑了桥梁结构、材料力学和边界条件等不确定性因素对中小跨径桥梁易损性的影响。Lu等[2]通过引入材料强度退化的相关不确定性因素,对海洋环境中的大跨斜拉桥开展了地震易损性分析。吴文朋等[3]通过考虑水文资料、结构尺寸等相关的不确定性分析了墩台洪水冲刷对结构易损性曲线的影响。闫业祥等[4]基于高斯过程回归开展了考虑不确定性因素的桥梁易损性分析。此外,许多研究量化分析了结构易损性对各不确定性因素的敏感程度。宋帅等[5]通过引入重要性测度分析方法量化了不确定性参数对桥梁地震易损性的影响水平,研究表明支座剪切模量及上部结构质量的不确定性对结构易损性分析的敏感程度最大。Li等[6]探讨了结构尺寸、材料强度等不确定性因素对桥梁时变抗震能力、桥墩地震需求和桥梁易损性曲线的影响。Soleimani等[7]和Mangalathu等[8]采用Lasso回归算法分析了各类不确定性因素的敏感性分析,结果表明结构质量、几何尺寸、配筋率、混凝土强度和挡块间距等因素的不确定性对结构易损性分析影响较大。根据上述研究结果可知,针对不确定因素的影响分析是合理有效评估中小跨径桥梁的抗震性能的关键。明确不同层次的不确定性因素对抗震构件地震响应的影响机理,分析其在易损性建立过程中的联动效应和敏感性程度对完善基于概率的桥梁结构抗震设计,提高计算效率有重要意义。
为此,在上述研究的基础上,本文研究依托一座典型的4×25 m钢筋混凝土梁桥,基于易损性理论探讨不同层次的不确定性因素对中小跨径桥梁典型构件地震响应影响机理、揭示不同层次的不确定因素在易损性函数建立过程中的联动效应,进而量化不同层次的不确定性因素对中小跨径桥梁抗震性能评估的影响程度。
依托工程为云南怒江美丽公路山区绿道工程一座典型的中小跨径混凝土小箱梁桥。桥梁跨径布置为4×25 m,具体示意如图1所示。主梁高1.4 m、宽16.25 m,C50混凝土。双柱式排架圆形墩高15 m、直径1.75 m、墩身保护层厚度5cm,采用C35混凝土,桥墩纵筋和箍筋的配筋率分别为1.079%和0.608%。场地类别为Ⅲ类,建筑场地特征周期为0.40 s,基本地震动峰值加速度为0.15 g(g为重力加速度)。采用型号为GBZJ 500 mm×500 mm×70 mm的板式橡胶支座,并设置混凝土挡块防止落梁。
通过选择不同的单元类型和材料本构,基于OpenSees并结合桥梁各关键构件地震响应的不同特征,建立了依托工程的精细化有限元动力分析模型,如图1图2所示。其中,为提高计算效率,主梁、盖梁采用弹性梁柱单元进行模拟;桥墩采用弹塑性纤维单元进行模拟,以反映其地震非线性响应特征;盖梁处边界关系通过将支座和挡块力学模型相互并联进行模拟;桥台处边界关系通过将支座、伸缩缝、挡块力学模型相互并联后,再整体与桥台力学模型进行串联进行模拟。此外,由于依托工程桥址处地质条件较好,因此,墩底采用固结的方式进行模拟。
将中小跨径桥梁在施工、设计和运营中面临的不确定性分为地震波、结构建模和构件抗震能力不确定性。地震波不确定性指地震动本身的不确定性,主要体现在地震波的持时、频谱和幅值特性;结构建模不确定性是指结构在设计、施工及运营阶段的不确定性,如几何尺寸、材料参数等偶然误差;构件抗震能力不确定性主要由损伤状态的主观量化方式和计算方法的不确定性导致。
基于依托工程桥址的场地特性,本文研究从PEER地震数据库中筛选了100条适用的地震波以考虑地震波的不确定性。所选地震波的分布和谱加速度特性如图3所示。为进行非线性时程分析,同一地震波将分别沿纵桥向和横向桥输入至有限元模型。
建模参数的不确定性包括三个层次[10]:结构层次(structural uncertainty, SU)、材料层次(material uncertainty, MU)和边界层次(boundary uncertainty, BU)。本文研究综合考虑结构易损性分析的准确性和计算效率,从结构层次、材料层次和边界层次三方面选取了几类敏感程度更高的重要不确定性因素[7-10],各参数变量的概率分布类型和统计参数来自试验结果、统计分析和专家经验意见。根据既有的研究成果得到各关键参数的概率分布类型与统计参数取值如表1所示。
桥梁结构和构件的损伤状态可划分为五类损伤状态:无损伤(no damage,NO)、轻微损伤(slight damage,SL)、中等损伤(moderate damage,MO)、严重损伤(extensive damage,EX)和完全损伤(complete damage,CO)。根据以往研究,本次研究选择曲率延性系数、位移延性系数和变形作为桥墩、板式橡胶支座(plate type rubber support,PTEB)、挡块及桥台的损伤指标。为了考虑构件抗震能力不确定性的影响,对于桥墩构件,本文研究主要参考PEER钢筋混凝土柱侧推试验数据库的损伤数据及王建民等[15]的研究成果来考虑桥墩抗震能力的不确定性;对于其他构件,本文研究主要参考Nielson[1]的经验建议值以考虑构件能力的不确定性。各构件抗震能力的均值和对数标准差如表2所示。
易损性函数为
${P}_{\mathrm{f}}=P[{S}_{\mathrm{D}}\ge {R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{i}}|{I}_{\mathrm{M}}=x]$
式(1)中:P为结构或构件出现损伤的概率;SD为构件工程需求参数;RLSi为构件在第i个损伤状态下的抗震能力;IM为地震动强度指标;x为相应的地震动强度水平。
既往研究显示[1],可以假定结构地震需求SD和抗震能力RLSi服从对数正态分布,因此结构地震易损性的曲线通常以对数正态累积分布函数的形式来表示,即
${P}_{\mathrm{f}}=\Phi \left(\frac{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\overline{{S}_{\mathrm{D}}}-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{i}}}}{\sqrt{{\beta }_{S/D}^{2}+{\beta }_{\mathrm{R}\left|L\right.{S}_{i}}^{2}}}\right){I}_{\mathrm{M}}=x$
式(2)中:Φ(·)为标准正态的累计分布函数;$\overline{{S}_{\mathrm{D}}}$和$\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{i}}}$分别为构件工程需求均值和第i个损伤状态下的抗震能力均值;βS/DβR|LSi为$\overline{{S}_{\mathrm{D}}}$和$\overline{{R}_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{S}}_{i}}}$的对数标准差。
通常采用云图法建立IMSD间的概率地震需求模型(PSDM),假设$\overline{{S}_{\mathrm{D}}}$与IM成对数线性关系[1]
$\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\overline{{S}_{\mathrm{D}}}=b\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{I}_{\mathrm{M}}+\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}a$
式(3)中:ab均为回归拟合系数。
式(2)中的对数标准差${\beta }_{\overline{S/D}}$可通过式(4)进行计算。
${\beta }_{\overline{S/D}}=\sqrt{\frac{\stackrel{N}{\sum _{j=1}}(\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{S}_{\mathrm{D},j}{-\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\overline{{S}_{\mathrm{D}}})}^{2}}{N-2}}$
式(4)中:SD,j为在第j条地震波作用下的构件峰值响应需求;N为非线性时程分析的次数。
采用拉丁超立方抽样(latin hypercube sampling, LHS)方法考虑桥梁建模过程中各类关键不确定性因素如图4所示。首先,根据关键不确定性因素的分布特征进行LHS抽样获得桥梁建模参数原始样本空间矩阵BN×M,并建立相应的OpenSees动力模型,再与N条地震波随机组合形成N个桥梁-地震模型对。
为探讨各类不确定性因素对抗震性能分析的影响,本文研究共设置了7类分析模式,如表3所示。在7类分析模式中,除了模式1和模式3以外其他模式均是基于LHS抽样技术对相应建模过程所涉及的关键不确定性参数进行抽样,并与所选取的地震波随机组合以形成地震波-桥梁样本对。其中,模式1~模式4旨在对比分析地震波(record-to-record,RTR)、建模关键参数(critical parameter,CRI)和构件抗震能力(damage uncertainty,DU)所涉及的不确定性因素在结构地震易损性分析中的传递规律及对桥梁结构抗震性能分析所产生的影响规律;模式1和模式4~模式7旨在对比分析建模关键参数中结构层次(SU)、材料层次(MU)和边界层次(BU)的不确定性参数变量对桥梁结构抗震性能分析所产生的影响规律。
通过对比模式1(RTR Only)和模式2(RTR+CRI)在相同地震波和不同地震波下各构件的地震响应规律,以分析建模关键参数的不确定性对结构地震动响应的影响,对比结果如图 5图 6所示。
图5可知,考虑建模关键参数不确定性会导致各类构件在相同地震波作用下的滞回曲线存在显著差异。如桥墩和PTFE在模式1下的滞回曲线更饱满,而PTEB在模式2中却进入了摩擦滑移阶段。而且建模关键参数不确定性对各构件的地震动响应峰值的影响规律不尽相同。相较于模式1,模式2下的桥墩曲率、PTFE和PTEB的变形峰值响应有所降低,其中桥墩的曲率延性指标降幅最为显著,从1.25降至0.96;而模式2下的挡块变形峰值相应则有所增加,从0.118 m增大至0.125 m。
图6为各构件在不同地震波作用下的地震响应规律,其中,模式1和模式2的挡块在Wave 2地震波作用下均未发生碰撞效应,故图中未给出挡块的滞回曲线。由图6(a)图6(c)图6(e)可知,模式1中各构件的滞回规律一致,但地震峰值响应因地震动强度不同而存在差异。在模式2中,各构件的滞回曲线和峰值响应均随输入地震动的变化而变化,这是由于在建模过程中各类关键的不确定性参数进行LHS抽样的过程时,是根据参数的分布特征随机抽样进行建模并与地震波随机组合的,故这些不确定性因素对结构地震动响应的影响具有随机性。
基于4.1节分析可知,建模参数不确定性会导致构件地震峰值响应改变,而概率地震需求模型(PSDM)用以描述结构地震峰值响应与地震动强度参数之间的关系,故建模参数的不确定性也会导致PSDM拟合结果的改变,即对数均值曲线和对数标准差的改变。其中,在不同地震动强度下,构件的对数均值曲线偏移量越大说明构件相应的地震响应结果变化越大,而对数标准差反映了地震波作用下构件地震响应的离散程度,对数标准差越大,构件地震响应结果越离散。综上所述,对数均值曲线及其标准差能在不同程度上反映出建模各类参数不确定性对结构地震响应的影响,故本节基于对数曲线及标准差分析建模参数的不确定性对易损性函数建立过程的影响。
图7为模式1(RTR)和模式2(RTR+CRI)中各关键构件的PSDM对比。由图7可知,两类模式的建模参数不确定性对各类构件PSDM的影响不尽相同。其中,在考虑建模参数的不确定性下,当谱加速度SA<g(lnSA<0)时,桥墩构件的纵向和横向地震响应均值对数曲线偏移量较高,构件相应地震响应值增大明显,故其对建模参数的不确定性因素更为敏感;其次为桥台支座纵向,表现为在不同地震动强度下,桥台支座纵向的地震动响应均因考虑不确定性而增大;而桥台支座横向、桥台挡块及桥台的地震响应均值对数曲线基本重合,表明该三类构件的地震动响应对桥梁建模参数的不确定性因素均并不敏感。值得注意的是,当SA>g(lnSA>0)时,桥台支座横向和桥台挡块的对数均值曲线才出现略微偏移,这是由于本文研究所选取的边界层次的不确定性因素主要影响支座、挡块的非线性响应特征,当SA较大时,桥台的支座-挡块横向抗震体系才进入非线性状态,从而受不确定性因素的影响。
图8给出了模式1和模式4~模式7中各构件对数标准差的对比。由图8可知,考虑的建模参数中不确定性因素越多,对数标准差越大,即不确定性的影响程度越大;此外,建模参数中不同层次的不确定性对不同构件对数标准差的影响程度各不相同,如桥墩构件对建模参数中材料层次的不确定性因素更为敏感,而支座、挡块和桥台对建模参数中边界层次的不确定性因素更为敏感,这也是由于材料层次上的不确定性因素主要影响的是桥墩受力性能,而边界层次上的不确定性因素主要影响支座、挡块和桥台的受力性能所导致的。
本节从构件地震动响应均值和易损性曲线两个角度,探讨各种不确定性分析模式对依托工程构件抗震性能的影响规律。
图9为模式1和模式4~模式7中各构件在不同损伤状态下地震动强度均值的对比,纵坐标表示构件在不同损伤状态下对应的地震动均值强度,E1E2为依托工程规范两水准设防下的地震动谱加速度。由图9可知,当考虑建模参数的不确定性因素时,各构件处于损伤极限状态下所需达到的地震动均值强度更低,且考虑建模参数不确定性因素越多,各构件处于损伤极限状态下所需达到的地震动均值强度越低,如模式4(RTR+CRI)的桥台支座纵向达到严重损伤状态时的地震强度均值较模式1(RTR)下降了13%且低于E2设防下的地震动谱加速度。
另外,由于不同构件对结构层次、材料层次和边界条件不确定性因素的敏感性不同,三类不确定性因素对各构件的地震动均值强度影响规律也不尽相同,如支座、挡块和桥台构件对于边界层次上的不确定性因素更敏感,即边界层次的不确定性因素起决定性作用,故模式7(RTR+BU+DU)和模式4(RTR+CRI+DU)的分析结果更为贴近。
易损性同时考虑了构件地震动响应和构件抗震能力的随机性,可更为全面地评价构件的抗震性能。图10图11分别给出了模式1~模式4和模式1及模式4~模式7下各构件的易损性曲线对比。
图10(a)~图10(d)可知,桥墩和桥台的支座在纵向和横向的损伤概率均随着考虑不确定性因素程度的增加而增加。对于桥墩和桥台支座的纵向而言,建模关键参数的不确定性影响最大,而构件抗震能力的不确定性影响最小,而对于桥台支座横向而言,在严重损伤和完全损伤状态下构件抗震能力的不确定性影响反而大于建模关键参数的不确定性因素的影响。另外,随着损伤程度的增加,各类不确定性因素对桥墩损伤概率的影响越小,而对桥台支座则相反。由图10(e)可知,在地震动强度较低时,不确定性因素程度的增加会增大挡块损伤概率,而当地震动强度较高时,不确定因素程度的增加反而会降低挡块的损伤概率。由图10(f)可知,不确定性因素对桥台的影响规律与桥墩的一致,但相对来说,桥台在各个损伤极限状态下的损伤概率受不确定性影响相对较小。
对于建模关键参数各个层次中的不确定因素,由图11可知,模式4(RTR+CRI+DU)考虑所有建模关键参数的不确定性时对构件损伤概率影响最大,也更贴近于实际情况。从构件易损性函数的角度也能看出,由于不同构件对不同层次的不确定因素敏感程度不同,敏感程度相对更高的不确定性因素往往起着决定作用,这也与前文从均值角度分析所得到的规律相似。
本节将根据桥梁的系统易损性曲线探讨各类不确定性因素对桥梁体系抗震能力的影响。本文研究采用一阶界限法建立各抗震体系系统易损性曲线,图12图13分别是模式1~模式4、模式1及模式4~模式7下桥梁系统易损性曲线的对比情况。
图12可得,考虑建模关键参数和构件抗震能力的不确定性均会降低结构的抗震性能,其中,在轻微和中等损伤状态下建模关键参数不确定性和构件抗震能力不确定性对系统易损性曲线的影响较为接近,而在严重损伤和完全损伤状态下后者的影响大于前者。
图 13可知,模式4(RTR+CRI+DU)和模式7(RTR+BU+DU)下桥梁在各个损伤状态下的系统易损性曲线均较为接近,这是由于边界层次的不确定性因素更大程度上影响结构整体的刚度矩阵,使得支座和挡块为桥梁系统中最易损的构件,在系统易损性分析中在上界易损性曲线中占主导作用,进而导致了边界层次的不确定性因素对系统易损性的影响起决定性作用。另一方面,当损伤概率为50%时,模式4(RTR+CRI+DU)上界的所对应地震动强度指标较模式1(RTR)下降了19%~32%,这表明考虑不确定性因素会增加桥梁系统易损性曲线的损伤概率,且随着损伤程度的加深,不确定性的影响越大。因此,若在实际分析中忽略不确定性对桥梁结构抗震能力的影响则会高估桥梁抗震体系的抗震能力而埋下设计隐患。
本文研究以依托工程为例,基于LHS抽样方法揭示了建模关键参数、构件抗震能力与地震波不确定性对构件地震响应的影响机理,明确了其在易损性函数建立过程中的联动效应,进而量化研究了其对桥梁构件与体系抗震性能的影响程度。得出如下结论。
(1)构件的地震滞回曲线的差异主要由建模参数的不确定性造成,而构件的峰值地震响应差异主要由地震动和建模参数的不确定性联合所导致。
(2)在各类关键构件当中,桥墩纵向和横向受建模关键参数不确定性影响的敏感程度最高。建模关键参数不同层次的不确定性对不同构件的影响敏感程度不尽相同。其中,构件对与其受力特性相关的不确定性因素影响敏感程度更高。
(3)建模关键参数的不确定性和构件抗震能力的不确定性均会导致结构失效概率的增加,继而使得部分构件无法满足既定的损伤状态。
(4)考虑不确定性因素会增加桥梁系统失效概率,且随着损伤程度的加深,不确定性的影响会逐渐变大,使分析结果偏差30%以上。若在实际分析中忽略不确定性的影响,会高估桥梁的抗震性能而埋下设计隐患。
  • 云南省交通运输厅科技创新及示范项目(2022-82)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403056
  • 接收时间:2024-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-25
  • 修回日期:2024-12-15
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云南省交通运输厅科技创新及示范项目(2022-82)
作者信息
    1 怒江美丽公路绿道建设工程指挥部, 泸水 673200
    2 云南省综合交通发展中心, 昆明 650032
    3 湖南大学土木工程学院, 长沙 410082

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* 李立峰(1971—),男,汉族,湖南沅江人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁工程。E-mail:
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