Article(id=1156264259429458597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402632, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712764800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-11, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604481799, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604481799, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604481799, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604481799, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2379, endPage=2388, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264259878249130, articleId=1156264259429458597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Vulnerability Analysis of Wind Power and Photovoltaic Integration Based on Complex Network and Electrical Characteristics, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system after large-scale grid-connection of new energy, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the vulnerability of the power grid before and after grid-connection. Therefore, a composite new energy power grid vulnerability analysis method based on complex networks and electrical characteristics was proposed, and the IEEE-39 node was simulated. Firstly, a vulnerability assessment system was constructed by selecting degree centrality, proximity centrality, eigenvector centrality, electric power flow interval, voltage stability and power balance, and then solving each secondary index according to the formula. Secondly, entropy weight method was used to calculate the index weight, TOPSIS method was used to rank the vulnerability of nodes before and after grid connection, and comparative analysis was made. Finally, the obstacle factor model was used to analyze the influence degree of each index on the vulnerability of power grid. The research results indicate that the number and location of new energy sources connected to the grid affect the vulnerability of the power grid. Among the influencing factors of grid vulnerability, the order of influence is voltage stability indicator > closeness centrality indicator > active power balance indicator.

, correspAuthors=Kang XING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-jing TIAN, Kang XING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264328266375259, articleId=1156264259429458597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于复杂网络与电气特性的风电光伏并网脆弱性分析, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为保障新能源大规模并网后电力系统的安全稳定运行,量化评估并网前后电网的脆弱性十分必要,为此,提出了一种基于复杂网络和电气特性的复合新能源电网脆弱性分析方法,以IEEE-39节点为例仿真。首先,选取度中心性、接近中心性、特征向量中心性、电气潮流介数、电压稳定以及功率平衡等指标构建了电网脆弱性评价体系,根据公式对各二级指标进行求解;其次,利用熵权法求解指标权重,运用TOPSIS法对并网前后节点的脆弱程度进行排序,并作对比分析;最后,运用障碍因子模型分析各指标对电网脆弱性的影响程度。研究结果表明:新能源并网的数量以及位置影响着电网的脆弱性,电网脆弱性影响因素中,影响力排序为电压稳定性指标>接近中心性指标>有功功率平衡指标。

, correspAuthors=邢康, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 邢康(1997—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统脆弱性分析。E-mail:
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田京京(1979—),女,汉族,陕西汉中人,博士,教授。研究方向:图与复杂网络、电网评价与分析。E-mail:

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田京京(1979—),女,汉族,陕西汉中人,博士,教授。研究方向:图与复杂网络、电网评价与分析。E-mail:

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田京京(1979—),女,汉族,陕西汉中人,博士,教授。研究方向:图与复杂网络、电网评价与分析。E-mail:

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articleId=1156264259429458597, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Distribution map of obstacle factors at nodes with increased vulnerability, figureFileSmall=nFuffoORfv1VjPczO8Plrw==, figureFileBig=Mt7N0ZUxk2YkqxdiPfj9vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560017314349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=CN, label=图7, caption=脆弱性增大的节点障碍因子分布图, figureFileSmall=nFuffoORfv1VjPczO8Plrw==, figureFileBig=Mt7N0ZUxk2YkqxdiPfj9vA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560185086516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Weights of each index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 度中心
性DC
接近中
心性CC
特征向
量中心
性EC
潮流介
数B
电压稳
定指标
VL
有功功
率平衡
指标PL
权重 0.208 0.156 0.124 0.205 0.156 0.152
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560357052988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各指标权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 度中心
性DC
接近中
心性CC
特征向
量中心
性EC
潮流介
数B
电压稳
定指标
VL
有功功
率平衡
指标PL
权重 0.208 0.156 0.124 0.205 0.156 0.152
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560503853637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Node vulnerability ranking

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排序 DC CC EC B VL PL 综合指标
节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性
1 16 0.132 16 0.288 16 0.335 16 1.000 36 0.530 38 1.000 16 0.713
2 2 0.105 3 0.284 4 0.241 6 0.819 25 0.481 31 0.805 19 0.603
3 6 0.105 4 0.284 17 0.240 18 0.758 26 0.438 32 0.782 2 0.583
4 26 0.105 14 0.279 26 0.227 17 0.688 28 0.420 35 0.782 6 0.583
5 3 0.079 17 0.279 6 0.226 19 0.610 22 0.418 33 0.760 22 0.577
6 4 0.079 15 0.275 5 0.225 22 0.599 29 0.418 36 0.673 17 0.558
7 5 0.079 18 0.271 14 0.224 2 0.577 19 0.418 6 0.666 18 0.538
8 8 0.079 2 0.253 3 0.219 3 0.536 30 0.416 10 0.664 25 0.527
9 10 0.079 5 0.247 2 0.204 23 0.517 35 0.412 37 0.649 23 0.513
10 11 0.079 27 0.244 15 0.201 10 0.516 2 0.404 34 0.610 3 0.491
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560633877072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

节点脆弱性排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排序 DC CC EC B VL PL 综合指标
节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性 节点 脆弱性
1 16 0.132 16 0.288 16 0.335 16 1.000 36 0.530 38 1.000 16 0.713
2 2 0.105 3 0.284 4 0.241 6 0.819 25 0.481 31 0.805 19 0.603
3 6 0.105 4 0.284 17 0.240 18 0.758 26 0.438 32 0.782 2 0.583
4 26 0.105 14 0.279 26 0.227 17 0.688 28 0.420 35 0.782 6 0.583
5 3 0.079 17 0.279 6 0.226 19 0.610 22 0.418 33 0.760 22 0.577
6 4 0.079 15 0.275 5 0.225 22 0.599 29 0.418 36 0.673 17 0.558
7 5 0.079 18 0.271 14 0.224 2 0.577 19 0.418 6 0.666 18 0.538
8 8 0.079 2 0.253 3 0.219 3 0.536 30 0.416 10 0.664 25 0.527
9 10 0.079 5 0.247 2 0.204 23 0.517 35 0.412 37 0.649 23 0.513
10 11 0.079 27 0.244 15 0.201 10 0.516 2 0.404 34 0.610 3 0.491
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560755511895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Clustering results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类类别 节点
类别1 34、39
类别2 35、36
类别3 30、31、32、33、37、38
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560835203677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

聚类结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类类别 节点
类别1 34、39
类别2 35、36
类别3 30、31、32、33、37、38
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560956838501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Weights of indicators for each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 DC CC EC B VL PL
方案1 0.208 1 0.156 4 0.123 6 0.204 7 0.155 6 0.151 6
方案2 0.210 1 0.157 9 0.124 7 0.208 5 0.117 2 0.181 5
方案3 0.215 9 0.162 2 0.128 2 0.195 5 0.113 0 0.185 2
方案4 0.212 1 0.159 3 0.126 0 0.184 3 0.138 5 0.179 8
方案5 0.207 5 0.155 9 0.123 2 0.204 1 0.126 2 0.183 1
方案6 0.208 8 0.156 9 0.124 0 0.192 1 0.136 3 0.181 9
), ArticleFig(id=1233422561028141676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各方案指标权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 DC CC EC B VL PL
方案1 0.208 1 0.156 4 0.123 6 0.204 7 0.155 6 0.151 6
方案2 0.210 1 0.157 9 0.124 7 0.208 5 0.117 2 0.181 5
方案3 0.215 9 0.162 2 0.128 2 0.195 5 0.113 0 0.185 2
方案4 0.212 1 0.159 3 0.126 0 0.184 3 0.138 5 0.179 8
方案5 0.207 5 0.155 9 0.123 2 0.204 1 0.126 2 0.183 1
方案6 0.208 8 0.156 9 0.124 0 0.192 1 0.136 3 0.181 9
), ArticleFig(id=1233422561132999285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Vulnerability ranking of nodes for each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排序 方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4 方案5 方案6
节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度
1 16 0.738 6 0.658 6 0.673 6 0.616 6 0.630 6 0.698
2 2 0.614 16 0.606 16 0.601 16 0.600 16 0.567 16 0.573
3 6 0.573 2 0.534 5 0.539 2 0.555 2 0.532 5 0.566
4 19 0.570 5 0.528 2 0.525 19 0.526 5 0.503 2 0.520
5 17 0.565 19 0.486 14 0.493 5 0.496 19 0.469 14 0.515
6 3 0.531 26 0.467 4 0.486 25 0.482 14 0.464 4 0.505
7 25 0.529 25 0.464 19 0.483 26 0.473 26 0.460 19 0.472
8 22 0.515 4 0.459 26 0.451 3 0.471 4 0.458 8 0.451
9 26 0.502 17 0.457 25 0.448 14 0.465 25 0.455 26 0.447
10 18 0.494 14 0.454 3 0.443 4 0.457 3 0.444 25 0.446
), ArticleFig(id=1233422561254634111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各方案节点脆弱度排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排序 方案1 方案2 方案3 方案4 方案5 方案6
节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度 节点号 脆弱度
1 16 0.738 6 0.658 6 0.673 6 0.616 6 0.630 6 0.698
2 2 0.614 16 0.606 16 0.601 16 0.600 16 0.567 16 0.573
3 6 0.573 2 0.534 5 0.539 2 0.555 2 0.532 5 0.566
4 19 0.570 5 0.528 2 0.525 19 0.526 5 0.503 2 0.520
5 17 0.565 19 0.486 14 0.493 5 0.496 19 0.469 14 0.515
6 3 0.531 26 0.467 4 0.486 25 0.482 14 0.464 4 0.505
7 25 0.529 25 0.464 19 0.483 26 0.473 26 0.460 19 0.472
8 22 0.515 4 0.459 26 0.451 3 0.471 4 0.458 8 0.451
9 26 0.502 17 0.457 25 0.448 14 0.465 25 0.455 26 0.447
10 18 0.494 14 0.454 3 0.443 4 0.457 3 0.444 25 0.446
), ArticleFig(id=1233422561405629063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of node obstacle factors between Plan 1 and Plan 4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点 方案1 方案4 节点 方案1 方案4 节点 方案1 方案4 节点 方案1 方案4
1 PL PL 11 PL VL 21 DC DC 31 CC CC
2 PL PL 12 VL B 22 CC CC 32 CC CC
3 PL VL 13 PL VL 23 CC CC 33 VL VL
4 VL PL 14 VL VL 24 DC B 34 CC CC
5 VL VL 15 PL VL 25 PL PL 35 CC CC
6 VL VL 16 PL VL 26 PL PL 36 CC CC
7 VL CC 17 PL PL 27 PL PL 37 DC DC
8 VL VL 18 PL VL 28 B CC 38 CC CC
9 PL CC 19 EC PL 29 CC CC 39 PL EC
10 VL VL 20 VL VL 30 DC DC
), ArticleFig(id=1233422561552429711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259429458597, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

方案1和方案4节点障碍因子对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点 方案1 方案4 节点 方案1 方案4 节点 方案1 方案4 节点 方案1 方案4
1 PL PL 11 PL VL 21 DC DC 31 CC CC
2 PL PL 12 VL B 22 CC CC 32 CC CC
3 PL VL 13 PL VL 23 CC CC 33 VL VL
4 VL PL 14 VL VL 24 DC B 34 CC CC
5 VL VL 15 PL VL 25 PL PL 35 CC CC
6 VL VL 16 PL VL 26 PL PL 36 CC CC
7 VL CC 17 PL PL 27 PL PL 37 DC DC
8 VL VL 18 PL VL 28 B CC 38 CC CC
9 PL CC 19 EC PL 29 CC CC 39 PL EC
10 VL VL 20 VL VL 30 DC DC
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基于复杂网络与电气特性的风电光伏并网脆弱性分析
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田京京 , 邢康 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(6): 2379-2388
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(6): 2379-2388
基于复杂网络与电气特性的风电光伏并网脆弱性分析
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田京京 , 邢康*
作者信息
  • 陕西理工大学电气工程学院, 汉中 723000
  • 田京京(1979—),女,汉族,陕西汉中人,博士,教授。研究方向:图与复杂网络、电网评价与分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 邢康(1997—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统脆弱性分析。E-mail:
Vulnerability Analysis of Wind Power and Photovoltaic Integration Based on Complex Network and Electrical Characteristics
Jing-jing TIAN , Kang XING*
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402632
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为保障新能源大规模并网后电力系统的安全稳定运行,量化评估并网前后电网的脆弱性十分必要,为此,提出了一种基于复杂网络和电气特性的复合新能源电网脆弱性分析方法,以IEEE-39节点为例仿真。首先,选取度中心性、接近中心性、特征向量中心性、电气潮流介数、电压稳定以及功率平衡等指标构建了电网脆弱性评价体系,根据公式对各二级指标进行求解;其次,利用熵权法求解指标权重,运用TOPSIS法对并网前后节点的脆弱程度进行排序,并作对比分析;最后,运用障碍因子模型分析各指标对电网脆弱性的影响程度。研究结果表明:新能源并网的数量以及位置影响着电网的脆弱性,电网脆弱性影响因素中,影响力排序为电压稳定性指标>接近中心性指标>有功功率平衡指标。

风电光伏并网  /  电网脆弱性  /  复杂网络  /  电气特性  /  障碍因子

In order to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system after large-scale grid-connection of new energy, it is necessary to quantitatively assess the vulnerability of the power grid before and after grid-connection. Therefore, a composite new energy power grid vulnerability analysis method based on complex networks and electrical characteristics was proposed, and the IEEE-39 node was simulated. Firstly, a vulnerability assessment system was constructed by selecting degree centrality, proximity centrality, eigenvector centrality, electric power flow interval, voltage stability and power balance, and then solving each secondary index according to the formula. Secondly, entropy weight method was used to calculate the index weight, TOPSIS method was used to rank the vulnerability of nodes before and after grid connection, and comparative analysis was made. Finally, the obstacle factor model was used to analyze the influence degree of each index on the vulnerability of power grid. The research results indicate that the number and location of new energy sources connected to the grid affect the vulnerability of the power grid. Among the influencing factors of grid vulnerability, the order of influence is voltage stability indicator > closeness centrality indicator > active power balance indicator.

wind power and photovoltaic grid connection  /  grid vulnerability  /  complex networks  /  electrical characteristics  /  obstacle factor
田京京, 邢康. 基于复杂网络与电气特性的风电光伏并网脆弱性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2379 -2388 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402632
Jing-jing TIAN, Kang XING. Vulnerability Analysis of Wind Power and Photovoltaic Integration Based on Complex Network and Electrical Characteristics[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2379 -2388 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402632
在全球能源转型的大背景下,为实现经济可持续发展,应对能源短缺、气候变化、金融危机等问题,世界各国积极探索发展绿色发展。从传统的煤炭逐渐向低碳化、清洁化转型是世界能源发展的方向。中国目前正处于新型工业化、城市化发展的关键时期,能源需求日益增多。由于中国二氧化碳的排放主要来自能源活动,其占比达到了全社会排放量的87%,其中电力生产活动产生的碳排放量超过了全社会能源活动碳排放的40%[1]。电力行业肩负起碳减排目标任务的责任主体,构建以新能源发电为主体的新型电力系统是实现电力行业实现绿色发展的重要途径。在“双碳”目标下,中国的能源结构性革新深入推进,可再生能源也得到了极大的发展,其装机容量不停增长,在电力系统发电占比越来越大,到2023年底,全国发电装机容量约29.2×108 kW,其中太阳能发电装机容量约6.1×108 kW,同比增长55.2%,风电装机容量约4.4×108 kW,同比增长20.7%。然而风力发电、光伏等多种新能源装机容量增长和并网总额迅速扩大,致使发电端不确定性加深,发电供给可控性变差,电网结构复杂性日渐增强,新能源并网将考验电网的结构韧性,评估电网的结构与运行脆弱性,发现潜藏的故障点,预测系统的风险性,这将是解决新能源并网的难题的重要环节,因此,新能源并网的电网脆弱性研究至关重要,是学界关注的热点课题。
电网结构被认为是世界上拓扑结构最为复杂、影响范围最广的人工网络的之一。复杂网络理论以图论为基础,将具体的事物抽象为节点,事物之间的关系用边表示,使得事物与事物间关系的转化为可视化的网络结构[2]。因此,可用复杂网络理论研究电网结构相关问题。目前该方法已成为研究电网结构脆弱性的前沿工具之一,例如,文献[3]在对北欧输电网进行脆弱性分析时,利用复杂网络理论,将聚类系数、度中心性等拓扑结构指标综合加权处理,脆弱性结果以地理和网络形式呈现。文献[4]将电网抽象成复杂网络,对电网进行恢复能力和可靠性评估,文献[5]在对电网安全性风险进行评估时,为完善风险评估的指标体系,引入线路潮流指标、节点电压指标、失负荷严重度等运行状态指标。文献[6]结合了复杂系统理论,从电网拓扑结构、运行状态以及节点故障之后的影响考虑,构建节点的脆弱性指标体系,提出层次分析法与灰色关联度的综合评价模型,对电网节点综合脆弱性进行评估。文献[7]同样基于复杂理论,考虑了电力网络的拓扑特性的同时,建立电力系统结构脆弱性综合评价指标,利用模糊综合评价法和层次分析法计算权重,提出VIKOR综合法得到综合重要度排序结果。
据此,可知复杂网络理论虽运用电网脆弱性评价,但研究对象多为传统电网,对于新能源并网后的电网脆弱性评价中研究较少。目前,分析新能源并网的电网脆弱性多关注于电气特性,而忽视电网的拓扑结构,例如,文献[8]考虑风电并网对电力系统稳定性带来的影响,提出电力系统故障的主要是由线路过载引起的,于是以线路的负载率对潮流熵进行改进,对电力线路进行辨识。文献[9]提出考虑风电功率误差分布的电力系统风险评估,引入综合风险评估指标,结合风险等级对系统运行进行风险评估。文献[10]建立风电和光伏并网的电力系统运行风险评估模型,对电力系统进行评估。
在上述文献中,对于风电和光伏并网电力系统的评价主要依赖于风险评估指标,这些指标多数聚焦于风电和光伏并网时电网运行的电气特性,却鲜少考量电网构架、接入位置等拓扑结构对电网脆弱性的潜在影响。
鉴于此,本文研究基于复杂网络理论,综合考虑电网的拓扑结构和电气特性,选定包括度中心性、接近中心性、特征向量中心性等在内的拓扑结构指标,同时选取潮流介数、电压稳定性以及功率稳定性等能够表征电网运行稳定性的指标。构建由电网拓扑结构、电网特性2个准则层,6个二级指标组成的含风电光伏并网的电网脆弱性评价指标体系,旨在全面评估含风电光伏并网的电网脆弱性。然后,根据构建的评价体系,采用改进的熵权TOPSIS法来计算评价指标,进而确定电网各节点的脆弱度。通过对比风电和光伏并网前后的脆弱度变化,探究新能源接入的数量、位置等因素对电网脆弱性的具体影响。最后,现有文献往往只关注整体评价指标对电网脆弱性的影响,而忽视了各指标之间的影响程度差异。为了弥补这一不足,本文研究引入障碍因子分析,通过障碍因子分析能够更准确地揭示各指标对电网脆弱性变化的贡献程度,从而为电网的优化和安全管理提供更为精准的依据。
在电网脆弱性评估时,将评价指标分为两个准则层进行描述,分别为拓扑结构准则层和运行状态准则层,如图1所示。在拓扑结构准则层中,选取了三个指标:度中心性、接近中心性和特征向量中心性。度中心性主要衡量节点的重要程度,它反映了节点在网络中的影响力和关键性。接近中心性则主要衡量节点在网络中的整体影响力,它表示节点在信息传播和故障级联方面的速度和效率。特征向量中心性则强调节点在影响力和控制力方面的综合作用。在运行状态准则层中,基于电网的潮流分布,综合考虑节点的电气参数、连接关系以及周围节点的状态,选取了节点潮流介数这一指标。该指标通过分析节点之间的潮流分布和流动情况来衡量节点在电网中的重要性。同时,电压和功率也是影响电网稳定性的重要因素,选取了电压稳定指标和有功功率平衡指标来衡量节点在电网中的稳定程度,以实现对于电网的脆弱性评估。
(1)度中心性。度中心性[11]是指节点的直接连接数,测量一个节点在网络中的连接程度,如果节点的度中心性越高表示节点与更多的节点相连接,在网络中拥有更高的影响力,其表达式为
$\mathrm{D}\mathrm{C}\left(i\right)=\frac{{k}_{i}}{N-1}$
式(1)中:DC(i)为节点i的度中心性;ki为与节点i相连接的边的数目;N为网络中节点的数量。
(2)接近中心性。接近中心性[12]描述节点在网络中的整体影响力,计算节点到其他节点的平均最短距离,如果一个节点的接近中心性越高,意味着该节点到其他节点的平均距离最短,能够更快到达其他任意节点,在网络中传播的速度更快,其表达式为
$CC\left(\mathrm{i}\right)=\frac{1}{{d}_{i}}=\frac{1}{N-1}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{j=1}}{d}_{ij}$
式(2)中:CC(i)为节点i的接近中心性;di为节点i到其他节点的平均距离;dij为节点i到节点j的平均最短距离。
(3)特征向量中心性。特征向量中心性[13]是衡量一个节点在影响力和控制力方面的综合作用,描述的是节点间的连接关系以及每个连接的权重。一个节点的特征向量中心性越高表示该节点连接的其他节点具有较高的连接权重,该节点在网络中的影响力和控制力更强,其表达式为
$EC\left(\mathrm{i}\right)=\mathrm{c}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i\ne j}}{a}_{ij}{x}_{j}$
${a}_{ij}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, \mathrm{节}\mathrm{点}i\mathrm{与}\mathrm{节}\mathrm{点}j\mathrm{相}\mathrm{连}\\ 0, \mathrm{节}\mathrm{点}i\mathrm{与}\mathrm{节}\mathrm{点}j\mathrm{不}\mathrm{相}\mathrm{连}\end{array}\right.$
式中:EC(i)为节点i的特征向量中心性;c为常数;网络的邻接矩阵为$A=\left\{{a}_{ij}\right\};{x}_{j}$为矩阵A的特征向量。
(4)潮流介数。潮流介数[14]是衡量节点在潮流分布在网络中的影响力和关键,综合考虑了电气特性和网络拓扑结构,揭示网络中节点之间的相互影响和关联程度。其表达式为
$B\left(i\right)=\frac{1}{2}\left(\sum _{ij\in {l}_{i}}{B}_{ij}-{P}_{i}\right)$
式(5)中:B(i)为节点i的潮流介数;li为网络中与节点i相连的支路合集;Pi为节点的注入功率。
${B}_{ij}=\sum _{m\in G}\sum _{n\in L}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({S}_{m},{S}_{n})\frac{{P}_{ij}(m,n)}{{P}_{mn}}$
式(6)中:G为发电机节点集合;L为线路中功率流向所有节点集合;min(Sm,Sn)为发电机Gm实际出力和Ln负荷的最小值;Pij(m,n)为发电机经线路i-j传输给负荷Ln的有功功率。
(5)电压稳定指标。电压稳定指标[15]是衡量系统电压稳定性的参数,是指在输入电压在规定范围内变化所引起的输出电压的相对变化,用来评估电网在受到扰动后恢复能力以及系统对负荷变化的响应能力,其表达式为
$\mathrm{V}\mathrm{L}\left(i\right)=\frac{\left|{V}_{i}-{V}_{\mathrm{n}}\right|}{\mathrm{\Delta }V}$
式(7)中:VL(i)为节点i的电压稳定程度;Vi为节点运行电压;Vn为系统额定电压;ΔV为节点最大允许电压偏移量。
(6)有功功率平衡指标。有功功率平衡指标[15]能够保证系统频率稳定在规定范围内,避免出现大的波动,反映电力系统的运行状态,其表达式为
$PL\left(\mathrm{i}\right)=\frac{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{w}_{ij}{P}_{ij}}{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{w}_{ij}}$
式(8)中:PL(i)为节点i的有功功率平衡指标;wij为线路的阻抗值;Pij为线路上传输的有功功率。
在对电网脆弱性评估时,电网的节点数目计为n,评价指标的数目计为m,构成的评价矩阵为
$X=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{X}_{11}& {X}_{12}& \dots & {X}_{1m}\\ {X}_{21}& {X}_{22}& \dots & {X}_{2m}\\ ︙& ︙& \mathrm{ }& ︙\\ {X}_{n1}& {X}_{n2}& \dots & {X}_{nn}\end{array}\right]$
因指标量纲不同,导致数据差距较大,将数据无量纲化,得到处理后的标准化矩阵,无量纲处理公式为
${P}_{ij}=\frac{{x}_{ij}}{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{j=1}}{x}_{ij}}$
既往文献在对指标进行分析时,大多数运用层次分析法,但是层次分析法存在一定的局限性,难以准确地进行元素之间的成对比较,判断矩阵的一致性也受到一些因素制约,从而影响决策的准确性。因此本文研究中运用熵权法(entropy weight method,EWM)[16],能够客观地计算指标权重,具体公式步骤如下。
对于标准化后的矩阵计算指标信息熵Ej,其公式为
${E}_{j}=-\frac{1}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{p}_{ij}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{p}_{ij}$
指标权重公式为
$\begin{array}{l}{g}_{j}=1-{E}_{j}\\ {w}_{j}=\frac{{g}_{j}}{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{j=1}}{g}_{j}}\end{array}$
式(12)中:gj为指标的差异系数;wj为各指标的权重。
TOPSIS法[17]是一种常用的组内综合评价方法,能充分利用原始数据的信息,其结果能精确地反映各评价方案之间的差距。基本过程为基于归一化后的原始数据矩阵,采用余弦法找出有限方案中的最优方案和最劣方案,然后分别计算各评价对象与最优方案和最劣方案间的距离,获得各评价对象与最优方案的相对接近程度,以此作为评价优劣的依据。TOPSIS法的基本步骤如下。
步骤1 将原始的评价矩阵标准化,对于正向指标和负向指标有
${Z}_{ij}=\frac{{X}_{ij}-{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}$
${Z}_{ij}=\frac{{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{X}_{ij}}{{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}$
步骤2 计算最优解与最劣解。
${Z}^{+}=({Z}_{1}^{+},{Z}_{2}^{+},\dots,{Z}_{m}^{+})$
${Z}^{-}=({{Z}^{-}}_{1},{{Z}^{-}}_{2},\dots,{{Z}^{-}}_{m})$
步骤3 计算各评价指标与最优解及最劣解之间的欧氏距离。即
${D}_{i}^{+}=\sqrt{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{w}_{i}({Z}_{i}^{+}-{Z}_{ij}{)}^{2}}$
${{D}^{-}}_{i}=\sqrt{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{w}_{i}({{Z}^{-}}_{i}-{Z}_{ij}{)}^{2}}$
式中:wi为第i个评价指标的权重。
步骤4 计算各指标与最优方案的接近程度。
${C}_{i}=\frac{{D}_{{}_{\mathrm{i}}}^{-}}{{D}_{{}_{\mathrm{i}}}^{+}+{D}_{{}_{\mathrm{i}}}^{-}}$
由接近程度可以得到电网的脆弱性程度,根据相对接近程度的大小可以对电网脆弱性进行排序,接近程度越大表明电网的脆弱度越大。
障碍因子模型[18]依靠因子贡献度以及偏离度来表示各指标的障碍度,在利用TOPSIS模型表征电网脆弱性的基础上,科学识别影响电网脆弱性的关键障碍因子,计算公式为
${F}_{j}={w}_{j}{w}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$
${I}_{j}=1-{X}_{ij}$
${P}_{j}=\frac{{F}_{j}{I}_{j}}{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{j=1}}{F}_{j}{I}_{j}}$
式中:Fj为第j个评价指标的障碍因子贡献度;wj为各指标权重;${w}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$为准则层的权重;Ij为偏离度;Xij为各个指标标准化、归一化处理后的数值;Pj为障碍度。
IEEE-39节点系统拥有39个节点以及46条线路,如图2所示,本文研究以IEEE-39节点系统为例进行分析。首先以线路上的阻抗值为权重将该系统抽象为简单的无向加权网络,利用Python软件求解该网络的度中心性、接近中心性以及特征向量中心性。其次结合电网系统特有的电气特性,利用Matpower软件求解风电、光伏并网前后的IEEE-39节点系统中的节点潮流介数以及系统运行时的电压稳定指标以及有功功率平衡指标。然后将评价矩阵进行标准化处理后,利用熵权法求得各指标的权重,并利用TOPSIS法对各节点的脆弱程度进行排序,得到IEEE-39节点电网的脆弱程度。最后基于障碍因子分析电网脆弱性的评估指标影响力程度。
根据评价指标构建评价矩阵,将评价矩阵进行归一化、标准化处理,各指标的处理结果如图3所示。根据评价矩阵进行熵权法求解指标权重,结果如表1所示。
结合所求各指标权重,利用Python软件计算IEEE-39节点系统单一指标以及综合指标的脆弱度排序,排序结果如表2所示,由于篇幅有限,故选取排名前10的节点进行分析,以及电网节点的脆弱性如图4所示。
表2排序结果可知,单一指标与综合指标排序结果都不尽相同,这些指标都从不同的角度对节点的脆弱性进行反映,特别是电网拓扑结构以及电网运行状态的各指标排序结果差距较大,属于拓扑结构的三种指标排序都是16节点脆弱度最高,由于节点潮流介数结合了拓扑特性以及电气特性,所以潮流介数脆弱度排序第一也是16节点,对于电压稳定指标和有功功率平衡指标等电网运行状态的排序结果都不相同,这就说明同时考虑结构特性与电气特性的重要性。
对风电和光伏发电并网给电力系统带来的脆弱性进行研究,首先根据风电、光伏出力模型计算出力功率,然后结合本文设计的新能源接入方案,计算并网后的潮流介数、电压稳定以及有功功率等运行特性指标。最后结合拓扑结构,根据所构建的指评评价体系,对新能源并网后的电网脆弱性进行计算。
由于风电和光伏出力的不确定性,风力发电的输出功率大小由风速的大小以及风电机组决定,研究表明,威布尔分布式模拟实际风速的最佳模型,本文研究中采用威布尔分布模拟风力发电的输出功率[19]。威布尔分布表达式为
$f\left(v\right)=\frac{k}{c}{\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^{k-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^{k}}$
累积概率分布为
$F\left(v\right)=1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)}^{k}}$
式中:v为风速;ck分别为威布尔的参数,其大小可以由平均风速和标准差算出。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}c=\frac{\mu }{\Gamma }\left(1+\frac{1}{k}\right)\\ k={\left(\frac{\sigma }{\mu }\right)}^{-1.086}\end{array}\right.$
$\Gamma \left(x\right){\int }_{0}^{\infty }{t}^{x-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}\mathrm{d}t$
式中:Γ为Gamma函数,对每一个正整数N都有Γ(x)=(N-1)!
风力发电机并不是在所有的风速都能正常运行,当风速过大时,风机不能正常工作需要切机;当风速过小时,风机也不能正常运行。风机的实际出力模型与风速的大小关系的表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& v<{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{i}}\\ b+av,& {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{i}}<v<{v}_{\mathrm{r}}\\ {P}_{\mathrm{r}},& {v}_{\mathrm{r}}<v<{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}}\\ 0,& {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}}<v\end{array}\right.$
式(27)中:vci为风机切入风速;vr为额定风速;vco为风机切出风速;Pr为额定输出功率;a=Pr/(vr-vci);b=-avci
综合式(23)~式(25),可以得到风电机组的输出有功功率的概率密度函数为
$f\left({P}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}\right)=\frac{k}{{c}^{k}}{A}^{k-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{A}^{k}}{{c}^{k}}}$
$A=\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}({v}_{\mathrm{r}}-{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{i}})}{{P}_{\mathrm{r}}}+{v}_{ci}$
根据风电机组输出有功功率的概率密度函数,Pw表示风电机组的1 d的输出有功功率的平均值,其表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{w}}={\int }_{0}^{24}{P}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}f\left({P}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}\right)\mathrm{d}{P}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}$
光伏出力和太阳光照强度息息相关,太阳光照在1 d内近似Beta分布[19],Beta分布表达式为
$f\left(r\right)=\frac{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta )}{\Gamma \left(\alpha \right)+\Gamma \left(\beta \right)}{\left(\frac{r}{{r}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right)}^{\alpha -1}{\left(1-\frac{r}{{r}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right)}^{\beta -1}$
式(31)中:r、rmax为实际光照强度和最大光照强度;α=μ[$\frac{\mu (1-\mu )}{{\sigma }^{2}}$-1];β=(1-μ)[$\frac{\mu (1-\mu )}{{\sigma }^{2}}$-1]。
光伏发电的输出功率不仅与太阳强度有关,还与光照与电能的转换效率及光伏阵列面积有关,因此光伏电机的输出功率PM及最大输出功率PM,max表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{M}}=rA\eta $
${P}_{\mathrm{M},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}={r}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}A\eta $
式中:A为光伏阵列面积;η为光伏的转换效率。
综合Beta分布表达式和输出功率表达式,可得到光伏发电的概率分布表达式为
f(PM)=$\frac{\Gamma (\alpha +\beta )}{\Gamma \left(\alpha \right)+\Gamma \left(\beta \right)}{\left(\frac{{P}_{M}}{{P}_{M,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right)}^{\alpha -1}{\left(1-\frac{{P}_{M}}{{P}_{M,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right)}^{\beta -1}$
根据光伏机组输出有功功率的概率密度函数,Pm表示光伏机组的1 d的输出有功功率的平均值,其表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{m}}={\int }_{0}^{24}{P}_{\mathrm{M}}f\left({P}_{\mathrm{M}}\right)\mathrm{d}{P}_{\mathrm{M}}$
为了方便计算,本文风电机组参数设置如下:额定输出功率为Pr=2 000kW,额定风速为vr=13m/s,切入风速为vci=3m/s,切出风速为vco=25m/s,根据式(23)~式(30)求得风电机组的实际输出功率。光伏发电系统的参数设置如下:光伏阵列面积为A=2 000m2,光电转换效率为η=0.14,最大光照强度为rmax=700。根据式(31)~式(35),求得光伏机组的实际输出功率。
为了探究风电和光伏并网对电网脆弱性的影响,设计了以风电和光伏电源代替传统发电机节点,为探究合适的替换节点,依据原始电网发电机节点脆弱性进行聚类分析,通过对发电机节点脆弱性的特征提取,将发电机节点进行归类处理,深入理解各节点之间的内在结构及规律,更好地对发电机节点进行替换出力,聚类结果如表3所示。
根据聚类结果以风电与光伏电机替换传统发电机,结合以下方案对电网脆弱性进行分析。
(1)方案1:未含新能源发电的IEEE-39节点系统的脆弱性。
(2)方案2:在方案1的基础上,用光伏出力模型输出功率代替34号节点发电机,用风电出力模型输出功率代替39号节点发电机。
(3)方案3:在方案2的基础上,调换光伏与风电的接入位置,用光伏出力模型输出功率代替39号节点发电机,用风电出力模型输出功率代替34号节点发电机。
(4)方案4:用光伏出力模型输出功率代替35号节点发电机,以风电出力模型输出功率分别代替34号、39号节点发电机。
(5)方案5:在方案4基础上,以光伏出力模型的输出功率代替35号、36号节点发电机,以风电出力模型输出功率分别代替34号、39号节点发电机。
(6)方案6:在方案5的基础上,调换光伏与风电的接入位置,分别以光伏出力模型的输出功率代替34号、39号节点发电机,以风电出力模型输出功率分别代替35号、36号节点发电机。
针对提出的6个方案,分别计算其结构指标以及运行状态指标,根据评价指标分别计算每个方案的综合权重,所得综合权重如表4所示,根据所求权重,利用TOPSISI法对各方案进行脆弱性分析,各方案脆弱度计算结果如图5所示,由于篇幅有限,故截取各方案脆弱性排名前10的节点,其结果如表5所示。
实验结果发现,在5种新能源并网后的方案中,节点脆弱性排序前10名的节点号大致相同,原始不含新能源发电的IEEE-39节点系统的脆弱性排序前10名与其他5个方案的排序结果相差较大。对比6个方案发现,新能源并网之后的系统部分节点脆弱性低于方案1中电网的节点脆弱性,部分节点脆弱性高于方案1中的节点。方案1中,节点的脆弱程度最高为节点16,脆弱性为0.738。其他5个方案中,节点脆弱程度最高的节点均为6号节点,第二均为16号节点,对于方案2,一个光伏发电机、一个风电发电机接入系统,系统的最高节点脆弱性由0.713下降为0.658,下降率约为11%;但是节点6的脆弱性由0.573增长为0.658,增长率约为13%。对于方案3,调换风电和光伏电源的接入节点,系统的最高脆弱性变为6号节点,脆弱度为0.673,但是与方案1中的6号节点对比,脆弱度增长率约为15%。对于方案4,系统的最高脆弱性变为6号节点,脆弱度为0.616,在所有方案中脆弱性最低。对于方案5和方案6,脆弱性最高的节点均为6号节点,脆弱度分别为0.630和0.698。
图5可知,光伏和风电电源并网之后,节点4、节点5、节点6、节点7、节点8、节点12、节点13、节点14、节点31号节点的脆弱性均大于方案1中的节点脆弱性,且这些节点均位于39号节点附近。对比各个方案中所有节点的脆弱性变化发现,方案2、方案3、方案6对比方案1中节点7的脆弱性增长最大,增长率分别约为22%、24%、34%,方案4、方案5对比方案1中节点31的脆弱性增长最大,增长率分别为18%和19%。
根据上述研究发现,新能源并网后的方案,电网脆弱度最高的节点,数值均有所下降,其中方案4的节点脆弱度最大值为0.616,与其他方案相比其脆弱度最低。而电网中的数个节点脆弱度有所增长,其中方案6中的节点7与方案1中的节点7对比,脆弱度增长34%。为探究其中影响电网脆弱度的主要因素,对方案1中数据与方案4中数据分别进行障碍因子分析。
对于方案1,准则层为拓扑结构和运行特性,其权重分别为49.7%、51.3%,其中各指标权重分别为42.6%、32%、25.3%、37.7%、26.7%、35.6%。对于方案1中电网的节点进行障碍因子分析,各指标的障碍因子贡献度分别为0.290、0.157、0.124、0.136、0.182、0.192。对于方案4,准则层为拓扑结构和运行特性,其权重分别为49.7%、51.3%,其中各指标权重分别为43.7%、31.3%、25.0%、37.0%、27.1%、35.9%。各指标的障碍因子贡献度分别为0.214、0.153、0.123、0.189、0.138、0.183,方案1与方案4障碍度结果对比如表6所示。
方案1中,以有功功率平衡指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为36%,以电压稳定指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为26%,以接近中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为23%,以度中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为10%,分别以潮流介数和特征向量中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比均为3%。方案4中,以电压稳定指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为33%,以接近中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为31%,以有功功率平衡指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为21%,以度中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为8%,分别以潮流介数和特征向量中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比分别为5%和3%。
对于风电与光伏并网之后的电网脆弱性减小的节点,如图6所示,方案1中以有功功率平衡指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为43%,以接近中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为27%,以度中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为13%,以电压稳定性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为10%,排分别以潮流介数和特征向量中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比均为3%。而方案4中以接近中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为33%,较方案1中占比有所增加,以电压稳定性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为27%,较方案1中的电压稳定性指标占比增加,以有功功率平衡指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为23%,以度中心性指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为10%,分别以特征向量中心性指标以及潮流介数为第一障碍因子的节点占比均为3%。
而对于风电与光伏并网之后的电网脆弱性增加的节点4、节点5、节点6、节点7、节点8、节点12、节点13、节点14以及节点31共9个节点中,如图7所示,方案1中以电压稳定指标为第一障碍因子的节点占比约为78%,其次以接近中心性指标和有功功率平衡指标作为第一障碍因子的节点占比均为11%,方案4中的电压稳定性指标作为第一障碍因子的节点占大多数,但其占比较方案1有所减少,占比为56%,其次接近中心性作为第一障碍因子的节点占比为22%,最后潮流介数及有功功率平衡指标作为第一障碍因子的节点占比均为11%。
对电力系统脆弱性进行分析,基于电网的拓扑结构以及运行状态,选取了度中心性、接近中心性、特征向量中心性、节点潮流介数、电压平衡以及有功功率平衡等6个指标,构建了一种新的评价体系,对评价指标根据熵权法求得指标权重。其次,结合指标权重对评价体系运用TOPSIS法进行接近度计算,得到每个节点的脆弱性以及脆弱程度排序。最后,以IEEE-39节点系统为例接入新能源发电,对比接入前后的节点脆弱性,得出以下结论。
(1)对比各方案与方案1,发现风电和光伏并网之后的电网脆弱性最高的节点均为节点6,而方案1中电网脆弱性最高的节点为节点16,根据图5分析发现,各方案节点脆弱性曲线变化趋势基本相同。对比方案2和方案3,方案5和方案6,并入电网的风电和光伏的发电机数量相同,但是由于接入的位置不同,电网的脆弱性均有所不同。对比方案2、方案4、方案6,发现脆弱性最高为方案6,其次为方案2,最后是方案4。因此风电、光伏并网的电机数量以及接入的位置对电网的脆弱性存在重要影响关系,要研究电网的稳定性必须合理地选择新能源电机的数量及接入位置。
(2)根据障碍因子分析发现,并网后脆弱性增大的所有节点中,对比方案1与方案4,电压稳定指标作为排名第一的障碍因子,节点占比由78%降为56%,接近中心性指标作为障碍因子的节点占比由11%增长为22%。而对于并网后脆弱性减小的节点,对比方案1与方案4电压稳定性指标作为障碍因子的节点占比由10%增长为27%,有功功率平衡指标作为障碍因子的节点占比由43%降为23%,接近中心性指标作为障碍因子的节点占比由27%增长为33%。对比发现,并网后的电网脆弱性增加主要因为电压稳定性指标作为障碍因子占比减少以及接近中心性指标作为障碍因子的节点占比增加。而并网后的电网节点脆弱性减小主要原因为电压稳定性指标作为障碍因子的节点占比增加,以及接近中心性指标作为障碍因子的节点占比增加和有功功率平衡指标作为障碍因子的节点占比较小。因此,电网脆弱性分析中,电压、接近中心性以及有功功率是排名前3位的电网脆弱性评价指标,在后续的研究中应更加重视。
  • 国家自然科学基金(11961041)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目(21&ZD153)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402632
  • 接收时间:2024-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-11
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(11961041)
国家社会科学基金重大项目(21&ZD153)
作者信息
    陕西理工大学电气工程学院, 汉中 723000

通讯作者:

* 邢康(1997—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统脆弱性分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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