Article(id=1156264150285276067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403411, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715097600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-08, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604455777, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604455777, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604455777, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604455777, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2284, endPage=2292, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264150767621029, articleId=1156264150285276067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Size Effect of Mechanical Properties of Paper and Its Theoretical Model, columnId=1156264150696317860, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·General Industrial Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are certain requirements for the mechanical properties of paper or paper-based materials during their service. However, existing experimental and theoretical studies of size effects indicate that the mechanical properties of specimens with different sizes are not identical. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the size effect of their mechanical properties to ensure their safety. The kraft paper, which is easy to obtain and has high strength, was selected to carry out uniaxial tensile tests on with different sizes. And then the size effects of mechanical properties and their dispersions were determined. By analyzing the deformation characteristics and macro-microscopic damage features of different sizes specimens, the intrinsic mechanism of the size effect on the mechanical properties of kraft paper was revealed. Finally, a size effect model of mechanical properties for kraft paper was established. The study finds that the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain of kraft paper first increase and then decrease as the sizes increases. This is because the cut edge fibers cause the edges of the kraft paper specimens to have weaker stress and strain capabilities, and the proportion of weakened edges in small-sized specimens is relatively large, leading to an increasing size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain. In large-sized specimens, the proportion of weakened edges can be ignored, and the internal fracture process zone plays a dominant role, leading to a decreasing size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain. The established edge-internal fracture process zone size effect model can well describe the size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain of kraft paper. However, this model cannot capture the nonlinear characteristics of the increasing size effect stage for the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-yu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-mei ZHANG, Feng-bo ZHU, Xiao-yu LIU, Yang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264185857167525, articleId=1156264150285276067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=纸力学特性尺寸效应及其理论模型, columnId=1156264150843118502, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·一般工业技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

纸或纸基材料在使用和服役时对其力学特性有一定要求,但是现有尺寸效应实验和理论说明不同尺寸试样力学特性并不相同,因此明确其力学特性的尺寸效应对于保证其安全非常必要。选用易于获取且强度较高的牛皮纸为研究材料,开展了不同尺寸试样单轴拉伸试验,确定力学特性及其离散性随试样尺寸的变化规律。分析了不同尺寸牛皮纸受力变形特征和宏微观破坏特征,揭示牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应内在机理。最后建立了牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应模型。研究发现:牛皮纸名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变随尺寸增大先增大后下降,这是因为切断的边缘纤维造成牛皮纸试样边缘承受应力和应变能力较弱,而小尺寸试样中弱化边缘占比较大,导致名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变呈现上升尺寸效应;大尺寸试样中,弱化边缘占比可以忽略,内部断裂过程区起主导作用,导致名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变呈下降尺寸效应。建立的边缘-内部断裂过程区尺寸效应模型能较好地描述牛皮纸名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变的尺寸效应,但是其不能体现名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变上升尺寸效应阶段的非线性特征。

, correspAuthors=刘小宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘小宇(1988—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:材料力学特性尺寸效应及其理论。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MXDKCYBrDgeqxf+WVNS+JQ==, magXml=u3wByBO7bJVEsBqwKvDDcw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=IGjHcVMGORwu4YAmFzHf1w==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=zA1Y8oYLyVmSFJWii+0DKQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=1wzrFITu+O0fJHECKxRtKA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张慧梅(1968—),女,汉族,山西大同人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:服役环境影响下材料力学特性及其损伤理论。E-mail:

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张慧梅(1968—),女,汉族,山西大同人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:服役环境影响下材料力学特性及其损伤理论。E-mail:

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张慧梅(1968—),女,汉族,山西大同人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:服役环境影响下材料力学特性及其损伤理论。E-mail:

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SP为电子束束流,其数值大小对图像分辨率有着直接影响;WD为工作距离,即电子束从物镜到样品表面的距离;HV为在本次电镜扫描过程中使用电子类型为高压电子束;SEI为在本次电镜扫描过程中电子检测模式为二次电子成像模式

, figureFileSmall=Gd37iepFsOWkDHY1mK9b7Q==, figureFileBig=YQ2gdWVFAKcM+wq/+VKMXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422551100215839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264150285276067, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cut edge fibers of kraft paper sample, figureFileSmall=KeCagyTLwOwH63z08OB4JQ==, figureFileBig=9mJQb+xIoAloFAr2Fk2arw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422551230239279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264150285276067, language=CN, label=图6, caption=牛皮纸试样切断的边缘纤维

SP为电子束束流,其数值大小对图像分辨率有着直接影响;WD为工作距离,即电子束从物镜到样品表面的距离;HV为在本次电镜扫描过程中使用电子类型为高压电子束;SEI为在本次电镜扫描过程中电子检测模式为二次电子成像模式

, figureFileSmall=KeCagyTLwOwH63z08OB4JQ==, figureFileBig=9mJQb+xIoAloFAr2Fk2arw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422551364457017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264150285276067, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Straightening fiber in the fracture surface of paper sample, figureFileSmall=PReoB6fx6CInXTLL1HCnYw==, figureFileBig=2HMe0fK3Qfaqxq/qaQyYtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422551498674762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264150285276067, language=CN, label=图7, caption=牛皮纸试样断裂面的拉直纤维

SP为电子束束流,其数值大小对图像分辨率有着直接影响;WD为工作距离,即电子束从物镜到样品表面的距离;HV为在本次电镜扫描过程中使用电子类型为高压电子束;SEI为在本次电镜扫描过程中电子检测模式为二次电子成像模式

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Kraft paper sample size and average weight

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
长/mm 宽/mm 厚/mm 平均重量±误差/g
300 10 0.22 48.48±0.15
300 20 0.22 96.28±0.21
300 30 0.22 146.52±0.44
300 40 0.22 193.97±0.66
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552320758429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264150285276067, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

牛皮纸试样尺寸和平均重量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
长/mm 宽/mm 厚/mm 平均重量±误差/g
300 10 0.22 48.48±0.15
300 20 0.22 96.28±0.21
300 30 0.22 146.52±0.44
300 40 0.22 193.97±0.66
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552429810350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264150285276067, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter values of the size effect model of the edge-inside fracture process zone

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公式 fout-fun-out εout-εun-out fin-fun-in εin-εun-in WT
式(5)和式(7) -47.050 0 63.390 0 107.300 0 58.240 0 30
式(6)和式(8) -5.913 0 1.957 0 23.420 0 0.978 9 30
), ArticleFig(id=1233422552589193916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264150285276067, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

边缘-内部断裂过程区尺寸效应模型参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
公式 fout-fun-out εout-εun-out fin-fun-in εin-εun-in WT
式(5)和式(7) -47.050 0 63.390 0 107.300 0 58.240 0 30
式(6)和式(8) -5.913 0 1.957 0 23.420 0 0.978 9 30
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纸力学特性尺寸效应及其理论模型
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张慧梅 1 , 朱峰波 1 , 刘小宇 1, * , 刘洋 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·一般工业技术 2025,25(6): 2284-2292
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·一般工业技术 2025, 25(6): 2284-2292
纸力学特性尺寸效应及其理论模型
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张慧梅1 , 朱峰波1, 刘小宇1, * , 刘洋2
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学理学院, 西安 710054
  • 2 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054
  • 张慧梅(1968—),女,汉族,山西大同人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:服役环境影响下材料力学特性及其损伤理论。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘小宇(1988—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:材料力学特性尺寸效应及其理论。E-mail:
Size Effect of Mechanical Properties of Paper and Its Theoretical Model
Hui-mei ZHANG1 , Feng-bo ZHU1, Xiao-yu LIU1, * , Yang LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Science, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2 College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403411
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纸或纸基材料在使用和服役时对其力学特性有一定要求,但是现有尺寸效应实验和理论说明不同尺寸试样力学特性并不相同,因此明确其力学特性的尺寸效应对于保证其安全非常必要。选用易于获取且强度较高的牛皮纸为研究材料,开展了不同尺寸试样单轴拉伸试验,确定力学特性及其离散性随试样尺寸的变化规律。分析了不同尺寸牛皮纸受力变形特征和宏微观破坏特征,揭示牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应内在机理。最后建立了牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应模型。研究发现:牛皮纸名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变随尺寸增大先增大后下降,这是因为切断的边缘纤维造成牛皮纸试样边缘承受应力和应变能力较弱,而小尺寸试样中弱化边缘占比较大,导致名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变呈现上升尺寸效应;大尺寸试样中,弱化边缘占比可以忽略,内部断裂过程区起主导作用,导致名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变呈下降尺寸效应。建立的边缘-内部断裂过程区尺寸效应模型能较好地描述牛皮纸名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变的尺寸效应,但是其不能体现名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变上升尺寸效应阶段的非线性特征。

纸  /  力学特性  /  尺寸效应  /  弱化边缘  /  理论模型

There are certain requirements for the mechanical properties of paper or paper-based materials during their service. However, existing experimental and theoretical studies of size effects indicate that the mechanical properties of specimens with different sizes are not identical. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the size effect of their mechanical properties to ensure their safety. The kraft paper, which is easy to obtain and has high strength, was selected to carry out uniaxial tensile tests on with different sizes. And then the size effects of mechanical properties and their dispersions were determined. By analyzing the deformation characteristics and macro-microscopic damage features of different sizes specimens, the intrinsic mechanism of the size effect on the mechanical properties of kraft paper was revealed. Finally, a size effect model of mechanical properties for kraft paper was established. The study finds that the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain of kraft paper first increase and then decrease as the sizes increases. This is because the cut edge fibers cause the edges of the kraft paper specimens to have weaker stress and strain capabilities, and the proportion of weakened edges in small-sized specimens is relatively large, leading to an increasing size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain. In large-sized specimens, the proportion of weakened edges can be ignored, and the internal fracture process zone plays a dominant role, leading to a decreasing size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain. The established edge-internal fracture process zone size effect model can well describe the size effect on the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain of kraft paper. However, this model cannot capture the nonlinear characteristics of the increasing size effect stage for the nominal tensile strength and nominal peak strain.

paper  /  mechanical properties  /  size effect  /  weakened edge  /  theoretical model
张慧梅, 朱峰波, 刘小宇, 刘洋. 纸力学特性尺寸效应及其理论模型. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2284 -2292 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403411
Hui-mei ZHANG, Feng-bo ZHU, Xiao-yu LIU, Yang LIU. Size Effect of Mechanical Properties of Paper and Its Theoretical Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2284 -2292 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403411
作为最广泛使用的环保材料,纸是未来可持续发展的重要材料。纸包装在回收再利用上展现了其他包装材质不具备的优势,其已经应用到各种领域。“限塑令”“禁塑令”等政策的实施也进一步提高了纸的需求。纸常见的用途有:作为化工原料、面粉、糖等产品包装的高强纸袋和纸箱[1];作为书写或者印刷用纸,对白度和柔韧性有一定要求[2-3]。此外,通过添加各种增强填料,研究者也开发出各种高性能的纸基材料,并且广泛应用于电子、航空航天、军事和工业等领域[4-6]。这些纸或纸基材料在使用和服役过程需要承受外力作用,因此对其强度、韧性等力学特性有一定要求[7]
纸由不均匀的纤维素网络和基体组成,其力学特性受到纤维素网结构、纤维长度、纤维间粘结,纤维密度,纤维排列,纤维素类型、基体成分(浆料,添加剂)和制造技术等因素影响[8]。目前,研究者已经提出各种方法确定纸的力学特性,包括拉伸试验[9]、压缩测试[10]、撕裂试验[11]、折叠耐力试验[12]、超声波测试[13]、弯曲试验[14]和动态试验[15]。然而,这些试验或测试都是基于标准尺寸试件确定纸的力学特性,但是常见的纸制结构尺寸相差巨大,比如用于小型电机密封和绝缘的芳纶纸[16-17],制作大型飞机雷达和次受力构件的高强度纸[4,18]。材料力学特性受试件尺寸影响是一个广为人知的现象,这意味着标准尺寸纸或纸基材料试件测试确定的力学特性参数不能直接应用于预测其他尺寸纸或纸基材料的受力变形特征。
现阶段大量力学特性尺寸效应研究集中岩石、混凝土、金属等材料[19-23],只开展了少量和纸或纸基材料结构类似的复合材料试验和模拟研究[24],并且关于纸或纸基材料力学特性尺寸效应的研究鲜见报道。Wisnom等[25]对碳环氧树脂复合材料进行了沿纤维方向的拉伸试验,发现试样尺寸越大,强度越低,并且纤维和基体的断裂模式均受到试样尺寸的影响。关于单向复合材料层合板压缩试验也得出同样的结果[26]。Okabe等[27]和Hitchon等[28]开展的碳纤维增强塑料复合材料拉伸试验结果表明:随着试样尺寸的增大,强度降低,而弹性模量无明显变化。此外,复合材料层合板的弯曲和横向剪切试验也发现试样尺寸越大,强度越小[29]。王宝来[30]发现碳环氧编织复合材料拉伸强度随着宽度增大先上升然后再下降。Cai等[31]开展的不同宽度三轴编织复合材料横向拉伸实验和模拟研究表明:随着试样尺寸的增大,主要失效模式从纤维束拔出转变为纤维束剪切。王坤等[32]研究发现:随着H65-IF-H65层状复合材料尺寸的减小,剪切应力的交互作用受到抑制,使得裂纹更易于沿单道剪切带迅速扩展,从而导致材料的塑性降低。然而,由于纸和现有研究的复合材料在细观结构、成分和加工方法等方面显著不同,这导致不能采用已有复合材料尺寸效应研究成果去预测不同尺寸纸力学特性。此外,目前尚不清楚纸或纸基材料力学特性离散性随尺寸的变化规律,这导致不同尺寸纸或纸基结构失效概率无法确定。
基于上述分析可得,为保证纸或纸基材料使用和服役安全,必须明确纸材料力学特性及其离散性的尺寸效应。本文研究选用易于获取且强度较高的牛皮纸为研究材料,开展不同尺寸牛皮纸单轴拉伸试验,确定名义拉伸强度、名义峰值应变、弹性模量及其离散性随试样尺寸的变化规律。分析不同尺寸牛皮纸受力变形特征和宏微观破坏特征,揭示牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应内在机理。在此基础上,建立考虑内在机理的牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应模型。
本文研究选取易于获取且强度较高的牛皮纸为研究对象,为保证试样均质度及初始损伤一致,所有试样均取自旭增纸业生产的同一批次牛皮纸,牛皮纸面重量200 g、尺寸为1.3 m×10 m。采用得力8012裁纸机沿机器压制方向制作长L=300 mm,宽W分别为10、20、30、40 mm的4组不同尺寸牛皮纸拉伸试样,如图1所示。因为WDW-100E微机控制电子式万能试验机(济南试金集团有限公司)夹具最大宽度为45 mm,因此,试样最大宽度为40 mm。长宽的误差不超过0.5 mm,厚度误差不超过0.01 mm,并剔除有明显缺陷、裂纹损伤和外观差异较大的纸张试样。此外,采用Meilen电子秤对每种尺寸试样进行称重筛选,剔除与平均重量相差过大的试样。为了保证每种尺寸试样结果的准确性及离散性的分析,最终制作每种尺寸试样100个,不同试样的尺寸和平均重量如表1所示。采用WDW-100E微机控制电子式万能试验机。根据《纸和纸板抗张强度的测定恒速拉伸法》(GB/T-12914—2018)[33],夹具夹在试样上下边缘10 mm,为消除加载速率对试样力学特性影响,选取加载速率选为5 mm/min,每种尺寸测试100个试样,并记录其应力应变曲线。
图2为4种尺寸牛皮纸应力应变曲线 (试样宽度宽W分别为10、20、30、40 mm)。为了进一步说明试样尺寸对牛皮纸力学特性影响,图3给出了名义拉伸强度σnm(峰值应力)、名义峰值应变εnm和杨氏模量E随尺寸的变化规律,弹性模量值为E=σnmnm牛皮纸的名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm随尺寸增大先增大,在宽度W=30 mm达到最大,然后下降,不同宽度编制复合材料拉伸试验也观察到相同的规律[30]。杨氏模量值E尺寸效应则呈现与名义拉伸强度σnm、名义峰值应变εnm完全相反的规律。从图3可以看出,虽然名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm随尺寸变化的趋势完全相同,但是名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm比值杨氏模量值E呈现完全相反的规律。这是因为杨氏模量值E的变化规律取决于如下一阶导数,即
$E\text{'}=\left(\frac{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}}{{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}}\right)\text{'}=\frac{\left({\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}\right)\text{'}{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}-\left({\epsilon }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}\right)\text{'}{\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}}{({\epsilon }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}{)}^{2}}$
显然,杨氏模量值E尺寸效应不仅受名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm的尺寸效应影响,还和它们对尺寸的导数相关。
此外,从图3可以看出,随着试样宽度减小,屈服强度明显增加。在图3中,误差条表示100次试验牛皮纸试样力学特性的离散性,可以看出小尺寸牛皮纸名义拉伸强度σnm、名义峰值应变εnm和杨氏模量E的离散性较大,而大尺寸试样离散型较小。这说明为保证不同尺寸牛皮纸试样使用和服役安全失效概率一致时,对不同尺寸试样必须采用不同的离散数值。
图3可以看出,牛皮纸的名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm随尺寸增大先增大,即上升尺寸效应,然后减小,即下降尺寸效应。因为杨氏模量值为E=σnmnm为导出量,因此只需确定极限名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm的尺寸机理后即可。
对于下降尺寸效应,统计尺寸效应模型认为试样尺寸越大,包含更弱或大缺陷的概率越大,最终导致材料名义强度随尺寸增大而减小。Bažant等[34-35]和Hoover等[36]认为不变的断裂过程区是产生下降尺寸效应的原因,在此基础上建立了尺寸效应定律(size effect law,SEL)。Carpinteri等[37-39]认为破坏面的多重分型特征是下降尺寸效应产生的机制,并建立多重分形尺寸效应模型(multifractal scaling law,MFSL)。Hu等[40]提出边界尺寸效应模型(boundary effect model, BEM)解释下降尺寸效应。事实上,当材料试件达到名义强度时,断裂过程区越大,破坏面的分形就会越复杂,并且BEM也只考虑了不变的断裂过程区,这说明SEL、MFSL和BEM背后的机理相同。这就意味缺陷的统计尺寸效应和断裂过程区是引发材料发生下降尺寸效应的两个关键因素。由于牛皮纸拉伸破坏时断裂过程区(即屈服区)较大,因此,断裂过程区是引发下降尺寸效应的主要因素。
对于上升尺寸效应,许多研究者认为试件表面或边缘承受应力和应变能力较弱,导致材料名义强度随尺寸增大而增大[41-43]。Bažant[44]提出的分形断裂尺寸效应定律(fractal fracture size-effect law, FFSEL)认为当断裂韧性分形维数大于1是产生上升尺寸效应的原因,但是指出裂纹表面的分形特征不可能是上升尺寸效应区域的主要机理。图4给出了不同尺寸牛皮纸试样宏观断裂面特征,可以看出所有尺寸试样断裂面和拉伸方向垂直,断裂模式没有发生明显变化。因此,试件表面或边缘应力和应变承受能力较弱引发了上升尺寸效应。
牛皮纸的屈服强度随尺寸增大而减小,这和316不锈钢屈服强度的尺寸效应完全相反[43]。首先说明牛皮纸的屈服强度定义:纤维在基体中通常沿不同方向且弯曲 (图5),拉伸时首先基体和纤维同时受力,然后随着拉力增强,由于基体强度较低且经过高温压制后呈脆性,当拉伸应力达到屈服强度时基体突然破坏,即牛皮纸屈服强度就是基体的极限强度。牛皮纸屈服强度呈现下降尺寸效应的机制为:裁纸机切割牛皮纸试样时,其边缘有许多纤维被切断 (图6),因为在屈服阶段之前纤维和基体固结受力,所以切断的边缘纤维对牛皮纸屈服强度影响可以忽略。这就意味着牛皮纸屈服强度只受断裂过程区影响,进而导致牛皮纸屈服强度呈现下降尺寸效应。然而,切断的边缘纤维对牛皮纸名义拉伸强度σnm有重要影响,这是因为牛皮纸过屈服阶段后,纤维才受拉伸直承受更高拉力 (图7),而切断的边缘纤维不能受力,导致牛皮纸试样名义拉伸强度减弱。
综上可得:切断的边缘纤维造成牛皮纸试样边缘承受应力和应变能力较弱,当牛皮纸试样宽度较小时,弱化边缘在试样中占比较大,进而导致名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm的上升尺寸效应;随着牛皮纸试样尺寸继续增大,弱化的边缘在试样中最终占比可以忽略,断裂过程区控制试样破坏,使名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm呈现下降尺寸效应。因为在屈服阶段之前纤维和基体固结受力,所以切断的边缘纤维对牛皮纸屈服强度影响可以忽略,进而牛皮纸屈服强度只受断裂过程区影响,导致牛皮纸屈服强度呈现下降尺寸效应。
通过上述分析可知,切断的边缘纤维造成牛皮纸试样边缘承受应力和应变能力较弱,因此,边缘区域可以看作一个独立均匀的连续层。实验机夹在试样上下边缘10 mm处,因此上下弱边缘对牛皮纸试件力学特性不产生影响。基于此建立如图8所示模型,试件宽度W,两侧边缘层厚度为t,中间区宽度为W-2t,试件上下边受名义应力σn作用。
随着名义应力σn增大,弱边缘的应力首先达到真实极限强度fout(同时,弱边缘应变达到真实极限应变εout) 后形成边缘断裂过程区 (图8中边缘断裂过程区), 然后逐渐扩展到试样内部进一步形成内部断裂过程区 (图8中内部断裂过程区),这时内部断裂过程区的应力和应变分别达到牛皮纸真实极限强度fin和真实极限应变εin。当内部断裂过程区尺寸达到Δ时,牛皮纸试样上下边作用名义应力σn达到名义拉伸强度σnm(峰值应力),其应变也达到名义峰值应变εnm。这时试样中间区域处在未损伤状态(图8中内部未损伤区),应力达到fun,应变达到εun
对于图8所示边缘-内部断裂过程区尺寸效应模型,由拉伸方向受力平衡可得
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}W={f}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}t+{f}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\Delta +{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}}(W-t-\Delta )$
则可得
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}=\frac{({f}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}-{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}})t}{W}+\frac{({f}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}-{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}})\Delta }{W}+{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}}$
同理可得名义峰值应变εnm表达式为
${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}=\frac{({\epsilon }_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}-{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}})t}{W}+\frac{({\epsilon }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}-{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}})\Delta }{W}+{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}}$
但当试样尺寸较小时,牛皮纸试样边缘破坏释放能量就可以驱动其继续破坏。应力和应变达到名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm时,牛皮纸内部断裂过程区没有形成,即Δ=0,即牛皮纸试样破坏模式为弱边缘控制,假设这时试样中间未损伤区域应力和应变不变,令fun-out表示弱边缘控制模式下试样中间未损伤区域应力值,εun-out表示弱边缘控制模式下试样中间未损伤区域应变值。把Δ=0,fun=fun-outεunun-out代入式(3)和式(4),则其名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm表达式为
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}=\frac{({f}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}-{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}})t}{W}+{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}, W\le {W}_{\mathrm{T}}$
${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}=\frac{({\epsilon }_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}-{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}})t}{W}+{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}, W\le {W}_{\mathrm{T}}$
式中:WT为不同尺寸牛皮纸由边缘控制破坏模式向内部控制破坏模式时转变尺寸。
此外,由于牛皮纸试件首先从承受应力和应变能力较弱的边缘开始破坏,则牛皮纸试样弱边缘的真实极限强度fout和真实极限应变εout小于试样中间未损伤区域对应的应力和应变fun-outεun-out,即${f}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}<{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}\mathrm{且}{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}<{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}。$因此,式(5)和式(6)预测名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm随尺寸W增大而增大,即上升尺寸效应。需要注意是:当W≤t时,牛皮纸试样中只有弱边缘区域,名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm不变,且分别等于弱边缘的真实极限强度fout和真实极限应变εout
当试样尺寸较大时,弱边缘尺寸相比试样尺寸可以忽略,即在式(3)和式(4)中t/W≈0,这时牛皮纸试样破坏模式由弱边缘控制转为中间未损伤区控制,假设这时试样中间未损伤区域应力和应变不变,令fun-in表示中间未损伤区控制模式下试样中间未损伤区域应力值,εun-in表示中间未损伤区控制模式下试样中间未损伤区域应变值。则可得名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm表达式为
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}=\frac{({f}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}-{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})t}{W}+{f}_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}, W>{W}_{\mathrm{T}}$
${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}=\frac{({\epsilon }_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}-{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})t}{W}+{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{u}\mathrm{n}-\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}, W>{W}_{\mathrm{T}}$
式中:内部断裂过程区和内部未损伤区初始材料力学特性一样,由于弱边缘应力应变达到极限值后,边缘断裂过程区向内部扩展造成应力集中,进一步形成内部断裂过程区,因此,内部断裂过程区的真实极限强度fin和真实极限应变εin大于试样中间未损伤区域对应的应力和应变fun-inεun-in,即fin>fun-inεinun-in因此,式(7)和式(8)预测名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm随尺寸W增大而减小,即下降尺寸效应。
把式(5)和式(7)应用于预测图3(a)牛皮纸名义拉伸强度的尺寸效应,同时应用式(6)和式(8)预测图3(b)牛皮纸名义峰值应变的尺寸效应。表2给出了模型参数,图9给出了预测结果。从图9可以看出,边缘-内部断裂过程区尺寸效应模型能较好地描述牛皮纸名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm随尺寸W增大先增大后减小规律。然而,边缘-内部断裂过程区尺寸效应模型不能体现名义拉伸强度σnm和名义峰值应变εnm上升尺寸效应阶段的非线性特征。这是因为:一方面,图8所示在边缘断裂过程区、内部断裂过程区和中间未损伤区应力值不变,应力应变曲线在峰值点时这3个区域应力值是连续非线性变化;另一方面,从上升尺寸效应阶段过渡到下降尺寸效应阶段,是由弱边缘断裂过程区控制逐渐转变为内部断裂过程区控制,两阶段在一定尺寸范围内为。弱边缘断裂过程区和内部断裂过程区混合控制。
明确纸或纸基材料力学特性对于保证其使用和服役安全非常必要,然而现有研究忽视了尺寸对纸或纸基材料力学特性的影响。本文研究开展了不同尺寸牛皮纸力学特性单轴拉伸试验,确定名义拉伸强度、名义峰值应变、弹性模量及其离散性随试样尺寸的变化规律。然后分析不同尺寸牛皮纸受力变形特征和宏微观破坏特征,揭示牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应内在机理。最后建立牛皮纸力学特性尺寸效应模型。得出如下结论。
(1) 牛皮纸名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变随尺寸增大先增大后下降。这是因为切断的边缘纤维造成牛皮纸试样边缘承受应力和应变能力较弱,而小尺寸试样中弱化边缘占比较大,导致名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变呈现上升尺寸效应;大尺寸试样中,弱化边缘占比可以忽略,内部断裂过程区起主导作用,导致名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变呈下降尺寸效应。
(2)杨氏模量值尺寸效应呈现与名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变完全相反的规律,这是因为杨氏模量尺寸效应不仅受名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变的尺寸效应影响,还和它们对尺寸的导数相关。因为在屈服阶段之前纤维和基体固结受力,所以切断的边缘纤维对牛皮纸屈服强度影响可以忽略,导致牛皮纸屈服强度呈现下降尺寸效应。
(3)建立的边缘-内部断裂过程区尺寸效应模型能描述能较好地描述牛皮纸名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变的尺寸效应。然而,这一模型不能体现名义拉伸强度和名义峰值应变上升尺寸效应阶段的非线性特征。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12172280)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52268047)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51868075)
  • 陕西省自然科学基金重点项目(2020JZ-53)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403411
  • 接收时间:2024-05-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08
  • 修回日期:2024-12-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(12172280)
国家自然科学基金(52268047)
国家自然科学基金(51868075)
陕西省自然科学基金重点项目(2020JZ-53)
作者信息
    1 西安科技大学理学院, 西安 710054
    2 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054

通讯作者:

* 刘小宇(1988—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:材料力学特性尺寸效应及其理论。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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