Article(id=1156264149500945330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308710, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699286400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-07, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753604455590, onlineDateStr=2025-07-27, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753604455590, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753604455590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753604455590, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2218, endPage=2226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156264150021039029, articleId=1156264149500945330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Granite with Double Elliptical Defects under Impact Load, columnId=1156264149949735860, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the failure mode and energy dissipation law of granite with double elliptical defects, dynamic splitting tensile experiments were conducted on granite with double elliptical defect angles of 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° using a SHPB(split Hopkinson bar) device. The relationship between the angle and spacing of double elliptical defects, as well as the failure morphology and energy of granite, was explored. The results show that when the distance between double elliptical defects remains constant, the larger the included angle, the easier the specimen is to fracture. When the angle remains constant, the spacing increases and the rock sample is more prone to fracture. The dissipated energy density of the specimen decreases with the increase of the included angle, and the downward trend gradually tends to be gentle. The failure mode of the specimen is highly sensitive to the angle, that is, as the angle increases, the degree of fragmentation of the rock sample gradually intensifies, the symmetry of the fragments disappears, the wedge effect gradually becomes obvious, and the plasticity increases. When the included angle exceeds 90°, the degree of fragmentation begins to decrease again, and the rock sample exhibits symmetrical fracture.

, correspAuthors=Lin-zhi PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sheng-nan XU, Lin-zhi PENG, Xu WANG, Xing-yuan ZHOU, Huang WANG, Hao-chen QIN, An-jia PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156264174259921012, articleId=1156264149500945330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=动态劈裂拉伸实验下含双椭圆缺陷花岗岩的动态断裂行为, columnId=1156264150092342198, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究含双椭圆缺陷花岗岩的破坏形态及能量耗散规律,利用分离式霍普金森杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置,分别对双椭圆缺陷夹角为0°、45°、90°、135°的花岗岩试件进行了动态劈裂拉伸实验,探讨了双椭圆缺陷夹角、缺陷间距与花岗岩破坏形态及能量之间的关系。结果表明:双椭圆缺陷间距不变时,夹角越大,试件越容易断裂;夹角不变时,间距增大,岩样更容易断裂。试件的耗散能密度随夹角的增大而降低,且下降趋势逐渐趋于平缓。试件的破坏形态对夹角的敏感程度较高,即随着夹角的增大,岩样破碎程度逐渐加剧,碎块对称性消失,楔体效应逐渐明显,塑性增强;当夹角超过90°时,破碎程度又开始减小,岩样又呈对称断裂。

, correspAuthors=彭麟智, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 彭麟智(1994—),女,汉族,四川阆中人,博士,中级讲师。研究方向:定向爆破。E-mail:
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徐胜男(1997—),女,汉族,山东威海人,博士研究生。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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徐胜男(1997—),女,汉族,山东威海人,博士研究生。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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徐胜男(1997—),女,汉族,山东威海人,博士研究生。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

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Procedia Mater Science, 2014, 3: 691-697., articleTitle=Application of DIC technique for studies of kuru granite rock under static and dynamic loading, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233422561221071048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, awardId=51974318, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51974318), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1233422561351094483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, awardId=52174094, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52174094), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1233422561510478045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, awardId=2021YFC2902103, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2902103), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233422550508818908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550517207516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, companyId=1233422550508818908, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550546567651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, companyId=1233422550508818908, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国矿业大学(北京)力学与建筑工程学院, 北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233422550676591089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550684979697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, companyId=1233422550676591089, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422550697562610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, companyId=1233422550676591089, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233422556712195029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of rock samples, figureFileSmall=9ysD6WJZdxGMgIrnL2n75Q==, figureFileBig=tVI0xc53e13BkUvLLNJq6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422556930298850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=图1, caption=岩样示意图, figureFileSmall=9ysD6WJZdxGMgIrnL2n75Q==, figureFileBig=tVI0xc53e13BkUvLLNJq6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557085488113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Experimental system, figureFileSmall=BKUJ5dOQpL8uZmXEL5VB3Q==, figureFileBig=SrgMeY0FhyqcnpCb37cGdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557211317240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实验系统, figureFileSmall=BKUJ5dOQpL8uZmXEL5VB3Q==, figureFileBig=SrgMeY0FhyqcnpCb37cGdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557332951048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Stress variation curve of specimen G-15-45-2, figureFileSmall=QHqGZKlIhtHOCtJWDsr+ww==, figureFileBig=El4jVMeAZlKNRfkorAKWtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557488140305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=图3, caption=试件G-15-45-2的应力变化曲线, figureFileSmall=QHqGZKlIhtHOCtJWDsr+ww==, figureFileBig=El4jVMeAZlKNRfkorAKWtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557626552347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dissipated energy density change, figureFileSmall=GPldqpCXhM8gmcUvv3qDJw==, figureFileBig=lltWv76LbLp8hLxl0PsdmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557748187168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=图4, caption=耗散能密度变化, figureFileSmall=GPldqpCXhM8gmcUvv3qDJw==, figureFileBig=lltWv76LbLp8hLxl0PsdmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559249748011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of granite

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ρ/(kg·m-3) σc/MPa σt/MPa Ed/GPa Gd/GPa μd
2 627.7 113.59 7.65 50.17 20.56 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559396548668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

花岗岩物理力学参数

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ρ/(kg·m-3) σc/MPa σt/MPa Ed/GPa Gd/GPa μd
2 627.7 113.59 7.65 50.17 20.56 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559526572103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Study on the energy characteristics of granite SHPB experiment

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试件编号 入射能
量/J
反射能
量/J
透射能
量/J
耗散能
量/J
耗散能密度/
(J·cm-3)
G-15-0-1 22.73 8.21 1.04 13.48 0.300
G-15-0-2 23.13 9.37 1.30 13.46 0.299
G-15-0-3 22.60 7.76 0.86 13.98 0.311
G-15-45-1 21.08 10.53 1.25 9.3 0.207
G-15-45-2 20.89 10.27 1.05 9.57 0.213
G-15-45-3 20.43 9.06 1.46 9.91 0.220
G-15-90-1 21.37 11.82 1.92 7.63 0.170
G-15-90-2 20.63 11.78 1.33 7.52 0.167
G-15-90-3 22.58 12.72 2.07 7.79 0.173
G-15-135-1 22.34 12.74 2.67 6.93 0.154
G-15-135-2 21.41 12.93 1.76 6.72 0.149
G-15-135-3 20.97 11.87 1.96 7.14 0.159
), ArticleFig(id=1233422559740481625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

花岗岩SHPB实验能量特性研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号 入射能
量/J
反射能
量/J
透射能
量/J
耗散能
量/J
耗散能密度/
(J·cm-3)
G-15-0-1 22.73 8.21 1.04 13.48 0.300
G-15-0-2 23.13 9.37 1.30 13.46 0.299
G-15-0-3 22.60 7.76 0.86 13.98 0.311
G-15-45-1 21.08 10.53 1.25 9.3 0.207
G-15-45-2 20.89 10.27 1.05 9.57 0.213
G-15-45-3 20.43 9.06 1.46 9.91 0.220
G-15-90-1 21.37 11.82 1.92 7.63 0.170
G-15-90-2 20.63 11.78 1.33 7.52 0.167
G-15-90-3 22.58 12.72 2.07 7.79 0.173
G-15-135-1 22.34 12.74 2.67 6.93 0.154
G-15-135-2 21.41 12.93 1.76 6.72 0.149
G-15-135-3 20.97 11.87 1.96 7.14 0.159
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Experiment specimen failure process

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试件编号 试件破坏过程
G-15-0-2
327 μs 367 μs 457 μs
G-15-45-3
217 μs 287 μs 240 μs
G-15-90-3
313 μs 333 μs 397 μs
G-15-135-2
320 μs 340 μs 407 μs
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560000528495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试件破坏过程

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试件编号 试件破坏过程
G-15-0-2
327 μs 367 μs 457 μs
G-15-45-3
217 μs 287 μs 240 μs
G-15-90-3
313 μs 333 μs 397 μs
G-15-135-2
320 μs 340 μs 407 μs
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560180883578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Strain nephogram of specimen failure process

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试件编号 裂纹萌生阶段 裂纹扩展阶段 裂纹贯通阶段
G-15-0-2
227 μs 267 μs 357 μs
G-15-45-3
117 μs 187 μs 240 μs
G-15-90-3
213 μs 233 μs 297 μs
G-15-135-2
220 μs 240 μs 307 μs
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560352850051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试件破坏过程应变云图

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试件编号 裂纹萌生阶段 裂纹扩展阶段 裂纹贯通阶段
G-15-0-2
227 μs 267 μs 357 μs
G-15-45-3
117 μs 187 μs 240 μs
G-15-90-3
213 μs 233 μs 297 μs
G-15-135-2
220 μs 240 μs 307 μs
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560579342486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The energy characteristics of granite SHPB experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试件编号 入射能
量/J
反射能
量/J
透射能
量/J
耗散能
量/J
耗散能密度/
(J·cm-3)
G-20-0-1 21.84 12.30 1.59 7.95 0.177
G-20-0-2 20.97 11.43 1.92 7.62 0.169
G-20-0-3 22.37 12.92 1.31 8.14 0.181
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560696783005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

花岗岩SHPB实验能量特性

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试件编号 入射能
量/J
反射能
量/J
透射能
量/J
耗散能
量/J
耗散能密度/
(J·cm-3)
G-20-0-1 21.84 12.30 1.59 7.95 0.177
G-20-0-2 20.97 11.43 1.92 7.62 0.169
G-20-0-3 22.37 12.92 1.31 8.14 0.181
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560801640616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Strain nephogram of specimen G-20-0-2 during failure process

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裂纹萌生阶段 裂纹扩展阶段 裂纹贯通阶段
205 μs 225 μs 305 μs
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560956829874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156264149500945330, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

试件G-20-0-2破坏过程应变云图

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裂纹萌生阶段 裂纹扩展阶段 裂纹贯通阶段
205 μs 225 μs 305 μs
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动态劈裂拉伸实验下含双椭圆缺陷花岗岩的动态断裂行为
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徐胜男 1 , 彭麟智 2, * , 王煦 1 , 周星源 1 , 王璜 1 , 秦浩宸 1 , 彭安佳 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·力学 2025,25(6): 2218-2226
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·力学 2025, 25(6): 2218-2226
动态劈裂拉伸实验下含双椭圆缺陷花岗岩的动态断裂行为
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徐胜男1 , 彭麟智2, * , 王煦1, 周星源1, 王璜1, 秦浩宸1, 彭安佳1
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学(北京)力学与建筑工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 2 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610000
  • 徐胜男(1997—),女,汉族,山东威海人,博士研究生。研究方向:岩土工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 彭麟智(1994—),女,汉族,四川阆中人,博士,中级讲师。研究方向:定向爆破。E-mail:
Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Granite with Double Elliptical Defects under Impact Load
Sheng-nan XU1 , Lin-zhi PENG2, * , Xu WANG1, Xing-yuan ZHOU1, Huang WANG1, Hao-chen QIN1, An-jia PENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308710
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为研究含双椭圆缺陷花岗岩的破坏形态及能量耗散规律,利用分离式霍普金森杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置,分别对双椭圆缺陷夹角为0°、45°、90°、135°的花岗岩试件进行了动态劈裂拉伸实验,探讨了双椭圆缺陷夹角、缺陷间距与花岗岩破坏形态及能量之间的关系。结果表明:双椭圆缺陷间距不变时,夹角越大,试件越容易断裂;夹角不变时,间距增大,岩样更容易断裂。试件的耗散能密度随夹角的增大而降低,且下降趋势逐渐趋于平缓。试件的破坏形态对夹角的敏感程度较高,即随着夹角的增大,岩样破碎程度逐渐加剧,碎块对称性消失,楔体效应逐渐明显,塑性增强;当夹角超过90°时,破碎程度又开始减小,岩样又呈对称断裂。

冲击荷载  /  分离式霍普金森杆  /  DIC(digital image correlation method)  /  动态断裂  /  耗散能

In order to study the failure mode and energy dissipation law of granite with double elliptical defects, dynamic splitting tensile experiments were conducted on granite with double elliptical defect angles of 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° using a SHPB(split Hopkinson bar) device. The relationship between the angle and spacing of double elliptical defects, as well as the failure morphology and energy of granite, was explored. The results show that when the distance between double elliptical defects remains constant, the larger the included angle, the easier the specimen is to fracture. When the angle remains constant, the spacing increases and the rock sample is more prone to fracture. The dissipated energy density of the specimen decreases with the increase of the included angle, and the downward trend gradually tends to be gentle. The failure mode of the specimen is highly sensitive to the angle, that is, as the angle increases, the degree of fragmentation of the rock sample gradually intensifies, the symmetry of the fragments disappears, the wedge effect gradually becomes obvious, and the plasticity increases. When the included angle exceeds 90°, the degree of fragmentation begins to decrease again, and the rock sample exhibits symmetrical fracture.

impact load  /  SHPB(split Hopkinson bar)  /  DIC(digital image correlation method)  /  dynamic fracture  /  dissipative energy
徐胜男, 彭麟智, 王煦, 周星源, 王璜, 秦浩宸, 彭安佳. 动态劈裂拉伸实验下含双椭圆缺陷花岗岩的动态断裂行为. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2218 -2226 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308710
Sheng-nan XU, Lin-zhi PENG, Xu WANG, Xing-yuan ZHOU, Huang WANG, Hao-chen QIN, An-jia PENG. Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Granite with Double Elliptical Defects under Impact Load[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2218 -2226 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308710
岩石是一种复杂的非均质介质,内部含有大量的缺陷,如节理、断层、孔隙、孔洞、裂隙等。这些缺陷大大削弱了岩石的整体性,严重降低了岩体的强度和岩石结构的稳定性。在外部扰动的作用下,这些缺陷处极易不断产生微裂纹,然后逐渐扩展形成宏观裂缝[1-4],对人们生产和生活造成巨大的威胁和损失。因此,研究含有先天缺陷的岩石材料的动态力学特性和裂纹扩展机理,对提升地下工程的施工效率和安全保障具有重要的指导意义。
迄今为止,中外学者对含不同类型缺陷的岩石及类岩石材料的力学和断裂行为进行了大量研究。在准静态加载作用下已有学者进行了大量的实验和模拟工作研究岩石和类岩石材料的裂纹萌生、扩展和合并。文献[5-9]通过对含单缺陷的岩石和类岩石材料进行大量的实验和数值模拟研究,发现了裂纹首先会在缺陷尖端萌生,并沿轴向应力方向扩展。Yin等[10]和Yang等[11]通过对含有双缺陷的岩石和类岩石材料进行实验和数值模拟研究,将单轴压缩下的裂纹合并分为4种类型,并分析了裂纹合并过程中的应力场,揭示了裂纹合并的机理。此外,文献[12-18]对含多缺陷的岩石和类岩石材料进行了大量实验和数值模拟,研究了缺陷的几何形状、尺寸、数量和填充介质对力学性能、裂纹起裂、扩展、合并和最终破坏的影响。结果表明,裂纹的萌生和扩展会随着不同的缺陷形态而改变,但最终的破坏模式总是以拉伸裂纹为主[19]。除了准静态载荷外,岩体还经常受到高速载荷的作用,如冲击、爆破和机器振动[20],在高速载荷作用下岩体的力学特性与准静态载荷条件下完全不同。因此,在过去的几十年中,缺陷脆性材料的断裂动力学也得到了广泛的研究。在动荷载作用下,对于含有缺陷的岩石试件,其力学响应和断裂演化有很强的速率依赖性[21-22]。随着应变速率的增加,强度和弹性模量等动态力学性能显著增强[23-25],但缺陷的存在仍然对这些参数有着显著的削弱作用[26-28]。结果表明,在动态断裂演化过程中,无论缺陷的几何形态如何,裂纹更有可能在缺陷尖端产生,并沿倾斜方向扩展,最终的破坏模式总是以拉伸裂纹为主。Zhang等 [29]通过对中间含有圆洞缺陷的大理石巴西圆盘试件进行研究,发现试件在劈裂荷载作用下的应力强度因子随着裂缝/孔宽度的增大而增大。骆浩浩等[30]通过霍普金森加载系统和焦散试验系统对含有圆形缺陷的半圆盘试件进行冲击实验,发现裂纹穿过圆形缺陷的应力强度因子峰值有所增加,裂纹穿过圆形缺陷的扩展速度也明显增加。Qi等[31]通过对比不同加载角度下的实验数据和数值数据,研究了混凝土扁巴西盘的裂纹萌生和破坏模式。Fan[32]对预制中心裂缝的巴西盘进行了实验研究,发现了其动态断裂韧性大于静态断裂韧性,并比较了不同加载角度下的动应力强度因子。龚爽等[33]对含双孔洞裂纹石灰岩试样进行冲击条件下的断裂特性测试,发现石灰岩试样双孔洞缺陷的形状、间距和非对称性均对其动态抗压强度具有显著影响。Zhang等[34]和Liu等[35]通过SHPB实验,先后研究了不同预制平行裂纹数量和预制裂纹以不同角度相交的圆盘试件的性能和作用机理。
这些成果揭示了脆性岩石材料中缺陷周围的渐进式裂纹发育,但对冲击载荷下含双椭圆缺陷的圆盘试l件的性能和作用机理研究很少。为此,现采用SHPB装置对含双椭圆缺陷的巴西圆盘花岗岩试件进行动态冲击实验,采用数字图像相关法(digi-tal image correlation method,DIC)实时监测试件表面变形场,详细观察和分析圆盘试件动态裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通直到完全破坏的全过程。通过对能量分配的分析,揭示含双椭圆缺陷的圆盘试件动态破坏的内在特征。
本次实验所有试件均取自北山花岗岩的完整样品,无明显损伤,结构稳定,颗粒均匀。试件的物理参数如表1所示。
圆盘试件的直径为100 mm,厚度为25 mm,利用线切割机床在试件中切割两个椭圆缺陷,如图1所示。两个椭圆缺陷的中心与圆盘中心在同一水平面。椭圆缺陷的短轴长度2a=3 mm,长轴长度2b=10 mm。椭圆缺陷A和椭圆缺陷B的中心间距S为15 mm、20 mm。椭圆缺陷A的长轴方向与水平方向的夹角为45°,椭圆缺陷B的长轴方向与水平方向的夹角为0°、45°、90°、135°,因此两椭圆缺陷长轴之间相应的夹角α分别为135°、0°、45°、90°。圆盘试件在冲击荷载作用下,必须考虑波动传播的时间效应和试件的惯性效应,试件的应力分布和破坏过程非常复杂,很难在时间场和空间场同时达到应力平衡,导致试件的加载区过早发生破坏[36]。为了避免这个问题,本次实验采用带加载平台的圆盘试件,加载平台角为20°。共设置5组试件,每组由3个相同的试件组成,编号为G-S-α-X。试件编号中,S表示两椭圆缺陷中心的水平间距,α表示两椭圆缺陷长轴之间的夹角,X表示该试件在本组中的编号。例如,G-15-45-2代表该试件的两椭圆缺陷中心的水平间距为15 mm,两椭圆缺陷长轴之间的夹角为45°,该试件是本组的第二个试件。
本次实验采用数字图像相关法(DIC)。为了确保后续计算的准确性,必须在试件表面喷涂有效的散斑。散斑的大小应与相机的分辨率相匹配,散斑尺寸太大或太小都会导致后续的位移计算出现误差。而且散斑分布的随机性也至关重要。散斑喷涂步骤如下:首先,将白漆均匀地喷涂在试件表面;然后,静置24 h,使白漆完全干透;最后,用黑漆在白漆表面均匀地点缀黑色散斑。
实验系统由三部分组成,即高速加载系统、电测系统和高速摄像系统,如图2所示。高速加载系统包含冲击控制设备、撞击杆、入射杆、透射杆和阻尼器。入射杆和透射杆均采用35 CrMn钢制成,密度为7 800 kg/m3,长度为2 000 mm,直径为50 mm。电测系统由应变片和超动态应变仪组成。应变片贴在入射杆和透射杆表面,用来监测入射波、反射波和透射波。高速摄像系统由超高速相机和闪光灯组成。超高速相机位于试件喷涂散斑的一侧,用来监测试件表面的散斑变化过程和试件的动态断裂过程。为了清晰完整地捕捉裂纹的扩展过程,设置超高速相机的帧率为300 000 帧/s,分辨率为320 pixel×192 pixel。
实验前,需要对系统进行调试。首先不放置试件,进行冲击测试,通过贴在入射杆和透射杆表面的应变片校准高速加载系统,并确保高速加载系统、电测系统和高速摄影系统能够同步工作。然后将试件放置在入射杆和透射杆之间,调整冲击压力对试件进行冲击测试,确定合适的冲击压力,保证试件完全破裂而不破碎。经过测试,本次实验采用0.12 MPa的冲击气压。
实验开始时,将试件放置在入射杆和透射杆之间,保证入射杆和透射杆夹紧试件,并确保试件与入射杆轴线同轴。同时在入射杆和透射杆的杆端均匀涂抹一层薄薄的凡士林,使试件和杆端紧密接触,保证试件受力均匀。此外,撞击杆撞击入射杆时会产生高频振荡,使波在传播过程中产生色散效应,为了解决这一问题,用凡士林将直径为20 mm、厚度为1 mm的铜片吸附在入射杆端面的中心[37]
分离式霍普金森(SHPB)实验技术主要基于均匀性和一维应力波的假设。在霍普金森杆直径和试件直径相差不大的情况下,一般满足一维应力波假设,可以以此推导试件的应力-应变关系。同时,试件在峰值应力之前达到应力平衡状态[38],此时可以假设试件承受均匀的应力,产生了均匀的变形。与试件的整体尺寸相比,预制缺陷的尺寸可以忽略不计。因此,可以认为预制缺陷之间满足一维应力波假设[39]
根据一维应力波理论,试件的轴向应力、应变和应变速率[40]的公式为
$\sigma \left(t\right)=\frac{AE}{2{A}_{S}}\left[{\epsilon }_{I}\right(t)+{\epsilon }_{R}(t)+{\epsilon }_{T}(t\left)\right]$
$\epsilon \left(t\right)=\frac{C}{{L}_{S}}{\int }_{0}^{t}[{\epsilon }_{I}\left(t\right)-{\epsilon }_{R}\left(t\right)-{\epsilon }_{T}\left(t\right)]dt$
$\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }\left(t\right)=\frac{C}{{L}_{S}}\left[{\epsilon }_{I}\right(t)-{\epsilon }_{R}(t)-{\epsilon }_{T}(t\left)\right]$
式中:EACt分别为杆弹性模量、横截面积、纵波速度、时间;ASLS分别为试件横截面积、高度;$\epsilon \left(t\right)、\stackrel{·}{\epsilon }\left(t\right)$分别为试件的应变和应变率;εI(t)、εR(t)、εT(t)分别为入射应变、反射应变和透射应变。
图3为试件G-15-45-2的应力变化曲线。从图3中可以看到,反射波应力较大,与入射波应力比较接近,透射波应力相对较小,属于典型的冲击劈裂透射波波形。入射应力和反射应力之和的变化曲线与透射应力曲线基本一致。由此可见,具有双椭圆缺陷的花岗岩试件在高加载速率条件下可以达到动应力平衡状态,实验数据是有效的[41]。本次实验中,所有试件都达到了良好的应力平衡状态。
岩石的破坏过程实际是能量的不断累积然后快速释放的过程。从能量的角度,不同的岩石试件破坏所需要的能量是不同的。岩石试件大部分吸收能耗散于断裂破坏过程中,因此,可以利用吸收能近似替代破碎耗散能。通过对不同岩石试件耗散能的分析,可以确定岩石内外条件对最终破坏结果的影响。因此,岩石试件的耗散能密度是一个重要的参考因素。SHPB实验中应力波传播时携带的入射能量、反射能量、透射能量和吸收能量的计算公式为
${W}_{I}\left(t\right)=ACE{\int }_{0}^{t}{\epsilon }_{I}^{2}\left(t\right)dt$
${W}_{R}\left(t\right)=ACE{\int }_{0}^{t}{\epsilon }_{R}^{2}\left(t\right)dt$
${W}_{T}\left(t\right)=ACE{\int }_{0}^{t}{\epsilon }_{T}^{2}\left(t\right)dt$
${W}_{S}\left(t\right)={W}_{I}\left(t\right)-\left[{W}_{R}\right(t)+{W}_{T}(t\left)\right]$
吸收能主要由3种能量构成:岩样动态破碎耗散能WD(t)、碎块弹射动能及其他形式耗散能。其他形式耗散能一般可忽略不计。根据文献[42]可知,碎块弹射动能仅占总入射能的5%左右,因此,式(7)可简写为
${W}_{S}\left(t\right)={W}_{D}\left(t\right)$
为了减小岩样尺寸影响,使用耗散能密度ED(t)反映岩石破碎能耗情况。
${E}_{D}\left(t\right)=\frac{{W}_{D}\left(t\right)}{V}$
式(9)中:V为岩样体积。
在实验中,试件与霍普金森杆的接触面涂有凡士林,可以忽略接触面的能量消耗。各试件的入射能、反射能、透射能和耗散能如表2所示。从表2中可以看出,在冲击气压一定的情况下入射能基本保持一致,且入射的能量大部分被反射回来,穿过试件的能量大部分在岩石破碎和抛掷的过程中被吸收,只有极少的一部分能量会透射到透射杆中。耗散能密度随两椭圆缺陷长轴之间夹角的变化如图4所示。从图4中可以看到,同一夹角试件的耗散能密度基本保持一致,在小范围内上下波动。随着α的增大耗散能密度逐渐减小,耗散能密度减小的趋势逐渐变缓。从图4可以看出,当角度α=0°时,耗散能密度最大,远远高于其他角度的试件。由此可以得出,当α=0°时,试件发生破坏所需要的能量最大,其抗拉强度大于其他角度的试件。
为了研究双椭圆缺陷的夹角α对试件破坏模式的影响,采用超高速相机记录试件的断裂过程,分析其断裂模式。表3为不同试件的破坏过程。从表3中可以看出,当α=135° 时,缺陷外侧的最终破坏模式大致相同。左侧缺陷外侧都出现了上下两条水平裂纹,并且上侧的裂纹发展更彻底。上侧裂纹起裂处都出现了不同程度的压裂破坏,但是裂纹扩展过程主要以拉伸破坏为主。当α=135° 时,试件右侧缺陷外尖端都出现了一条贯穿的拉伸主裂纹,裂纹大致沿着水平方向扩展。当α=90° 时,试件左侧缺陷的外尖端均萌生了一条向加载平台中部扩展的拉伸主裂纹。在加载平台下端处均萌生了一条向左侧缺陷外尖端扩展的主裂纹。两条裂纹之间形成了类似扇形的区域。在右侧缺陷的外侧都出现了三条拉伸主裂纹,上下两条主裂纹都是从试件边缘向缺陷的上下两个尖端扩展,中间的主裂纹是从缺陷中部向加载平台中部扩展,其中α=45° 时的裂纹扩展较为完全。当α=90°时,缺陷右侧中间的裂纹均由两缺陷之间的主裂纹扩展而来。
两椭圆缺陷之间的裂纹主要沿着缺陷尖端的连线扩展。时从右侧缺陷尖端萌生的一条主裂纹扩展至左侧缺陷的中部。时裂纹在左侧缺陷上尖端萌生并向右侧缺陷上尖端扩展。时从左侧缺陷上尖端先后萌生了两条裂纹,分别向右侧裂纹上尖端和中部扩展。当时从右侧缺陷尖端萌生两条裂纹并扩展至左侧缺陷的上下两个尖端。在冲击实验中,除了两缺陷间的主裂纹,所有岩样都出现了二次裂纹,然而这些次生裂纹的位置彼此不同。交角为0°和135°的岩样次生裂纹较少,且沿加载方向扩展。交角为45°和90°的岩样次生裂纹较多,且裂纹扩展方向大致与加载方向呈45°,但是次生裂纹都是从岩样外边缘向缺陷尖端扩展的。
本次实验中,所有花岗岩试件的数字图像相关方法(DIC) 图像均由Kirana高速摄影机记录,借助DIC图像处理软件得到了位移云图和应变云图。根据对DIC图像及试件断口的观察发现,所有试件的破坏形式主要为拉伸破坏。根据Fourmeau等 [43]的研究,在试件裂纹起裂前后,应变云图中会出现明显的应变集中带。由此,可以通过应变云图对试件的断裂过程进行分析。由于每组试件的断裂过程基本一致,因此本文研究从每组试件中选取一个进行分析,其破坏过程的应变云图如表4所示。从裂纹萌生阶段的应变云图可以看出,在裂纹萌生的早期,应变主要集中在椭圆缺陷的长轴两侧而不是椭圆缺陷的尖端,这与双缝缺陷[35]裂纹萌生时的应变集中情况完全不同。通过应变云图可知,试件两缺陷中间的裂纹起裂时间早于缺陷外侧的裂纹。将入射杆上的应变片检测到入射波的时刻记为 t=0 μs。当为0°、90°、135°时,试件开始产生应变集中的时间均在220 μs左右。当时,试件在117 μs开始出现应变集中现象。与其他组相比,时应变集中提前产生了大约100 μs。这可能与试件右侧椭圆缺陷周围的应变集中只发生在缺陷的左侧有关。当α=90°和135°时,裂纹从起裂到完全贯通整个试件所需时间远小于α为0°和45°的试件。当α=45°时虽然两缺陷中间裂纹贯通所需时间为70 μs,大于α为90°和135°的试件,但是其两缺陷中间裂纹贯穿后,缺陷外侧的裂纹很快就贯通整个试件致使试件破坏,所需时间远小于其他试件。当α=0°时虽然两缺陷中间裂纹贯通的时间仅为40 μs,但是裂纹贯穿整个试件所需的时间却最长。综上,当时,试件断裂所需要的时间以及能量是最多的,这与上文耗散能的分析结果一致。
通过对双椭圆缺陷夹角α的变化对试件动态断裂行为影响规律的研究发现,当α=0°时,试件破坏所需要的能量较大,试件的抗拉强度较大,破坏块度较大。为了探究缺陷的间距变化对岩样断裂行为的影响规律,在其他条件不变的情况下,制备了双椭圆缺陷长轴之间的夹角α=0°,双椭圆缺陷中心的水平间距S为20 mm的试件,进行SHPB冲击实验。表5S=20 mm的试件的入射能、反射能、透射能和耗散能数据。通过与S=15 mm的试件相比,S=20 mm的试件耗散能密度反而减小,约为S=15 mm试件耗散能密度的56%。表明S增大,岩石更容易破坏,且破坏所需要的能量更小。通过对比表4中试件G-15-0-2和表6中试件G-20-0-2的应变云图可知,S=20 mm的试件裂纹起裂更早,且裂纹贯穿整个试件所需要的时间更少,这与能量分析的结果一致。试件双椭圆缺陷水平间距S增大导致其抗拉强度降低的具体原因,未来有待进一步研究。
对含不同夹角双椭圆缺陷的扁平巴西圆盘进行了SHPB冲击实验,分析了双椭圆缺陷夹角α变化对试件能量耗散、破坏形态及应变场分布的影响。此外,还讨论了双椭圆缺陷中心的水平间距的变化对岩样能量耗散和应变场分布的影响。得到如下结论。
(1)双椭圆缺陷之间的夹角α和双椭圆缺陷的中心距离S对裂纹的萌生和扩展影响很大。间距S不变时,夹角α越大,试件越容易断裂;夹角α不变时,间距S增大,岩样更容易断裂。
(2)试件的破坏形态对夹角α的敏感程度较高。随着夹角α从0°逐渐增大,岩样破碎程度逐渐加剧,碎块对称性消失,楔体效应逐渐明显,塑性增强;当夹角α超过90°时,破碎程度又开始减小,岩样又呈对称断裂。
(3)试件的耗散能密度随双椭圆缺陷夹角α的增大而降低,且下降趋势逐渐趋于平缓。当α=0°时,试件的耗散能密度最大,拉伸强度最高。
(4)在裂纹萌生初期,双椭圆缺陷周围的应变集中先出现在椭圆缺陷长轴的两侧,然后逐渐扩展到缺陷尖端包围整个缺陷。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51974318)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174094)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2902103)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308710
  • 接收时间:2023-11-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-27
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-07
  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(51974318)
国家自然科学基金(52174094)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2902103)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学(北京)力学与建筑工程学院, 北京 100083
    2 成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院, 成都 610000

通讯作者:

* 彭麟智(1994—),女,汉族,四川阆中人,博士,中级讲师。研究方向:定向爆破。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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