Article(id=1156264152525038522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700064000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-16, revisedDate=1732723200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604456310, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604456310, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604456310, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604456310, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2253, endPage=2264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264152994800572, articleId=1156264152525038522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=The Development Process and Numerical Simulation of Strike-Slip Fault in Central Sichuan Basin, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Sichuan Basin, situated in the heart of China, is renowned for its abundant oil and gas reserves within a geologically intricate sedimentary basin. A multitude of strike-slip faults, characterized by their extensive reach, substantial scale, and modest displacement, are particularly prominent in the basin’s central region. In order to elucidate the influence of these faults on the formation of oil and gas reservoirs, high-precision seismic data analysis and numerical simulation techniques were used to investigate the strike-slip fault system in the central Sichuan area. The results show that the primary strike-slip faults in the central Sichuan region bifurcate into two distinct orientations: nearly EW(east-west) and NE(northeast-southwest). These first-order faults are inclined to emerge along the peripheries of secondary tectonic units. The near EW-oriented faults were predominantly active prior to the Permian era, coinciding with the Hercynian phase, whereas the NE-oriented faults were shaped later, during the transition from the Late Hercynian to the Indosinian period. The evolution of these strike-slip faults is intricately tied to a series of overlapping tectonic events. The culmination of the ancient uplift in central Sichuan predating the Permian era precipitated the genesis of the near EW-oriented faults. Subsequently, a pivotal tectonic regime shift during the Late Hercynian epoch, coupled with the subsequent Indosinian period’s fore-arc structural modifications near the Longmen Mountains, catalyzed the emergence of the NE-oriented faults. Moreover, the Deyang Anyue fault trough is identified as a pivotal factor in dictating the regional stress distribution, effectively hindering the east-west faults from traversing beyond the fault trough boundary, thereby stifling their further development.

, correspAuthors=Shi CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-ming JIANG, Shi CHEN, Wen-zheng LI, Xin-xin LIANG, Teng-hui LEI, Jian MIN, Ran CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264197915795849, articleId=1156264152525038522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=四川盆地中部走滑断裂发育过程及其数值模拟实验, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

四川盆地是中国中部的一个大型复杂含油气沉积盆地,在盆地中部发育大量延伸远、规模大、断距小的走滑断裂。为研究该类型走滑断裂对油气成藏的控制作用,通过高精度地震资料解析、数值模拟方法系统性的研究了川中地区发育的走滑断裂系统。结果表明:川中地区一级走滑断裂主要划分为近东西走向、北东走向两个体系,一级走滑断裂往往沿着次级构造单元的边界发育;近东西走向的走滑断裂主体活动时间为二叠纪之前,即海西中期的,而北东走向的走滑断裂主体形成于海西晚期到印支期要晚于东西向断裂;川中地区的走滑断裂发育与多期构造叠加作用密切相关,二叠纪之前川中古隆起的定型形成了近东西走向走滑断裂。而海西晚期构造体制发生转换,至印支期龙门山前的前陆构造叠加改造,形成了北东走向的走滑断裂;德阳安岳裂陷槽对区域应力分布有明显的控制,东西向走滑断裂无法穿越裂陷边界继续生长。

, correspAuthors=陈石, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈石(1986—),男,汉族,甘肃定西人,博士,副教授。研究方向:含油气盆地构造解析。E-mail:
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江一鸣(1999—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学,油区构造解析。E-mail:

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江一鸣(1999—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学,油区构造解析。E-mail:

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江一鸣(1999—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学,油区构造解析。E-mail:

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language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国石油杭州地质研究院, 杭州 310023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233422548529107358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264152525038522, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Location map of Sichuan Basin and study area on the Yangtze Craton, figureFileSmall=azaftlzf2AmdOi5Fk22XFg==, figureFileBig=eXVzQ9Azw+/hdN2/A1Ug7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422548650742184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264152525038522, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四川盆地在扬子克拉通上的位置和研究区位置图, figureFileSmall=azaftlzf2AmdOi5Fk22XFg==, figureFileBig=eXVzQ9Azw+/hdN2/A1Ug7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422548805931446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264152525038522, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The column chart of strata in the study area, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422554858312470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264152525038522, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation parameters of paleotectonic stress

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本单元 泊松比 杨氏模量/GPa 岩石密度/(g·cm-3)
刚性块体 0.22 12.1 2.321
柔性块体 0.17 12.5 2.590
较刚性块体 0.23 25.3 2.501
), ArticleFig(id=1233422555051250466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264152525038522, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

古构造应力模拟参数

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基本单元 泊松比 杨氏模量/GPa 岩石密度/(g·cm-3)
刚性块体 0.22 12.1 2.321
柔性块体 0.17 12.5 2.590
较刚性块体 0.23 25.3 2.501
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四川盆地中部走滑断裂发育过程及其数值模拟实验
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江一鸣 1 , 陈石 1, * , 李文正 2 , 梁鑫鑫 1 , 雷腾辉 1 , 闵健 1 , 陈冉 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(6): 2253-2264
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(6): 2253-2264
四川盆地中部走滑断裂发育过程及其数值模拟实验
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江一鸣1 , 陈石1, * , 李文正2, 梁鑫鑫1, 雷腾辉1, 闵健1, 陈冉1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院, 北京 102249
  • 2 中国石油杭州地质研究院, 杭州 310023
  • 江一鸣(1999—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学,油区构造解析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈石(1986—),男,汉族,甘肃定西人,博士,副教授。研究方向:含油气盆地构造解析。E-mail:
The Development Process and Numerical Simulation of Strike-Slip Fault in Central Sichuan Basin
Yi-ming JIANG1 , Shi CHEN1, * , Wen-zheng LI2, Xin-xin LIANG1, Teng-hui LEI1, Jian MIN1, Ran CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Earth Science, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 2 PetroChina Hangzhou Research Institute of Geology, Hangzhou 310023, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309021
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四川盆地是中国中部的一个大型复杂含油气沉积盆地,在盆地中部发育大量延伸远、规模大、断距小的走滑断裂。为研究该类型走滑断裂对油气成藏的控制作用,通过高精度地震资料解析、数值模拟方法系统性的研究了川中地区发育的走滑断裂系统。结果表明:川中地区一级走滑断裂主要划分为近东西走向、北东走向两个体系,一级走滑断裂往往沿着次级构造单元的边界发育;近东西走向的走滑断裂主体活动时间为二叠纪之前,即海西中期的,而北东走向的走滑断裂主体形成于海西晚期到印支期要晚于东西向断裂;川中地区的走滑断裂发育与多期构造叠加作用密切相关,二叠纪之前川中古隆起的定型形成了近东西走向走滑断裂。而海西晚期构造体制发生转换,至印支期龙门山前的前陆构造叠加改造,形成了北东走向的走滑断裂;德阳安岳裂陷槽对区域应力分布有明显的控制,东西向走滑断裂无法穿越裂陷边界继续生长。

走滑断裂  /  古隆起  /  叠加构造  /  裂陷槽  /  数值模拟

The Sichuan Basin, situated in the heart of China, is renowned for its abundant oil and gas reserves within a geologically intricate sedimentary basin. A multitude of strike-slip faults, characterized by their extensive reach, substantial scale, and modest displacement, are particularly prominent in the basin’s central region. In order to elucidate the influence of these faults on the formation of oil and gas reservoirs, high-precision seismic data analysis and numerical simulation techniques were used to investigate the strike-slip fault system in the central Sichuan area. The results show that the primary strike-slip faults in the central Sichuan region bifurcate into two distinct orientations: nearly EW(east-west) and NE(northeast-southwest). These first-order faults are inclined to emerge along the peripheries of secondary tectonic units. The near EW-oriented faults were predominantly active prior to the Permian era, coinciding with the Hercynian phase, whereas the NE-oriented faults were shaped later, during the transition from the Late Hercynian to the Indosinian period. The evolution of these strike-slip faults is intricately tied to a series of overlapping tectonic events. The culmination of the ancient uplift in central Sichuan predating the Permian era precipitated the genesis of the near EW-oriented faults. Subsequently, a pivotal tectonic regime shift during the Late Hercynian epoch, coupled with the subsequent Indosinian period’s fore-arc structural modifications near the Longmen Mountains, catalyzed the emergence of the NE-oriented faults. Moreover, the Deyang Anyue fault trough is identified as a pivotal factor in dictating the regional stress distribution, effectively hindering the east-west faults from traversing beyond the fault trough boundary, thereby stifling their further development.

strike-slip faults  /  paleo-uplift  /  structural superposition  /  rift  /  numerical simulation
江一鸣, 陈石, 李文正, 梁鑫鑫, 雷腾辉, 闵健, 陈冉. 四川盆地中部走滑断裂发育过程及其数值模拟实验. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2253 -2264 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309021
Yi-ming JIANG, Shi CHEN, Wen-zheng LI, Xin-xin LIANG, Teng-hui LEI, Jian MIN, Ran CHEN. The Development Process and Numerical Simulation of Strike-Slip Fault in Central Sichuan Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2253 -2264 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309021
近些年来,陆相油气勘探开发领域的主战场逐渐由深层转向了超深层(超过6 000 m),超深层油气勘探也取得了一定的进展与成果。尤其是在中国克拉通盆地内部发现了一系列高角度的走滑断裂,比如塔里木盆地的奥陶系走滑断裂体系,这些发育在板内的走滑断裂垂向断距小,在平面上延伸较远,并且可以沟通油源对控储控藏有明显的作用。四川盆地经过多年的超深层油气勘探,在中部地区也发现了类似的走滑断裂[1-3]
对于四川盆地中部走滑断裂的构造样式以及发育期次和演化阶段,前人开展了一定的研究工作并获取了一定进展。基于高精度的三维地震资料,通过对断裂的精细刻画解释后,马德波等[4]提出一种新的观点:在四川高石梯-磨溪地区的古生界地层发育两组具张扭性质的走滑断裂,它们的旋向分别是左旋和右旋。断裂的主要活动期次是加里东期和晚海西期[5-6]。Li等[7]以四川盆地中部(简称川中)三维地震资料为基础,提出兴凯旋回发育右行张扭走滑断层、加里东旋回发育弱挤压左行走滑断层。马兵山等[8]认为川中走滑断层在晚震旦世形成雏形,并在早寒武世基本发展为右行张扭断裂系统,在二叠系沉积前叠加至少一期压扭构造变形,在晚二叠世反转为左行弱张扭断裂系统,仅极少数在印支期及以后选择性复活。
前人的研究基本厘清了川中地区发育走滑断裂的几何学、运动学特征、形成演化过程。但对于川中走滑断裂形成的成因机制的研究相对薄弱。走滑断层的初始形成期对后期走滑断层的发育具有重要的控制作用,有必要研究走滑断层的形成期及其形成机制[8]。但是于现在资料的局限性,前人对川中走滑断裂的发育过程以及形成的动力学机制的研究仍然处于猜想阶段,并且无法直观地展示出川中走滑断裂系统的演化模式。
近年来,数值模拟作为一种新的、高效的模拟动力学演化过程的手段走入人们的视线。它利用数学和力学的方法(如有限元分析)对有限测点的地应力数据进行反演,从而获得准确的构造应力分布的模拟结果[9-10]
本文研究基于最新的川中连片三维地震资料,对地震剖面进行精细的解释,并结合最新提取的相干属性图在平面上对川中地区发育的走滑断裂的几何学特征和运动学特征进行系统的研究。最后利用测井数据获取岩层力学参数,构建边界条件和初始数值模型,开展有限元模拟,将数值模拟结果与构造解析成果对比,通过反复迭代,以期验证构造应力场控制下的克拉通盆地内部的走滑断层发育模型[11]
四川盆地是中国四大盆地之一,位于扬子克拉通的西北部[12]图1(a)所示,盆地由青藏高原、大巴山、米仓山、龙门山等诸多山体和高原环绕而成。从整体形态上看,四川盆地具明显的平行四边形结构,并且盆地的边界形态明显与周缘其他构造区块具有明显的不同。按照现有的范围来计算,盆地面积约为18×104 km2
四川盆地历来是冈瓦纳大陆与劳亚大陆的重要交界区域[13-16],从前震旦纪开始,盆地经历了澄江运动、桐湾运动、加里东运动、云南运动、东吴运动、印支运动、燕山运动以及喜马拉雅运动的多期构造运动,这使得四川盆地的构造变化十分显著,而到了晚二叠世,出现了峨眉山大火山岩省持续火山喷发事件[14],使得该区域处于更加复杂的区域构造环境下。随着时间的推移,到了晚三叠世,四川盆地的地质演化发生了巨大的变化,从早前的海相克拉通盆地演化到陆相盆地,最后由于喜马拉雅运动的抬升作用[15],使得四川盆地的内部结构和体系发生了巨大的变化,直至演变呈今天的构造格局。
四川盆地为扬子克拉通内的次一级构造单元,根据盆地内部不同区域的特点可大概划分为以下6个二次构造单元,如图1(b)所示,分别是川中平缓构造带、川北低陡褶皱带、川东高陡褶皱带、川南低陡褶皱带、川西南低陡褶皱带以及川西坳陷带[16-17]
图2所示,研究区范围内主要充填的是震旦系、寒武系和二叠系,在整个研究区内泥盆系地层几乎不发育,另外奥陶系-石炭系也仅发育于该区的边缘地带,二叠系的主体部分覆盖于寒武系之上[18]。寒武系为一套碳酸盐岩沉积,寒武系底部的筇竹寺组为一套黑色页岩沉积,往上继续沉积主体部分为红色碎屑岩沧浪铺组以及高台组还有以白云岩为主体的龙王庙组和洗象池组。二叠系阳新统有梁山组、栖霞组、茅口组,乐平统发育龙潭组、长兴组。
四川盆地中部地区发育走滑断裂数量众多,且走滑断裂的规模不一,断裂延伸距离最远可达100 km。研究区的走滑断裂的主要发育层位是震旦-三叠系,由于地质背景和区域应力环境的改变,导致走滑断裂在不同区域和不同的构造层中的发育的构造样式大不相同。本文研究结合川中三维连片资料,对走滑断裂进行系统解析。
根据断裂是否分割次级构造单元作为主要判别标准,并结合走滑断裂在平面上的延伸距离及断裂在剖面上的活动性强弱建立了走滑断裂分级标准,将分割次级构造单元(隆起、凹陷,斜坡带)的断裂且延伸距离大于50 km,断距较大的归为一级断裂(F);不分割构造单元的且延伸距离大于20 km、小于50 km的断距较小的断裂归为二级断裂(F),其余的为三级断裂。最终落实了川中走滑断裂在平面上的分布特征。
结合振幅属性图以及对最新的地震剖面的解释,绘制出了川中地区灯影组底界走滑断裂平面分布图。如图3所示,川中地区的走滑断裂可以分为3个体系:近东西走向、北东走向和北西走向。本文研究的对象为近东西和北东向体系的一级断裂,在灯影组底界非常明显且延伸很远。
近东西向断裂(如F1)主要发育在研究区的东部磨溪-龙女寺地区,部分主干断裂在平面上的延伸长度可达100 km。从整体上看,该体系断裂的平面发育构造样式多呈线性特征,局部区域表现为雁列式和斜列式。在一些断裂的尾部,由于构造应力的释放导致断裂呈马尾构造。总的来说,断裂的发展趋势是从西向东延伸并局部发散。
研究表明,四川盆地在震旦纪处于伸展构造背景,并形成了近南北走向的德阳-安岳“裂陷槽”,并控制了安岳气田的碳酸盐岩台地的发育与分布[19-21]。值得注意的是,近东西走向断裂主要发育位置限制在台缘线东侧,断裂很难延伸至裂陷槽内部。仅F3部分穿过台缘线向德阳-安岳裂陷槽内部发育。
北东走向断裂(如F5)主要分布在研究区的西北部,断裂平面线性延伸性更强。断裂整体上发育呈北东走向,但在研究区东北区域由于受龙门山的挤压应力作用导致断裂走向向近东西向偏转。
通过划分构造分区线发现,主干走滑断裂在灯影组底界面中的发育与区域构造线和深部隆凹格局的匹配性很高,这一结果表明主干断裂发育与区域构造活动密切相关。东部近东西走向走滑断裂与深部隆凹构造单元边界匹配,发育在川中古隆起的边缘薄弱带附近。西部北东走向的构造线叠加改造近东西向构造线,同时发育北东走向走滑断裂,这期构造叠加效应足以证明北东走向断裂发育时期整体晚于近东西走向断裂。
本文研究选取了川中地区南北向及北西向典型地震剖面各一条来研究川中地区主干走滑断裂在剖面上的发育特征,可见主干断裂在剖面上产状陡立,断裂诱发地层变形明显,同时主干断裂对主要次级构造单元具有控制和分隔作用。这与通过分析断裂平面分布特征以及断裂发育和构造线的关系得出的观点相吻合。
图4所示,以川中地区南北向典型剖面为例,F4、F3、F1、F6及F5都发育在主要次级构造单元的边界上并对这些单元具有一定的分割作用。F15、F4断裂之间发育有大足凹陷以及高石梯隆起,而F4、F3断裂又控制另一个凹陷的形态。再往北F3、F1、F6断裂依次发育在磨溪隆起以及射洪-西充斜坡带的边界位置上。另外,如图5所示,F8、F9、F10、F3及F4断裂都发育在主要次级构造单元的边界上。F8、F7断裂之间发育有中江斜坡带,在斜坡带内也发育一系列次级走滑断裂,产状陡立,而F10、F3断裂又控制蓬莱斜坡带的形态,东部发育F3、F4控制的磨溪-高石梯凹陷。
根据走滑断裂的剖面变形特征及断裂终止的层位,可以初步明确川中地区断裂体系的活动期次。川中地区不同断裂体系中(近东西向体系、北东向体系)的走滑断裂发育的时期有区别。结合两张典型剖面图可以看出,加里东期-中海西期台内主要发育近东西向近直立的走滑断裂,断裂多沿着深部构造单元边界活动,终止于二叠系底面(P1q),后期断裂在二叠纪、三叠纪、和侏罗纪存在多期活动。北东向体系断裂的初次发育时期晚于东西走向断裂,部分断裂在二叠纪末期到早三叠世开始形成(海西晚期);部分断裂直通须家河组底部,形成于中晚三叠世(印支期)。可见,川中走滑断裂主要是在先存伸展正断层的基础上继承法发育起来的,主要可以分为桐湾期伸展断裂活动阶段、加里东-中海西期近东西向走滑运动阶段、晚海西期北东向走滑运动阶段、印支期走滑断裂发育阶段等多期演化阶段。
自南华纪起,罗迪尼亚超大陆逐渐开始裂解,这标志着原特提斯洋进入了新的发育阶段[22-24]。由于区域构造应力的作用,四川盆地整体处于伸展的构造环境下。但盆地的东部区域由于经历着震旦纪-早寒武纪的桐湾运动,导致盆内的灯影组受到显著的隆升以及剥蚀。经过长期复杂构造应力对盆地的作用下,最终形成了以长宁、内江、德阳为轴线的近南北方向的裂陷槽,又称德阳-安岳裂陷槽[25-27]。这一系列的构造形态的变化也为四川盆地的地层沉积结构提供了基础[28]
桐湾期以来,由于长期受到克拉通内拉张伸展构造的作用,四川盆地经历了一段时间的拉张变化,从而产生了不同程度的抬升[29]。在这一时期,川中古隆起的地貌也逐渐开始显露,大量基底断裂开始活动,为后期走滑断裂的发育提供了基础,这些伸展断裂主要分布于德阳-安岳裂陷槽东部区域,如图6所示。
自震旦纪末-早寒武世以来,筇竹寺组沉积完全覆盖了德阳-安岳裂陷槽,进而改变了早期呈南北向展布的隆凹格局,使得早前的隆凹分界几乎完全消除[30-32]。此后四川盆地仍然不断地受到拉张-伸展应力的影响,导致早期形成的古隆起与盆地其他区域差异隆升。到了早奥陶世,由于地球海洋不断地扩张,扬子地台在这个时期仍处于海相碳酸盐岩台地环境。
直至志留纪初期,尽管古隆起依旧存在于水底,但是盆地的中西部隆升程度更高,呈现出同沉积隆升的特征[33]。志留系沉积末期,受加里东晚期构造运动影响,四川盆地整体剧烈抬升,暴露海平面[34]。直到海西期(泥盆纪-石炭纪)盆地整体变为大范围古陆,期间发生了南部华南造山带的挤压作用和江南海槽的闭合[33],挤压作用持续到石炭纪,造成了川中古隆起的定型,来自南部的挤压应力导致川中古隆起在海西中期(石炭纪末)的隆升达到峰值,川中东部地区沿着基底薄弱带发育右旋走滑断裂(其中一级走滑断裂分别如F1、F2、F3、F4),断裂分隔隆起内部次级构造单元,受早期德阳安岳裂陷槽边界的影响,走滑断裂主体发育在川中东部地区,如图7所示。
自海西期开始,四川盆地进入克拉通内裂陷盆地发育阶段[34]。盆地整体沉积地层比较稳定,二叠系地层厚度变化不大,古隆起以整体抬升和沉降为主[35]。海西晚期(二叠末-早三叠世),川中地区构造格局发生转变,这个时期盆地的挤压应力主要来自盆地北部,川中西部地区开始发育北东走向的左旋走滑断裂,而早期的近东西走向断裂仅有少量的继承性活动,如图8所示。
印支期以来,四川盆地西部和北部受到龙门山、米仓山和大巴山的逆冲作用影响,形成复杂的前陆冲断叠加变形,表现为多期次、多方向前陆叠加的构造-沉积特征[36];川东南并未受到西侧和北侧冲断作用的明显影响,挤压应力来自于西北部或北部。由于这一期挤压应力作用较为强烈,且作用的区域离盆地内部距离更为接近,这导致研究区内部的中下三叠统之上地层发生构造反转发育大量的逆冲断层,逆冲断层大量滑脱消失在具有塑性性质的嘉陵江组膏盐岩沉积中,多在剖面上呈对冲、反冲等构造样式。早期发育的北东走向一级断裂开始沿着构造线大量发育,川中东部地区为主要发育数区域,在剖面上多表现为延伸短的层间走滑断裂和逆冲走滑断裂,走向受深部近东西走向断裂控制,如图9所示。
近些年来,随着计算机技术和硬件条件的飞速发展,构造数值模拟技术以及成为地球动力学定量研究的重要手段[37],它不仅可以用来模拟人们提出的各种动力学理论模型,甚至可以用来分析断裂的生长过程,这对于厘定克拉通盆地内部的走滑断裂的发育过程具有一定的指导意义[38]
3.1节中通过结合四川盆地周缘构造背景初步提出了川中走滑断裂的发育模型,为了验证该模型的正确性,本文研究使用Ansys软件中的有限元方法进行本次模拟实验。为了尽可能还原四川盆地所经历的地质过程,并提高数值模拟实验的成功率,初始模型尺寸将尽量按照实际比例进行设置[39]。模型的宽度和长度分别覆盖来自四川盆地周缘造山带造成影响的横向距离和纵向距离。如图10所示,初始模型的长度和宽度等比例分别设置为100 m和80 m,其中各基础单元的划分按照其物质密度分为柔性块体、刚性块体以及相对刚性块体。柔性块体代表裂陷槽内地块(岩石密度类比于塔里木盆地震旦系泥岩),刚性块体代表广泛发育古隆起的地块(岩石密度类比于塔里木盆地震旦系砂岩),相对刚性块体为正常发育的陆缘地层。模型具体参考的参数如表1所示。
由于四川盆地中部经历了多期构造演化,导致不同时期研究区内走滑断裂的发育特征和样式也大不相同。所以在整个数值模拟过程中,不同时期的模型设置均基于初始模型的基础上进行一定的调整,主要表现在不同的边界条件,模型的形态等。为了简化模型并模拟克拉通内部走滑断裂的发育过程,本次模拟实验边界主要设置为固定界面[40]
对四川盆地周缘构造属性的分析表明区域构造应力方向大致历经南部-北部-西北部的交替变化,因此确定了三期实验模型如下:①数值模拟加里东-中海西期:设定为从模型南部施加36 000 Pa的固定挤压应力,方向为北偏西45°;②数值模拟晚海西期:设定为从模型北部施加360 00 Pa的固定挤压应力,方向为南偏东 15°;③数值模拟印支期:设定为从模型西北部施加50 000 Pa的固定挤压应力,方向为北偏西30°。
三期模拟的模型中均预了主干断裂,因为主干断裂的发育过程与研究区的区域构造活动密切相关,因而是本次模拟研究的主要对象[41],其中加里东-中海西期模型中预设定主要基底断裂。
晚海西期和印支期的模型中的预设断裂布置依据前文走滑模型的建立以及构造解释结果[42]
利用3.2.1节设置的3个模型进行模拟实验,目的在于验证相关动力学理论模型的合理性,主要包括以下两个方面的内容:①两期主干走滑断裂的发育过程;②德阳-安岳裂陷槽对走滑断裂发育的影响。将数值模拟结果与构造解析成果对比,通过反复迭代,三期模拟的结果很好地验证了在复杂构造应力场控制下的走滑断裂发育模型,结果如下。
(1)加里东-中海西期走滑断裂发育模拟:来自东南方向的挤压应力导致川中古隆起的快速隆升,近东西走向主干走滑断裂(F1、F2、F3、F4)发育于早期伸展断裂的基础上。如图11所示,F3、F4的端部应力集中明显,显示断裂的生长和扩展;德阳-安岳裂陷槽对区域应力分布有明显的控制,较为明显的是F3、F4断裂的西部延伸至裂陷槽边界停止,无法穿过边界继续发育。同时,该时期断裂F3、F4在区域内的应力最大,主要发育在川中古隆起的边界处。断裂受持续的挤压应力作用的影响,表现出逐渐向东西向延伸的趋势。偏北部的断裂F1、F2的活动强度较低,受F3、F4在中部积聚了较高的应力,F1、F2沿前期衍生断裂向东延伸,一些次级断裂也会继续这一发展趋势[42]
(2)晚海西期走滑断裂发育模拟:晚海西期,挤压应力方向由南部改为北部,来自北部的挤压应力导致古隆起的轴向发生旋转,北东走向构造线发育明显;通过图12可以发现,研究区整体被北东向构造线分割为两个区块,西北部最高,向东南逐渐降低。近东西走向的走滑断裂几乎不发育,北东走向走滑断裂(F7、F8、F9、F10)的端部应力集中明显,显示断裂的生长以及扩展。中部及西北部断裂(F8、F9、F10) 附近应力较高,结合这个时期盆地所受的挤压应力来自于盆地的西北部这个观点可以更加表明这两条主干断裂主导了这一期的应力空间分布; 而东南部断裂(F7) 周围应力较低,高应力主要集中于断裂中段,而该部位向西应力值较低。断裂F9、F10的端部均会受古隆起的影响,他们的变形也会逐渐趋于一致,且变形范围也相对较小。
(3)印支期走滑断裂发育模拟:到了印支期,盆地挤压应力方向由北部改为西北部,来自盆地西北方的挤压应力导致古隆起的轴向再度发生旋转,龙门山前前陆盆地发育明显;通过图13可以看到,盆地内部主要发育北东走向断裂,晚海西期开始发育的F7、F8、F9、F10断裂沿着早前的走向继续生长,在多条断裂的叠接区广泛发育一系列小型的次级断裂。新发育的主干断裂主要是F6、F5,受到龙门山、大巴山强烈的挤压影响,断裂的末端走向由北东走向逐渐变为近南北走向。整体上看这一期的北东走向走滑断裂的端部应力最为明显,很好地显示了断裂的生长和扩展。值得注意的是在古隆起的南北两侧有很明显的应力分布差距,由北到南逐渐从高应力区转变到低应力区,这个现象可以说明古隆起基底对区域应力的传播有明显的阻隔作用,这一特点也限制了北东向走滑断裂向南部的延伸与发展。
通过对川中地区发育的走滑断裂系统研究后得到以下结论。
(1)川中地区走滑断裂可划分为近东西走向、北东走向和北西走向3个体系,其中近东西走向和北东走向为主干断裂,北西走向为弥散分布的小型断裂。
(2)川中地区的走滑断裂往往沿着次级构造单元的边界发育,近东西走向的走滑断裂大多终止于二叠系底部,而北东走向的断裂通常断穿二叠系并直通三叠系。近东西走向的走滑断裂主体活动时间为二叠纪之前,即海西中期,可能是在加里东期的正断层背景上发育的。而北东走向的走滑断裂主体形成于海西晚期到印支期。
(3)晚震旦世到早寒武世(加里东期),德阳安岳裂陷槽拉开,台缘带以及川中东部地区可能发育一些基底正断层。海西中期(石炭纪末),来自南部的挤压应力导致川中古隆起的隆升达到峰值,川中东部地区沿着基底薄弱带发育近东西向走滑断裂。海西晚期(二叠末-早三叠世),构造格局发生转变,挤压应力来自盆地北部,川中西部地区开始发育北东走向的走滑断裂。印支期(晚三叠世),印支运动在龙门山山前发育前陆盆地,来自盆地西北部的挤压作用使川中西部地区北东走向走滑断裂大量活动。
(4)通过将三期数值模拟结果与构造解析成果对比,在复杂构造应力场控制下的川中内部走滑断裂发育模型,与模拟结果具有良好的匹配性,德阳-安岳裂陷槽以及古隆起的基地对于应力的传导有明显的阻隔作用,对川中近东西向走滑断裂发育有较大的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金(U21-B2062)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309021
  • 接收时间:2023-11-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-16
  • 修回日期:2024-11-28
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国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金(U21-B2062)
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    1 中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院, 北京 102249
    2 中国石油杭州地质研究院, 杭州 310023

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* 陈石(1986—),男,汉族,甘肃定西人,博士,副教授。研究方向:含油气盆地构造解析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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