Article(id=1156264259152630385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604481732, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604481732, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604481732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604481732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2531, endPage=2538, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264259605615220, articleId=1156264259152630385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization on Air Cargo “Trunk-Branch” Linkage Allocation Based on Genetic Algorithm, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the gradual formation of “trunk-branch” linkage multi-level air cargo transportation system, the problem of low turnover efficiency of airport cargo is becoming more and more prominent, and the “trunk-branch” linkage efficient cargo allocation methods have become one of the key technologies to solve the above problems. An integer programming linkage allocation model was established with the maximum loading rate under “trunk-branch” linkage as the optimization objective while simultaneously satisfying constraints such as cabin position, cabin size, center of gravity, and weight for both trunk and branch aircraft. This model was applied based on genetic algorithms to optimize the cargo allocation between the B757-200 trunk aircraft and the ARJ21-700F branch aircraft. It was found that the average loading rate of “trunk-branch” linkage allocation was increased by 5.45% to 72.05% compared with sequential allocation.By demonstrating that the proposed “trunk-branch” linkage allocation method in this study can significantly increase the overall cargo loading capacity, and thus effectively improving the efficiency of cargo turnover at airports, laying a theoretical foundation and providing technical support for the safe and efficient development of the “trunk-branch” linkage multi-level air cargo transportation system.

, correspAuthors=Xin-zhe ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guo-ju LI, Qian-rui ZHANG, Bin YU, Xin-zhe ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264328094404734, articleId=1156264259152630385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于遗传算法的航空货运“干-支”联动配载优化, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着“干-支”联运多级航空货运体系逐步形成,机场货运周转效率不高的问题日益突出,“干-支”联动式货物高效配载方法已成为解决上述问题的关键技术之一。建立了以“干-支”最大装载率为优化目标,同时满足干线货机和支线货机的舱室位置约束、舱室尺寸约束、重心约束和重量约束等多重约束条件下的整数规划联动配载模型,基于遗传算法开展了B757-200干线货机和ARJ21-700F支线货机的“干-支”联动货物配载的优化研究。发现“干-支”联动货物配载的平均装载率相比于“干-支”逐次配载提高了5.45%,达到72.05%。表明本文所提出的“干-支”联动配载方法能显著增加货运总体装载量,从而有效提升机场货运周转效率,为“干-支”联运多级航空货运体系进一步发展提供了理论基础与技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=张昕喆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张昕喆(1988—),男,汉族,河北遵化人,博士,副教授。研究方向:飞行器设计、支线货机高效配载。E-mail:
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李国举(1986—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,副教授。研究方向:飞行器结构设计、货机配载方法。E-mail:

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李国举(1986—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,副教授。研究方向:飞行器结构设计、货机配载方法。E-mail:

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李国举(1986—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,副教授。研究方向:飞行器结构设计、货机配载方法。E-mail:

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Basic parameters of “trunk-branch”cargo aircraft

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型号 OEW/
kg
maxMZFW/
kg
maxMTOW/
kg
maxMLW/
kg
MPL/kg
B757 52 752 83 460 108 862 95 254 30 776
ARJ21 24 666 34 163 43 500 40 455 9 497
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552354320511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

“干-支”线货机基本参数表

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型号 OEW/
kg
maxMZFW/
kg
maxMTOW/
kg
maxMLW/
kg
MPL/kg
B757 52 752 83 460 108 862 95 254 30 776
ARJ21 24 666 34 163 43 500 40 455 9 497
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552475955342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Center gravity parameters of “trunk-branch”cargo aircraft

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货机型号 参数 重心前限/
%MAC
重心后限/
%MAC
B757-200 CGZFW 11 36.6
CGTOW 11 36.6
CGLW 11 37.4
ARJ21-700F CGZFW 3 31
CGTOW 5 27
CGLW 3.3 30.3
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552597590167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

“干-支”线货机重心参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
货机型号 参数 重心前限/
%MAC
重心后限/
%MAC
B757-200 CGZFW 11 36.6
CGTOW 11 36.6
CGLW 11 37.4
ARJ21-700F CGZFW 3 31
CGTOW 5 27
CGLW 3.3 30.3
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552752779431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

B757-200 cabin arm data table

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舱室编号 力臂值/in 舱室编号 力臂值/in
N1 390 N9 1 102
N2 479 N10 1 191
N3 568 N11 1 280
N4 657 N12 1 369
N5 746 N13 1 458
N6 835 N14 1 547
N7 924 N15 1 636
N8 1 013
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552891191476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

B757-200舱室力臂数据表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
舱室编号 力臂值/in 舱室编号 力臂值/in
N1 390 N9 1 102
N2 479 N10 1 191
N3 568 N11 1 280
N4 657 N12 1 369
N5 746 N13 1 458
N6 835 N14 1 547
N7 924 N15 1 636
N8 1 013
), ArticleFig(id=1233422553046380736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

ARJ21-700F cabin arm data table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
舱室编号 力臂值/in
A1 254
A2 342
A3 431
A4 519
A5 607
A6 696
A7 784
), ArticleFig(id=1233422553193181388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

ARJ21-700F 舱室力臂数据表

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舱室编号 力臂值/in
A1 254
A2 342
A3 431
A4 519
A5 607
A6 696
A7 784
), ArticleFig(id=1233422553339982048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Parameters of containers to be loaded

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编号 重量/kg 编号 重量/kg 编号 重量/kg
1 1 536 11 1 135 21 903
2 1 189 12 1 379 22 1 597
3 1 046 13 1 003 23 1 194
4 1 395 14 1 248 24 1 467
5 1 355 15 1 060 25 1 405
6 1 536 16 1 311 26 1 682
7 1 189 17 1 306 27 1 389
8 1 046 18 1 010 28 1 475
9 1 395 19 1 268 29 1 051
10 1 355 20 1 030 30 1 044
), ArticleFig(id=1233422554828959983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

待装集装箱参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 重量/kg 编号 重量/kg 编号 重量/kg
1 1 536 11 1 135 21 903
2 1 189 12 1 379 22 1 597
3 1 046 13 1 003 23 1 194
4 1 395 14 1 248 24 1 467
5 1 355 15 1 060 25 1 405
6 1 536 16 1 311 26 1 682
7 1 189 17 1 306 27 1 389
8 1 046 18 1 010 28 1 475
9 1 395 19 1 268 29 1 051
10 1 355 20 1 030 30 1 044
), ArticleFig(id=1233422554988343547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Load rate data for sequential loading on trunk and branch lines and “Trunk-Branch” combined loading

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序号 逐次配载/% 联动配载/%
1 67 72
2 66 73
3 69 72
4 67 73
5 68 72
6 67 72
7 66 72
8 67 72
9 66 72
10 68 71
11 65 73
12 66 72
13 65 72
14 68 72
15 64 72
平均值 66.60 72.05
), ArticleFig(id=1233422555101589769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264259152630385, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

干支线逐次配载与“干-支”联动配载装载率数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 逐次配载/% 联动配载/%
1 67 72
2 66 73
3 69 72
4 67 73
5 68 72
6 67 72
7 66 72
8 67 72
9 66 72
10 68 71
11 65 73
12 66 72
13 65 72
14 68 72
15 64 72
平均值 66.60 72.05
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基于遗传算法的航空货运“干-支”联动配载优化
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李国举 1 , 张潜锐 1 , 余彬 1 , 张昕喆 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(6): 2531-2538
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(6): 2531-2538
基于遗传算法的航空货运“干-支”联动配载优化
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李国举1 , 张潜锐1, 余彬1, 张昕喆1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 郑州航空工业管理学院航空宇航学院, 郑州 450046
  • 2 郑州航空工业管理学院/河南省通用航空技术重点实验室, 郑州 450046
  • 李国举(1986—),男,汉族,河南新乡人,博士,副教授。研究方向:飞行器结构设计、货机配载方法。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张昕喆(1988—),男,汉族,河北遵化人,博士,副教授。研究方向:飞行器设计、支线货机高效配载。E-mail:
Optimization on Air Cargo “Trunk-Branch” Linkage Allocation Based on Genetic Algorithm
Guo-ju LI1 , Qian-rui ZHANG1, Bin YU1, Xin-zhe ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Aerospace Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2 Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of General Aviation Technology/Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403125
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随着“干-支”联运多级航空货运体系逐步形成,机场货运周转效率不高的问题日益突出,“干-支”联动式货物高效配载方法已成为解决上述问题的关键技术之一。建立了以“干-支”最大装载率为优化目标,同时满足干线货机和支线货机的舱室位置约束、舱室尺寸约束、重心约束和重量约束等多重约束条件下的整数规划联动配载模型,基于遗传算法开展了B757-200干线货机和ARJ21-700F支线货机的“干-支”联动货物配载的优化研究。发现“干-支”联动货物配载的平均装载率相比于“干-支”逐次配载提高了5.45%,达到72.05%。表明本文所提出的“干-支”联动配载方法能显著增加货运总体装载量,从而有效提升机场货运周转效率,为“干-支”联运多级航空货运体系进一步发展提供了理论基础与技术支撑。

遗传算法  /  航空货运  /  “干-支”联动配载  /  装载率

With the gradual formation of “trunk-branch” linkage multi-level air cargo transportation system, the problem of low turnover efficiency of airport cargo is becoming more and more prominent, and the “trunk-branch” linkage efficient cargo allocation methods have become one of the key technologies to solve the above problems. An integer programming linkage allocation model was established with the maximum loading rate under “trunk-branch” linkage as the optimization objective while simultaneously satisfying constraints such as cabin position, cabin size, center of gravity, and weight for both trunk and branch aircraft. This model was applied based on genetic algorithms to optimize the cargo allocation between the B757-200 trunk aircraft and the ARJ21-700F branch aircraft. It was found that the average loading rate of “trunk-branch” linkage allocation was increased by 5.45% to 72.05% compared with sequential allocation.By demonstrating that the proposed “trunk-branch” linkage allocation method in this study can significantly increase the overall cargo loading capacity, and thus effectively improving the efficiency of cargo turnover at airports, laying a theoretical foundation and providing technical support for the safe and efficient development of the “trunk-branch” linkage multi-level air cargo transportation system.

genetic algorithm  /  air cargo transportation  /  “trunk-branch” linkage allocation  /  loading rate
李国举, 张潜锐, 余彬, 张昕喆. 基于遗传算法的航空货运“干-支”联动配载优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2531 -2538 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403125
Guo-ju LI, Qian-rui ZHANG, Bin YU, Xin-zhe ZHANG. Optimization on Air Cargo “Trunk-Branch” Linkage Allocation Based on Genetic Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2531 -2538 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403125
在航空货运系统中,干线货运依托大型机场在货运体系中起到了核心作用,在国内与国际主要城市间构建了大规模、高效的物流通道。随着经济全球化进程和区域经济的不断发展,众多中小城市的航空货运需求逐步增大,而干线航空货运的输运特点决定其难以实现面向广大三四线城市及偏远地区的货物运输。相比于干线航空货运,支线航空货运凭借其机型适配短途航线、灵活调度以及适应复杂地形等特点,构建起货运枢纽城市与中小城市之间不可或缺的航空联结,能够提升多级航空货运体系的服务能力[1]
全球最大的快递运输公司美国联邦快递(FedEx Express)已在全球多个国家积极布局“干-支”联动多级空运体系,即干线货机负责全球范围内的货物输运,而商载在10 t以下的支线货机,提供着美国中小城市群的集散服务,与干线货机实现了高效多级空运,形成了著名的“孟菲斯模式”。而随着中国支线机场建设步伐的加快,支线货机的研发进展也在不断取得较大的突破。2013年中航工业西飞民机研发的支线级货机MA 600F获得型号合格证,2019年首架交付货运公司,正式进入货运市场;2023年中国商飞研制的支线级货机ARJ21-700F已获得中国民航局适航批准,并且首批两架已交付航空货运公司。未来中国也将构建起“干-支”联运的高效航空货运体系[2]
在货运货机的配载技术研究中,多目标整数规划模型和启发式算法被广泛应用于优化货物装载过程。针对干线货机的装载优化问题,Vancroonenbur等[3]提出了一种基于多目标整数规划模型,该模型考虑到了货机结构完整性、稳定性以及货物和机组成员安全等多重约束,能够解决航空货物装载规划问题。Limbourg等[4]以最小化货机的转动惯性矩和重心为目标函数建立了多目标整数规划模型,并以波音747干线货机为例,采用IBM ILOG CPLEX数学优化求解器,使用分支定界算法(branch-and-bound)来对模型求解,能够在几秒钟内求得最优解。Zhao等[5]为了解决民航货机重心包络约束的非线性问题,将其描述为多段线性约束模型,并设计了相应的线性化策略。在考虑位置、重量和平衡等约束条件下,建立了以总业载最大化和重心偏差最小化为目标的混合整数规划模型并使用CPLEX求解器进行求解,结果表明货机重心始终保持在指定的重心包线范围内。张丽霞[6]则聚焦于最大化集装器的载重量和容积利用率,构建了相关模型,并采用遗传算法进行求解。姜昱君等[7]通过基于遗传算法的约束回报动态计分方法,解决了民航客机货舱配载中的多约束适应性和实时计算难题,从而提升配载方案的质量。赵向领等[8]采用遗传算法对客改货航班的配载进行优化,实现运输业载的最大化和重心位置的最优化。赵向领等[9]在经典遗传算法的基础上添加了进化逆转操作算子,加快了遗传算法对多目标配载模型求解的收敛速度,提高了算法计算效率和准确性。史永胜[10]针对客改货货机,建立了考虑多种约束条件的货机主货舱结构约束优化模型,并使用遗传算法求解最优装载方案。谷润平等[11]针对干线货机的窄体货机,使用了改进的遗传算法以最大业载和最小重心偏移量为目标函数进行求解。贾旭颖[12]则结合模拟退火算法与遗传算法,对宽体货机进行模型构建和对目标函数求解。赵向领等[13]针对客改货货机载重平衡问题,建立了一个复合模型,并通过班德斯(Benders)分解算法和模拟退火算法寻求最优解。张长勇等[14]针对货机中的集装箱空间利用率问题建立整数规划模型,并结合在线极值点(iterated extremum,IE)算法和模拟退火(simulated annealing,SA)算法,对模型进行求解计算,提升了集装箱体积的容积率,增大了装载重量。郑琰等[15]对干线货运中的非标准货物建立了混合优化模型,采用了混合启发式优化算法对其求解,通过优化货物在货机货舱内的摆放方式和分配方案,使得货机的空间和重量利用率达到最大化,提升了货机装载能力。
目前,针对支线货机的配载研究较少,少数研究聚焦于支线物流货运的高效配载。例如,杜尊峰等[16]运用了混合整数规划模型,并结合局部搜索策略的混合遗传算法,聚焦于液化天然气动力船与燃油动力船的支线集装箱船调度优化问题,最大限度降低支线货运的运输成本,同时提升货主满意度并减少碳排放。肖笛等[17]针对支线集装箱船舶运输构建了以总运营成本最小化和混装堆栈数最小化为目标的混合整数规划模型,用于解决支线集装箱船舶的航线规划和配载协同优化问题,并结合问题特性设计了粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)进行高效求解。李俊等[18]提出了一种支线集装箱船航线规划与配载协同优化的两阶段分层方法模型,以最小化航线总运营成本和最小化船舶混装堆栈数为目标函数,采用基于深度强化学习算法(deep Q-learning network, DQN)对模型进行求解,能够提高支线航线的到港效率以及装载率。
综上所述,干线货机在进行单独货物配载时具有较好的货物配载效率和货舱利用率,但在干线货机与支线货机联动配载过程时,由于干线货机和支线货机在货机重心、货舱结构、集装箱尺寸等多种货物配载约束条件具有显著性差异,导致在“干-支”联动货运配载过程匹配性差、配载效率低、货舱利用率低等问题,缺乏安全可靠、高效运转的“干-支”联动配载技术方法。
本文研究针对航空货运中“干-支”联动配载问题,构建B757-200干线和ARJ21-700F支线货机在货舱尺寸约束、重心约束、重量约束等多约束条件下最大装载率的整数规划联动配载模型,采用经典的遗传算法对其进行配载优化研究。通过与干线货机和支线货机分别逐次配载优化结果对比分析,检验所提出“干-支”联动配载优化算法的高效性和可靠性。
“干-支”联动配载是在考虑干线货机和支线货机的舱室布局以及其他多种约束条件下,进行集装箱的选择和分配,实现能够同时满足干线货机和支线货机最大装载率的联动配载方案。首先从待装集装箱中挑选出15个满足干线货机多种约束条件的集装箱,如图1所示,并从中进一步选取7个能够满足支线货机约束条件的集装箱,如图2所示,构建“干-支”联动配载方案。本文的联动配载数学模型是以最大化装载率为目标,以干线货机和支线货机的舱室位置、舱室尺寸、货机重量和货机重心位置为约束条件进行构建。
将干线货机和支线货机的总装载量与其最大业载之和的比率定义为装载率,并将装载率最大化定为目标函数Z,如式(1)所示。通过优化该目标函数,能够有效满足“干-支”线货机装载重量需求,达到最大效益。
$\mathrm{Z}=\frac{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{T}}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{T}}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{{i}_{\mathrm{T}}}{x}_{{i}_{\mathrm{T}}j}+\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{B}}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{B}}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{{i}_{\mathrm{B}}}{x}_{{i}_{\mathrm{B}}j}}{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{T}}+\mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{B}}}$
式(1)中:NULD为待装集装箱总数;Ncabin为货机舱位数目;wiTwiB分别为第iT个集装箱(干线货机)和第iB个集装箱(支线货机)上的装载量;xij为二元决策变量,表示是否将第i个集装箱装入第j个货机舱位;MPL为货机最大业载。
货机舱室位置尺寸约束是要确保每个集装箱只被放置在一个舱位中,每个舱位最多只能装载一个集装箱,且集装箱的重量不得超过舱位的承载重量,集装箱尺寸不得超过干线及支线货机的舱室尺寸。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{x}_{ij}=1,\mathrm{ }\forall i\\ \stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}{x}_{ij}\le 1,\mathrm{ }\forall j\\ {w}_{i}{x}_{ij}<{w}_{j}\\ {L}_{ij}{x}_{ij}<{L}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{W}}\\ {x}_{ij}\in \left\{\mathrm{0,1}\right\},\mathrm{ }\forall i,j\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:xij为第 i个集装箱装载到第 j舱位时的尺寸;Lij为集装箱i在舱位j中的长度;LHW为货机货舱的尺寸。
货机重量约束包括货机在各个飞行阶段的重量限制以及整机最大业载的限制。式(3)定义了货机的最大业载约束,确保装载货物不超过货机设计的最大承载量。式(4)定义了最大起飞重量约束,限定了货机在起飞时的总重量上限,包括货物、燃油等。式(5)则指定了最大着陆重量约束,保证货机在着陆时的总重量不超过设计安全范围。最后,式(6)给出了货机的最大无油重量约束,确保即使燃油耗尽,货机的总重量仍在安全限制之内。
$\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}\le \mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{L}$
$\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}+{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}+{F}_{\mathrm{T}}\le \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{M}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{W}}$
$\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}+{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}+{F}_{\mathrm{T}}-{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{O}}\le \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{M}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{W}}$
$\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}+{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}\le \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{M}_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{W}}$
式中:OEW为货机的基本空重,指货机自身的重量,不包含货物和燃油;FT为货机的总油重量;maxMTOW货机的最大起飞重量;TFO为货机的航程油量重量;maxMLW为货机的最大着陆重量;maxMZFW为货机最大无油重量。
在联动配载“干-支”线货机的过程中,计算货机起飞重心、着陆重心以及无油重心是至关重要的环节。根据合力距公式可以得出其重心公式。
$C{\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{W}}=\frac{B{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}+{L}_{\mathrm{F}}{F}_{\mathrm{T}}+\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}{L}_{j}}{{F}_{\mathrm{T}}+\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}+{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}}$
$C{\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{W}}=\frac{B{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}+({F}_{\mathrm{T}}-{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{O}}){L}_{\mathrm{F}}+\stackrel{{N}_{{\mathrm{U}}_{\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}{L}_{j}}{{F}_{\mathrm{T}}-\mathrm{T}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{O}+\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}+{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}}$
$C{\mathrm{G}}_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{W}}=\frac{B{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}+\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}{L}_{j}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}+\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{U}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{D}}}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{j=1}}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}}$
式中:wj为货机第j个舱位的载重量;Lj为货机第j个舱位的力臂;BAOEW为货机基本空重的力臂;LF为油箱的力臂;FT为货机总油重量。
式(7)为货机的起飞重心CGTOW计算公式,式(8)为货机的着陆重心计算CGLW公式,式(9)为货机的无油重心CGZFW计算公式。
将计算所得的重心值与货机重心包线数据进行对比,确保计算出的重心位于重心包线的允许范围内。
minCGTOW≤CGTOW≤maxCGTOW
minCGLW≤CGLW≤maxCGLW
minCGZFW≤CGZFW≤maxCGZFW
遗传算法作为一种启发式搜索算法,在大规模的组合优化过程中较其他智能算法表现优异[19]。因此,本文研究使用遗传算法对“干-支”线货机联动配载的最大有效装载率进行优化求解。
本文研究采用实数编码方法为每个舱室单元分配唯一的数字标识符,以此构建集装箱的数字化模型。每个染色体上的基因位点代表一个集装箱序号。这种编码方式生成的染色体结构包括干线染色体和支线染色体,二者共同构成了一个染色体组,代表着联动配载方案,如图3所示。
为了增强“干-支”联动配载遗传算法的计算效率,并确保最大货物装载率目标的实现,本文研究提出了精英保存策略。在遗传算法中,目标函数值越大,个体的适应度越高。因此,将最大装载率目标函数做为算法的适应度函数。在每次迭代计算过程中,自动保留当前种群中适应度最高的10%的个体直接进入下一代种群;对于剩余的个体,执行交叉和变异操作。这种策略不仅加快了算法的收敛速度,还有助于维护和提升配载方案的多样性和优质特性。
对不同配载方案染色体组中的干线染色体执行随机交叉,如图4所示。如果交叉后的染色体出现了重复的集装箱序号,则替换这些重复集装箱序号以保证配载方案的唯一性。支线货机染色体的处理方式与干线货机染色体相同,确保交叉过程中配载方案的集装箱序号不重复。
变异操作则为随机过程,目的是在搜索过程中引入新的配载方案,如图5所示。通过随机变异,算法能够探索解空间中以前未曾接触到的区域,避免陷入局部最优解。完成变异后,算法将根据约束条件评估每个配载方案染色体组的适应度。
如果染色体不满足配载模型中的任何约束条件,其适应度将被设为0,通过极端的罚函数确保这些不符合规定的联动配载方案染色体不会被传递到下一代。这种做法确保了算法的有效性及配载方案的准确性和实用性,遗传算法流程图如图6所示。
在中国的货运体系中,B757-200型货机是干线货运领域的主力,而ARJ21-700F型货机则在支线货运领域占据着同样重要的地位。基于此,本文研究选择这两种货机作为联动配载实验的研究对象。“干-支”线货机基本参数如表1所示。在航空运输中,一般会用平均空气动力弦(mean aerodynamic chord, MAC) 来表示飞机重心的位置如式(13)所示。“干-支”线货机的重心参数数据如表2所示。
%MAC=$\frac{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{G}}-{\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{C}}}{{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{C}}}$×100%
式(13)中:CG为飞机重心;LEMAC为从基准到平均空气动力弦前缘的长度;MAC为平均空气动力弦长。
以货机的机头为基准测得B757-200货机舱室力臂数据如表3所示。ARJ21-700F舱室力臂数据如表4所示。
支线货机ARJ21-700F的舱室能够适配PBJ集装板或AB2型号集装箱[20],如图7所示。同样,干线货机B757-200的舱室尺寸允许使用尺寸为88 in×125 in、限高78 in的集装箱或板,符合AB2型号的规格。因此,采用AB2型号集装箱可有效满足联动配载需求。
以Python语言为编程工具,实现本文所设计的算法,并应用于“干-支”线联动配载的多约束模型。实验选取了干线机场的30个不同重量的随机的AB2型号集装箱,其基本参数详见表5。设定遗传算法的参数如下:种群大小为150,迭代次数为500,交叉率为0.9,变异率为0.1。如图8所示,通过多次配载实验,本文算法均在300代内实现收敛,求解时间不超过8 s, 验证了算法的有效性。
在目前国内航空物流体系中,主要采用逐次配载策略,该配载方式首先对干线货机进行配载,然后再针对支线货机进行配载。这种逐次配载的优化策略,由于在对干线货机进行货物配载时,并未充分考虑到支线货机配载的具体需求和约束条件,可能无法实现全局最优。而“干-支”联动配载可以同时考虑干线货机和支线货机的双重配载需求和约束条件,并进行整体优化。本文研究对上述表5算例进行15次配载实验将这两种优化方式进行对比分析,其对比结果数据如表6所示。干线货机和支线货机逐次配载的平均装载率为66.60%,而“干-支”联动配载的平均装载率则为72.05%,提高了5.45%,有效提升了整体装载率。
图9所示,为干线货机和支线货机的逐次配载与“干-支”联动配载的装载率对比箱线图。本文研究引入四分位距描述装载率数据分布的分散程度,四分位距越小,表示数据越集中,算法稳定性越高。计算结果显示,干线货机与支线货机逐次配载的最大装载率的中位数为67%,四分位距为2%。相比之下,“干-支”联动配载的中位数为72%,四分位距为0,表明“干-支”联动配载的装载率数据较为集中,波动性非常小,算法稳定性更好。
针对“干-支”联动配载存在的匹配性差、配载效率低、货舱利用率低等问题,构建了干线货机和支线货机双重多约束条件下的联动配载模型,以全局最大装载率为目标函数,使用经典的遗传算法对其进行求解,并通过干线货机B757-200和支线货机ARJ21-700F的联动配载实例计算分析,得出以下主要结论。
(1)本文建立的整数规划“干-支”联动配载模型,能够在同时满足干线货机和支线货机舱室位置约束、舱室尺寸约束、重量约束和重心约束等多约束的条件下,可实现基于遗传算法的“干-支”联动配载最大装载率的快速求解。该“干-支”联动配载算法能够在300代以内收敛,且求解时间不超过8 s,验证了该联动配载模型和算法的有效性和高效性。
(2)基于遗传算法的“干-支”联动配载可以同时考虑干线货机和支线货机的双重配载需求和约束条件下的综合装载率优化。通过对比传统干线货机和支线货机逐次配载,“干-支”联动配载显著提高了装载率,提升幅度达5.45%,达到72.05%的装载率水平。
(3)通过对比多次重复配载的装载率箱线图,进一步比较了两种配载方案的稳定性。“干-支”联动配载的装载率四分位距为0,表明其配载结果稳定性强,波动性较小;而逐次配载的装载率四分位距为2%,显示其配载结果波动性较大,稳定性相对较低。
虽然“干-支”联动配载模型考虑了多种约束条件(如舱室位置、舱室尺寸、重心和重量等),但当前方法更多依赖于预先设定的参数和约束,缺乏实时监控和动态调整机制,难以应对突发情况和临时变更,如临时货物调整、航班次序变更等。未来可以开发用户友好的配载优化软件平台,使得操作人员能够更方便地进行参数调整和优化操,提高整体系统的可操作性和实用性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52206059)
  • 河南省通用航空技术重点实验室开放基金(ZHKF-230202)
  • 河南省通用航空技术重点实验室开放基金(ZHKF-240202)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(242102221028)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(242102231086)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(25A590002)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403125
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(52206059)
河南省通用航空技术重点实验室开放基金(ZHKF-230202)
河南省通用航空技术重点实验室开放基金(ZHKF-240202)
河南省科技攻关项目(242102221028)
河南省科技攻关项目(242102231086)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(25A590002)
作者信息
    1 郑州航空工业管理学院航空宇航学院, 郑州 450046
    2 郑州航空工业管理学院/河南省通用航空技术重点实验室, 郑州 450046

通讯作者:

* 张昕喆(1988—),男,汉族,河北遵化人,博士,副教授。研究方向:飞行器设计、支线货机高效配载。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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