Article(id=1149789605467222481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405656, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722096000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-28, revisedDate=1741968000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752060804001, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752060804001, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752060804000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752060804000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7013, endPage=7021, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149789605676937682, articleId=1149789605467222481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Ground Risk Assessment of Logistics Drones, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the risk of logistics drones to the ground after failure or collision in the air, a model for logistics drones to the ground risk assessment was constructed, focusing on the risk analysis of drone failure and crash. Firstly, in the drone failure and crash risk model, the possible failure of drones in different flight stages was discussed in detail, including vertical fall and horizontal fall, as well as the casualties and economic losses that these falls may cause to ground personnel. Secondly, the collision and crash risk model was analyzed the dynamic behavior of drones after a collision in the air and its impact on ground safety, including collision momentum-energy conservation and collision consequence assessment. Finally, a comprehensive three-dimensional risk assessment matrix was constructed, combining the possibility of accidents, the number of deaths on the ground and the economic losses to evaluate the risk level in different scenarios. The case analysis shows that the number of deaths on the ground is within the order of 10-6, and the risk level in different regions is obtained. It can be seen that this method provides important risk assessment tools and data support for logistics drone operators and relevant policy makers.

, correspAuthors=Hang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hang LI, Song-tao WANG, Xi LIU, Zhao-heng MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149789621506241262, articleId=1149789605467222481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=物流无人机坠地风险评估, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为降低物流无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)在空中失效或者发生碰撞后的对地风险,通过构建关于物流无人机对地风险评估的模型,专注于无人机失效坠地和碰撞后的风险分析。首先,在无人机失效坠地风险模型中,详细讨论无人机在不同飞行阶段可能的失效情况,包括垂直坠落和平抛坠落,以及这些坠落对地面人员可能造成的伤亡和经济损失;其次,碰撞坠地风险模型则分析了无人机在空中相撞后的动态行为以及其对地面安全的影响,包括碰撞动量-能量守恒和碰撞后果评估;最后,构建一个综合的三维风险评估矩阵,将事故发生的可能性、地面死亡人数和经济损失结合,用以评估不同情景下的风险等级。通过案例分析表明,得到的地面死亡人数在10-6量级内,并且得到不同区域内的风险等级。可见此方法为物流无人机运营商和相关政策制定者提供了重要的风险评估工具和数据支持。

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李航(1978—),男,回族,山东聊城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机物流系统、航空经济系统分析、航空运输系统优化与决策。E-mail:

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李航(1978—),男,回族,山东聊城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机物流系统、航空经济系统分析、航空运输系统优化与决策。E-mail:

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李航(1978—),男,回族,山东聊城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机物流系统、航空经济系统分析、航空运输系统优化与决策。E-mail:

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Tianjin: Hebei University of Technology, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1177977261757186701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, awardId=62132017, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62132017), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1177977257575465547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177977257583854156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, companyId=1177977257575465547, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Transportation Science and Engineering College, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1177977257596437069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, companyId=1177977257575465547, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1177977259211244139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The drone hits the ground vertically in the area, figureFileSmall=GYqnEsyuZCM+TkoGUbKB+A==, figureFileBig=z0NFvLIMhcFwCREs1Yxruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259269964396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=图1, caption=无人机垂直撞地区域

ru为无人机的半径;rp为人的半径

, figureFileSmall=GYqnEsyuZCM+TkoGUbKB+A==, figureFileBig=z0NFvLIMhcFwCREs1Yxruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259328684653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The drone is thrown flat and falls into the impact area, figureFileSmall=e1d2hbCdSEp8c4b89d5WLg==, figureFileBig=ZVCCwadOIt8cfKC5zOgOuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259391599214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=图2, caption=无人机平抛坠落撞击区域

h0为人的平均身高;β为无人机到达人的平均身高时与水平地面的夹角;d为无人机的水平位移;ru为无人机的半径;rp为人的半径;S1为撞击区域

, figureFileSmall=e1d2hbCdSEp8c4b89d5WLg==, figureFileBig=ZVCCwadOIt8cfKC5zOgOuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259450319471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Classification of drone collisions, figureFileSmall=O2EqW9C8wJ+Z72EArUFAuw==, figureFileBig=+cVMkBcgnf0bWEQnmii/sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259504845424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=图3, caption=无人机碰撞的分类

v1为左侧无人机的速度;v2为右侧无人机的速度;C1为左侧无人机的质心;C2为右侧无人机的质心

, figureFileSmall=O2EqW9C8wJ+Z72EArUFAuw==, figureFileBig=+cVMkBcgnf0bWEQnmii/sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259559371377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Illustration of an eccentric collision of a drone, figureFileSmall=s5yQ5WBChnfMGOtFOu2COw==, figureFileBig=P1fnHSRh74MdyzLb747CYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259609703026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=图4, caption=无人机偏心碰撞图解

v1xv2x为两架无人机在X轴上的速度分量;v1yv2y为两架无人机在Y轴上的速度分量;ω1ω2为两架无人机的横向摆动角速度

, figureFileSmall=s5yQ5WBChnfMGOtFOu2COw==, figureFileBig=P1fnHSRh74MdyzLb747CYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259664228979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The area where the drone hit the ground after a collision, figureFileSmall=WSz5FBfO/5FGLSb9VAgbTA==, figureFileBig=HI17PPutLxbhiRHD8rVZng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259714560628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=图5, caption=无人机碰撞后撞地区域

vh为无人机在高度h时的速度;X为无人机水平位移;X'为无人机从发生碰撞开始直到落到人的平均高度h0时所发生的位移;ru为无人机的半径;rp为人的半径

, figureFileSmall=WSz5FBfO/5FGLSb9VAgbTA==, figureFileBig=HI17PPutLxbhiRHD8rVZng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259773280885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Three-dimensional risk matrix diagram[17], figureFileSmall=IcCd8EJg8swGlr43/wD+2w==, figureFileBig=7ImBlrWq9hYQlOuLSD7B3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259882332790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三维风险矩阵图[17], figureFileSmall=IcCd8EJg8swGlr43/wD+2w==, figureFileBig=7ImBlrWq9hYQlOuLSD7B3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977259978801783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Logistics drone flight track map, figureFileSmall=9fESzJ4lkiiyoYk3PbntNA==, figureFileBig=f8yLEjPgi/s4yYWTBwiHXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977260033327736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=图7, caption=物流无人机飞行航迹图, figureFileSmall=9fESzJ4lkiiyoYk3PbntNA==, figureFileBig=f8yLEjPgi/s4yYWTBwiHXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1177977260087853689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Criteria for dividing the degree of damage to logistics drones

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损坏程度 划分原则 所需撞击能
量阈值/kJ
价值损
失率/%
轻微损坏 简单维修可以继续飞行 0.75 20
一般损坏 需要维修可以继续
执行飞行任务
1.50 40
严重损坏 需要更换核心配件
才能执行配送任务
3.00 80
报废 无法继续执行配送任务 3.75 100
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260154962554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

物流无人机损坏程度划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损坏程度 划分原则 所需撞击能
量阈值/kJ
价值损
失率/%
轻微损坏 简单维修可以继续飞行 0.75 20
一般损坏 需要维修可以继续
执行飞行任务
1.50 40
严重损坏 需要更换核心配件
才能执行配送任务
3.00 80
报废 无法继续执行配送任务 3.75 100
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260213682811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Criteria for classifying the risk level of the likelihood of an accident

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可能性描述 概率区间/% 风险等级
有较低的可能发生 0~20 1
可能发生 21~50 2
有较高的可能发生 51~70 3
经常发生 71~100 4
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260301763196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

事故发生可能性的风险等级划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可能性描述 概率区间/% 风险等级
有较低的可能发生 0~20 1
可能发生 21~50 2
有较高的可能发生 51~70 3
经常发生 71~100 4
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260352094845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The risk classification criteria for the number of casualties caused by the accident

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故严重程度描述 区间/人 风险等级
轻微事故 伤亡人数小于3×10-7 1
一般事故 伤亡人数为[3×10-7,10×10-7) 2
较严重事故 伤亡人数为[10×10-7,30×10-7) 3
严重事故 伤亡人数为30×10-7以上 4
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260398232190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

事故造成伤亡人数的风险等级划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故严重程度描述 区间/人 风险等级
轻微事故 伤亡人数小于3×10-7 1
一般事故 伤亡人数为[3×10-7,10×10-7) 2
较严重事故 伤亡人数为[10×10-7,30×10-7) 3
严重事故 伤亡人数为30×10-7以上 4
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260586975871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Criteria for classifying the risk of economic losses caused by accidents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
财产损失程度描述 区间/元 风险等级
轻微财产损失 [0,2 000) 1
一般微财产损失 [2 000,8 000) 2
较严重财产损失 [8 000,30 000) 3
严重财产损失 [30 000,+∞) 4
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260670861952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

事故造成经济损失的风险等级划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
财产损失程度描述 区间/元 风险等级
轻微财产损失 [0,2 000) 1
一般微财产损失 [2 000,8 000) 2
较严重财产损失 [8 000,30 000) 3
严重财产损失 [30 000,+∞) 4
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260733776513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Three-dimensional matrix risk level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级分类 风险要素组合类型
低风险 (1.1.1)、 (1.1.2) 、(1.1.3) 、(1.2.1)、(1.2.2) (1.3.1)、(2.1.1)、 (2.1.2)、 (2.2.1)、(2.2.2)、(3.1.1)
一般风险 (1.1.4)、(1.2.3)、(1.2.4)、(1.3.2)、(1.3.3)、(1.4.1)、(1.4.2)、(2.1.3)、(2.1.4)、(2.2.2)、(2.2.3)、(2.3.1)、(2.3.2)、(2.4.1)、(3.1.2)、(3.1.3)、(3.2.1)、(3.2.2)、(3.3.1)、(4.1.1)、(4.1.2)、(4.2.1)
高风险 (1.3.4)、(1.4.3)、(1.4.4)、(2.2.4)、(2.3.3)、(2.3.4)、(2.4.2)、(2.4.3)、(3.1.4)、(3.2.3)、(3.2.4)、(3.3.2)、(3.3.3)、(3.4.1)、(3.4.2)、(4.1.3)、(4.1.4)、(4.2.2)、(4.2.3)、(4.3.1)、(4.3.2)、(4.4.1)
重大风险 (2.4.4)、(3.3.4)、(3.4.3)、(3.4.4)、(4.2.4)、(4.3.3)、(4.3.4)、(4.4.2)、(4.4.3)、(4.4.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260800885378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三维矩阵风险等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级分类 风险要素组合类型
低风险 (1.1.1)、 (1.1.2) 、(1.1.3) 、(1.2.1)、(1.2.2) (1.3.1)、(2.1.1)、 (2.1.2)、 (2.2.1)、(2.2.2)、(3.1.1)
一般风险 (1.1.4)、(1.2.3)、(1.2.4)、(1.3.2)、(1.3.3)、(1.4.1)、(1.4.2)、(2.1.3)、(2.1.4)、(2.2.2)、(2.2.3)、(2.3.1)、(2.3.2)、(2.4.1)、(3.1.2)、(3.1.3)、(3.2.1)、(3.2.2)、(3.3.1)、(4.1.1)、(4.1.2)、(4.2.1)
高风险 (1.3.4)、(1.4.3)、(1.4.4)、(2.2.4)、(2.3.3)、(2.3.4)、(2.4.2)、(2.4.3)、(3.1.4)、(3.2.3)、(3.2.4)、(3.3.2)、(3.3.3)、(3.4.1)、(3.4.2)、(4.1.3)、(4.1.4)、(4.2.2)、(4.2.3)、(4.3.1)、(4.3.2)、(4.4.1)
重大风险 (2.4.4)、(3.3.4)、(3.4.3)、(3.4.4)、(4.2.4)、(4.3.3)、(4.3.4)、(4.4.2)、(4.4.3)、(4.4.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260863799939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Statistics on population density and shading factors in each area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 时间 区域1 区域2 区域3 区域4 区域5 区域6
区域面积/m2 3 271.50 4 693.46 5 419.31 5 996.78 4 864.26 3 271.5
地面人员密度/(人·m-2) 22:00—06:00 0.001 64 0.000 71 0.000 32 0.000 36 0.000 19 0.001 20
06:00—08:00 0.039 10 0.009 46 0.004 82 0.031 70 0.004 17 0.003 14
08:00—12:00 0.069 40 0.038 30 0.017 80 0.023 82 0.008 24 0.058 40
12:00—14:00 0.036 70 0.012 70 0.004 26 0.008 15 0.001 67 0.041 70
14:00—18:00 0.072 10 0.041 30 0.016 40 0.039 67 0.008 21 0.067 20
18:00—22:00 0.026 80 0.009 60 0.013 20 0.016 60 0.005 89 0.019 40
遮蔽率/% 46.33 40.84 0.40 32.00 86.68 52.64
遮蔽系数Ps 50 44 3 35 65 55
), ArticleFig(id=1177977260939297412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各区域的人员密度以及遮蔽因素统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 时间 区域1 区域2 区域3 区域4 区域5 区域6
区域面积/m2 3 271.50 4 693.46 5 419.31 5 996.78 4 864.26 3 271.5
地面人员密度/(人·m-2) 22:00—06:00 0.001 64 0.000 71 0.000 32 0.000 36 0.000 19 0.001 20
06:00—08:00 0.039 10 0.009 46 0.004 82 0.031 70 0.004 17 0.003 14
08:00—12:00 0.069 40 0.038 30 0.017 80 0.023 82 0.008 24 0.058 40
12:00—14:00 0.036 70 0.012 70 0.004 26 0.008 15 0.001 67 0.041 70
14:00—18:00 0.072 10 0.041 30 0.016 40 0.039 67 0.008 21 0.067 20
18:00—22:00 0.026 80 0.009 60 0.013 20 0.016 60 0.005 89 0.019 40
遮蔽率/% 46.33 40.84 0.40 32.00 86.68 52.64
遮蔽系数Ps 50 44 3 35 65 55
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261018989189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Logistics UAV related parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无人机与货物总质量/kg ru/m rp/m α/J β/J v0 /(m·s-1) h/m
15 0.834 0.25 106 34 13 100
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261119652486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

物流无人机相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无人机与货物总质量/kg ru/m rp/m α/J β/J v0 /(m·s-1) h/m
15 0.834 0.25 106 34 13 100
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261190955655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The number of casualties of drone crashes in different time periods in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 时间 区域1 区域2 区域3 区域4 区域5 区域6
地面人员密度/(人·m-2) 22:00—06:00 2.787×1 0 - 1 1 1.015×10-9 1.713×10-8 2.220×10-8 2.272×10-9 2.039×10-10
06:00—08:00 6.640×10-10 1.352×10-8 2.580×10-7 1.950×10-6 4.900×10-8 5.336×10-10
08:00—12:00 1.179×10-9 5.175×10-8 9.520×10-7 1.460×10-7 9.850×10-8 9.924×10-9
12:00—14:00 6.240×10-10 1.816×10-8 2.280×10-7 5.026×10-7 1.997×10-8 7.086×10-9
14:00—18:00 1.225×10-9 5.900×10-8 8.779×10-7 2.440×10-6 9.810×10-8 1.142×10-8
18:00—22:00 4.550×10-10 5.661×10-8 7.066×10-7 1.023×10-6 7.042×10-8 3.338×10-9
平均伤亡人数/
(人·飞行小时-1)
5.770×10-10 3.334×10-8 5.065×10-7 1.232×10-6 5.638×10-8 5.417×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261283230344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

各区域不同时间段的无人机坠地伤亡人数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 时间 区域1 区域2 区域3 区域4 区域5 区域6
地面人员密度/(人·m-2) 22:00—06:00 2.787×1 0 - 1 1 1.015×10-9 1.713×10-8 2.220×10-8 2.272×10-9 2.039×10-10
06:00—08:00 6.640×10-10 1.352×10-8 2.580×10-7 1.950×10-6 4.900×10-8 5.336×10-10
08:00—12:00 1.179×10-9 5.175×10-8 9.520×10-7 1.460×10-7 9.850×10-8 9.924×10-9
12:00—14:00 6.240×10-10 1.816×10-8 2.280×10-7 5.026×10-7 1.997×10-8 7.086×10-9
14:00—18:00 1.225×10-9 5.900×10-8 8.779×10-7 2.440×10-6 9.810×10-8 1.142×10-8
18:00—22:00 4.550×10-10 5.661×10-8 7.066×10-7 1.023×10-6 7.042×10-8 3.338×10-9
平均伤亡人数/
(人·飞行小时-1)
5.770×10-10 3.334×10-8 5.065×10-7 1.232×10-6 5.638×10-8 5.417×10-9
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261367116425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Statistics of property losses caused by drones crashing to the ground in each region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域名称 区域1 区域2 区域3 区域4 区域5 区域6
直接经济损失Q1/元 13 199.4 19 799.4 26 399.2 65 998 6 599.8 13 199.4
间接经济损失Q2/元 595.02 595.02 645.02 1 411.88 595.02 595.02
总计/元 13 794.42 20 394.42 27 044.22 67 409.88 7 194.82 13 794.42
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261434225290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

各区域无人机坠地财产损失统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域名称 区域1 区域2 区域3 区域4 区域5 区域6
直接经济损失Q1/元 13 199.4 19 799.4 26 399.2 65 998 6 599.8 13 199.4
间接经济损失Q2/元 595.02 595.02 645.02 1 411.88 595.02 595.02
总计/元 13 794.42 20 394.42 27 044.22 67 409.88 7 194.82 13 794.42
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261518111371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

UAV crash risk level for each region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 事故可能性
风险值
事故伤亡人
数风险值
财产损失
风险值
风险等级
区域1 1 1 3 低风险
区域2 2 1 3 一般风险
区域3 2 2 3 一般风险
区域4 1 3 4 高风险
区域5 2 1 2 低风险
区域6 1 1 3 低风险
), ArticleFig(id=1177977261585220236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789605467222481, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

各区域无人机坠地风险等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 事故可能性
风险值
事故伤亡人
数风险值
财产损失
风险值
风险等级
区域1 1 1 3 低风险
区域2 2 1 3 一般风险
区域3 2 2 3 一般风险
区域4 1 3 4 高风险
区域5 2 1 2 低风险
区域6 1 1 3 低风险
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李航 , 王松涛 , 刘希 , 马兆衡
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(16): 7013-7021
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(16): 7013-7021
物流无人机坠地风险评估
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李航 , 王松涛, 刘希, 马兆衡
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 李航(1978—),男,回族,山东聊城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:无人机物流系统、航空经济系统分析、航空运输系统优化与决策。E-mail:

Analysis of Ground Risk Assessment of Logistics Drones
Hang LI , Song-tao WANG, Xi LIU, Zhao-heng MA
Affiliations
  • Transportation Science and Engineering College, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405656
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为降低物流无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)在空中失效或者发生碰撞后的对地风险,通过构建关于物流无人机对地风险评估的模型,专注于无人机失效坠地和碰撞后的风险分析。首先,在无人机失效坠地风险模型中,详细讨论无人机在不同飞行阶段可能的失效情况,包括垂直坠落和平抛坠落,以及这些坠落对地面人员可能造成的伤亡和经济损失;其次,碰撞坠地风险模型则分析了无人机在空中相撞后的动态行为以及其对地面安全的影响,包括碰撞动量-能量守恒和碰撞后果评估;最后,构建一个综合的三维风险评估矩阵,将事故发生的可能性、地面死亡人数和经济损失结合,用以评估不同情景下的风险等级。通过案例分析表明,得到的地面死亡人数在10-6量级内,并且得到不同区域内的风险等级。可见此方法为物流无人机运营商和相关政策制定者提供了重要的风险评估工具和数据支持。

物流无人机(UAV)  /  地面风险  /  风险等级  /  评估矩阵

In order to reduce the risk of logistics drones to the ground after failure or collision in the air, a model for logistics drones to the ground risk assessment was constructed, focusing on the risk analysis of drone failure and crash. Firstly, in the drone failure and crash risk model, the possible failure of drones in different flight stages was discussed in detail, including vertical fall and horizontal fall, as well as the casualties and economic losses that these falls may cause to ground personnel. Secondly, the collision and crash risk model was analyzed the dynamic behavior of drones after a collision in the air and its impact on ground safety, including collision momentum-energy conservation and collision consequence assessment. Finally, a comprehensive three-dimensional risk assessment matrix was constructed, combining the possibility of accidents, the number of deaths on the ground and the economic losses to evaluate the risk level in different scenarios. The case analysis shows that the number of deaths on the ground is within the order of 10-6, and the risk level in different regions is obtained. It can be seen that this method provides important risk assessment tools and data support for logistics drone operators and relevant policy makers.

logistics unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)  /  ground risk  /  risk level  /  assessment matrix
李航, 王松涛, 刘希, 马兆衡. 物流无人机坠地风险评估. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 7013 -7021 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405656
Hang LI, Song-tao WANG, Xi LIU, Zhao-heng MA. Analysis of Ground Risk Assessment of Logistics Drones[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 7013 -7021 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405656
在现代物流行业中,无人机的应用日益广泛,尤其体现在短途和末端配送上[1]。无人机虽然能显著提高配送效率并降低成本,但其安全隐患,如飞行中的失效或碰撞[2],引起了学者们的广泛关注。
针对无人机坠地后果分析,Weibel等[3]首次考虑了无人机的地面撞击频率和地面人口密度,估计了地面伤亡情况,并且得出较好的结果。Liu等[4]通过概率模型计算撞击位置分布,定义地面伤亡区域,并分析了不同的遮蔽效应对人体致命伤害概率的影响。Zhang等[5]提出了一个用于评估无人机在国家空域系统中运行的地面撞击和空中碰撞风险的多因素模型,并通过实际数据和模拟测试验证了其有效性。Primatesta等[6]通过分析特定空域下无人机对地面人口造成的后果,量化其风险。王聪等[7]通过改进的地面撞击风险模型和统计方法,分析中大型无人机地面撞击风险的范围和主要影响因子,提出了风险等级划分和缓解策略。苏成林等[8]通过引入二阶标准模型和考虑随机风速及风向的影响,建立无人机地面坠毁风险评估模型,发现风的变化显著影响坠毁位置和地面风险分布。
综上可知,对无人机地面撞击风险的评估是一个复杂且多方面的任务,涉及概率模型的应用、风险模型的改进、环境因素的综合考量,以及无人机坠地后对地面造成的经济损失等后果的考量。现有研究大多关注无人机在运行过程中的空中风险[9]和无人机坠地事故对地面的影响[10],鲜少涉及飞行过程中的动态风险。为此,提出一个全面的物流无人机对地风险评估模型,覆盖无人机的整个操作过程,并特别强调飞行过程中的碰撞风险,结合事故发生的可能性、地面死亡人数和经济损失建立三维风险矩阵,用以评估不同情景下的风险等级。为物流无人机风险管理提供定量分析工具,支持无人机技术在商业物流中的安全应用,并为政策制定提供科学依据。
物流无人机在飞行中可能因硬件故障、软件问题、操作失误或环境因素失去升力而坠落,造成地面伤害。通常通过地面死亡人数和经济损失来量化这种危害程度。
一般物流无人机在执行任务的时候,需要经过起飞、空中巡航、货物投送以及返回降落等几个阶段,因为研究对象是末端物流无人机,采取垂直起降的旋翼无人机,因此不同的飞行阶段失效之后的坠落方式不同,首先针对起飞与降落阶段,如果无人机突然失去升力,坠落的方式为垂直落体运动。
在计算坠地死亡人数时,需要确定地面的撞击区域、撞击致死率、地面建筑遮蔽性、撞击地人口密度以及空中的失效概率,计算公式为[11]
N=PkρApf
式(1)中:N为地面撞击死亡人数;Pk为空中失效概率;ρ为撞击区域地面人口密度;A为地面撞击区域面积;pf为无人机撞击人员致死率。
无人机对地面人员致死率的量化是通过无人机坠地瞬间的动能来确定对人体造成的伤害是否致命[12],因此有
pf= 1 - λ 1 - 2 λ + α β β E 3 P s
式(2)中:Ps为遮蔽系数,与无人机坠落过程中的环境有关,取值范围为(0,+∞);αPs当取值为6时,地面人员致死率为50%的动能冲量,取值为1 000 kJ;β为当Ps取值为0时导致人员伤亡的能量阈值,取值为34 J;E为坠地时的动能,取值大小与无人机失效时的飞行速度、飞行高度以及自身的重量有关;λ为校正系数,通常取为$\lambda=\min \left[1,\left(\frac{\beta}{E}\right)^{\frac{3}{P_{8}}}\right]$。
地面人口密度指的是物流无人机的运行空域下单位面积内的人的数量。对人口密度的计算公式为
ρ= q a
式(3)中:q为地面人口的数量;a为运行空域所对应地面的面积。
当物流无人机在起飞或降落过程中失效并垂直坠落时,撞击地面形成的区域可视为近似圆。该区域的半径等于无人机自身半径和成年人半径之和。由于风力和空气阻力可能引起水平偏移,增设10%的缓冲区以更准确预测撞击面积。则对撞击区域的面积计算为
A1=π(ru+rp)2(1+10%)
式(4)中: rurp分别为无人机自身的半径与人的半径。
撞击区域示意图如图1所示。
当物流无人机垂直降落时,水平飞行速度为0,此时坠地的撞击动能取决于无人机的重量以及高度,设定在起飞高度为h时,根据牛顿运动方程可得
m d v d t=mg-kv2
式(5)中:k= 1 2airs,其中c为阻力系数,取值为0.2;ρair为空气密度,取值为1.293 kg/m3;s为迎风面积;m为无人机质量;g为重力系数。
将式(5)通过移项然后进行积分,并且当坠落时间t=0时,坠落速度v=0代入式(5),最终求出坠落高度h的表达式为
h= m kln 1 + e 2 t m g k m 2-t m g k
根据式(5)可得出坠落高度与时间的关系,当给定一定的飞行高度h时,可以求得相应的坠落时间,为求出撞击点的动能,通过撞击点的撞击速度进行量化,可表示为
E= 1 2mv2
式(7)中:E为碰撞动量。
其中撞击点的速度可以通过式(5)进行变形,计算可得
v= m g k e 2 t m g k m - 1 e 2 t m g k m + 1
相比于垂直坠落方式,平抛坠落的不同在于撞击区域的大小以及撞击能量的计算,首先对于撞击区域来说,在无人机缓慢滑行的过程中,当下降到人员的平均高度,此时无人机对地面的人员即可造成相应的伤害,因此撞击区域不是圆形,同理也需要在原来的基础上扩充10%的缓冲面积,坠落过程以及撞击区域示意图如图2所示。
图2可知,在无人机空中巡航阶段发生失效之后的坠落方式为平抛运动,此时需要将其运动分为水平与垂直方向的运动,当下降到人的平均身高h0的时候,将此刻的速度分解为水平速度与垂直速度,并且根据上图可得撞击区域内无人机的水平位移d= h 0 t a n β
当无人机在飞行高度为h时,此时无人机失效开始坠落,坠落地面时的垂直速度可以通过第一部分的垂直坠落模型进行求解,水平速度需要根据牛顿第二定律进一步建模求解,计算公式为
m d v d t=-kv2
将式(7)进行移项积分可得在考虑空气阻力情况下无人机坠地的水平位移为
X= m kln k t + m v 0- m kln m v 0
根据式(6)和式(10)可以求出对应的水平位移X2,同时需要计算无人机从高度为h下降到高度为h0时所用的时间t1,同时将计算出的t1代入式(10)可以求出在坠落到高度h0时的水平位移为X1,因此对于图2中的撞击区域的水平距离d=X2-X1,因此平抛坠落情况下的无人机撞击区域面积是水平位移长为d,宽为无人机直径2ru的矩形的面积,再加上以无人机半径与人半径和为半径rtotal=ru+rp的圆,同样在此基础上设定10%的缓冲区域,通过以上分析平抛坠落的撞击区域计算公式为
A2=[2dru ( r u + r p ) 2](1+10%)
无人机失效坠地的经济损失分为直接损失与间接损失,直接经济损失主要是无人机设备的损坏造成的损失以及货物损坏的赔偿损失,其中无人机的损坏程度与撞击动能的大小成正相关。间接经济损失主要是包括处理事故带来的人员成本与时间成本。有关事故经济损失的计算公式为
M=Q1+Q2
式(12)中:Q1为直接经济损失;Q2为事故造成的间接经济损失。
关于货物的损坏赔偿问题,规定只要是发生事故之后,商家均需要全额赔偿用户所寄的货物。
根据文献[13]将物流无人机的损坏程度划分,如表1所示。表1中的无人机损毁程度撞击能量阈值的选取是以两架无人机飞行速度均为10 m/s时发生碰撞之后,认为此时的碰撞冲量足以使无人机报废而无法使用,此时所需要的动能能量为3.75 kJ,根据价值损失率的区间进一步求出其他损坏程度所需要的能量阈值,计算公式为
Wi= 3.75 k J × i 5
式(13)中:i=1,2,3,4为无人机损毁的损毁程度,依次表示轻微损坏、一般损坏、严重损坏以及报废。
为了解中国居民人均参与网络购买服务的次数,通过问卷调查与线下访问的方式,最终收集3 000名居名的网购数据可知,中国每年的人均网购次数为33.7次,结合网购交易额以及网购参与人数,可以计算出每次网购货物的价值为
Msngle= T a a B n u m N e
式(14)中:Msingle为单件货物的平均价值;Taa为网购年均交易额;Bnum为网购参与人数;Ne为每年人均网购次数。
由此可以计算出事故发生的直接经济损失Q1。而当发生事故之后会带来一定的社会服务成本,比如出现人员伤亡或者引发严重的火灾等情况,因此Q2的计算公式为
Q2= G n m 1 T 1 365 × 8+ G n m 2 T 2 365 × 8
式(15)中:G为中国的人均国民生产总值,元;n为发生事故的数量; m1m2分别为参与事故处理的快递企业与警务医疗人员的人数; T1T2分别为快递企业与警务医疗人员处理事故所需要的时间,h。
随着无人机使用量的增加,在执行物流配送任务时,也会存在空中碰撞的情形,考虑无人机坠地之前的状态,由于无人机之间发生了碰撞,会导致坠落时的飞行速度以及飞行方向发生相应的改变,进而影响其撞地的动能,再者只要碰撞事故发生,坠落的无人机数量也会发生改变,也即一次事故发生坠落的无人机数量为2,因此针对无人机在空中发生碰撞之后进行建模分析。
常见碰撞方式主要分为对心碰撞与偏心碰撞[14],其中对心碰撞是指在碰撞的瞬间两个物体的质心的速度均沿着两质心连线的方向,否则为偏心碰撞,如图3所示。
对心碰撞的动力学模型是通过碰撞前与碰撞后动量守恒建立的,计算公式为
m1v1q+m2v2q=m1v1h+m2v2h
式(16)中:m1m2分别为两物体的质量;v1qv2q分别为物体1与物体2在碰撞前的移动速度; v1hv2h分别为物体1与物体2在碰撞后的移动速度。
由于物流无人机在执行配送任务的过程中有既定的飞行航迹,在冲突区域内极少发生对心碰撞,选取无人机之间发生偏心碰撞的情景进行分析。
以两架无人机发生碰撞的位置为原点建立直角坐标系,忽略速度垂直方向发生的变化,两架无人机的重心坐标分别为(a1,b1)和(a2,b2),两架无人机在X轴方向的碰撞冲量为PX,在Y轴方向的碰撞冲量为PY,将无人机各自的飞行速度沿着坐标轴进行分解,分解之后无人机碰撞前在X方向上的速度分量分别为v1xqv2xq,在Y方向上的速度分量分别为v1yqv2yq,碰撞之后无人机在X方向上的速度分量分别为v1xhv2xh,在Y方向上的速度分量分别为v1yhv2yh,碰撞前无人机的横向摆动角速度为ω1qω2q,碰撞后无人机的横向摆动角速度为ω1hω2h,两架无人机的回转半径分别设置为k1k2,如图4所示。
利用动量守恒定理分别建立X轴方向与Y轴方向的冲量方程[15]
m 1 ( v 1 x h - v 1 x q ) = P X m 1 ( v 1 y h - v 1 y q ) = P Y
再根据角旋转的动量定理与冲量力矩公式可得
m 1 k 1 2 ( ω 1 h - ω 1 q ) = P X b 1 - P Y a 1 m 2 k 2 2 ( ω 2 h - ω 2 q ) = P Y a 2 - P X b 2
式(18)中:(a1,a2 )、(b1,b2)分别表示图4中两架无人机的重心坐标。
无人机之间发生碰撞的情形十分复杂,需要对其碰撞的过程进行简化以便分析,因此给予以下假设:①碰撞的时间极短,在碰撞过程产生的位移可忽略不计;②碰撞过程中会产生振动、发光发热等现象,将上述现象所消耗的能量统称为内能的损失;③无人机发生碰撞的过程中必然会存在零部件之间的相互作用,由于相互受力机理复杂,将无人机看成一个整体进行分析,只考虑无人机之间的相互作用力;④在发生碰撞前无人机均沿着既定的航迹飞行,因此碰撞前无人机飞行的角速度为0。
基于以上假设,设定碰撞损失的能量为E,其主要通过转化为内能的方式消耗,因此根据能量守恒可得
1 2m1( v 1 x q 2- v 1 x h 2)+ 1 2m1( v 1 y q 2- v 1 y h 2)+ 1 2m2( v 2 x q 2- v 2 x h 2)+ 1 2m2( v 2 y q 2- v 2 y h 2)=E
为了求解碰撞过程中所损失的能量,需要引入碰撞的恢复系数e进行分析,根据文献[16]所做的试验数据,可以得出一般的非完全弹性碰撞的能量损失率取值的范围为(0,0.22),关于碰撞恢复系数的取值范围是介于0~1的,因此选取的碰撞恢复系数e=0.78。根据碰撞前后的能量守恒可列式为
$\begin{aligned} E= & \frac{1}{2} m_{1}\left(v_{1 x \mathrm{q}}^{2}-v_{1 x \mathrm{h}}^{2}\right)+\frac{1}{2} m_{1}\left(v_{1 y \mathrm{q}}^{2}-v_{1 y \mathrm{h}}^{2}\right)+ \\ & \frac{1}{2} m_{2}\left(v_{2 x \mathrm{q}}^{2}-v_{2 x \mathrm{h}}^{2}\right)+\frac{1}{2} m_{2}\left(v_{2 y \mathrm{q}}^{2}-v_{2 y \mathrm{h}}^{2}\right) \\ = & e\left(\frac{1}{2} m_{1} v_{1 x \mathrm{q}}^{2} \frac{1}{2} m_{1} v_{1 y \mathrm{q}}^{2}+\frac{1}{2} m_{2} v_{2 x \mathrm{q}}^{2}+\frac{1}{2} m_{2} v_{2 y \mathrm{q}}^{2}\right) \end{aligned} $
相比于1.1节中的坠地死亡人数模型,区别在于撞击区域的面积,无人机在空中发生碰撞会存在一定的零部件掉落的情况,因此对地面造成影响的撞击区域面积的界定会有所不同,假设无人机的零部件散落或者货物分离坠落的情况是发生在碰撞活动完成之后,并且掉落零件的重量相比于无人机自身的重量可以忽略不计。
在碰撞之后撞地区域为以O为原点,水平位移X与无人机半径以及人的半径的和(即R=X+ru+rp)为半径的圆减去以O为原点X'为半径的圆所形成的环形面积,其中X'为无人机从发生碰撞开始直到落到人的平均高度h0时所发生的位移,碰撞后的撞地区域面积示意图如图5所示。
图5可知,撞地区域面积为棕色的环形面积,因为碰撞发生之后,存在两架无人机同时坠落,各自碰撞后的初始速度不相同,这会导致无人机1与无人机2的水平位移X也会发生改变,因此碰撞区域会存在一定的重叠,所选用XX'的取值范围分别为:X=max(X1,X2);X'=min(X'1,X'2),同样在此基础上选取10%的缓冲区域,具体计算公式为
Ap ( X + r u + r p ) 2-πX'2(1+10%)
式(21)中:Ap为撞击区域面积。
经济损失模型同样是通过直接经济损失与间接经济损失来进行量化,可表示为
Mp=Q1p+Q2p
式(22)中:Q1p为直接经济损失,不同的是发生碰撞之后参与事故的是两架无人机,直接经济损失是在原来的基础的二倍;Q2p为碰撞之后的间接经济损失。
风险评估矩阵是将事故发生的可能性与其造成后果的严重程度按照一定规则分为若干个等级结合二维风险矩阵的思想,建立由事故发生可能性、地面死亡人数、造成的经济损失建立三维风险矩阵。由于无人机失效以及碰撞事故发生的概率,数量级较小,为了解决可能性的分类问题,采用归一化的处理进行匹配风险等级,具体计算为
x= x - x m i n x m a x - x m i n
式(23)中:x为风险指标;xmin为数据集中的最小值;xmax为数据集中的最大值。
通过归一化处理之后,对应的打分规则如表2所示。
事故伤亡人数风险等级的划分是根据《生产安全事故报告和调查处理条例》第三条中规定划分,根据此分类标准,结合无人机坠地的撞击区域面积偏小,也不会造成大面积的人员伤亡。选取的风险分级标准如表3所示。
通过所计算的经济损失结果,将事故经济损失的等级划分如表4所示。
通过上述各个变量风险等级的划分标准,结合给定运行场景下的模型计算结果,最后构建三维风险矩阵如图6[17]所示。
为了更好地归类,需要建立对应的风险等级表,如表5所示。
图7所示,算例分析采用无人机M600在某区域内的运行场景,无人机从起点A起飞,沿着预定飞行轨迹(红色)飞向F点,中途依次经过蓝色区域2、3、4、5,其中P点为无人机航迹的交叉点(航迹夹角30°)。
引用文献[18]无人机在飞行过程中的失效概率以及航迹夹角为30°时无人机之间的碰撞概率,给定此场景下飞行时的风向为正北向南、风速为3 m/s。分别统计各个区域内的遮蔽因素以及地面不同时间段内的人员密度如表6所示。
图7可知,在区域1与区域6内物流无人机发生失效之后会出现垂直坠落的情况,在区域2、区域3与区域5中发生失效坠落之后会出现平抛坠落的情况,在区域4内会存在碰撞的可能性,因此会出现碰撞坠落的情况,对此通过在给定的飞行场景下运行,可以通过既定的参数取值对前面所建立的模型进行求解,具体参数如表7所示。
结合以上分析,计算不同时间段不同飞行阶段的坠地伤亡人数如表8所示。在事故造成的经济损失方面,首先对无人机运输货物的平均值进行量化,事故的处理所需要的人员成本则通过人均小时收入进行计算,以2022年为例,人均国内生产总值(GDP)为85 688元,如果事故属于轻微事故或者一般事故,则需要2名相关工作人员 2 h内可以处理完成,如果发生较严重事故,则需要4名工作人员2 h处理完成,如果发生严重事故,则需要4名相关工作人员4 h处理完成,并且需假设无人机在起飞与降落过程中任何高度发生失效的概率相同,无人机M600的市场报价为32 999元,因此计算结果如表9所示。
根据表8表9的计算结果,通过归一化处理,建立如下的三维风险矩阵表10所示。通过案例分析,可以得到以下结论。
(1)得到的地面死亡人数小于10-6量级,处于可接受的范围内。当物流无人机在沿着预定航迹飞行时,地面的伤亡人数超过可接受范围的区域有区域3与区域4,这是因为区域3的遮蔽覆盖率较低,无人机坠落之后对地面的冲量大,导致地面人员致死率较高,造成的伤亡人数也会随之增加,而区域4属于碰撞风险区,无人机在空中发生碰撞之后,会存在零部件脱落的情况,对地面造成影响的区域面积增加,造成的后果危害也会增加;区域1、区域2、区域5、区域6的伤亡人数均在可接受范围之内,依赖于各自的遮蔽因素,遮蔽因素越多,无人机坠地影响就越小,伤亡人数也就随之大幅度降低。
(2)在经济损失方面,在区域2、区域3和区域4经济损失较高,主要是因为在这3个区域中发生的事故率较高。
(3)区域1、区域5、区域6是属于低风险区,因为自身的遮蔽性好,导致事故带来的后果较低,而在区域4属于高风险区,因为发生碰撞事故对地面影响区域会增加,直接财产损失与间接财产损失较高;区域2与区域3属于高风险区是因为其自身的遮蔽因素较低,导致无人机坠落撞地带来的后果较为严重。
构建的物流无人机地面风险评估模型涵盖了无人机失效坠地和碰撞后的多种风险情境。模型结合事故发生的可能性、地面死亡人数和经济损失3个维度,提供一种综合的三维风险评估方法。通过对不同区域的风险评估,模型显示其在量化地面风险方面的有效性和适用性。得出以下结论。
(1)无人机失效或碰撞导致的地面伤亡率总体较低,但在特定区域和情况下可能会造成较大的经济损失和人员伤亡。
(2)通过算例分析可知,物流无人机在城市区域飞行时,由于人口密度和建筑遮蔽效应的不同,风险评估结果具有显著的区域差异性。研究成果为物流无人机的运营商和政策制定者提供了重要的风险管理工具和数据支持,帮助他们在规划和执行无人机飞行任务时更好地评估和降低潜在风险。
(3)为物流无人机的风险管理提供了科学依据和实用工具,有助于提升无人机在物流行业中的应用安全性。未来的研究可以进一步优化模型,考虑更多的环境变量和动态因素,如天气变化和无人机的技术改进,以提高风险评估的精度和可靠性
  • 国家自然科学基金(62132017)
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405656
  • 接收时间:2024-07-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-28
  • 修回日期:2025-03-15
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国家自然科学基金(62132017)
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    中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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