Article(id=1156264258536071840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1733846400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604481586, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604481586, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604481586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604481586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2364, endPage=2370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264259152634532, articleId=1156264258536071840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Beam Optical Analysis of the 120 keV Slit Accelerator for High-power Ion Source, columnId=1156264259077137059, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Nuclear Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To further meet the plasma heating requirements of EAST (experimental advanced superconducting tokamak) device, NBI (neutral beam injection) system requires higher beam power. Accordingly, the EAST NBI laboratory has developed a 120 keV accelerator for this purpose. The analysis of the whole accelerator needs to be carried out from various perspectives such as beam optics, insulation support, active cooling and materials. Taking into account factors such as plasma parameters, electrostatic lens, voltage resistance between grids, and assembly errors, the numerical simulation program was utilized to beam optics analysis for the slit tetrode ion source accelerator. Beam trajectory, electric field strength distribution, and beam divergence angle were investigated and optimized to preliminarily determine the grid parameters of the new multi-slit accelerator. The accelerator obtains the beam with the minimum divergence angle of 0.6° in the vertical direction with perveance of 1.52 μp, meeting the design criteria for beam current intensity of 60 A and divergence angle below 1° of the ion source.

, correspAuthors=Ya-hong XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-qian CHEN, Long-bin LIU, Ya-hong XIE, Li-xin YANG, Chun-dong HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264343911129406, articleId=1156264258536071840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=大功率离子源120 keV缝型加速器束流光学分析, columnId=1156264259655951016, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·原子能技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步满足实验先进超导托卡马克装置(experimental advanced superconducting Tokamak,EAST)对等离子体加热的需求,中性束注入(neutral beam injection,NBI)系统需要更高的束功率。为此,EAST NBI研究室开展了120 keV束能量的加速器研制工作。整个加速器的分析研究需要从束流光学、绝缘支撑、主动冷却和材料等多个角度进行。从等离子体参数、静电透镜、电极间耐压以及装配误差等方面考虑,利用数值模拟程序对120 keV缝型四电极加速器中的束流轨迹、电场强度分布和束散角等束流光学相关参数进行了研究和优化,初步确定了新加速器的电极参数。该加速器在1.52 μp的导流系数下,垂直方向的最小束散角为0.6°,满足离子源氘离子束流强度为60 A和发散角小于1°的设计要求。

, correspAuthors=谢亚红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 谢亚红(1982—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,博士,研究员。研究方向:大功率离子源物理和实验。E-mail:
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陈俞钱(1987—), 男,汉族,安徽枞阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:强流离子源长脉冲放电运行。E-mail:

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陈俞钱(1987—), 男,汉族,安徽枞阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:强流离子源长脉冲放电运行。E-mail:

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陈俞钱(1987—), 男,汉族,安徽枞阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:强流离子源长脉冲放电运行。E-mail:

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t1t2t3t4为各个电极的厚度;a1a2a3a4为各个电极缝半间隙;d1d2d3为电极之间的间隙

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红色虚线内为加速器引出区,束散角:1.3°, 0.65°

, figureFileSmall=R8FZP8Pdk8+QPE5QOIQkwQ==, figureFileBig=ctsqYnZNAmca0vYJp4bx7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233503000430441286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264258536071840, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geometric model parameters before and after accelerator upgrade

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 电极名称 参数 80 keV 120 keV
电极缝半间隙 PG a1/mm 2.70 2.70
GG a2/mm 2.90 2.90
SG a3/mm 2.26 2.26
EG a4/mm 2.90 2.90
电极厚度 PG t1/mm 3.60 3.60
GG t2/mm 3.18 3.18
SG t3/mm 5.99 5.99
EG t4/mm 3.18 3.18
电极间隙 PG-GG d1/mm 2.34 3.50
GG-SG d2/mm 7.67 12.00
SG-EG d3/mm 1.73 1.75
), ArticleFig(id=1233503000514327367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264258536071840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

加速器升级前后的几何模型参数

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类别 电极名称 参数 80 keV 120 keV
电极缝半间隙 PG a1/mm 2.70 2.70
GG a2/mm 2.90 2.90
SG a3/mm 2.26 2.26
EG a4/mm 2.90 2.90
电极厚度 PG t1/mm 3.60 3.60
GG t2/mm 3.18 3.18
SG t3/mm 5.99 5.99
EG t4/mm 3.18 3.18
电极间隙 PG-GG d1/mm 2.34 3.50
GG-SG d2/mm 7.67 12.00
SG-EG d3/mm 1.73 1.75
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大功率离子源120 keV缝型加速器束流光学分析
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陈俞钱 1, 2 , 刘龙斌 1, 2 , 谢亚红 3, * , 杨立鑫 1, 2 , 胡纯栋 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·原子能技术 2025,25(6): 2364-2370
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·原子能技术 2025, 25(6): 2364-2370
大功率离子源120 keV缝型加速器束流光学分析
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陈俞钱1, 2 , 刘龙斌1, 2, 谢亚红3, * , 杨立鑫1, 2, 胡纯栋3
作者信息
  • 1 东华理工大学核科学与工程学院, 南昌 330013
  • 2 江西省核辐射探测及应用工程技术研究中心, 南昌 330013
  • 3 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所, 合肥 230031
  • 陈俞钱(1987—), 男,汉族,安徽枞阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:强流离子源长脉冲放电运行。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 谢亚红(1982—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,博士,研究员。研究方向:大功率离子源物理和实验。E-mail:
Beam Optical Analysis of the 120 keV Slit Accelerator for High-power Ion Source
Yu-qian CHEN1, 2 , Long-bin LIU1, 2, Ya-hong XIE3, * , Li-xin YANG1, 2, Chun-dong HU3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2 Jiangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Nuclear Radiation Detection and Application, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 3 Institute of Plasma Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402214
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为进一步满足实验先进超导托卡马克装置(experimental advanced superconducting Tokamak,EAST)对等离子体加热的需求,中性束注入(neutral beam injection,NBI)系统需要更高的束功率。为此,EAST NBI研究室开展了120 keV束能量的加速器研制工作。整个加速器的分析研究需要从束流光学、绝缘支撑、主动冷却和材料等多个角度进行。从等离子体参数、静电透镜、电极间耐压以及装配误差等方面考虑,利用数值模拟程序对120 keV缝型四电极加速器中的束流轨迹、电场强度分布和束散角等束流光学相关参数进行了研究和优化,初步确定了新加速器的电极参数。该加速器在1.52 μp的导流系数下,垂直方向的最小束散角为0.6°,满足离子源氘离子束流强度为60 A和发散角小于1°的设计要求。

中性束注入  /  加速器  /  导流系数  /  束散角

To further meet the plasma heating requirements of EAST (experimental advanced superconducting tokamak) device, NBI (neutral beam injection) system requires higher beam power. Accordingly, the EAST NBI laboratory has developed a 120 keV accelerator for this purpose. The analysis of the whole accelerator needs to be carried out from various perspectives such as beam optics, insulation support, active cooling and materials. Taking into account factors such as plasma parameters, electrostatic lens, voltage resistance between grids, and assembly errors, the numerical simulation program was utilized to beam optics analysis for the slit tetrode ion source accelerator. Beam trajectory, electric field strength distribution, and beam divergence angle were investigated and optimized to preliminarily determine the grid parameters of the new multi-slit accelerator. The accelerator obtains the beam with the minimum divergence angle of 0.6° in the vertical direction with perveance of 1.52 μp, meeting the design criteria for beam current intensity of 60 A and divergence angle below 1° of the ion source.

neutral beam injection  /  accelerator  /  perveance  /  beam divergence angle
陈俞钱, 刘龙斌, 谢亚红, 杨立鑫, 胡纯栋. 大功率离子源120 keV缝型加速器束流光学分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2364 -2370 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402214
Yu-qian CHEN, Long-bin LIU, Ya-hong XIE, Li-xin YANG, Chun-dong HU. Beam Optical Analysis of the 120 keV Slit Accelerator for High-power Ion Source[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2364 -2370 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402214
磁约束核聚变能源作为人类重要的能源布局,实现商业运行面临许多难题[1-2],等离子体加热是其中一项关键挑战。由于中性束注入(neutral beam injection,NBI)加热技术拥有加热效率最高,物理机制明确等优点,因此在磁约束核聚变研究中得到了广泛应用[3-4]
中性束注入加热设备首先通过离子源产生高能离子束,而托卡马克内存在强大的磁场导致离子束无法进入等离子体内部。因此,离子束需要与中性化室中的背景气体发生碰撞形成高能中性粒子束,最终将能量传递给等离子体。整个过程由束源、束线、电源、真空、控制和诊断等多个系统共同完成。随着托卡马克装置的不断发展,对NBI的注入能量也提出了更高的要求。强流离子源作为NBI的核心设备决定了等离子体的加热能力,中外已有大量关于中性束强流正离子源的研究成果和经验,例如,美国普林斯顿大学等离子体物理实验室(princeton plasma physics laboratory, PPPL)的托卡马克聚变试验反应堆(Tokamak fusion test reactor, TFTR)装置和欧洲联合环(joint european torus, JET)装置等NBI系统均已配备束能量大于100 keV的离子源[5-6]。核工业西南物理研究院HL-2M装置的NBI加热系统规划了三条束线,其中第一条和第二条均已配备了4套80 kV/45 A的正离子源[7]。EAST装置目前安装了两条设计参数基本相同的NBI束线:NBI-1和NBI-2分别在2014年和2015年投入使用。每条束线安装了两个80 kV/50 A的大功率正离子源[8-10]。中性束离子源的稳定运行离不开良好的加速器光学性能,特别是导流系数与等离子体参数的匹配和小的束散角[11-12]。所以,必须根据离子源所需的光学性能计算出加速器的设计参数。由于离子源的制造和安装成本,实验往往用于验证结果,而模拟计算已成为加速器参数优化的主要手段之一。为提升美国DIII-D 装置中性束离子源的束能量至105 keV,Crowley等[13]利用非线性光学程序IGUN计算了调整电极间隙后的三电极和四电极加速器的束流引出特性, 发现了在最佳导流系数相同的参数下四电极加速器能够获得更小的束散角,而三电极加速器的电极间电场强度更小,有更小的打火概率。Kim等[14-15]通过IGUN和线性光学理论优化并确定了韩国超导托卡马克(Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research, KSTAR)中性束离子源100 keV加速器的设计参数,还对不同的等离子体电极厚度进行了模拟计算,发现减小等离子体厚度可以有效提升加速器的导流系数,同时保持较小的束散角。Xie等[9]分析了EAST NBI 80 keV缝型加速器的光学性能,对比了圆形和菱形等离子体电极对加速器引出能力和束散角的影响。
离子源加速器决定着束流能量的上限和轨迹。随着束能量的提升,电极和束线将承受更高的热负载。而减小束散角不仅可以降低设备的热负载,还能有效提高束传输效率,减小打火概率。在给定束能量的设计目标下,可通过束流光学分析方法来约束离子的横向运动[16]。具体而言,通过调整电极的电压、孔径大小、间隙和几何形状等参数,实现加速器高压与等离子体发生器放电参数匹配、束流的会聚及发散(静电透镜)和偏转,从而最终减小发散角。
本文研究通过数值模拟评估120 keV缝型加速器的离子光学性能,并给出电极修改前后的参数,研究成果将进一步推进EAST装置的等离子体稳态运行,同时也是对束能量100 keV以上中性束大功率正离子源的工程实践。
EAST NBI离子源属于大面积高功率源,分为放电室(等离子体发生器)和加速器两个部分,图1是离子源和加速器的剖面。放电室采用热阴极桶式结构,加速器采用多缝四电极结构,引出区面积为10 cm×48 cm,透明度(有效引出面积/引出面积)达60%,共有52条引出缝,防护罩盖住了边缘的两个引出缝,所以加速器实际有50条缝。每块电极由4块子电极构成,中间两块是水平的,边缘两块相对轴线有1°5'的倾斜角,使束流在引出面长边的方向(垂直方向)呈聚焦状态,短边的方向不聚焦。离子源加速器4个电极分别是等离子体电极(plasma grid, PG)、梯度电极(gradient grid, GG)、抑制电极(suppression grid, SG)和地电极(earth grid, EG),由PG与GG之间的电势差产生的电场将离子引出,GG与SG之间的电场将离子加速,而SG与EG之间的反向电场则为了抑制反向电子流避免反向电子轰击放电室。
表征引出束特性的参数主要是束流能量、束流强度和发散角,这3个参数与引出电极的结构和离子源等离子体的放电状态有着密不可分的关系。对于强流离子源加速器的物理设计,一般用导流系数(或引出离子电流密度)、发散角和束流能量来表示。导流系数是衡量离子源加速器引出能力的参数,它取决于离子源加速器电极间隙和形状[17]。定义式为
$P=\frac{I}{{V}^{\frac{3}{2}}}$
式(1)中:I为总束流的大小;V为总电压的大小。
由于空间电荷限制,两平面二极管之间引出的束电流存在最大值,可以得出该值下的导流系数计算公式为
${P}_{0}=\frac{4}{9}\mathrm{\pi }\frac{{a}_{1}^{2}}{{d}_{1}^{2}}{\epsilon }_{0}\sqrt{\frac{2\xi e}{M}}$
式(2)中:a1d1为等离子体电极的缝半间隙和第一间隙的大小;ε0为真空环境下的介电常数;ζ为离子所带电荷数;M为离子质量数;e为单位电荷。
根据膜孔透镜和线性光学理论可以得出发散角θ的估算公式[18-19]
$\theta =0.62S\left[\frac{P}{{p}_{0}}-0.4\frac{{a}_{2}}{{a}_{1}}\frac{{d}_{1}{g}^{2}}{{d}_{2}(1-g)}+0.53\frac{{a}_{2}}{{a}_{1}}-1\right]+0.31\times S\frac{P}{{P}_{0}}\left[1+\frac{{t}_{1}}{{t}_{2}}+\frac{0.35{a}_{1}({d}_{2}+{d}_{3}+{t}_{2}+{t}_{3})}{{a}_{2}{d}_{1}}{\left(\frac{1-g}{1-0.5g}\right)}^{1.5}\right]$
式(3)中:S=a1/d1为横纵比;g=Vgg/V为梯度电极电压与等离子体电极电压之比。
式(3)为静电透镜效应和引出离子空间电荷效应的线性和。可以得出$\left|\theta \right|$随导流系数变化的函数图呈V字形,即存在一个最小发散角,该发散角对应的导流系数为最佳导流系数。
德国法兰克福大学的R.Becker源于电子轨迹模拟程序SLAC开发了IGUN[20-21],该程序基于等离子体鞘层自洽理论,可以计算正离子的空间电荷效应和轨迹。根据EAST对注入束散角和束流强度的要求,可利用非线性光学程序IGUN来设计离子源加速器电极的参数,更加精确地计算并调节束散角和束流强度。
整个束流由若干个束元组成,通过对一个束元的研究可以反映整个束流系统[22]。离子源加速器的缝型几何结构示意图如图2所示。80 keV和120 keV加速器的电极参数在表1中给出,其中第一间隙从2.34 mm扩大至3.5 mm,第二间隙由7.67 mm扩大至12 mm,第三间隙由1.73 mm扩大至1.75 mm,其他参数保持不变。
最佳参数的确定需要研究电极间隙和电压对束流光学的影响,其中PG和GG对束流性能的影响最大,所以对不同的第一间隙、第二间隙和电压比进行模拟计算,并做出引出特性曲线。对于强流离子源,要求加速器有极强的离子引出能力,而第一间隙的场强大小对加速器的离子引出能力影响最大,由图3(a)可知,通过减小第一间隙可以有效增大离子引出能力;但当束流处于“欠聚焦”状态时,第一间隙的场强过大会加剧束流的发散,因此,需要选择一个能同时满足离子引出能力和发散角的第一间隙值。当电压比为86%时,3.5 mm的第一间隙最佳。第二间隙的场强对加速器聚焦束流的能力影响最大。根据静电透镜理论可知,第二间隙的场强必须大于第一间隙的场强,GG孔径才具有聚焦束流的效果。图3(b)给出了不同第二间隙d2的计算结果,随着d2的不断减小,最佳导流系数增大且发散角减小,这表明较小的d2有利于产生优良光学品质的束流,而电极的耐压性能限制了第二间隙的距离,因此需要计算场强分布来设置最小第二间隙。根据图4中的电场强度分布计算结果,电压比为86%,第二间隙为12 mm时,位置10和位置11处场强大小为137 kV/cm和135 kV/cm,这是加速器能够维持的最大场强。
静电透镜的焦距由第一间隙、第二间隙和电压比Vgg/V共同决定,因此,还需要分析电压比对光学性能的影响。对不同电压比模型进行计算,Vgg/V为80%(96 kV)、82%(98.4 kV)、84%(100.8 kV)和86%(103.2 kV),且SG和EG的电压分别保持-3.5 kV和0 V不变,得到发散角随导流系数变化的曲线图,如图5所示。当电压比减小时,最佳导流系数和发散角的值不断增大。在电压比为86%时,可以观察到最小发散角为0.6°,对应的最佳导流系数和等离子体引出电流密度分别为1.52 μp和0.22 A/cm2。在束散角小于1°的设计要求下,最大引出电流密度可达0.25 A/cm2。由于电极在装配过程中存在一定的装配误差范围,导致孔径大小会发生变化,其中PG和GG的装配误差对束流的影响较大,因此分别计算了在最佳导流系数下PG和GG孔径在0.2 mm内变化的束散角,如图6(a)所示,PG和GG装配误差导致束散角的变化分别在0.05°和0.04°以内,在可接受范围。
等离子体参数也对束流光学有一定影响,离子温度是比较关心的参数之一。对离子进行引出时,离子存在一个初始横向动能,该动能的大小由离子温度决定。图6(b)给出了离子温度分别为0 eV和5 eV时的引出特性曲线,可以看出当离子温度是0.5 eV时最小束散角明显更高。为了更直观地展示120 keV加速电压与离子密度匹配的重要性,图7给出了不同状态下的束流轨迹图。当引出离子电流密度较小时,束流发射面呈凹状;当等离子体参数匹配时,束流发射面趋于平面;当引出离子电流密度较大时,束流发射面呈凸状。束流发射面的形状在很大程度上决定了束散角的大小,因此在实际工程实践中不能忽视电压与等离子体参数的匹配。
为实时测量引出束的几何位置和功率密度等参数,一种热电偶被安装在水流热量计(water flow calorimeter, WFC)的背板上,如图8所示。当束流撞击在热量计背板上时,束能量将转化为热能并沿背板向四周传播,热电偶记录的不同位置和时间的数据将被反演得到束散角大小[23]图9给出了80 keV加速器运行在最佳导流系数时的束流剖面图,垂直方向对应的束散角为1.3°,水平方向为0.65°[24]。红色虚线内为引出区域,可以看到功率密度从引出区中心向外减小。
IGUN程序计算的垂直方向束散角为1.2°[9],实验值与模拟值吻合较好。在修改电极间隙参数的120 keV加速器样机成功装配至离子源后,将会在中性束测试台完成性能测试。
研究了120 keV缝型四电极加速器的电极间隙和电压比对加速器束流光学的影响,同时计算了电极间场强分布和装配误差对束散角的影响。研究结果为EAST NBI后续工作的开展具有重要的指导意义。
(1) 第一间隙的场强大小对加速器的离子引出能力影响最大,可以通过减小第一间隙来增大离子引出能力。但当束流处于“欠聚焦”状态时,第一间隙的场强过大会加剧束流的发散。
(2) 第二间隙的场强对加速器聚焦束流的能力影响最大。要聚焦束流必须使第二间隙的场强大于第一间隙的场强。而电极的耐压性能限制了第二间隙的大小,因此需要计算场强分布来设置最小间隙。
(3) 当加速器参数确定后需要控制等离子体密度在“匹配区间(发散角<1°)”内,否则等离子体发射面会过度形变从而使束流发散。
(4) 加速器电极的装配误差对束流光学的影响从上游到下游依次减小,0.2 mm以内的装配误差对发散角的影响较小。
(5)离子温度对束散角有一定的影响,离子温度越大束散角越大。
(6)根据模拟结果,120 keV缝型四电极加速器预计可获得最佳导流系数为1.52 μp(引出离子电流密度为0.22 A/cm2),最小束散角为0.6°,满足束流强度为60 A的氘离子束,在束散角小于1°的限制条件下,最大可实现70 A的氘离子束注入。
  • 国家自然科学基金(11975261)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402214
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2024-12-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(11975261)
作者信息
    1 东华理工大学核科学与工程学院, 南昌 330013
    2 江西省核辐射探测及应用工程技术研究中心, 南昌 330013
    3 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所, 合肥 230031

通讯作者:

* 谢亚红(1982—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,博士,研究员。研究方向:大功率离子源物理和实验。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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