Article(id=1149789603655283144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405562, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=1741536000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752060803569, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1749312000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752060803569, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752060803569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752060803569, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149768563956826506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='16', pageStart='6587', pageEnd='7021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752055787314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456850262, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559607937618070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149768563956826506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=6922, endPage=6932, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149789603936301513, articleId=1149789603655283144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Frost Heave Pressure Analysis of a Semi-elliptical Partially Water-accumulated Space for the Cold Region Tunnel, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accumulated water in the cavity behind the tunnel lining in cold regions may freeze under low-temperature conditions, resulting in local frost heave pressure. Assuming that the cavity behind the tunnel lining was a semi-elliptical space, the interaction between the surrounding rock, ice body, and lining during the frost heave process was simplified as springs in series, and an analytical solution for the local frost heave pressure in the semi-elliptical water-accumulated space was proposed. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to verify the effectiveness of the analytical solution. Further, the relationships between local water-accumulated frost heave pressure and surrounding rock grade, lining stiffness, water-accumulated depth, and frost heave level were studied, and the influences of frost heave position on the mechanical characteristics of lining structure were analyzed. The results show that the local water-accumulated frost heave pressure of the cold region tunnel is negatively correlated with the surrounding rock grade and positively correlated with the lining stiffness, water-accumulated depth, and frost heave level. The influence degree of various factors on frost heave pressure is as follows: water-accumulated depth > lining stiffness > surrounding rock grade > frost heave level. The impact of water-accumulated frost heave on the lining structure mainly occurs in the contact area between the ice body and the lining, leading to the convergence of the tunnel towards the inner side. The principal stress of the lining is maximum when the water-accumulated space is located at the inverted arch, and the principal stress of the lining is minimum when it is located at the arch foot. Under the action of local frost heave, there is a sudden change in the bending moment and axial force of the lining structure, manifested as the bending moment increase and axial force decrease of the lining under tension on the air side, as well as the bending moment decrease and axial force decrease of the lining under tension on the surrounding rock side. The stiffness differences in different zones of the lining lead to different impacts of frost heave pressure on structure safety. The influence degree of frost heave position on structure safety is as follows: vault > inverted arch > arch shoulder > arch foot > wall foot.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-qiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kang-jian ZHANG, Zhi-qiang ZHANG, Xing-yu ZHU, Xun WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149789630976979210, articleId=1149789603655283144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=寒区隧道半椭圆形局部积水空间的冻胀力解析, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

寒区隧道衬砌背后空洞中的积水在低温条件下冻结会产生局部冻胀力。假设隧道衬砌背后空洞为半椭圆形空间,将冻胀过程中围岩-冰体-衬砌间的相互作用简化为串联弹簧,推导半椭圆形积水空间局部冻胀力解析解,建立三维数值模型验证了该解析解的有效性。进一步研究局部积水冻胀力和围岩级别、衬砌刚度、积水深度、冻胀率的关系,分析冻胀位置对衬砌结构力学特征的影响。结果表明:寒区隧道局部积水冻胀力与围岩级别负相关,与衬砌刚性、积水深度、冻胀率均正相关。各因素对冻胀力的影响程度为:积水深度>衬砌刚度>围岩级别>冻胀率。积水冻胀对衬砌结构的影响主要发生在冰体和衬砌接触区域,导致隧道向内侧收敛变形。当积水空间位于仰拱处时衬砌主应力最大,位于拱脚处时衬砌主应力最小。在局部冻胀作用下衬砌结构弯矩和轴力出现突变,表现为临空侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩增大、轴力减小,围岩侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩减小,轴力减小。衬砌不同部位的刚度差异导致冻胀力对结构安全产生不同的影响。冻胀位置对结构安全影响程度为:拱顶>仰拱>拱肩>拱脚>墙脚。

, correspAuthors=张志强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张志强(1968—),男,汉族,四川自贡人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:
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张康健(1995—),男,汉族,安徽蚌埠人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

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Frost heaving analysis of water behind tunnel lining in high altitude cold region[J]. Highway Engineering, 2024, 49(2): 46-53., articleTitle=Frost heaving analysis of water behind tunnel lining in high altitude cold region, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1178036586152341515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, awardId=52378414, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52378414), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1178036581677020086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581681214391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581677020086, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geotechnics and Tunnelling, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581689603000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581677020086, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西南交通大学极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室, 成都 610031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1178036581765100473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581790266298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581765100473, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581798654907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581765100473, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西南交通大学土木工程学院, 成都 610031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1178036581853180861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581861569470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581853180861, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 China Railway No.9 Group Company Limited, Shenyang 110013, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581865763775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581853180861, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中铁九局集团有限公司, 沈阳 110013)]), AuthorCompany(id=1178036581916095424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581920289729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581916095424, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 No.2 Engineering Company of China Railway No.9 Engineering Group Company Limited, Jilin 132001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1178036581928678339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, companyId=1178036581916095424, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 中铁九局集团第二工程有限公司, 吉林 132001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1178036583396684772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overbreak and under break phenomenon of tunnel[18], figureFileSmall=8Kp+EJowipgZ9YDV7iwfaQ==, figureFileBig=0/ZQIGlGvRjR3WVlhxWRQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583459599333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图1, caption=隧道超欠挖现象[18], figureFileSmall=8Kp+EJowipgZ9YDV7iwfaQ==, figureFileBig=0/ZQIGlGvRjR3WVlhxWRQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583514125286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Frost heave model of semi-elliptical water-accumulated spaces in tunnel cross sections, figureFileSmall=PRp/Kcfly7QeGsFJLwCMzA==, figureFileBig=haeg7fwST99Hoh6jHl5pzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583568651239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图2, caption=隧道横截面半椭圆形积水空间冻胀模型

h为原积水深度;l为积水环向长度;δΔ为围岩冻胀位移

, figureFileSmall=PRp/Kcfly7QeGsFJLwCMzA==, figureFileBig=haeg7fwST99Hoh6jHl5pzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583618982888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Simplified computational model, figureFileSmall=9ojTvzeV5VLwMVNom3Lgnw==, figureFileBig=GBy0StbF8Hums/k/o8/xag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583669314537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图3, caption=简化计算模型, figureFileSmall=9ojTvzeV5VLwMVNom3Lgnw==, figureFileBig=GBy0StbF8Hums/k/o8/xag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583728034794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Tunnel dimensions, figureFileSmall=+AXCodqj7/D8V+7DX1p1Aw==, figureFileBig=O16R8wh3pmqDroE1mv2bBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583782560747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图4, caption=隧道尺寸

R1R2R3为圆弧半径

, figureFileSmall=+AXCodqj7/D8V+7DX1p1Aw==, figureFileBig=O16R8wh3pmqDroE1mv2bBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583837086700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Three-dimensional numerical model of local frost heave in tunnel, figureFileSmall=lcWwNOF3KfvqV5+wLHUYbQ==, figureFileBig=0iQvjuOnr+i/UqiHYf/5/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583891612653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图5, caption=隧道局部冻胀三维数值模型, figureFileSmall=lcWwNOF3KfvqV5+wLHUYbQ==, figureFileBig=0iQvjuOnr+i/UqiHYf/5/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036583941944302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Calculation model for elastic resistance coefficient of lining, figureFileSmall=sL9cmXXI0yhoMaoYYk4w7A==, figureFileBig=9Di/zjiseINXI3FzmzGWzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584034218991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图6, caption=衬砌弹性抗力系数计算模型, figureFileSmall=sL9cmXXI0yhoMaoYYk4w7A==, figureFileBig=9Di/zjiseINXI3FzmzGWzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584126493680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationships between the frost heave pressure on lining and surrounding rock grade, figureFileSmall=BJtTTQBd3pq/m94u6bPqlQ==, figureFileBig=Be3rdSva/Rd5KaNR4YnnaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584227156977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图7, caption=衬砌冻胀力与围岩级别的关系, figureFileSmall=BJtTTQBd3pq/m94u6bPqlQ==, figureFileBig=Be3rdSva/Rd5KaNR4YnnaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584306848754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Relationships between the frost heave pressure on lining and lining stiffness, figureFileSmall=19kHuXp0X2OBjvAJNoldaA==, figureFileBig=/0q1MtcUl0yVeFFulEJKCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584378151923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图8, caption=衬砌冻胀力与衬砌刚度的关系, figureFileSmall=19kHuXp0X2OBjvAJNoldaA==, figureFileBig=/0q1MtcUl0yVeFFulEJKCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584432677876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Relationships between the frost heave pressure on lining and waterlogging depth, figureFileSmall=D5/HvjaaIzH5NrMf9Dnzqw==, figureFileBig=Rjty/l8IIpYz3Dh7bSXicw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584478815221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图9, caption=衬砌冻胀力与积水深度的关系, figureFileSmall=D5/HvjaaIzH5NrMf9Dnzqw==, figureFileBig=Rjty/l8IIpYz3Dh7bSXicw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584533341174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relationships between the frost heave pressure on the lining and frost heave level, figureFileSmall=yVdGG3YTTqb5GrcSaUk7dA==, figureFileBig=zW79eHuNYFKKvJw7LNzV5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584587867127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图10, caption=衬砌冻胀力与冻胀率的关系, figureFileSmall=yVdGG3YTTqb5GrcSaUk7dA==, figureFileBig=zW79eHuNYFKKvJw7LNzV5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584646587384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Relationship diagram between factor and indicator, figureFileSmall=YAru4LroMXL6FkNp1cVI/g==, figureFileBig=PHl2RTFpBoaekE3QX1SRGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584705307641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图11, caption=因素-指标关系图, figureFileSmall=YAru4LroMXL6FkNp1cVI/g==, figureFileBig=PHl2RTFpBoaekE3QX1SRGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584797582330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Local frost heave position of the tunnel, figureFileSmall=cvF016yoULdSdhb5Nvbyuw==, figureFileBig=JmjnWGkYJ9FMqJDGXUNpDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584873079803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图12, caption=隧道局部冻胀位置, figureFileSmall=cvF016yoULdSdhb5Nvbyuw==, figureFileBig=JmjnWGkYJ9FMqJDGXUNpDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036584961160188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Damage distributions of tunnel structure, figureFileSmall=E0sMe30ViA4H9n4fAeFduw==, figureFileBig=v0QkTtAvSe70OnY1gAiGmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036585028269053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图13, caption=隧道结构损伤分布, figureFileSmall=E0sMe30ViA4H9n4fAeFduw==, figureFileBig=v0QkTtAvSe70OnY1gAiGmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036585086989310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Axial force distributions of lining structure, figureFileSmall=hWNOYfH04tXR4fvJkLpBfg==, figureFileBig=uzPGVVuaM6tSnlZt1NeogA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036585145709567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图14, caption=衬砌结构轴力分布

N0N1分别为冻胀前后的轴力,单位:kN;vault为拱顶;spandrel为拱肩;springing为拱脚;wall为墙脚;arch为仰拱

, figureFileSmall=hWNOYfH04tXR4fvJkLpBfg==, figureFileBig=uzPGVVuaM6tSnlZt1NeogA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036585204429824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Bending moment distributions of lining structure, figureFileSmall=ymEnDv4YEskMGHpNJVkhKA==, figureFileBig=0NtDqOM17r8PW6e5cHBbpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036585271537664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=图15, caption=衬砌结构弯矩分布

M0M1分别为冻胀前后的弯矩,单位:kN·m;vault为拱顶;spandrel为拱肩;springing为拱脚;wall为墙脚;arch为仰拱

, figureFileSmall=ymEnDv4YEskMGHpNJVkhKA==, figureFileBig=0NtDqOM17r8PW6e5cHBbpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1178036585338646529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Model calculation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 黏聚力/
MPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
Ⅳ级围岩 22 3.7 0.33 0.5 33
衬砌 25 33.5 0.20
9 0.1 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585405755394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 黏聚力/
MPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
Ⅳ级围岩 22 3.7 0.33 0.5 33
衬砌 25 33.5 0.20
9 0.1 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585481252867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Resultsvalidation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻胀率/% 局部积水冻胀力/MPa 误差 /%
数值模拟 理论计算
1 0.294 0.311 -5.47
2 0.608 0.621 -2.09
3 0.922 0.930 -0.86
4 1.235 1.238 -0.24
5 1.549 1.545 0.26
6 1.863 1.852 0.59
7 2.177 2.158 0.88
8 2.491 2.463 1.14
9 2.754 2.768 -0.51
10 2.978 3.071 -3.03
11 3.179 3.374 -5.78
12 3.355 3.676 -8.73
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585544167428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

结果验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻胀率/% 局部积水冻胀力/MPa 误差 /%
数值模拟 理论计算
1 0.294 0.311 -5.47
2 0.608 0.621 -2.09
3 0.922 0.930 -0.86
4 1.235 1.238 -0.24
5 1.549 1.545 0.26
6 1.863 1.852 0.59
7 2.177 2.158 0.88
8 2.491 2.463 1.14
9 2.754 2.768 -0.51
10 2.978 3.071 -3.03
11 3.179 3.374 -5.78
12 3.355 3.676 -8.73
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585607081989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 因素 冻胀
力/
MPa
A:
围岩
等级
B:
衬砌
刚度
C:
积水
深度
D:
冻胀
E:
空列

围岩
等级

衬砌
刚度/
MPa

积水
深度/
m

冻胀
率/
%

1 1 Ⅰ级 1 50 1 0.3 1 9 1 1.982
2 1 Ⅰ级 2 75 2 0.4 2 10 2 3.611
3 1 Ⅰ级 3 100 3 0.5 3 11 3 5.861
4 1 Ⅰ级 4 125 4 0.6 4 12 4 8.808
5 2 Ⅱ级 1 50 2 0.4 3 11 4 3.123
6 2 Ⅱ级 2 75 1 0.3 4 12 3 3.117
7 2 Ⅱ级 3 100 4 0.6 1 9 2 5.492
8 2 Ⅱ级 4 125 3 0.5 2 10 1 5.797
9 3 Ⅲ级 1 50 3 0.5 4 12 2 3.980
10 3 Ⅲ级 2 75 4 0.6 3 11 1 5.272
11 3 Ⅲ级 3 100 1 0.3 2 10 4 2.775
12 3 Ⅲ级 4 125 2 0.4 1 9 3 3.756
13 4 Ⅳ级 1 50 4 0.6 2 10 3 3.344
14 4 Ⅳ级 2 75 3 0.5 1 9 4 2.927
15 4 Ⅳ级 3 100 2 0.4 4 12 1 3.496
16 4 Ⅳ级 4 125 1 0.3 3 11 2 2.642
17 5 Ⅴ级 1 50 1 0.3 1 9 1 1.170
18 5 Ⅴ级 2 75 2 0.4 2 10 2 1.946
19 5 Ⅴ级 3 100 3 0.5 3 11 3 2.913
20 5 Ⅴ级 4 125 4 0.6 4 12 4 4.070
k1 5.066 2.720 2.337 3.065 3.543
k2 4.382 3.375 3.186 3.495 3.534
k 3 3.946 4.107 4.296 3.962 3.798
k 4 3.102 5.015 5.397 4.694 4.341
k 5 2.525
R' 2.033 2.309 3.079 1.639 0.811
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585682579462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 因素 冻胀
力/
MPa
A:
围岩
等级
B:
衬砌
刚度
C:
积水
深度
D:
冻胀
E:
空列

围岩
等级

衬砌
刚度/
MPa

积水
深度/
m

冻胀
率/
%

1 1 Ⅰ级 1 50 1 0.3 1 9 1 1.982
2 1 Ⅰ级 2 75 2 0.4 2 10 2 3.611
3 1 Ⅰ级 3 100 3 0.5 3 11 3 5.861
4 1 Ⅰ级 4 125 4 0.6 4 12 4 8.808
5 2 Ⅱ级 1 50 2 0.4 3 11 4 3.123
6 2 Ⅱ级 2 75 1 0.3 4 12 3 3.117
7 2 Ⅱ级 3 100 4 0.6 1 9 2 5.492
8 2 Ⅱ级 4 125 3 0.5 2 10 1 5.797
9 3 Ⅲ级 1 50 3 0.5 4 12 2 3.980
10 3 Ⅲ级 2 75 4 0.6 3 11 1 5.272
11 3 Ⅲ级 3 100 1 0.3 2 10 4 2.775
12 3 Ⅲ级 4 125 2 0.4 1 9 3 3.756
13 4 Ⅳ级 1 50 4 0.6 2 10 3 3.344
14 4 Ⅳ级 2 75 3 0.5 1 9 4 2.927
15 4 Ⅳ级 3 100 2 0.4 4 12 1 3.496
16 4 Ⅳ级 4 125 1 0.3 3 11 2 2.642
17 5 Ⅴ级 1 50 1 0.3 1 9 1 1.170
18 5 Ⅴ级 2 75 2 0.4 2 10 2 1.946
19 5 Ⅴ级 3 100 3 0.5 3 11 3 2.913
20 5 Ⅴ级 4 125 4 0.6 4 12 4 4.070
k1 5.066 2.720 2.337 3.065 3.543
k2 4.382 3.375 3.186 3.495 3.534
k 3 3.946 4.107 4.296 3.962 3.798
k 4 3.102 5.015 5.397 4.694 4.341
k 5 2.525
R' 2.033 2.309 3.079 1.639 0.811
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585762271239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Principal stress of tunnel under different frost heave positions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻胀位置 拱顶 拱肩 拱脚 墙脚 仰拱
最大主应力/MPa 2.126 2.172 2.051 1.961 2.436
最小主应力/MPa -14.168 -14.531 -13.552 -12.240 -15.629
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585829380104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同冻胀位置下隧道主应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻胀位置 拱顶 拱肩 拱脚 墙脚 仰拱
最大主应力/MPa 2.126 2.172 2.051 1.961 2.436
最小主应力/MPa -14.168 -14.531 -13.552 -12.240 -15.629
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585892294665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Safety factors of tunnel under different frost heave positions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻胀位置 冻胀前安全系数 冻胀后安全系数 差值 降幅/%
拱顶 7.14 0.45 6.69 93.70
拱肩 6.03 0.57 5.46 90.55
拱脚 3.49 1.67 1.82 52.15
墙脚 2.94 3.48 0.54 -18.37
仰拱 5.67 0.40 5.27 92.95
), ArticleFig(id=1178036585971986442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149789603655283144, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同冻胀位置下隧道安全系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻胀位置 冻胀前安全系数 冻胀后安全系数 差值 降幅/%
拱顶 7.14 0.45 6.69 93.70
拱肩 6.03 0.57 5.46 90.55
拱脚 3.49 1.67 1.82 52.15
墙脚 2.94 3.48 0.54 -18.37
仰拱 5.67 0.40 5.27 92.95
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寒区隧道半椭圆形局部积水空间的冻胀力解析
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张康健 1, 2 , 张志强 1, 2, * , 朱星宇 1, 2 , 王珣 3, 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(16): 6922-6932
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(16): 6922-6932
寒区隧道半椭圆形局部积水空间的冻胀力解析
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张康健1, 2 , 张志强1, 2, * , 朱星宇1, 2, 王珣3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室, 成都 610031
  • 2 西南交通大学土木工程学院, 成都 610031
  • 3 中铁九局集团有限公司, 沈阳 110013
  • 4 中铁九局集团第二工程有限公司, 吉林 132001
  • 张康健(1995—),男,汉族,安徽蚌埠人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张志强(1968—),男,汉族,四川自贡人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:
Frost Heave Pressure Analysis of a Semi-elliptical Partially Water-accumulated Space for the Cold Region Tunnel
Kang-jian ZHANG1, 2 , Zhi-qiang ZHANG1, 2, * , Xing-yu ZHU1, 2, Xun WANG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geotechnics and Tunnelling, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 3 China Railway No.9 Group Company Limited, Shenyang 110013, China
  • 4 No.2 Engineering Company of China Railway No.9 Engineering Group Company Limited, Jilin 132001, China
出版时间: 2025-06-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405562
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寒区隧道衬砌背后空洞中的积水在低温条件下冻结会产生局部冻胀力。假设隧道衬砌背后空洞为半椭圆形空间,将冻胀过程中围岩-冰体-衬砌间的相互作用简化为串联弹簧,推导半椭圆形积水空间局部冻胀力解析解,建立三维数值模型验证了该解析解的有效性。进一步研究局部积水冻胀力和围岩级别、衬砌刚度、积水深度、冻胀率的关系,分析冻胀位置对衬砌结构力学特征的影响。结果表明:寒区隧道局部积水冻胀力与围岩级别负相关,与衬砌刚性、积水深度、冻胀率均正相关。各因素对冻胀力的影响程度为:积水深度>衬砌刚度>围岩级别>冻胀率。积水冻胀对衬砌结构的影响主要发生在冰体和衬砌接触区域,导致隧道向内侧收敛变形。当积水空间位于仰拱处时衬砌主应力最大,位于拱脚处时衬砌主应力最小。在局部冻胀作用下衬砌结构弯矩和轴力出现突变,表现为临空侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩增大、轴力减小,围岩侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩减小,轴力减小。衬砌不同部位的刚度差异导致冻胀力对结构安全产生不同的影响。冻胀位置对结构安全影响程度为:拱顶>仰拱>拱肩>拱脚>墙脚。

寒区隧道  /  半椭圆形积水空间  /  冻胀力  /  衬砌结构

The accumulated water in the cavity behind the tunnel lining in cold regions may freeze under low-temperature conditions, resulting in local frost heave pressure. Assuming that the cavity behind the tunnel lining was a semi-elliptical space, the interaction between the surrounding rock, ice body, and lining during the frost heave process was simplified as springs in series, and an analytical solution for the local frost heave pressure in the semi-elliptical water-accumulated space was proposed. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to verify the effectiveness of the analytical solution. Further, the relationships between local water-accumulated frost heave pressure and surrounding rock grade, lining stiffness, water-accumulated depth, and frost heave level were studied, and the influences of frost heave position on the mechanical characteristics of lining structure were analyzed. The results show that the local water-accumulated frost heave pressure of the cold region tunnel is negatively correlated with the surrounding rock grade and positively correlated with the lining stiffness, water-accumulated depth, and frost heave level. The influence degree of various factors on frost heave pressure is as follows: water-accumulated depth > lining stiffness > surrounding rock grade > frost heave level. The impact of water-accumulated frost heave on the lining structure mainly occurs in the contact area between the ice body and the lining, leading to the convergence of the tunnel towards the inner side. The principal stress of the lining is maximum when the water-accumulated space is located at the inverted arch, and the principal stress of the lining is minimum when it is located at the arch foot. Under the action of local frost heave, there is a sudden change in the bending moment and axial force of the lining structure, manifested as the bending moment increase and axial force decrease of the lining under tension on the air side, as well as the bending moment decrease and axial force decrease of the lining under tension on the surrounding rock side. The stiffness differences in different zones of the lining lead to different impacts of frost heave pressure on structure safety. The influence degree of frost heave position on structure safety is as follows: vault > inverted arch > arch shoulder > arch foot > wall foot.

cold region tunnel  /  semi-elliptical partially water accumulated space  /  frost heave pressure  /  lining structure
张康健, 张志强, 朱星宇, 王珣. 寒区隧道半椭圆形局部积水空间的冻胀力解析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6922 -6932 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405562
Kang-jian ZHANG, Zhi-qiang ZHANG, Xing-yu ZHU, Xun WANG. Frost Heave Pressure Analysis of a Semi-elliptical Partially Water-accumulated Space for the Cold Region Tunnel[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (16) : 6922 -6932 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405562
近年来,一大批重大交通工程向建设环境极端复杂的高纬度和高海拔地区转移,沿线不可避免地出现了大量寒区隧道工程,在建设和运营过程中面临着衬砌冻胀劣化的巨大挑战,如青藏铁路风火山隧道和昆仑山隧道、沈白高铁西古隧道和前林子隧道、国道317线鹧鸪山隧道和雀儿山隧道、国道227线大坂山隧道、平阿高速青沙山隧道、独库公路玉希莫勒盖隧道等。寒区隧道爆破开挖过程中由于地质条件和施工不当等造成超挖现象[1-2],即使经过人工回填工序,衬砌也难以与隧道开挖面紧密贴合,导致衬砌背后空洞产生[3]。围岩中的水汇集于这些空洞中形成积水,在低温条件下冻结膨胀产生冻胀力,对衬砌结构产生严重危害[4-5]
现有隧道冻胀力计算主要基于含水风化层冻胀模型、积水局部冻胀模型和冻融圈整体冻胀模型三大理论开展研究工作[6-7],尤其是冻融圈整体冻胀模型方面的研究较多。张祉道等[8]用不同弹性系数的理想弹簧代替衬砌结构和冰冻层,提出含水风化层冻胀力计算公式。张玉伟等[9]提出更为完善冻胀模型。但含水风化层冻胀计算公式均存在适用范围无法明确,衬砌和围岩弹性系数难以确定的问题。王建宇等[10]基于岩石隧道提出三角形水体的冻胀力计算公式。范磊等[11]在王建宇研究成果基础上,引入冰体弹性抗力系数获得修正计算公式。邓刚等[12]假定积水体与数个围岩约束面接触,将二维计算模型扩展到三维。谭书平等[13]分析了隧道衬砌背后积水冻胀后冻胀率对衬砌应力和结构变形的影响,发现冻胀率越小时储水空间向围岩侧变形量的占比越大。马云峰等[14]提出局部存水空间冻胀对衬砌劣损的影响程度为:拱顶存水>拱腰存水>拱脚存水>仰拱存水。Gao等[15]、覃爱民等[16]假定冻结围岩内侧位移零点不在内侧,得出修正冻胀力弹性解。高焱等[17]认为冻胀力是围岩整体冻胀和局部冻胀共同作用的结果并推导了冻胀力计算公式。
目前对隧道冻胀力的计算主要集中在冻融圈整体冻胀模型方面,考虑衬砌结构弹性抗力系数、冻结围岩弹性抗力系数、冻胀率等进行力学模型分析,计算参数多且参数获取困难,难以直接运用于实际工程中。考虑到局部积水冻胀模型研究尚不充分,现提出更符合实际工程的半椭圆形积水空间局部冻胀模型,推导理论解析解,并建立相应的力学模型进行对照验证,进一步研究围岩级别、衬砌刚度、积水深度、冻胀率和冻胀位置对冻胀力和结构受力的影响规律。
隧道采用光面爆破方法进行施工时由于爆破工艺及围岩特性等原因,开挖实际轮廓线与设计轮廓线存在差异,即超欠挖现象,如图1[18]所示。隧道欠挖区域围岩外凸,采用人工挖掘方式消除,超挖区域围岩内凹,采用人工回填方式补足,然而衬砌结构和围岩常因回填不密实留下积水空间,低温条件下发生水冰相变,体积膨胀,受到围岩和衬砌结构的约束产生冻胀力。
隧道工程实际开挖轮廓线与设计开挖轮廓线差异较大,造成积水体的超挖空间并不规则,现有局部积水冻胀力研究直接将积水空间简化为三角形显然是不合理的。因此,基于隧道横截面,结合超挖区域实际形状建立半椭圆形积水空间冻胀模型,如图2所示。
为方便局部积水冻胀力计算,做出如下假定:①忽略人工填土作用,认为水体充满超挖空间及水体深度等于超挖量;②隧道衬砌结构和围岩物理力学性质均匀;水体冻结膨胀过程中,始终受到围岩和衬砌结构的约束作用;③冻胀力方向垂直于水体-围岩接触面或水体-衬砌结构接触面;④忽略隧道轴线方向上的冻胀位移,仅进行隧道横截面上冻胀力计算。
冻胀过程中,假设冰体中心点O为位移零点,靠近围岩侧冰体向围岩方向发生位移变形,对围岩产生挤压作用,靠近衬砌侧冰体向衬砌方向发生位移变形,对衬砌结构产生挤压作用,受到围岩和衬砌的约束作用进而产生冻胀力P。将围岩、冰体、衬砌结构简化为3个串联的弹簧模型,如图3所示。
基于局部变形理论,结构某一点的压力Pa和其对应的位移Sa成正比,即
K= P a S a
式(1)中:K为结构弹性抗力系数。
围岩、冰体、衬砌结构的弹性抗力系数分别为KrKiKl,围岩侧点A冻胀位移δ及衬砌侧点B冻胀位移Δ
δ = P K r + K i Δ = P K l + K i
冻胀过程中,半椭圆形冰体体积膨胀量ΔVi恒等于围岩与衬砌体积压缩量之和,可表示为
ΔViVrVl
椭圆状积水空间短轴方向位移变形增量为δ,则长轴方向位移变形增量为 δ l 2 h,假设冰体沿隧道纵向的长度为B',冰的冻胀率为α,则冻胀前后,冰体体积增加量ΔVi
ΔVi= 1 2απ l 2hB'
围岩体积减少量ΔVr
ΔVr= 1 2π l 2 + δ l 2 h(h+δ)B'- 1 2π l 2hB'
衬砌结构体积减少量ΔVl
ΔVl= l + δ l hΔB'
将上述体积变化量代入式(3),可得
1 2απ l 2hB'= 1 2π l 2 + δ l 2 h(h+δ)B'- 1 2π l 2hB'+ l + δ l hΔB'
为方便计算,令
μ= Δ δ= K r + K i K l + K i
λ= δ h
将式(8)、式(9)代入式(7)得到一元二次方程为
1 + 4 μ πλ2+ 2 + 4 μ πλ-α=0
求解得
λ= - 2 + 4 μ π ± 2 + 4 μ π 2 - 4 1 + 4 μ π ( - α ) 2 1 + 4 μ π
去掉负根得
λ= - 2 - 4 μ π + 16 μ 2 π 2 + 16 μ π + 16 μ α π + 4 α + 4 2 + 8 μ π
代入式(8)得
$\begin{aligned} \lambda= & \left\{-2-\frac{4}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{1}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}+\left[\frac{16}{\pi^{2}}\left(\frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{1}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)^{2}+\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left.\frac{16}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{1}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}+\frac{16 \alpha}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{1}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}+4 \alpha+4\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\right\} \times \\ & \left(2+\frac{8}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{1}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)^{-1} \end{aligned}$
代入式(2)得
$\begin{aligned} P= & \left(K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}\right) h\left\{-2-\frac{4}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{\mathrm{l}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}+\right. \\ & {\left[\frac{16}{\pi^{2}}\left(\frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{\mathrm{l}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)^{2}+\frac{16}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{\mathrm{l}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}+\frac{16 \alpha}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{\mathrm{l}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}+\right.} \\ & \left.4 \alpha+4]^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(2+\frac{8}{\pi} \frac{K_{\mathrm{r}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}{K_{\mathrm{l}}+K_{\mathrm{i}}}\right)^{-1}\right\} \end{aligned}$
由式(14)可知,只要确定衬砌弹性抗力系数、围岩弹性抗力系数、冰体弹性抗力系数、积水深度、积水冻胀率,即可计算相应的冻胀力大小。
采用有限元软件建立寒区隧道局部积水冻胀数值模型,计算冻胀率1%~12%条件下的冻胀力,并与理论公式计算的冻胀力比较,验证提出的半椭圆形积水空间冻胀力计算公式的正确性。隧道初期支护厚度为30 cm,二次衬砌厚度为50 cm,详细的尺寸如图4所示。数值模型围岩分布范围为隧道大小的3~5倍,纵向总长度为60 m,积水空间处于模型z向中间且位于隧道顶部,沿隧道轴向长度B'=3 m,深度h=0.5 m,环向长度l=1 m,局部冻胀隧道三维数值模型如图5所示。
围岩级别为Ⅳ级,二次衬砌结构采用C40混凝土,有限元计算参数如表1所示。为模拟隧道开挖和衬砌施作后积水冻胀破坏的全过程,设置多分析步进行计算:①“杀死”积水和衬砌结构单元,平衡地应力平衡;②隧道开挖,将隧道及顶部积水空间区域围岩单元同时杀死;③激活衬砌单元,模拟结构随围岩向内收敛直至稳定;④激活冰体单元,并施加温度场产生体积膨胀。
数值模拟中输入的膨胀系数为线性膨胀系数,而水体冻结成冰产生的为体积膨胀。对于各项同性体,材料各方向物理性质相同,体积膨胀系数为线性膨胀系数的3倍[19]。理论计算时,Ⅳ级围岩的弹性抗力系数为350 MPa/m,冰的弹性抗力系数按经验取值为50 MPa/m。C40衬砌结构的弹力抗性系数基于荷载-结构法进行计算[12],如图6所示。在衬砌周围遍布仅受压弹簧模拟围岩抗力作用(弹簧刚度为3.5×108 N/m,等于围岩弹性抗力系数乘以弹簧连接的单元面积),在衬砌某点施加径向作用力使其产生相应位移,以径向作用力除以位移得到衬砌弹性抗力系数。
分别计算1%~12%冻胀率下局部积水冻胀力的数值结果与理论结果,如表2所示。理论计算与数值模拟值相差-8.73%~1.14%,误差均在10%以内,证明建立的半椭圆形空间积水冻胀模型是有效的。
式(14)中冰体弹性抗力系数Ki为常数,局部积水冻胀力大小P与围岩弹性抗力系数Kr、衬砌弹性抗力系数Kl、积水深度h、积水冻胀率α有关。进一步分析各因素对冻胀力的影响规律。
计算Ⅰ~Ⅴ级围岩条件下的冻胀力大小,绘制冻胀力变化曲线如图7所示。可以看出,冻胀力大小与围岩级别呈负相关,随着围岩级别增大,冻胀力逐渐减小,且围岩级别越大,冻胀力减小速率越快。围岩级别较小的岩体坚硬度和完整度良好,整体刚度更大,受到冰体冻胀形变作用产生的冻胀力更大,随着围岩级别增加,岩体愈发软弱破碎,刚度减小导致产生的冻胀力也相应减小。
计算衬砌50~125 MPa/m刚度条件下的冻胀力大小,绘制冻胀力变化曲线如图8所示。可以看出,冻胀力大小与衬砌抗压刚度呈正相关,随着衬砌抗压刚度增大,冻胀力呈线性增加。衬砌结构抗压刚度受浇筑材料和结构尺寸影响较大,在寒区隧道衬砌结构设计时应尽量选择柔性支护,并在满足设计安全的条件下适当减小衬砌厚度。
计算0.3~0.6 m积水深度条件下的冻胀力大小,绘制冻胀力变化曲线如图9所示。可以看出,冻胀力大小与积水深度呈正相关,随着积水深度增大,冻胀力呈线性增加。由于隧道施工过程中超挖回填不密实,产生积水空间,积水空间越深,低温冻结后体积膨胀越大,作用在衬砌结构上产生的冻胀作用越明显。因此施工期间要确保衬砌与围岩贴紧,对超挖区域夯实,减少积水空间出现的可能。
计算0%~12%积水冻胀率条件下的冻胀力大小,绘制冻胀力变化曲线如图10所示。可以看出,冻胀力大小与冻胀率呈正相关,随着冻胀率增大,冻胀力呈线性增加。围岩中的孔隙水和裂隙水等流入积水空间,在低温条件下发生水冰相变,产生体积膨胀,冰体的冻胀率越高,冰体产生的形变压力越高。因此施工期间要使用保温层等措施,升高环境温度,尽可能降低冰体膨胀带来的风险。
为系统性地研究不同因素对冻胀力影响,采用正交试验法对多因素共同作用下冻胀力结果进行分析,采用L25(51×44)混合正交表,计算结果如表3所示。折算后极差R'的计算公式为
R'=dR r
式(15)中:d为折算系数;R为极差;r为每水平重复数。
采用正交试验法对多因素共同作用下冻胀力结果进行分析,绘制各因素冻胀力指标关系,如图11所示。可以看出,各因素下冻胀力变化规律与3.4节基本一致。极差R'和因素指标图的波动范围代表该因素对冻胀力的影响程度,由正交计算结果可知各因素对冻胀力的影响程度排序为:积水深度>衬砌刚度>围岩级别>冻胀率。
超挖产生的积水空间普遍存在于隧道的各个部位。积水空间分别位于拱顶、拱肩、拱脚、墙脚、仰拱处时会对衬砌结构力学性能产生不同的影响。隧道局部冻胀图如图12所示。以C40等级隧道衬砌混凝土、Ⅳ围岩、0.5 m积水深度、9%冻胀率为例进行模拟计算。计算结果表明,局部积水冻胀主要对积水空洞和衬砌结构接触区域产生影响,其余部位的主应力变化较小。衬砌结构冻胀区域向内侧收敛变形,围岩侧产生压应力,临空侧产生拉应力。衬砌结构不同位置的弹性抗力系数不同导致冻胀力大小发生变化,因此,拱顶、拱肩、拱脚、墙脚、仰拱冻胀引起的结构受力也存在差异,如表4所示。
受到曲率影响,当积水空洞位于仰拱处时,结构主应力最大,位于拱脚处时,结构主应力最小。积水对应位置的衬砌结构受到冻胀作用产生的压应力明显高于拉应力。当积水位于仰拱时,由于该部位曲率最大,结构受到的拉应力和压应力最大,分别为2.436 MPa和15.629 MPa,拱肩、拱顶、拱脚依次次之,墙脚最小,拉应力和压应力分别为1.961 MPa和12.240 MPa。
不同冻胀位置下隧道结构损伤分布如图13所示。观察结构损伤分布,可以明显发现拱顶、拱肩、仰拱处冻胀产生的结构损伤分布范围更大,拱脚和墙脚处冻胀产生的结构损伤分布范围相对有限。当在墙脚和拱脚超挖空洞处积水时,由于冻胀作用较弱,积水两侧损伤最为严重,积水中心处损伤较轻。
不同冻胀位置下衬砌结构轴力和弯矩分布如图14图15所示。可以看出,衬砌结构受到局部冻胀作用,在积水空洞和衬砌结构接触区域内弯矩、轴力出现突变,表现为临空侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩增大、轴力减小,围岩侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩减小,轴力减小,其余区域内力变化不大。不同冻胀位置导致的弯矩轴力变化各不相同,总体来说表现为轴力减小,正弯矩增大,负弯矩减小并向正弯矩改变。仰拱的轴力降幅最大,达31.59%,拱肩的轴力提高最大,达15.59倍。特别需要注意的是拱脚和墙脚位置由冻胀前围岩侧受拉转变为冻胀后临空侧受拉。
不同冻胀位置下隧道安全系数如表4所示。当积水储存在拱顶、拱肩、拱脚、仰拱时,冻胀作用、造成结构安全程度显著降低,当冻胀位置为拱顶、拱肩、仰拱时,对结构最为不利。当积水储存在墙脚时,冻胀作用对结构安全有一定程度的提升。冻胀位置对结构安全的影响程度为:拱顶>仰拱>拱肩>拱脚>墙脚。因此综合主应力云图、结构内力弯矩和安全系数可得同等衬砌条件下,衬砌结构不同部位抗压刚度不同,导致结构冻胀区域的应力、轴力弯矩、安全性影响不同,其中拱顶、拱肩和仰拱安全程度变化最大,要尤其注意该区域冻胀防护。
提出半椭圆形积水空间局部冻胀模型,研究局部积水冻胀力和围岩级别、衬砌刚度、积水深度、冻胀率的关系,并进一步分析冻胀位置对衬砌结构应力、内力、安全系数的影响。得出以下主要结论。
(1)将冻胀过程中围岩-冰体-衬砌间相互作用简化为串联弹簧,假设隧道施工超挖空间为半椭圆形积水空间,提出了半椭圆形积水空间局部冻胀力解析解。数值模拟结果验证了提出的冻胀模型的有效性。
(2)局部积水冻胀力与围岩级别负相关,且其减小速率随围岩级别增大而加快。冻胀力与衬砌刚性、积水深度、冻胀率均正相关,且冻胀力随各因素增加约线性增加。各因素对冻胀力的影响程度为:积水深度>衬砌刚度>围岩级别>冻胀率。
(3)寒区隧道局部积水冻胀后主要在积水空洞和衬砌结构接触区域产生冻胀影响,加剧隧道向内侧收敛变形,在围岩侧产生压应力,临空侧产生拉应力。受到曲率影响,当积水空洞位于仰拱处时,结构主应力最大,位于拱脚处时,结构主应力最小。
(4)衬砌结构受到局部冻胀作用,一定区域内弯矩、轴力出现突变,表现为临空侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩增大、轴力减小,围岩侧受拉区衬砌的弯矩减小,轴力减小,其余区域内力变化不大。
(5)衬砌不同部位的抗压刚度差异导致局部冻胀对结构安全产生不同的影响。当冻胀发生在拱顶、拱肩、拱脚和仰拱部位时,对结构安全不利,而在墙脚时,冻胀作用对结构安全有利。冻胀位置对结构安全的影响程度为:拱顶>仰拱>拱肩>拱脚>墙脚。
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2025年第25卷第16期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405562
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
  • 修回日期:2025-03-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(52378414)
作者信息
    1 西南交通大学极端环境岩土和隧道工程智能建养全国重点实验室, 成都 610031
    2 西南交通大学土木工程学院, 成都 610031
    3 中铁九局集团有限公司, 沈阳 110013
    4 中铁九局集团第二工程有限公司, 吉林 132001

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* 张志强(1968—),男,汉族,四川自贡人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道与地下工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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