Article(id=1149789685851054650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406157, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723824000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-17, revisedDate=1742227200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752060823166, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752060823166, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752060823166, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752060823166, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6774, endPage=6780, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149789686077547067, articleId=1149789685851054650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Improved Super-twisting Sliding Mode Observer Vector Control for PMSM, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of poor accuracy, slow convergence rate and high jitter of traditional super-twisting sliding mode observer, a permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) speed observation technique based on the improved super-twisting algorithm was proposed. Firstly, a segmented exponential function was used to replace the switching function to eliminate the phase delay problem due to the low-pass filter, and the adaptive sliding mode gain was designed to achieve stable tracking at different speeds. Then, in order to solve the problem that the traditional quadrature phase-locked loop failed when the motor steering was changed, an improved quadrature phase-locked loop was proposed, so that its output was independent of the rotation direction, so as to realized the correct tracking of the forward and reverse rotation. Finally, due to the wrong convergence point of the proposed improved quadrature phase locked loop, there was a 180° phase difference between the estimated position and the actual position, an adjustment function was designed to solve this problem. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional sliding mode observer, the proposed improvement method has faster response and better dynamic performance.

, correspAuthors=Cheng-jun DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cheng-jun DING, Yu-kun WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149789716930847118, articleId=1149789685851054650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=永磁同步电机改进超螺旋滑模观测器矢量控制, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统超螺旋滑模观测器精确性差、收敛速率慢以及抖振较高的问题,提出一种基于改进超螺旋算法的永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM) 转速观测技术。首先,采用一种分段指数型函数替代开关函数以消除因低通滤波器所产生的相位延迟问题,并设计自适应滑模增益以实现对不同速度情况下的稳定跟踪。然后,针对传统正交锁相环在电机转向改变时失效的问题,提出一种改进正交锁相环,使其输出与旋转方向无关,从而实现对正反转的正确跟踪。最后,由于所提改进正交锁相环具有错误收敛点,且该错误会导致转子估计位置与实际位置存在180°相位差,设计一种调整函数以解决该问题。仿真结果表明:相较于传统滑模观测器,所提出的改进方法响应速度更快,动态性能更好。

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丁承君(1973—),男,汉族,河北馆陶人,博士,教授。研究方向:移动机器人智能控制、嵌入式计算机系统。E-mail:

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丁承君(1973—),男,汉族,河北馆陶人,博士,教授。研究方向:移动机器人智能控制、嵌入式计算机系统。E-mail:

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丁承君(1973—),男,汉族,河北馆陶人,博士,教授。研究方向:移动机器人智能控制、嵌入式计算机系统。E-mail:

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E ^ α E ^ β为反电动势估计值

, figureFileSmall=lB/4+h9sVWlG0c+t9RMPSQ==, figureFileBig=+xVlwDEbs3BiC8GaDMtKRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036623540367448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789685851054650, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Piecewise exponential switching function, figureFileSmall=Mz2G9WKX7NdQeN7aSCr05g==, figureFileBig=2qXvKHxCMljfOHuPxuVqdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036623590699097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789685851054650, language=CN, label=图2, caption=分段指数切换函数, figureFileSmall=Mz2G9WKX7NdQeN7aSCr05g==, figureFileBig=2qXvKHxCMljfOHuPxuVqdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036623662002266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789685851054650, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Basic structural diagram of improved super spiral sliding mode observer, figureFileSmall=X/qo3M15efNtKkHJadAhKA==, figureFileBig=dvfHv1Z7WRwixuhbAlbI4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036623741694043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789685851054650, language=CN, label=图3, caption=改进超螺旋滑模观测器基本结构框图, figureFileSmall=X/qo3M15efNtKkHJadAhKA==, figureFileBig=dvfHv1Z7WRwixuhbAlbI4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036623808802908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789685851054650, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Block diagram of the conventional QPLL, figureFileSmall=EZUAtrHZwrqfv334w2EmNg==, figureFileBig=j9XXvl9hxg3ILw5V/mIHJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036623867523165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789685851054650, language=CN, label=图4, caption=传统QPLL结构框图

kpki为比例增益和积分增益;、$\hat{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}$分别为转子位置和速度估计值; $\hat{e}_{\alpha}$、$\hat{e}_{\beta}$为归一化反电动势估计值

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Udc为电源电压;uaubuc为三相电压值;iaibic为三相电流值;nref为参考转速

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PMSM simulation model parameters

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PMSM参数 数值
极对数 4
定子电感/H 8.5×10-3
定子电阻/Ω 2.875
直流侧电压/V 311
永磁体磁链/Wb 0.175
PWM开关频率/Hz 10 000
转动惯量/(kg·m2) 0.001
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PMSM 仿真模型参数

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PMSM参数 数值
极对数 4
定子电感/H 8.5×10-3
定子电阻/Ω 2.875
直流侧电压/V 311
永磁体磁链/Wb 0.175
PWM开关频率/Hz 10 000
转动惯量/(kg·m2) 0.001
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永磁同步电机改进超螺旋滑模观测器矢量控制
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丁承君 , 王宇坤
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(16): 6774-6780
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(16): 6774-6780
永磁同步电机改进超螺旋滑模观测器矢量控制
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丁承君 , 王宇坤
作者信息
  • 河北工业大学机械工程学院, 天津 300401
  • 丁承君(1973—),男,汉族,河北馆陶人,博士,教授。研究方向:移动机器人智能控制、嵌入式计算机系统。E-mail:

Improved Super-twisting Sliding Mode Observer Vector Control for PMSM
Cheng-jun DING , Yu-kun WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406157
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针对传统超螺旋滑模观测器精确性差、收敛速率慢以及抖振较高的问题,提出一种基于改进超螺旋算法的永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM) 转速观测技术。首先,采用一种分段指数型函数替代开关函数以消除因低通滤波器所产生的相位延迟问题,并设计自适应滑模增益以实现对不同速度情况下的稳定跟踪。然后,针对传统正交锁相环在电机转向改变时失效的问题,提出一种改进正交锁相环,使其输出与旋转方向无关,从而实现对正反转的正确跟踪。最后,由于所提改进正交锁相环具有错误收敛点,且该错误会导致转子估计位置与实际位置存在180°相位差,设计一种调整函数以解决该问题。仿真结果表明:相较于传统滑模观测器,所提出的改进方法响应速度更快,动态性能更好。

永磁同步电机(PMSM)  /  滑模观测器  /  正交锁相环  /  矢量控制

Aiming at the problems of poor accuracy, slow convergence rate and high jitter of traditional super-twisting sliding mode observer, a permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) speed observation technique based on the improved super-twisting algorithm was proposed. Firstly, a segmented exponential function was used to replace the switching function to eliminate the phase delay problem due to the low-pass filter, and the adaptive sliding mode gain was designed to achieve stable tracking at different speeds. Then, in order to solve the problem that the traditional quadrature phase-locked loop failed when the motor steering was changed, an improved quadrature phase-locked loop was proposed, so that its output was independent of the rotation direction, so as to realized the correct tracking of the forward and reverse rotation. Finally, due to the wrong convergence point of the proposed improved quadrature phase locked loop, there was a 180° phase difference between the estimated position and the actual position, an adjustment function was designed to solve this problem. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional sliding mode observer, the proposed improvement method has faster response and better dynamic performance.

permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)  /  sliding mode observer  /  quadrature phase-locked loop  /  field oriented control
丁承君, 王宇坤. 永磁同步电机改进超螺旋滑模观测器矢量控制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6774 -6780 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406157
Cheng-jun DING, Yu-kun WANG. Improved Super-twisting Sliding Mode Observer Vector Control for PMSM[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6774 -6780 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406157
永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM) 因其良好的性能而被广泛应用于工业领域[1]。PMSM常用控制策略分为矢量控制[2]和直接转矩控制[3]。其中,矢量控制由于效率高、控制精确、噪音小、调速范围大等特点,已有广泛应用。在PMSM矢量控制的过程中,须实时获取转子转速和当前位置。常规的方法是在电机里加装霍尔传感器、编码器等机械元件获取,但此方法一会导致电机体积变大,二是当电机工作在恶劣环境下时,机械元件有损坏的风险,影响电机的正常运行[4]。因此,无位置传感器控制技术的研究获得了广泛的关注[5]
无位置传感器控制技术抛弃了机械元件,转而通过测量电机运行时的电信号进行估计。不仅减少了电机驱动的成本,且由于控制算法是在芯片内部解算,与外部环境的优劣无关,从而大大增加了电机控制的安全性和可靠性。目前,常用的无感观测技术有:滑模观测器法[6] 、扩展卡尔曼滤波法[7]、模型参考自适应法[8]等。其中滑模观测器法(sliding mode observer, SMO)因其不需要复杂运算、不依赖电机精确参数、鲁棒性强等优点,已成为中外学者的研究热点。
由于滑模变结构控制的特性,导致系统存在较大抖振,需使用低通滤波器滤波,但低通滤波器的引入又会导致相位延时。为解决此问题,文献[9]使用tanh替换开关函数,成功减少了系统的抖振现象,但并未消除低通滤波器的相位延时问题。文献[10]采用分段平方根函数代替开关函数并构建积分滑模面,使得运算量更小的同时成功消除低通滤波器的相位延时。但该函数在0点处导数无穷大,并未很好地消除系统的抖振。文献[11]加入高阶积分项设计出高阶滑模观测器,消除了低通滤波器的使用,并提高了控制精度,但滑模增益固定,转速变化时控制性能下降。
滑模观测器估计出的反电动势可通过反正切法[12]和锁相环法[13]获得转子位置及速度。因反正切法会把系统噪声放大,从而增大角度估计误差,因此在实际应用中常常使用锁相环方法来提取。正交锁相环(quadrature phase-locked loop, QPLL)由鉴相器(PD)、环路滤波器(LF)和压控振荡器(VCO)构成,3个部分的结构设计以及参数选择都会影响QPLL整体的稳态和动态性能[14]。文献[15]针对传统锁相环在转速斜坡变化时存在稳态误差的问题,设计归一化前馈锁相环,有效避免了观测误差累积现象。文献[16]提出了自适应正交锁相环结构,将比例积分(proportional integral,PI)环节的固定增益改为自适应参数,从而提高了系统的动态性能。文献[17]提出了可自动调节带宽的移动平均滤波器锁相环(moving average filter phase-locked loop,MAF_PLL),电机启动时以低带宽运行,且在电机运行时带宽会根据速度大小自适应变化。但上述改进方法只能运行在特定转向中,反转时系统将会失效。为使锁相环能够运行在反转工况下,文献[18]设计了基于平方差公式的改进锁相环并成功解决了反转失效问题,但会出现导致估计位置与实际位置存在180°电角度误差的问题。
针对传统滑模观测器存在较大抖振问题,首先,提出改进超螺旋滑模观测器(improve super-twisting sliding mode, ISTSMO)。之后,针对传统正交锁相环在反转工况中无法正常运行的问题,提出一种改进正交锁相环(improve quadrature phase-locked loop, IQPLL),并设计调整函数避免出现180°电角度误差问题。最后,在此基础上开展相关仿真实验。
对PMSM三相坐标系进行数学建模时,做出如下假设:①忽略定子铁心磁饱和;②反电动势呈正弦分布;③忽略涡流损失和磁滞损失;④电机内部气隙均匀,磁阻对称。
基于上述假设,表贴式PMSM在两相静止坐标系下(Ld=Lq)的电压方程为
u α = ( R + p L d ) i α + E α u β = ( R + p L d ) i β + E β
式(1)中:R为定子电阻;p为微分算子 d d t;uαuβiαiβ分别为定子电压和电流在αβ轴的分量;EαEβ分别为反电动势在αβ轴的分量;Ld为电感。
改写为电流状态方程,可表示为
p i α = - R L d i α + u α L d - E α L d p i β = - R L d i β + u β L d - E β L d
反电动势满足:
E α = - ω e ψ f s i n θ e E β = ω e ψ f c o s θ e
式(3)中:ωe为电角速度;ψf为永磁体磁链;θe为转子位置。
由式(3)可知,通过获得反电动势值可解算出转子位置和转速。
为估算扩展反电动势的值,传统STSMO设计为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} p \hat{i}_{\alpha}=-\frac{R}{L_{d}} \hat{i}_{\alpha}+\frac{E_{\alpha}}{L_{d}}-\frac{v_{\alpha}}{L_{d}} \\ p \hat{i}_{\beta}=-\frac{R}{L_{d}} \hat{i}_{\beta}+\frac{E_{\beta}}{L_{d}}-\frac{v_{\beta}}{L_{d}} \end{array}\right.$
式(4)中: i ^ α i ^ β为定子电流观测值;vαvβ为观测器控制输入。
将式(4)与式(2)相减,可得定子电流误差$\tilde{i}_{\alpha}$$\tilde{i}_{\beta}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \tilde{p i_{\alpha}}=-\frac{R}{L_{d}} \tilde{i}_{\alpha}+\frac{E_{\alpha}}{L_{d}}-\frac{v_{\alpha}}{L_{d}} \\ \tilde{p i_{\beta}}=-\frac{R}{L_{d}} \tilde{i}_{\beta}+\frac{E_{\beta}}{L_{d}}-\frac{v_{\beta}}{L_{d}} \end{array}\right.$
超螺旋算法的基本结构可表示为
p s = - k 1 | s | 1 2 s g n ( s ) + y p y = k 2 s g n ( s )
式(6)中:s为状态变量;y为中间量;k1k2为滑模增益。
可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} v_{\alpha}=-k_{1}\left|\tilde{i}_{\alpha}\right|^{\frac{1}{2}} \operatorname{sgn}\left(\tilde{i}_{\alpha}\right)-k_{2} \int \operatorname{sgn}\left(\tilde{i}_{\alpha}\right) \mathrm{d} t \\ v_{\beta}=-k_{1}\left|\tilde{i}_{\beta}\right|^{\frac{1}{2}} \operatorname{sgn}\left(\tilde{i}_{\beta}\right)-k_{2} \int \operatorname{sgn}\left(\tilde{i}_{\beta}\right) \mathrm{d} t \end{array}\right.$
图1为传统超螺旋滑模观测器结构框图。可以看出,由于开关函数的存在,估计出的反电动势为高频信号,容易引发系统抖振。为了缓解该问题,通常需要引入低通滤波器来消除高频抖振。然而,低通滤波器会导致相位延迟,使跟踪速度明显变慢。
为解决抖振以及相位延迟问题,提出一种新的分段指数型函数,可表示为
f(x)= 1 , x a 1 - x a - 1 2 , 0 x < a x a + 1 2 - 1 , - a < x < 0 - 1 , x - a
式(8)中:a为边界层厚度。
该函数的特性曲线如图2所示。在边界层内,本文构造的分段指数型切换函数具有连续性;而在边界层外,呈现出饱和特性。
基于所提出的分段指数型切换函数,联立式(4)、式(7)、式(8)可知,改进超螺旋滑模观测器数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} p \hat{i}_{\alpha}=-\frac{R}{L_{d}} \hat{i}_{\alpha}+\frac{E_{\alpha}}{L_{d}}-\frac{y_{\alpha}}{L_{d}} \\ p \hat{i}_{\beta}=-\frac{R}{L_{d}} \hat{i}_{\beta}+\frac{E_{\beta}}{L_{d}}-\frac{y_{\beta}}{L_{d}} \end{array}\right.$
式(9)中:yαyβ可进一步描述为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} y_{\alpha}=-k_{1}\left|\tilde{i}_{\alpha}\right|^{\frac{1}{2}} f\left(\tilde{i}_{\alpha}\right)-k_{2} \int f\left(\tilde{i}_{\alpha}\right) \mathrm{d} t \\ y_{\beta}=-k_{1}\left|\tilde{i}_{\beta}\right|^{\frac{1}{2}} f\left(\tilde{i}_{\beta}\right)-k_{2} \int f\left(\tilde{i}_{\beta}\right) \mathrm{d} t \end{array}\right.$
所提出的新型分段函数代替传统的开关函数,能够有效抑制抖振的同时避免了滤波器的引入造成的相位延时问题。
由式(7)可知,k1k2的取值直接决定了滑模控制系统的稳态误差和响应速度,且在通常情况下为定值。但当转速发生变化时,固定值k1k2无法保持良好控制性能。因此可通过电机反电动势与转速之间的关系,设计自适应滑模增益系数K1K2
K 1 = k 1 + c ω e K 2 = k 2 + c ω e
式(11)中:c为增益基础值。
由式(11)可知,在转速发生变化时,滑模增益系数会随着速度变化而变化,从而实现不同转速下的稳定性。图3为ISTSMO结构框图。
传统QPLL基本原理图如图4所示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \hat{e}_{\alpha}=\frac{\hat{E}_{\alpha}}{\sqrt{\hat{E}_{\alpha}^{2}+\hat{E}_{\beta}^{2}}}=-\sin \theta_{\mathrm{e}} \\ \hat{e}_{\beta}=\frac{\hat{E}_{\beta}}{\sqrt{\hat{E}_{\alpha}^{2}+\hat{E}_{\beta}^{2}}}=\cos \theta_{\mathrm{e}} \end{array}\right.$
通过式(12)归一化环节可以去除反电动势中包含的转子位置及电角度造成的影响。联立式(3),可得误差e(t)为
$\begin{aligned} e(t) & =-\hat{e}_{\alpha} \cos \hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{e}_{\beta} \sin \hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}} \\ & =-\sin \theta_{\mathrm{e}} \cos \hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}+\cos \theta_{\mathrm{e}} \sin \hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}} \\ & =-\sin \left(\theta_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right) \\ & \approx-\left(\theta_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right) \end{aligned}$
θe- θ ^ e趋近于0时,sinxx可看作是等价的。
$\tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}=\theta_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}$$\widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}=\omega_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}$分别为转子位置误差和电角速度误差。当PMSM处于正转方向时,其系统动态微分方程可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} p \tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}=\widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}} \\ p \widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}=\left[k_{\mathrm{p}} \cos \left(\tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right) \widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}+k_{i} \sin \tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right] \end{array}\right.$
若PMSM处于反转方向时,系统动态微分方程可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} p \tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}=\widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}} \\ p \widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}=\left[k_{\mathrm{p}} \cos \left(\tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right) \widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}+k_{i} \sin \tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right] \end{array}\right.$
根据式(14)、式(15)绘制出图5图6所示的PMSM在正转和反转下的QPLL系统动态相图。
图5可以看出,系统在正向运行时,在[(2k+1)π, 0]点具有渐近稳定性,其中k=0,±1,±2,…;而在图6所示的反向运行时,系统则在[(2k+1)π,0]渐近稳定,其中k=0,±1,±2,…。因此在反转时,转子位置估计值将收敛至±180°,此时电机处于失步状态。虽然通过改变PI控制器参数的正负可以解决此问题,但在实际应用中,PI控制器的参数是固定值。因此在实际运行过程中,传统QPLL只能实现对特定转向的跟踪,无法满足转向切换时的跟踪需求。
针对传统QPLL反转工况下失效的问题,设计IPD(improved PD)模块使其与转动方向无关。
首先使用二倍角公式对反电动势的平方与乘积计算使得输出e(t) 与电机旋转方向无关,其表达式为
$\begin{aligned} e(t) & =-\hat{e}_{\alpha} \hat{e}_{\beta} \cos 2 \hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}-\frac{\hat{e}_{\beta}^{2}-\hat{e}_{\alpha}^{2}}{2} \sin 2 \hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}} \\ & =\frac{1}{2} \sin \left[2\left(\theta_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)\right] \\ & \approx \theta_{\mathrm{e}}-\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}} \end{aligned}$
在稳态情况下,无论正、反转,PMSM转子位置与电角频率误差的系统动态方程均为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} p \tilde{\theta}_{e}=\widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}} \\ p \widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}=-0.5\left[k_{\mathrm{p}} \cos \left(2 \tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right) 2 \widetilde{\omega}_{\mathrm{e}}+k_{\mathrm{i}} \sin 2 \tilde{\theta}_{\mathrm{e}}\right] \end{array}\right.$
图7可知,收敛点大致可分为两类:一类(2kπ, 0)k=0,±1,±2,…为正确收敛点,可以正确跟踪;一类[(2k+1)π, 0)] 为不正确收敛点,其中k=0,±1,±2,…,跟踪位置与实际位置之间有180°电角度误差。
由于收敛到(2kπ, 0)时,$\cos \tilde{\theta}_{e} \approx 1$;当收敛到[(2k+1)π, 0]时,$\cos \tilde{\theta}_{e} \approx -1$。因此可引入$\cos \tilde{\theta}_{e}$来判断函数收敛点并调整。设计的调整函数为
$g(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1, & \cos \tilde{\theta}_{e}>0 \\ -a, & \cos \tilde{\theta}_{e}<0 \end{array}\right. $
式(18)中:a>0。
由式(18)可知,当系统收敛到不正确收敛点[(2k+1)π,0](其中 k=0,±1,±2,…)时,g(x)=-a,系统跳出该收敛点。当回到正确收敛点(2kπ,0) (其中k=0,±1,±2,…)时,g(x)=1,系统稳定性不受影响。图8为IQPLL结构框图。
为验证所提ISTSMO以及IQPLL的可行性。搭建图9所示的PMSM无传感器仿真模型。模型采用外转速环,内电流环的双环结构,双环均使用PI控制器,采用id=0方式控制。在相同参数下将此模型与传统STSMO对比。PMSM仿真模型参数如表1所示。
图10~图13为转速对比实验,实验以空载转速500 r/min启动,0.05 s转速突变为800 r/min,0.1 s负载突变为5 N·m。ISTSMO与传统STSMO均使用传统QPLL估计转子位置。
图10为使用传统STSMO观测,可以看到电机转速在0.035 s后收敛至参考转速,转速稳态误差为0.8 r/min。0.05 s参考转速变化时,收敛时间为0.02 s,转速稳态误差变为1.5 r/min。0.1 s突加负载,系统收敛时间为0.05 s。
图11为使用ISTSMO观测,可以看出,电机转速在0.015 s后收敛至参考转速,转速稳态误差为0.02 r/min。0.05 s参考转速变化时,收敛时间为0.015 s,转速稳态误差变为0.38 r/min。0.1 s突加负载后,系统收敛时间为0.008 s。
图12可以看出,ISTSMO减轻了抖振,缩小了稳态误差,整体性能优于传统STSMO。这表明,在电机稳定工作状态下,所提出的新型超螺旋滑模观测器估计性能更好。
图13为电机正反转实验,实验以空载500 r/min启动,在其平稳运行后将参考转速改为-500 r/min。两个实验均使用所提改进超螺旋滑模观测器观测反电动势。
图14为IQPLL实验结果,将图13图14所示的实验结果对比可知,传统QPLL跟踪需要一定时间,且在反转时位置跟踪发散,电机实际上已停止运行。而改进QPLL收敛速度快,且在反转时不会失效,可以很好地估计转子位置。
调整上述PLL参数时,有时会出现图15所示的错误情况。可以看出,由于错误收敛点的存在,转子估计位置与实际值之间有时存在180°稳态误差,导致电机失控。图16为添加了调整函数的实验结果。对比可知,添加了调整函数后,该函数会使系统进入稳定状态,消除了180 °稳态误差。
(1)针对传统超螺旋滑模观测器精确性差、收敛速率慢以及抖振较高的问题,提出新型超螺旋滑模观测器, 设计一种新的分段指数型函数来替代传统的开关函数,减轻抖振现象的同时避免了低通滤波器的延时影响;设计自适应滑模增益实现对不同转速下的稳定跟踪。通过重建鉴相器环节设计IQPLL,使得鉴相器输出与转速方向无关,解决了PMSM在转速变化时PLL失效的问题;设计添加调整函数以解决IQPLL有时收敛到错误收敛点的问题。
(2)仿真结果表明,在空载启动时,ISTSMO收敛速度更快,转速误差更小。在突加负载后,收敛速度也更快。在电机转动方向发生变化时,IQPLL能够很好地估计转子位置,且不会收敛到错误收敛点。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4701101)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52275016)
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406157
  • 接收时间:2024-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-18
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4701101)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52275016)
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    河北工业大学机械工程学院, 天津 300401
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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