Article(id=1156264151702950825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309752, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702224000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-11, revisedDate=1732723200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604456115, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604456115, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604456115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604456115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2293, endPage=2300, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264152235627436, articleId=1156264151702950825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Radar Deformation Monitoring, Earning Warningand Risk Control of Slope in Open-Pit Coal Mine, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a major risk source, slope in open-pit coal mine is one of the main challenges faced by mine safety production. Taking Wanyuan open-pit coal mine in Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as an example, based on detailed investigation of slope development characteristics, deformation and failure modes were analyzed, slope radar deformation monitoring was carried out, and early warning models were established, a monitoring and early warning platform was built to achieve risk control. The results show that the slope of Wanyuan open-pit coal mine involves reverse, cross and consequent rock slope and soil slope of dump, and its deformation and failure modes are respectively tensile fracturing, wedge failure, slip-bending and creep (-tensile cracking). There is a possibility of instability under the influence of mining, blasting, rainfall or unreasonable stacking. On this basis, in order to realize the monitoring of slope without blind area, two sets of slope radar were respectively installed at the stable bedrock on the northeast and southwest sides of the mine, and the slope safety grade was divided into four grades: blue (<3 mm/h), yellow (3~8 mm/h), orange (8~15 mm/h) and red (>15 mm/h). Combined with the organizational structure of mining enterprises, the slope safety management system from slope radar deformation monitoring data-early warning model-early warning platform-risk management and control are constructed, which can provide technical reference for the construction of regional coal mine safety production capacity.

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露天煤矿边坡作为重大风险源,是矿山安全生产面临的主要挑战之一。以内蒙古自治区乌海市万源露天煤矿为例,在详实调查边坡发育特征的基础上,分析变形破坏模式,开展边坡雷达变形监测,建立预警模型,搭建监测预警平台,实现风险管控。研究结果显示,万源露天煤矿边坡涉及反向、横向、顺向岩质采场边坡和排土场土质边坡,其变形破坏模式分别为拉裂-倾倒、楔形体破坏、滑移-弯曲和蠕滑(-拉裂)。在采动、爆破、降雨或不合理堆砌等因素影响下,存在失稳的可能性;在此基础上,为实现边坡无盲区监测,在矿山采场东北和西南侧稳定基岩处各安装边坡雷达一套,将边坡安全等级划分为蓝(<3 mm/h)、黄(3~8 mm/h)、橙(8~15 mm/h)、红(>15 mm/h)4个等级;结合矿山企业组织架构,构建了从边坡雷达变形监测数据-预警模型-预警平台-风险管控的边坡安全管理体系,可为区域煤矿安全生产能力建设提供技术示范。

, correspAuthors=苗朝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 苗朝(1986—),男,汉族,四川成都人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:地质灾害调查评价和监测预警。E-mail:
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李洪梁(1990—),男,汉族,四川简阳人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:矿产及灾害地质。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2023, 42(1): 28-50., articleTitle=Study on red beds and its geological hazards, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233422556385046901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, awardId=DD20243086, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地质调查局项目(DD20243086), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233422547199521523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422547203715828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, companyId=1233422547199521523, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Civil-Military Integration Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610036, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422547212104437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, companyId=1233422547199521523, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国地质调查局军民融合地质调查中心, 成都 610036)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233422547316962047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422547325350657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, companyId=1233422547316962047, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Technology Innovation Center for Risk Prevention and Mitigation of Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu 611734, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422547342127876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, companyId=1233422547316962047, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 自然资源部地质灾害风险防控工程技术创新中心, 成都 611734)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233422552199131249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Image of Wanyuan open-pit coal mine, figureFileSmall=Ng4TlraJTRYxHFIbWkqqpQ==, figureFileBig=/GSXWaoLL2kUhxoFXTOPiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552308183160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=图1, caption=万源露天煤矿影像图, figureFileSmall=Ng4TlraJTRYxHFIbWkqqpQ==, figureFileBig=/GSXWaoLL2kUhxoFXTOPiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552450789517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Slope distribution map of Wanyuan open-pit coal mine, figureFileSmall=rEKpRxL2Ri5yCPDhX+LRAg==, figureFileBig=v5nWwi6bnLUBbtybhQEbqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552568230035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=图2, caption=万源露天煤矿边坡分布图, figureFileSmall=rEKpRxL2Ri5yCPDhX+LRAg==, figureFileBig=v5nWwi6bnLUBbtybhQEbqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552694059169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Engineering geology profile of slope in Wanyuan open-pit coal mine, figureFileSmall=FU21vJU0zWU6DLsvi9BjJw==, figureFileBig=gBlZwJ1X2m5qQ7jvuNmTLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552866025647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=图3, caption=万源煤矿边坡工程地质剖面图, figureFileSmall=FU21vJU0zWU6DLsvi9BjJw==, figureFileBig=gBlZwJ1X2m5qQ7jvuNmTLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422552970883256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Failure mode of slope in Wanyuan open-pit coal mine, figureFileSmall=xgFhW0Q3STCvcUqv66Bo4Q==, figureFileBig=g3ySZ2xZWKFu7mRqPfZHgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422553084129476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=图4, caption=万源露天煤矿边坡破坏模式

根据文献[26]修改

, figureFileSmall=xgFhW0Q3STCvcUqv66Bo4Q==, figureFileBig=g3ySZ2xZWKFu7mRqPfZHgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422553226735826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Deformation-time curve of gradient slope, figureFileSmall=5rj6zPvGMIKKPUpd4aZD8g==, figureFileBig=+/wipZZOtITViBp1RL6mrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422553348370656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=图5, caption=渐变型边坡形变-时间曲线, figureFileSmall=5rj6zPvGMIKKPUpd4aZD8g==, figureFileBig=+/wipZZOtITViBp1RL6mrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422554833154290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Slope radar deformation monitoring and warning platform of Wanyuan open-pit coal mine, figureFileSmall=o1MlwvLhN/wIoOxhhFVJMQ==, figureFileBig=3UpCRt79kB3SwvOW0bcKhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422554992537851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=图6, caption=万源露天煤矿边坡雷达变形监测预警平台, figureFileSmall=o1MlwvLhN/wIoOxhhFVJMQ==, figureFileBig=3UpCRt79kB3SwvOW0bcKhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555147727115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=1# Radar deformation monitoring status on August 31, 2023, figureFileSmall=N7o604EYSoNNObAIOn+WmA==, figureFileBig=2IOiQtjLw3U2oMBivT+btQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555256779030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2023年8月31日1#雷达变形监测状态, figureFileSmall=N7o604EYSoNNObAIOn+WmA==, figureFileBig=2IOiQtjLw3U2oMBivT+btQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422555370025245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Slope characteristics of Wanyuan open-pit coal mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边坡
编号
边坡倾向/
(°)
高差/
m
长度/
m
平均坡角/
(°)
边坡
类型
土体
类型
土层厚度/
m
地层 边坡结构
G1 195 180 400 25 岩质 C2-P1t、E3q 反向坡
F1 309 150 360 35 岩质 C2-P1t、E3q 横向坡
P2 56 168 1100 30 岩质 C2-P1t、E3q 顺向坡
P1 84 60 200 23 土质 块碎石土 2~60 Qml4
Q1 226 90 160 27 土质 块碎石土 2~60 Qml4
), ArticleFig(id=1233422555554574646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

万源露天煤矿边坡特征一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边坡
编号
边坡倾向/
(°)
高差/
m
长度/
m
平均坡角/
(°)
边坡
类型
土体
类型
土层厚度/
m
地层 边坡结构
G1 195 180 400 25 岩质 C2-P1t、E3q 反向坡
F1 309 150 360 35 岩质 C2-P1t、E3q 横向坡
P2 56 168 1100 30 岩质 C2-P1t、E3q 顺向坡
P1 84 60 200 23 土质 块碎石土 2~60 Qml4
Q1 226 90 160 27 土质 块碎石土 2~60 Qml4
), ArticleFig(id=1233422555692986683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Technical parameters of radar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 参数
工作频段 K
方位角分辨率 优于0.36°(6 mrad)
方位向覆盖/(°) 360
距离分辨率 优于0.3 m
探测距离/km ≥5
形变灵敏度 优于0.1 mm(径向)
扫描速度/(min·周-1) 0.5~16
功耗/W ≤50
工作温度/℃ -40~55
防护 IP65
), ArticleFig(id=1233422555835593031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

雷达主机技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 参数
工作频段 K
方位角分辨率 优于0.36°(6 mrad)
方位向覆盖/(°) 360
距离分辨率 优于0.3 m
探测距离/km ≥5
形变灵敏度 优于0.1 mm(径向)
扫描速度/(min·周-1) 0.5~16
功耗/W ≤50
工作温度/℃ -40~55
防护 IP65
), ArticleFig(id=1233422555978199380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Warning threshold and disposal scheme of Wanyuan open-pit coal mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预警等级 变形阶段 变形速率/(mm·h-1) 预警发布层级 响应方式 专业处置方案
蓝色 等速变形阶段 <3 通过预警系统发送提示性预警信息,至地测科长、监测室主任 持续关注,确定危险源,加强安全宣传和教育,组织加强巡查 组织巡查,划定危险源及危险范围,分析危险源形成原因
黄色 初加速阶段 3~8 通过预警系统发送注意级预警信息,至地测科长、监测室主任、生产科长、安全副总工程师 持续关注危险源,组织加强巡查;对危险区内作业机器、车辆及人员发布提示信息;确定人员疏散和安全撤离方案等 组织巡查,划定危险源及危险范围,分析危险源形成原因
橙色 中加速阶段 8~15 通过预警系统发送警示级预警信息,至地测科长、监测室主任、生产科长、安全副总工程师、主管安全副矿长 持续关注危险源,加强安全检查和巡查,对危险区内作业机器、车辆及人员推送警示级预警,尽量规避危险范围,做好随时撤离准备 组织巡查,分析危险源形成原因,提出针对行意见和处置建议
红色 加加速阶段 >15 通过预警系统发送危险级预警信息,至安全科科长、主管安全副矿长、矿长,电话通知安全科科长、主管副矿长、矿长 对危险区内作业机器、车辆及人员暂停工作,立即撤离,封锁危险区,通过声光报警器同步播放,远离危险源、威胁范围 组织巡查,分析危险源形成原因,采取消除危险源或危险源加固等措施
), ArticleFig(id=1233422556099834205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264151702950825, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

万源露天煤矿边坡监测预警阈值及处置方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预警等级 变形阶段 变形速率/(mm·h-1) 预警发布层级 响应方式 专业处置方案
蓝色 等速变形阶段 <3 通过预警系统发送提示性预警信息,至地测科长、监测室主任 持续关注,确定危险源,加强安全宣传和教育,组织加强巡查 组织巡查,划定危险源及危险范围,分析危险源形成原因
黄色 初加速阶段 3~8 通过预警系统发送注意级预警信息,至地测科长、监测室主任、生产科长、安全副总工程师 持续关注危险源,组织加强巡查;对危险区内作业机器、车辆及人员发布提示信息;确定人员疏散和安全撤离方案等 组织巡查,划定危险源及危险范围,分析危险源形成原因
橙色 中加速阶段 8~15 通过预警系统发送警示级预警信息,至地测科长、监测室主任、生产科长、安全副总工程师、主管安全副矿长 持续关注危险源,加强安全检查和巡查,对危险区内作业机器、车辆及人员推送警示级预警,尽量规避危险范围,做好随时撤离准备 组织巡查,分析危险源形成原因,提出针对行意见和处置建议
红色 加加速阶段 >15 通过预警系统发送危险级预警信息,至安全科科长、主管安全副矿长、矿长,电话通知安全科科长、主管副矿长、矿长 对危险区内作业机器、车辆及人员暂停工作,立即撤离,封锁危险区,通过声光报警器同步播放,远离危险源、威胁范围 组织巡查,分析危险源形成原因,采取消除危险源或危险源加固等措施
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露天煤矿边坡雷达变形监测预警与风险管控
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李洪梁 1, 2 , 苗朝 2, * , 田尤 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(6): 2293-2300
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(6): 2293-2300
露天煤矿边坡雷达变形监测预警与风险管控
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李洪梁1, 2 , 苗朝2, * , 田尤2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质调查局军民融合地质调查中心, 成都 610036
  • 2 自然资源部地质灾害风险防控工程技术创新中心, 成都 611734
  • 李洪梁(1990—),男,汉族,四川简阳人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:矿产及灾害地质。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 苗朝(1986—),男,汉族,四川成都人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:地质灾害调查评价和监测预警。E-mail:
Radar Deformation Monitoring, Earning Warningand Risk Control of Slope in Open-Pit Coal Mine
Hong-liang LI1, 2 , Zhao MIAO2, * , You TIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Civil-Military Integration Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610036, China
  • 2 Technology Innovation Center for Risk Prevention and Mitigation of Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu 611734, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309752
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露天煤矿边坡作为重大风险源,是矿山安全生产面临的主要挑战之一。以内蒙古自治区乌海市万源露天煤矿为例,在详实调查边坡发育特征的基础上,分析变形破坏模式,开展边坡雷达变形监测,建立预警模型,搭建监测预警平台,实现风险管控。研究结果显示,万源露天煤矿边坡涉及反向、横向、顺向岩质采场边坡和排土场土质边坡,其变形破坏模式分别为拉裂-倾倒、楔形体破坏、滑移-弯曲和蠕滑(-拉裂)。在采动、爆破、降雨或不合理堆砌等因素影响下,存在失稳的可能性;在此基础上,为实现边坡无盲区监测,在矿山采场东北和西南侧稳定基岩处各安装边坡雷达一套,将边坡安全等级划分为蓝(<3 mm/h)、黄(3~8 mm/h)、橙(8~15 mm/h)、红(>15 mm/h)4个等级;结合矿山企业组织架构,构建了从边坡雷达变形监测数据-预警模型-预警平台-风险管控的边坡安全管理体系,可为区域煤矿安全生产能力建设提供技术示范。

露天煤矿  /  边坡  /  雷达  /  监测预警  /  风险管控

As a major risk source, slope in open-pit coal mine is one of the main challenges faced by mine safety production. Taking Wanyuan open-pit coal mine in Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as an example, based on detailed investigation of slope development characteristics, deformation and failure modes were analyzed, slope radar deformation monitoring was carried out, and early warning models were established, a monitoring and early warning platform was built to achieve risk control. The results show that the slope of Wanyuan open-pit coal mine involves reverse, cross and consequent rock slope and soil slope of dump, and its deformation and failure modes are respectively tensile fracturing, wedge failure, slip-bending and creep (-tensile cracking). There is a possibility of instability under the influence of mining, blasting, rainfall or unreasonable stacking. On this basis, in order to realize the monitoring of slope without blind area, two sets of slope radar were respectively installed at the stable bedrock on the northeast and southwest sides of the mine, and the slope safety grade was divided into four grades: blue (<3 mm/h), yellow (3~8 mm/h), orange (8~15 mm/h) and red (>15 mm/h). Combined with the organizational structure of mining enterprises, the slope safety management system from slope radar deformation monitoring data-early warning model-early warning platform-risk management and control are constructed, which can provide technical reference for the construction of regional coal mine safety production capacity.

open-pit coal mine  /  slope  /  radar  /  monitoring and earning warning  /  risk control
李洪梁, 苗朝, 田尤. 露天煤矿边坡雷达变形监测预警与风险管控. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2293 -2300 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309752
Hong-liang LI, Zhao MIAO, You TIAN. Radar Deformation Monitoring, Earning Warningand Risk Control of Slope in Open-Pit Coal Mine[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2293 -2300 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309752
中国能源消费结构中煤占比较大,在碳达峰碳中和背景下,煤矿仍是能源供给的“压舱石”,以煤为主仍是中国的基本国情[1]。内蒙古自治区地理、地质条件良好,煤矿分布密集,多以露天开采为主,作为中国重要的煤矿资源基地,对保障国家能源安全具有重要意义。在煤矿开采过程中,露天煤矿边坡稳定性一直备受关注,是煤矿安全生产面临的主要挑战,如2023年2月22日13时许,内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗新井煤业有限公司一露天煤矿发生大面积坍塌,部分工作人员和车辆被埋,事故最终造成53人死亡。因此,开展露天煤矿边坡变形监预警测迫在眉睫。
目前,常见的边坡监测预警手段主要有全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)[2-4]、三维激光扫描[5-8]、水准测量、全站仪及倾角加速度计[9-10]等,对预防边坡崩塌、滑坡等灾害事故发挥了重要作用。然而,这些监测数据通常仅能反应监测设备所在位置单点的变形,无法获取整个边坡的变形情况[11-16],或需要相对较长的时间进行变形监测数据解算[17-21],对矿山突发地质灾害监测预警显示出一定的局限性和滞后性。近年来,随着边坡雷达监测技术的不断成熟,逐渐弥补了传统监测预警手段的短板。雷达监测可在远距离进行边坡区域成像,实时获取雷达覆盖区的变形量、变形速度,实现非接触式高精度全天候全域监测,对边坡监测具有天然优势,相继应用于矿山、应急救援等领域,并取得了良好的监测效果[22-25]
为此,现以内蒙古自治区乌海市万源露天煤矿为例,在详实调查边坡发育特征的基础上,开展边坡雷达监测,建立预警模型。通过与矿山企业安全生产管理部门上下联动,最终实现风险管控,为煤矿安全生产提供科技保障,具有一定的推广和借鉴意义。
万源露天煤矿位于内蒙古自治区乌海市海南区公乌素镇,目前处于开采状态。矿区地层的分布单一,主要为下石炭统-上二叠统太原组(C2-P1t),地层产状58∠30,岩性为灰色砂、泥岩互层,含可采煤层8层,煤层厚度介于0.4~10.2 m,是区域主要含煤地层。其次为渐新统雀儿山组(E3q)半固结砂砾岩,与下伏太原组之间为角度不整合接触。区内构造样式简单,为向北东倾斜的单斜构造,但地层结构面发育,岩体劣化严重,稳定性较差,是制约矿山安全生产的主要因素之一。
万源露天煤矿在平面上呈长条状(图1),长约1 500 m,宽约600 m,设计开采深度200 m,开采标高1 260~1 060 m,开采境界内资源量约280×104 t。露天采场位于东南侧,开采工作线由南西向北东推进,目前正在开采北东帮。排土场位于采场北西侧,与采场相连,为早期煤矿开采形成的采坑,废石、煤矸石等剥离后经台阶可直接运达排土场。
万源露天煤矿边坡可分为采场边坡和排土场边坡两大类。为便于后续研究,本文研究通过无人机倾斜摄影测量建立了万源露天煤矿数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),如图2所示。以此为底图,将煤矿边坡细分为G1、F1、P2采场边坡和P1、Q1排土场边坡。其中G1为工作帮,按照边坡坡度不同,分为上部的G1-1、中部的G1-2和下部的G1-3。
由于矿区地层出露单一,各边坡基岩岩组相似,均为下石炭统-上二叠统太原组(C2-P1t)碎屑岩系(图3),但边坡结构有所差异,具体表现为采场边坡均为岩质边坡,G1边坡方向与地层倾向相反,为反向坡[图3(a)],而F1和P2边坡分别为横向坡和顺向坡[图3(b)图3(c)]。在影像图(图1)和DEM模型(图2)上,亦可见P2边坡向北东方向倾斜的平板状层理面。调查发现,除原生层理面外,岩体内发育2组透入性结构面,产状为330°~350°∠65~80°、165°~190°∠60~近直立,密度为1~2条/m。尽管节理密度相对较小,但延伸平直,透入性强,贯穿整套地层,为区域性构造节理。
排土场边坡均为土质边坡,主要由松散的块碎石土组成。其中,P1边坡基岩与P2边坡相连,Q1边坡基岩与G1边坡相连,矿山废石分别压覆于P2边坡基岩层理面[图3(d)]和G1边坡早期采掘工作面[图3(e)]之上。各边坡详细的发育特征如表1所示。
边坡破坏模式是边坡地质条件组合关系、演化规律及其造成危害的典型方式,建立边坡破坏模式对其变形监测具有指导意义。G1边坡为反向坡,层内分布5层可开采煤层,采煤作业形成坡度较陡的边坡[图3(a)]。由于煤层物理力学特性弱于碎屑岩地层,因此在上覆重力作用下逐渐显示出一定的压缩性和流变性,在边坡后缘形成拉张裂隙,当裂隙与层内两组节理面贯通后,最终形成拉裂-倾倒破坏[图4(a)];F1边坡为万源露天煤矿采场非工作帮,坡向与地层倾斜近于垂直,属典型的横向坡如图3(a)所示。岩体内部发育两组区域性节理,且与地层产壮大角度相交,导致边坡易发生楔形体滑动如图4(b)所示。在现场调查过程中,随处可见大块碎石崩落,严重影响采矿运输作业;P2边坡为顺向坡如图3(c)所示,下伏泥质岩和煤层等软弱夹层在长期重力作用下具有沿层理面剪切蠕滑的趋势,叠加表层岩体剥离后存在的卸荷回弹等因素影响,边坡前缘易鼓胀、弯曲,形成滑移-弯曲破坏[图4(c)]。P1和Q1均为排土场土质边坡,且存在明显的基覆界面[图3(d)图3(e)],尤其是P1边坡基岩层理面与坡面同向,在排土作业过程中或排土后,可见明显沉降,易产生蠕滑或蠕滑-拉裂[图4(d)]。这一现象在乌海地区较为普遍,因此矿山在完成排土工作通常会利用排水、生态重建等措施进行二次加固。
综上可见,露天采矿作业形成的边坡具有变形破坏的风险。对于采场岩质边坡,在区域透入性结构面、层理面的穿切、组合下,岩体被切割为菱形块体,沿煤层、泥质岩等软弱层逐渐形成潜在滑面,进而加剧边坡失稳。而排土场边坡由于缺乏锁固段,相比岩质边坡,其稳定性更差。在采动、爆破、降雨或不合理堆砌等影响下,进一步增加了边坡失稳的可能性。因此,开展边坡变形监测,建立预警模型,可为矿山安全生产提供有力保障。
雷达变形监测以DEM数据为底图进行形变计算,因此本次研究首先通过无人机倾斜摄影测量构建露天矿山DEM(图2)。在此基础上,针对万源露天煤矿边坡发育及变形破坏特征,将5个边坡均纳入变形监测范围。为实现边坡监测全覆盖,有效避开边坡雷达扫描盲区,在采场G1和P2边坡顶部稳定基岩处各安装一套边坡雷达,监测位置如图2所示,雷达主机参数如表2所示。1#雷达可实现对P1、P2和F1边坡西南段实时监测,2#雷达对Q1、G1和F1边坡东北段监测。
研究表明,边坡的变形破坏是阶段性的(图5)。第一阶段为初始变形阶段,又称减速变形阶段(A—B),岩土体变形以减速发展,变形曲线斜率逐渐减小。第二阶段为等速变形阶段(B—C),又称稳定变形阶段。岩土体变形大致以等速发展,变形曲线近似一条倾斜直线,应变速率大体不变。第三阶段为加速变形阶段(C—F),岩土体变形速率由C点开始迅速增加,到达F点,岩土体破坏。其中,在C—D段,变形增大,但岩土体尚未破坏;D—E段,岩土体变形速率增加;E—F段,岩土体变形速率剧增,岩土体随之破坏。
根据万源露天煤矿边坡地质条件、矿山人工巡检和雷达安装完成后试运行30 d的监测数据,结合边坡变形破坏的阶段性特征,合理规避无效预警,按照不同的形变速率设置预警阈值,将边坡安全等级划分为蓝、黄、橙、红4个等级。各等级对应的预警阈值如表3所示。
风险管控是通过采取各种措施和方法,减少风险事件发生的可能性,或减少风险事件发生时造成的损失。对于露天煤矿边坡风险管控,主要是通过雷达变形监测数据,研判边坡未来发展趋势,进而提前采取有效防范措施,尽可能规避边坡失稳破坏带来的损失,而其前提是进行预警平台搭建。
在建立预警模型的基础上,融合万源露天煤矿安全组织架构,通过4G路由器将数据上传至服务器平台,当变形监测数据变化超过设定阈值后,将相关预警信息经过短信、微信和现场广播、运输车内广播等多种预警方式,按不同安全等级分别推送给工作人员(图6),并采取相应的响应方式和应急处置方案(表3)。同时,矿山设置专职安全员,24 h轮班值守数据平台(图7),确保主机保持在线状态,并与室外作业人员保持实时通讯畅通,随时做好灾害防御准备。
煤矿边坡经专业处置完成后,可根据预警等级的高低,采取不同的安全措施和工作流程,分级解除预警,实现风险管控闭环。蓝色级别预警解除:蓝色预警一般意味着潜在风险已经得到有效管控,边坡稳定性已经得到明显改善。在蓝色预警解除后,矿山应继续加强巡检和监测,确保边坡处于安全状态;黄色级别预警解除:黄色预警意味着边坡存在一定程度的不稳定性,需要采取措施进行强化和加固。当黄色预警解除时,需要对边坡进行详细的调查和评估,确保加固措施已经达到安全要求;橙色级别预警解除:橙色预警多意味着边坡存在较大的不稳定性,需要采取较严格的措施进行处理。橙色预警解除时,需要对边坡进行全面的调查和评估,并采取防治措置;红色级别预警解除:红色预警意味着边坡存在极大的不稳定性,可能随时导致重大事故的发生。在红色预警解除前,矿山需要执行最严格的保护措施和紧急疏散计划。红色预警解除后,需要对边坡进行全面的修复和加固。
以内蒙古自治区乌海市万源露天煤矿为例,通过调查边坡发育特征,分析破坏模式,开展边坡雷达变形监测,建立预警模型,并结合矿山企业组织架构,搭建监测预警平台,实现风险管控。主要得出以下结论。
(1)万源露天煤矿边坡包括反向、横向和顺向岩质采场边坡和排土场土质边坡,其破坏模式分别为拉裂-倾倒、楔形体破坏、滑移-弯曲和蠕滑(-拉裂)。在采动、爆破、降雨或不合理堆砌等影响下,边坡具有失稳的可能性。
(2)在矿山东北和西南侧各布设一台边坡雷达,实现了万源露天煤矿边坡全域监测。根据边坡变形破坏的阶段性特征,将边坡安全等级划分为蓝(<3 mm/h)、黄(3~8 mm/h)、橙(8~15 mm/h)、红(>15 mm/h)4个等级。
(3)通过万源露天煤矿边坡雷达变形监测的实施,构建了从边坡雷达变形监测数据-预警模型-预警平台-风险管控的边坡安全管理闭环,对区域煤矿安全生产能力建设具有一定的示范意义。
  • 中国地质调查局项目(DD20243086)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309752
  • 接收时间:2023-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-11
  • 修回日期:2024-11-28
基金
中国地质调查局项目(DD20243086)
作者信息
    1 中国地质调查局军民融合地质调查中心, 成都 610036
    2 自然资源部地质灾害风险防控工程技术创新中心, 成都 611734

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* 苗朝(1986—),男,汉族,四川成都人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:地质灾害调查评价和监测预警。E-mail:
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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