Article(id=1156264258762560111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401700, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710086400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-11, revisedDate=1732809600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604481640, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604481640, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604481640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604481640, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2453, endPage=2460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264259253293683, articleId=1156264258762560111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Quadrotor UAV Attitude Motion Control Based on Improved fal Function, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the motion control of four-rotor UAV in attitude, the main method is the application of ADRC (active disturbance rejection control) system. For this system to deal with the complex interference with sensor noise, the previous fal function design still has many defects in application. Under the function of traditional fal function, the ESO(extended state observer) has the problems of insufficient observation accuracy and high chattering rate. Therefore, a new nonlinear smooth tfal function was improved on the basis of the previous fal function, and ESO was studied with this function. Finally, other ADRC methods were compared with this method in MATLAB/Simulink software, and the newly designed tfal function shows better convergence. The new ESO based on tfal design has obvious improvement in error estimation and error following performance. At the same time, compared with the improved function galn and the traditional function fal, the tracking capability of the new ESO attitude active disturbance rejection control system is improved by 2.3% and 4% respectively, and the anti-interference performance is improved by 50% and 67% respectively.

, correspAuthors=Teng-yu CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-jing LIU, Teng-yu CHEN, Chun-ying ZHAN, Shao-feng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264343546221083, articleId=1156264258762560111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进fal函数的四旋翼无人机姿态运动控制, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对于四旋翼无人机在姿态上的运动控制,目前主要方法是对自抗扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)系统的应用。针对此系统在处理具有传感器噪声的复杂干扰时,以往的fal函数设计在应用上仍有许多缺陷。扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)在传统fal函数的作用下,其工作过程中存在观测的精度不足以及抖振发生率较高等问题。因此,在以往fal函数的基础上改进出了一种新型的非线性光滑tfal函数,并以此函数研究ESO,最后,将其他ADRC方法与此方法置于MATLAB/Simulink软件进行比较仿真,新设计的tfal函数表现出更好的收敛性。基于tfal设计的新型ESO,在误差估计和误差跟随性能上有着明显提升。同时相比于改进函数galn和传统函数fal,新型ESO下姿态自抗扰控制系统,其跟踪能力分别提升了2.3%和4%,抗干扰性能分别提升了50%和67%。

, correspAuthors=陈腾宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈腾宇(1999—),男,汉族,湖南新邵人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机械设计、自动化控制。E-mail:
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刘文婧(1987—),女,汉族,辽宁辽阳人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:机械设计、自动化控制。E-mail:

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刘文婧(1987—),女,汉族,辽宁辽阳人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:机械设计、自动化控制。E-mail:

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ESO parameter table

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名称 α1 α2 β1 β2 β3 b h ξ R1 R2 K1 K2 σ1 σ2
fal 0.75 0.5 30 300 1 000 1.2 0.05 0.006 * * * * * *
galn * * 30 300 1 000 1.2 0.05 * * * * * 0.5 0.25
tfal * * 30 300 1 000 1.05 0.05 * 5 5 3 4 * *
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ESO参数表

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名称 α1 α2 β1 β2 β3 b h ξ R1 R2 K1 K2 σ1 σ2
fal 0.75 0.5 30 300 1 000 1.2 0.05 0.006 * * * * * *
galn * * 30 300 1 000 1.2 0.05 * * * * * 0.5 0.25
tfal * * 30 300 1 000 1.05 0.05 * 5 5 3 4 * *
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TD/NLSEF parameter table

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名称 r h α1 α2 β5 β6 ξ
TD 3 0.05 * * * * *
NLSEF * * 0.5 0.05 200 120 1
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TD/NLSEF参数表

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名称 r h α1 α2 β5 β6 ξ
TD 3 0.05 * * * * *
NLSEF * * 0.5 0.05 200 120 1
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The drone parameters

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参数 物理意义
m/kg 1.4 无人机质量
L/m 0.197 旋翼中心到无人机质心的距离
g/(N·s2) 9.8 重力加速度
b/(N·s2) 1.332×10-5 升力系数
d/(N·s2) 1.385×10-6 阻力系数
Ix,Iy/(kg ·m2) 0.055 2 x/y轴惯性张量
Iz/(kg ·m2) 0.110 4 z轴惯性张量
IRP/(kg ·m2) 0.044 电机转动惯量
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无人机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 物理意义
m/kg 1.4 无人机质量
L/m 0.197 旋翼中心到无人机质心的距离
g/(N·s2) 9.8 重力加速度
b/(N·s2) 1.332×10-5 升力系数
d/(N·s2) 1.385×10-6 阻力系数
Ix,Iy/(kg ·m2) 0.055 2 x/y轴惯性张量
Iz/(kg ·m2) 0.110 4 z轴惯性张量
IRP/(kg ·m2) 0.044 电机转动惯量
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基于改进fal函数的四旋翼无人机姿态运动控制
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刘文婧 1 , 陈腾宇 1, * , 湛春颖 2 , 王少锋 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(6): 2453-2460
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(6): 2453-2460
基于改进fal函数的四旋翼无人机姿态运动控制
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刘文婧1 , 陈腾宇1, * , 湛春颖2, 王少锋1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院/内蒙古自治区机电系统智能诊断与控制重点实验室, 包头 014000
  • 2 包头北方赛特检测科技有限责任公司, 包头 014000
  • 刘文婧(1987—),女,汉族,辽宁辽阳人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:机械设计、自动化控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈腾宇(1999—),男,汉族,湖南新邵人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机械设计、自动化控制。E-mail:
Quadrotor UAV Attitude Motion Control Based on Improved fal Function
Wen-jing LIU1 , Teng-yu CHEN1, * , Chun-ying ZHAN2, Shao-feng WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology/Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis and Control of Electromechanical Systems, Baotou 014000, China
  • 2 Baotou North Seite Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Baotou 014000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401700
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对于四旋翼无人机在姿态上的运动控制,目前主要方法是对自抗扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)系统的应用。针对此系统在处理具有传感器噪声的复杂干扰时,以往的fal函数设计在应用上仍有许多缺陷。扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)在传统fal函数的作用下,其工作过程中存在观测的精度不足以及抖振发生率较高等问题。因此,在以往fal函数的基础上改进出了一种新型的非线性光滑tfal函数,并以此函数研究ESO,最后,将其他ADRC方法与此方法置于MATLAB/Simulink软件进行比较仿真,新设计的tfal函数表现出更好的收敛性。基于tfal设计的新型ESO,在误差估计和误差跟随性能上有着明显提升。同时相比于改进函数galn和传统函数fal,新型ESO下姿态自抗扰控制系统,其跟踪能力分别提升了2.3%和4%,抗干扰性能分别提升了50%和67%。

tfal函数  /  四旋翼飞行器  /  姿态控制

For the motion control of four-rotor UAV in attitude, the main method is the application of ADRC (active disturbance rejection control) system. For this system to deal with the complex interference with sensor noise, the previous fal function design still has many defects in application. Under the function of traditional fal function, the ESO(extended state observer) has the problems of insufficient observation accuracy and high chattering rate. Therefore, a new nonlinear smooth tfal function was improved on the basis of the previous fal function, and ESO was studied with this function. Finally, other ADRC methods were compared with this method in MATLAB/Simulink software, and the newly designed tfal function shows better convergence. The new ESO based on tfal design has obvious improvement in error estimation and error following performance. At the same time, compared with the improved function galn and the traditional function fal, the tracking capability of the new ESO attitude active disturbance rejection control system is improved by 2.3% and 4% respectively, and the anti-interference performance is improved by 50% and 67% respectively.

tfal function  /  quadcopters  /  attitude control
刘文婧, 陈腾宇, 湛春颖, 王少锋. 基于改进fal函数的四旋翼无人机姿态运动控制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2453 -2460 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401700
Wen-jing LIU, Teng-yu CHEN, Chun-ying ZHAN, Shao-feng WANG. Quadrotor UAV Attitude Motion Control Based on Improved fal Function[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2453 -2460 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401700
四旋翼无人机作为一种性能突出的垂直起降飞行器,它具备结构简单、操作灵活和高带载能力等特点,在智能化和工业化的大环境下,无人机被广泛应用于地貌拍摄、物资运输和通讯传播等方面[1]。四旋翼飞行器作为一种欠驱动和强耦合系统,各种外部干扰会作用在无人机的飞行过程中,最终导致飞行不稳定,并且极有可能炸机,影响到人们的生命、财产安全。因此确保无人机稳定飞行成为一大研究热点。
无人机有(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制[2]、反步控制[3]、滑膜控制[4]、深度学习[5]和自抗扰控制(active disturbance rejection control,ADRC)[6]等方式调控其姿态。PID控制算法实际应用中参数调试简单,不需要依赖四旋翼无人机精准的数学模型,且应用比较成熟。但是采用PID控制器抗干扰效果有所欠缺,难以保证系统的稳定性。反步控制、滑膜控制、深度学习都依赖控制对象模型的准确程度,由此可知,在控制策略上追求精准模型的研究仍处于理论方面,考虑到难以得到四旋翼无人机的精准数学模型,且需要改善系统的抗干扰能力,本文研究采用ADRC控制。
ADRC首先是由韩京清[7]提出,ADRC继承了PID不要求被控对象精确模型的优点,同时改善了PID控制器控制效果欠佳的缺陷。面对各种功能需求,对于自适应扰动补偿控制算法的改进主要包括 ADRC自身算法的优化以及融合算法的优化。前者进行了两个方面的优化,分别为ADRC框架结构改进和fal函数改进[8]而后者由文献[9]给出了一种优化控制方案,同时验证了此控制器在抗干扰方面的优越性,为避免线性自抗扰出现的“峰值”问题提供了一种有效的处理方法。文献[10]基于一种容错控制方法,提高了飞行过程中的容错能力。文献[11]提出了一种改进人工蜂群算法的四旋翼ADRC控制器参数优化方法,提高了四旋翼飞行器的轨迹跟踪速度和抗干扰能力。对于fal函数的优化提升,文献[12]根据一种新型拟合方法提出了一种新型nfla函数,解决了原先fal函数在原点不可导而导致观测效果差的问题。但是函数过于复杂。文献[13]针对原始ADRC系统在测量反馈信号时由于存在传感器噪声信号干扰导致观测精度不同,对新型galn函数进行了分析研究,根据galn函数的正态分布特性,验证了此函数设计ADRC系统的先进性,提升了降噪和跟踪性能,同时抗干扰能力也得到增强。但是遇到突发性较大干扰时会导致其发散。文献[14]根据系统稳态误差特性提出了一种新型faln函数,该函数更好地达到了“大误差,小增益”的效果,通过仿真证明了改进后的ADRC具有更好的抗扰效果。但是系统在多种复合干扰作用下其抗扰能力不如原始系统。
综上所述,前人对ADRC的研究都取得了较好的成效,但是没有考虑到当系统遇到突发性干扰以及带有传感器噪声的综合干扰共同作用下的抗扰能力。针对这些问题首先基于姿态的运动控制,现研制自抗扰控制器;然后对传统ADRC中的非线性fal函数进行改进,并验证利用新型非线性函数构建的扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)的稳定性,最终经过仿真实验验证所设计控制器的控制性能。
作为4个输入和6个自由度四旋翼无人机系统,由其欠驱动的特性和强耦合的特点,因此在数学模型的精确建立上,存在很大的困难。为了建立简单的四旋翼姿态数学模型,做出如下假设:①四旋翼无人机是刚体且结构对称;②四旋翼无人机中心与其重心重合;③四旋翼无人机质量,转动惯量都为常数。
根据其电机的分布情况不同,四旋翼无人机具有十字型和X型两种类型。通过采用X型建模,以此为基础设立地面坐标系${{\rm O}}_{xyz},$欧拉角$\Theta =\left[\varphi  \theta  \psi \right]$表示无人机相对地面的姿态,共有3种不同的角度,$\varphi $为滚转角、θ是俯仰角和$\psi $偏航角。各轴转动惯量为I=[Ix Iy Iz]。由上可得其姿态数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\ddot{\mathrm{\varphi }}=\frac{{I}_{y}-{I}_{z}}{{I}_{x}}\stackrel{·}{\theta }\stackrel{·}{\psi }〗+\frac{{J}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{P}}}{{I}_{x}}\stackrel{·}{\theta }\Omega +\frac{L}{{I}_{x}}{U}_{1}\\ \ddot{\theta }=\frac{{I}_{z}-{I}_{x}}{{I}_{y}}\dot{\mathrm{\varphi }}\stackrel{·}{\psi }〗+\frac{{J}_{RP}}{{I}_{y}}\dot{\mathrm{\varphi }}\Omega +\frac{L}{{I}_{y}}{U}_{2}\\ \ddot{\psi }=\frac{{I}_{x}-{I}_{y}}{{I}_{z}}\stackrel{·}{\theta }\dot{\mathrm{\varphi }}+\frac{L}{{I}_{x}}{U}_{3}\\ \ddot{z}=\frac{{U}_{4}}{m}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi -g\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:$\ddot{\mathrm{\varphi }}$为滚转角加速度;$\ddot{\theta }$为俯仰角加速度;$\ddot{\psi }$为偏航角加速度;U1、U2、U3、U4分别为各通道的虚拟控制量;JRP为整个电枢和螺旋桨关于转轴的总转动惯量;m为无人机的质量;L为旋翼中心与质心间距;g为重力加速度。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{1}=b({\omega }_{4}^{2}-{\omega }_{2}^{2})\\ {U}_{2}=b({\omega }_{3}^{2}-{\omega }_{1}^{2})\\ {U}_{3}=d({\omega }_{1}^{2}+{\omega }_{3}^{2}-{\omega }_{2}^{2}-{\omega }_{4}^{2})\\ {U}_{4}=b({\omega }_{1}^{2}+{\omega }_{3}^{2}+{\omega }_{2}^{2}-{\omega }_{4}^{2})\end{array}\right.$
$\Omega ={\omega }_{1}-{\omega }_{2}+{\omega }_{3}+{\omega }_{4}$
TD的功能是为输入信号提前准备过渡过程,抽取系统中对应的输入信息和微分信号,调节在PID控制时,响应速度与超调间存在的矛盾。二阶系统的跟踪微分器表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{h}=\mathrm{f}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[{x}_{1}\right(k)-v(k),{x}_{2}(k),r,h]\\ {x}_{1}(k+1)={x}_{1}\left(k\right)+h{x}_{2}\left(k\right)\\ {x}_{2}(k+1)={x}_{2}\left(k\right)+h\mathrm{f}\mathrm{h}\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:fhan(x1,x2,r0,h0)为最速非线性综合函数;fh为fhan函数构成的控制输入函数;x1、x2为系统状态;r0、h0为可调参数;r为速度因子;h为连续系统离散化的积分步长;k为时间。
最速非线性综合函数表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}d={r}_{0}{h}_{0}^{2}\\ {a}_{0}={h}_{0}{x}^{2}\\ y={x}_{1}+{a}_{0}\\ {a}_{1}=\sqrt{d(d+8\left|y\right|)}\\ {a}_{2}={a}_{0}+\frac{{a}_{1}-d}{2}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\left(y\right)\\ \mathrm{f}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{g}(x,d)=\frac{sign(x+d)-sign(x-d)}{2}\\ a=({a}_{0}+y)\mathrm{f}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{g}(y,d)+{a}_{2}[1-\mathrm{f}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{g}(y,d\left)\right]\\ u=-{r}_{0}\left(\frac{a}{d}\right)\mathrm{f}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{g}(a,d)-{r}_{0}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\left(a\right)[1-\mathrm{f}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{g}(a,d\left)\right]\end{array}\right.$
式中:r0为速度因子;h0为滤波因子;x为状态变量;x1为系统状态;sign(x+d)为一固定函数, 当x+d>0时, sign(x+d)=1, 当x+d<0时, sign(x+d)=-1, 当x+d=0时, sign(x+d)=0, 同理, sign(x-d)函数意义同上;fsg函数为利用符号函数的特性简化条件语句和适当参数划归的等价函数。
ESO是ADRC的核心部分,其功能是实时测估系统内外的扰动影响值,并在反馈环节通过补偿的手段解决扰动带来的问题,以实现抵抗干扰的效果。
设一个非线性二阶系统为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{1}(k+1)={x}_{2}\\ {x}_{2}(k+1)=f({x}_{1},{x}_{2})+bu\\ y={x}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
将f(x1,x2)看作一个状态,扩张成新的状态变量x3,并记x3(k+1)=ω(t),则有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{1}(k+1)={x}_{2}\\ {x}_{2}(k+1)={x}_{3}(k+1)+bu\\ {x}_{3}(k+1)=\omega \\ y={x}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
对于式(7)的扩张系统,可建立如下扩张状态观测器,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}e={z}_{1}-y\\ {z}_{1}(k+1)={z}_{2}-{\beta }_{1}e\\ {z}_{2}(k+1)={z}_{3}-{\beta }_{2}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{1},{\alpha }_{1},\xi )+bu\\ {z}_{3}(k+1)=-{\beta }_{3}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{1},{\alpha }_{2},\xi )\end{array}\right.$
式(8)中:e为估计偏差;y为系统输出;zi为状态变量估值;b为控制器增益;βi为观测器参数。
fal函数为
$\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}(x,\alpha,\xi )=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{x}{\xi (1-\alpha )},& \left|x\right|\le \xi \\ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\left(x\right){\left|x\right|}^{\alpha },& \left|x\right|>\xi \end{array}\right.$
若fal取为非线性函数,则NLSEF表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{e}_{1}={v}_{1}-{z}_{1}\\ {e}_{2}={v}_{2}-{z}_{2}\\ {u}_{0}={\beta }_{4}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{1},{\alpha }_{1},\xi )+{\beta }_{5}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{2},{\alpha }_{2},\xi )\\ u=\frac{{u}_{0}-{z}_{3}}{b}\end{array}\right.$
式(10)中:e1为角度偏差;e2为角速度偏差;u0为控制量(NLSEF输出);βi为控制器参数;u为控制量(自抗扰控制器最终输出)。
根据文献[15-16]提出的非线性函数选取原则,同时围绕“大误差小增益,小误差大增益”这一核心思想展开。fal函数遵循非线性函数选取原则,然而仍然存在连续性以及平滑性方面的不足,在原点附近具有抖振现象,并且容易因增益过大而引起观测效果不佳。在实际运用中,系统会受到包含噪声在内的各种各样的复杂干扰,当控制器采用fal函数设计的ESO时,面对复杂的综合干扰,控制器的抗扰能力和跟踪能力会有明显的下降。严重情况下可能导致系统的发散。以四旋翼无人机滚转通道为例,在1 s时给定期望信号为30°。当遇到单一的突发干扰时,传统的ESO具有较好的抗干扰能力和跟踪能力。在仿真过程第11秒时加入幅值为100 V,脉冲宽度为0.5 s的矩形方波模拟突发干扰。如图1所示。当遇到带有噪声的复杂干扰时,抗扰能力和跟踪能力明显下降。在仿真过程中同时加入白噪声,以上方波,以及幅值为10 V,角速度为10 rad/s的正弦波来模拟复杂干扰。仿真结果如图2所示。
根据非线性函数选取的原则,正切函数具备奇函数性质、光滑连续性和原点近线性的特点,通过改进正切函数使其具有饱和性,最终构建的新型tfal函数为
$\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}(e,R,K)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}R\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left(Ke\right),& \left|e\right|\le \frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{4K}\\ R,& \left|e\right|>\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{4K}\end{array}\right.$
式(11)中:R>0为幅值,主要影响高误差区间;K>0为速度因子,主要影响低误差区间。通过调节RK,能更好地实现“大误差小增益,小误差大增益”。
由于四旋翼无人机是高度对称的结构,每个姿态通道的控制器设计都相同,本文研究选取滚转通道来设计新型自抗扰控制器。设${x}_{1}=y=\varphi,{x}_{2}=\dot{\mathrm{\varphi }},$则滚转通道的方程可以写为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{1}(\mathrm{k}+1)={x}_{2}\\ {x}_{2}(\mathrm{k}+1)=\frac{{I}_{y}-{I}_{z}}{{I}_{x}}\stackrel{·}{\theta }\stackrel{·}{\psi }+\frac{{J}_{RP}}{{I}_{x}}\stackrel{·}{\theta }\Omega +\frac{L}{{I}_{x}}{U}_{1}\\ y={x}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
根据本文构建的新型tfal函数,滚转通道的新型扩张状态观测器表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}e={z}_{1}-y\\ {z}_{1}(k+1)={z}_{2}-{\beta }_{1}e\\ {z}_{2}(k+1)={z}_{3}-{\beta }_{2}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{1},{R}_{1},{K}_{1})+bu\\ {z}_{3}(k+1)=-{\beta }_{3}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{1},{R}_{2},{K}_{2})\end{array}\right.$
式(13)中:Z1为滚转角的估计量;Z2为滚转角速度的估计量;Z3为总扰动的估计量。
新型扩张状态观测器表达式如式(13)所示。重新计算误差方程表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{e}_{1}(k+1)={e}_{2}-{\beta }_{1}e\\ {e}_{2}(k+1)={e}_{3}-{\beta }_{2}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{1},{R}_{1},{K}_{1})\\ {e}_{3}(k+1)=-{\beta }_{3}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{1},{R}_{2},{K}_{2})\end{array}\right.$
则可以写为
$e(k+1)=-A\left(e\right)e$
式(15)中:
$A\left(e\right)=\left[\begin{array}{lll}{\beta }_{1}& -1& 0\\ {\beta }_{2}\frac{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\left({e}_{1}\right)}{{e}_{1}}& 0& 1\\ {\beta }_{3}\frac{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\left({e}_{1}\right)}{{e}_{1}}& 0& 0\end{array}\right]$
引理1[17]若存在如式(17)所示矩阵D,且矩阵D的主对角线上的数值均为正,使得矩阵DA(e)为正定对称阵,则系统[式(15)]的零解是Lyapunov意义下渐进稳定的。
$D=\left[\begin{array}{lll}{d}_{11}& {d}_{12}& {d}_{13}\\ -{d}_{12}& {d}_{22}& {d}_{23}\\ -{d}_{13}& -{d}_{23}& {d}_{33}\end{array}\right]$
F=$\frac{tfal\left({e}_{1}\right)}{{e}_{1}}$>0,由函数tfal定义知其有界,令B=β1β2F-β3F。当B>0时,可得主对角线元素均为正定矩阵D,使DA(e)为对称正定矩阵[14]
$D=\left[\begin{array}{lll}1& \frac{{\beta }_{2}F}{B}+{\mu }_{1}& -\tau \\ -\frac{{\beta }_{2}F}{B}-{\mu }_{1}& \tau & \frac{1}{B}+{\mu }_{2}\\ \tau & -\frac{1}{B}-{\mu }_{2}& \tau \end{array}\right]$
式(18)中:$\tau 、{\mu }_{1}、{\mu }_{2}$为无穷小的正数。
取误差系统(14)的Lyapunov函数为
$\begin{array}{l}V\left(t\right)={\int }_{0}^{t}[DA\left(e\right)e,\dot{\mathrm{e}}]\mathrm{d}t+C=\\ {\int }_{o}^{t}-({\beta }_{1}{e}_{1}-{e}_{2}{)}^{2}-\tau ({\beta }_{2}F-{e}_{3}{)}^{2}-\\ \tau ({\beta }_{3}{F)}^{2}\mathrm{d}t+C\end{array}$
式(19)中:t>0;C为常数。
由于$\tau $趋于无穷小,则
$V\left(t\right)\approx {\int }_{0}^{t}-({\beta }_{1}{e}_{1}-{e}_{2}{)}^{2}\mathrm{d}t+C$
在系统[式(15)]的平衡点处${\int }_{0}^{t}-({\beta }_{1}{e}_{1}-{e}_{2}{)}^{2}\mathrm{d}t$是有界的,所以只要常数C是足够大的正数,就可以使得V(t)>0。对式(19)求导有
$\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{·}{V}\left(t\right)=-({\beta }_{1}{e}_{1}-{e}_{2}{)}^{2}-\tau ({\beta }_{2}F-{e}_{3}{)}^{2}-\\ \tau ({\beta }_{3}{F)}^{2}\end{array}$
由上述可知$\stackrel{·}{V}\left(t\right)\le 0,$当且仅当系统[式(15)]为其零解时有$\stackrel{·}{V}\left(t\right)=0。$故式(15)平衡点处是Lyapunov意义下渐进稳定的。在平衡点处,$F=\frac{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\left({e}_{1}\right)}{{e}_{1}}>0,$则系统稳定条件B>0可简化为β1β23>0,系统满足此条件,系统是渐进稳定的。
根据上述控制器设计思路,利用MATLAB/Simulink对四旋翼无人机姿态环控制进行了建模仿真,同时对传统的ADRC和文献中杨文奇等人所设计的新型ADRC展开了对比分析,其中仅仅ESO参数不同。最后验证了本文设计的新型ADRC具有较好的鲁棒性。为确保实验数据的准确性,根据文献的参数整定原则,在无干扰情况下进行了多次实验,获得了ADRC的最佳参数如表1表2所示。
引入滚转角幅值为30°的阶跃信号,信号大小在1 s内发生变化,整个仿真过程持续10 s,仿真结果如图3所示。
图3可以看出基于各函数设计的ADRC都能够对信号做出快速的响应,但在仿真初期,各函数的初始位置和期望位置存在差异,传统函数fal与新型函数tfal的超调量相对接近,到1.7 s左右新型tfal以2°的超调量优胜于传统函数2.5°超调量和gfal函数3°的超调量,在3.2 s后趋于稳定,完成对指令进行跟踪。整个过程中新型非线性函数相较于传统的函数fal及改进的函数galn在上升区间产生的超调更小,对信号的跟踪能力分别提升了4%和2.3%。因此采用本文所设计的新型非线性函数具有更强的跟踪能力。
(1)在仿真过程全程中,向控制输出中加入正弦波,其幅值和角速度分为100 V以及10 rad/s。模拟无人机受到连续干扰,仿真结果如图4所示。
图4可以看出在系统收到连续性的干扰时,本文所设计的新型ADRC产生了较小的超调且对干扰具有更好的抑制能力。
(2)在时序的第8秒时,向控制输出中添加矩形方波,其幅值和脉冲宽度分别为100 V以及0.5 s,模拟无人机受到突发干扰,进而验证控制系统受到突发干扰时的抗扰能力,仿真结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出在面对突发干扰时,本文所设计了新型ADRC相较于其他两个ADRC可以更快地将输出收敛到稳态值。
(3)在仿真全程加入白噪声,模拟系统在测量反馈信号时受到传感器噪声信号干扰,进而验证控制系统的降噪能力,仿真结果如图6所示。
图6可知由噪声干扰时,改进后的ADRC技术可以更稳定地追踪指定信号,且误差始终能保持在较低的水平。
(4)将上述3种干扰叠加加入系统中,模拟无人机收到复杂干扰,进而验证控制系统面对复杂干扰时的抗扰能力,仿真结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出在带有噪声的复杂干扰下,原ADRC抗干扰能力急剧恶化,甚至有发散的趋势,振荡幅值为±25°。基于函数galn改进的ADRC在抗扰能力方面有所改进,但是galn在高误差区间有着极低的增益,造成误差无法调节,导致误差的收敛受影响,其振荡幅值为±20°。与其他两种ADRC相比,基于新型非线性函数tfal而设计的ADRC在遇到复杂干扰时波动较小且最为稳定,振荡幅值仅为±5°,对比于前两种ADRC,抗干扰能力分别提升了50%和67%,具有更好的抗扰能力。
为得到更真实的实验验证,利用(national instruments-PCI extensions for instrumentation,NI-PXI)实验平台进行了硬件在环仿真实验,如图8所示。实验设备分别为:mission planner地面站、乐迪AT9S PRO遥控器、pixhawk控制器、搭载4个功率单元的无人机和1个GPS(global positioning system)模块。无人机体数据如表3所示。
实验平台通过Simulink对飞控动力学模型、运动学模型进行建模,VeriStand实现对仿真模型的调用,以及通过LabVIEW对模型参数的在线显示和修改;采用Mission Planner实时操作系统保证仿真模型执行的实时性,最终达到快速仿真设计,完成整体实验,总体流程如图9所示。
系统姿态定位悬停,即[Φ,θ,Ψ]T=[0,0,0]T,对无人机施加干扰并在地面站上记录无人机偏转角度。以偏航角为例实验结果如图10所示。结果表明,此次设计的ESO提高了系统的抗干扰性能,在收敛速度快和超调量小方面表现出色,能够迅速而稳定地调整姿态,实现期望轨迹的可靠追踪。
针对四旋翼无人机在实际工作中可能会遇到多种复杂干扰,分析了ADRC的机理,根据“大误差小增益,小误差大增益”的函数选取原则,提出了一种新型的非线性函数tfal来改进ADRC。通过MATLAB/Simulink建立了四旋翼无人机的基于自抗扰控制的姿态控制模型,并与传统的以及相关的改进后的ADRC进行了仿真对比分析,验证了该控制方法的优越性。最后通过半实物仿真实验验证了该方法具有良好的跟踪性能和鲁棒性。
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金重大项目(2023ZD12)
  • 内蒙古自治区高等学校青年科技英才支持计划(NJYT22063)
  • 高校基本科研业务费项目(2023RCTD012)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401700
  • 接收时间:2024-03-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11
  • 修回日期:2024-11-29
基金
内蒙古自然科学基金重大项目(2023ZD12)
内蒙古自治区高等学校青年科技英才支持计划(NJYT22063)
高校基本科研业务费项目(2023RCTD012)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古科技大学机械工程学院/内蒙古自治区机电系统智能诊断与控制重点实验室, 包头 014000
    2 包头北方赛特检测科技有限责任公司, 包头 014000

通讯作者:

* 陈腾宇(1999—),男,汉族,湖南新邵人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机械设计、自动化控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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