Article(id=1149781961457230787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404200, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=1734537600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058981526, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058981526, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058981526, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058981526, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3730, endPage=3738, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781961750832070, articleId=1149781961457230787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Low-carbon Optimization of Integrated Energy System Considering Double-layer Power-to-Gas and Demand Response: Taking Nanning Jiangnan Industrial Park as an Example, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A low-carbon optimal operation model of an integrated energy system that takes demand response and double-layer power-to-gas conversion into account was proposed to increase system energy utilization and lower carbon emissions. Firstly, the optimization model of dual-layer electric-gas multi-energy complementary integrated energy system with high efficiency of hydrogen was established to study the advantages of hydrogen energy in many aspects. Secondly, the demand response model was modeled, which was divided into price type and alternative type according to the characteristics of flexible load. Thirdly, a stepped carbon trading mechanism was introduced to curb the carbon emissions of the system. Finally, taking Nanning Jiangnan industrial park as an example, the model was solved in CPLEX environment of MATLAB, and verified by scene comparison analysis. The results show that the model can fully mobilize the demand side to participate in the system optimization and achieve the effect of energy saving and emission reduction.

, correspAuthors=Wen-cheng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sheng-bao BAO, Wen-cheng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781979362713935, articleId=1149781961457230787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑双层电转气与需求响应的综合能源系统低碳优化: 以南宁江南工业园区为例, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高系统能源利用率和降低碳排放量,提出一种考虑双层电转气与需求响应的多能互补综合能源系统低碳运行模型。首先,建立高效用氢的双层电转气多能互补综合能源系统优化模型,研究氢能多方面高效益优势;其次,对需求响应进行建模,根据柔性负荷特性将其分为价格型和替代型需求响应模型;再次,引入阶梯式碳交易机制,抑制系统碳排放;最后,以南宁江南工业园区为例,在MATLAB的CPLEX环境下对模型进行求解,并通过场景对比分析验证。结果表明,该模型能充分调动需求侧参与系统优化,达到节能减排的效果。

, correspAuthors=王文成, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王文成(1970—),男,汉族,广西全州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:工业自动化控制、复杂系统建模。E-mail:
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包盛宝(2000—),男,汉族,广西浦北人,硕士研究生。研究方向:综合能源系统建模与优化。E-mail:

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包盛宝(2000—),男,汉族,广西浦北人,硕士研究生。研究方向:综合能源系统建模与优化。E-mail:

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包盛宝(2000—),男,汉族,广西浦北人,硕士研究生。研究方向:综合能源系统建模与优化。E-mail:

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Energy purchase price in each period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 时段 价格/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
电价 01:00—07:00,22:00—24:00 0.42
08:00—11:00,19:00—21:00 1.2
12:00—18:00 0.72
热价 01:00—08:00,19:00—24:00 0.25
09:00—18:00 0.5
气价 01:00—08:00,19:00—24:00 0.30
09:00—18:00 0.35
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各时段购能价格

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类别 时段 价格/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
电价 01:00—07:00,22:00—24:00 0.42
08:00—11:00,19:00—21:00 1.2
12:00—18:00 0.72
热价 01:00—08:00,19:00—24:00 0.25
09:00—18:00 0.5
气价 01:00—08:00,19:00—24:00 0.30
09:00—18:00 0.35
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Equipment parameters

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设备 额定功率/kW 效率/% 爬坡约束/%
CHP 1 000 95 20
GB 1 000 95 20
EL 500 88 20
MR 500 60 20
HFC 500 95 20
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设备参数

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设备 额定功率/kW 效率/% 爬坡约束/%
CHP 1 000 95 20
GB 1 000 95 20
EL 500 88 20
MR 500 60 20
HFC 500 95 20
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Cost of scenario 1~ scenario 4

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项目 场景1 场景2 场景3 场景4
总成本/元 14 985.54 14 576.63 13 124.11 12 721.18
碳交易成本/元 2 643.09 2 546.84 675.09 509.09
购能成本/元 10 517.93 10 210.82 10 626.85 10 524.19
运维成本/元 1 824.52 1 818.97 1 822.17 1 687.89
碳排放量/kg 10 572.35 10 187.36 9 787.86 9 212.10
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366795763895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781961457230787, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

场景1~场景4成本

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项目 场景1 场景2 场景3 场景4
总成本/元 14 985.54 14 576.63 13 124.11 12 721.18
碳交易成本/元 2 643.09 2 546.84 675.09 509.09
购能成本/元 10 517.93 10 210.82 10 626.85 10 524.19
运维成本/元 1 824.52 1 818.97 1 822.17 1 687.89
碳排放量/kg 10 572.35 10 187.36 9 787.86 9 212.10
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366971924676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781961457230787, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Cost of scenario 5 and scenario 6

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项目 场景4 场景5 场景6
总成本/元 12 721.18 12 661.13 13 198.46
碳交易成本/元 509.09 463.98 987.11
碳排放量/kg 9 212.10 9 850.97 10 572.35
), ArticleFig(id=1251249367089365197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781961457230787, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

场景5、场景6成本

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项目 场景4 场景5 场景6
总成本/元 12 721.18 12 661.13 13 198.46
碳交易成本/元 509.09 463.98 987.11
碳排放量/kg 9 212.10 9 850.97 10 572.35
), ArticleFig(id=1251249367236165852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781961457230787, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cost of scenario 7 and scenario 8

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项目 场景7 场景8
总成本/元 13 087.64 12 721.18
碳交易成本/元 815.36 509.09
碳排放量/kg 9 824.63 9 212.10
), ArticleFig(id=1251249367378772196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781961457230787, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

场景7、场景8成本

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项目 场景7 场景8
总成本/元 13 087.64 12 721.18
碳交易成本/元 815.36 509.09
碳排放量/kg 9 824.63 9 212.10
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考虑双层电转气与需求响应的综合能源系统低碳优化: 以南宁江南工业园区为例
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包盛宝 1, 2 , 王文成 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(9): 3730-3738
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(9): 3730-3738
考虑双层电转气与需求响应的综合能源系统低碳优化: 以南宁江南工业园区为例
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包盛宝1, 2 , 王文成1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 广西高校先进制造与自动化技术重点实验室, 桂林 541006
  • 2 桂林理工大学机械与控制工程学院, 桂林 541006
  • 包盛宝(2000—),男,汉族,广西浦北人,硕士研究生。研究方向:综合能源系统建模与优化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王文成(1970—),男,汉族,广西全州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:工业自动化控制、复杂系统建模。E-mail:
Low-carbon Optimization of Integrated Energy System Considering Double-layer Power-to-Gas and Demand Response: Taking Nanning Jiangnan Industrial Park as an Example
Sheng-bao BAO1, 2 , Wen-cheng WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Automation Technology, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin 541006, China
  • 2 College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404200
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为提高系统能源利用率和降低碳排放量,提出一种考虑双层电转气与需求响应的多能互补综合能源系统低碳运行模型。首先,建立高效用氢的双层电转气多能互补综合能源系统优化模型,研究氢能多方面高效益优势;其次,对需求响应进行建模,根据柔性负荷特性将其分为价格型和替代型需求响应模型;再次,引入阶梯式碳交易机制,抑制系统碳排放;最后,以南宁江南工业园区为例,在MATLAB的CPLEX环境下对模型进行求解,并通过场景对比分析验证。结果表明,该模型能充分调动需求侧参与系统优化,达到节能减排的效果。

综合能源系统  /  需求响应  /  双层电转气  /  阶梯式碳交易

A low-carbon optimal operation model of an integrated energy system that takes demand response and double-layer power-to-gas conversion into account was proposed to increase system energy utilization and lower carbon emissions. Firstly, the optimization model of dual-layer electric-gas multi-energy complementary integrated energy system with high efficiency of hydrogen was established to study the advantages of hydrogen energy in many aspects. Secondly, the demand response model was modeled, which was divided into price type and alternative type according to the characteristics of flexible load. Thirdly, a stepped carbon trading mechanism was introduced to curb the carbon emissions of the system. Finally, taking Nanning Jiangnan industrial park as an example, the model was solved in CPLEX environment of MATLAB, and verified by scene comparison analysis. The results show that the model can fully mobilize the demand side to participate in the system optimization and achieve the effect of energy saving and emission reduction.

integrated energy system  /  demand response  /  double-layer power-to-gas  /  ladder-type carbon trading mechanism
包盛宝, 王文成. 考虑双层电转气与需求响应的综合能源系统低碳优化: 以南宁江南工业园区为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3730 -3738 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404200
Sheng-bao BAO, Wen-cheng WANG. Low-carbon Optimization of Integrated Energy System Considering Double-layer Power-to-Gas and Demand Response: Taking Nanning Jiangnan Industrial Park as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3730 -3738 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404200
“双碳”背景下,中国在减少温室气体排放、应对气候变化研究方面取得了显著进展,并逐步在全球气候治理中发挥引导作用,但仍面临着巨大的挑战。中国是全球最大的碳排放国,随着经济的快速发展和能源需求的增加,能源利用率低、碳排放量大的现状亟须改变[1-2]。在此背景下,如何进一步提高能源利用率、降低碳排放、促进清洁能源发展成为研究的热点[3-4]。综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)能将多种能源资源整合利用,实现不同形式能源的相互转化[5-6],进而提高多能系统的低碳经济性。
目前,在IES低碳优化调度问题上,国内外学者已取得了诸多成果。文献[7]建立综合能源系统低碳运行模型,分析了碳交易价格对碳排放的影响。文献[8]以一种改进的IES低碳经济调度模型,深入讨论碳交易机制策略对公众利益主体的影响,并验证该改进模型能有效降低系统的碳排放量。文献[9]提出一种考虑季节性碳交易机制的IES调度方法,制定优化阶梯式碳交易机制,并分析了优化阶梯式碳价和季节性调度下系统的运行状态。文献[10]在电-气-热综合能源系统中,引入阶梯式碳交易机制,论证了系统碳排放量和碳交易成本受到碳交易基价和区间长度等参数的影响。然而,现有对综合能源系统低碳性调度的研究大多只考虑各设备的碳排放量,忽略了电转气设备能有效降低碳排放的影响。
电转气(power-to-gas,P2G)技术可解决可再生能源波动性大、间歇性强的问题,有助于提高系统能源利用率、灵活性和稳定性[11-12]。文献[13]在虚拟电厂调度中增设P2G设备,并分析其提升可再生能源消纳的优势。文献[14]建立一种储液式碳捕获系统(carbon capture system,CCS)耦合P2G的IES调度模型,利用场景对比分析论证了该模型既提升经济性又兼顾低碳性。文献[15]在电-气综合能源系统中推导得出燃煤机组出力与P2G技术产量之间的数学关系,为综合能源系统模型的深入研究奠定了基础。上述文献均在系统中引入P2G技术,但在建模时只考虑了传统的P2G,并未建立高效用氢的双层电转气模型。
需求响应(demand response,DR)是将系统需求侧与供能侧联系起来的枢纽,能实现对能源需求的灵活响应,有助于提高系统的灵活性、稳定性和可靠性[16-17]。文献[18]基于多种能源负荷的交互响应特征,建立一种需求响应的随机鲁棒优化模型,并通过算例论证了该模型能挖掘需求侧潜力,有效减少系统运营成本。文献[19]采用价格弹性矩阵描述需求响应关系,并分析了需求响应减小峰谷差的有效性。以上研究考虑需求响应,充分调动了需求侧参与系统的优化调度,但并未充分考虑系统的低碳性。
在上述研究的基础上,现构建一种双层电转气与需求响应的多能互补综合能源系统低碳运行模型。首先,在系统中建立高效用氢的双层电转气模型;其次,将需求响应的柔性负荷分为价格型和替代型;然后,引入阶梯式碳交易机制,确保系统经济性的同时兼顾低碳性;最后,设置多种场景,调用CPLEX求解器对该模型进行求解,通过对比分析验证所提模型的有效性。
以典型的综合能源系统(IES)为研究对象,该系统的能源形式有电、热、气三种,负荷类型有电负荷和热负荷。该系统包含风力发电机、光伏、热电联产机组(combined heat and power,CHP)、燃气锅炉(gas boilers,GB)、氢燃料电池(hydrogen fuel cell,HFC)、电解槽(electrolyzer,EL)、甲烷反应器(methane reactor,MR)以及多种储能设备,包括电能、热能、气能和氢能等。系统的基本架构如图1所示。
氢能作为高效清洁能源,其使用能减少温室气体的排放,是未来能源转型的重要组成部分,有较大的应用前景。双层电转气运行过程如图2所示。
在能量转换方面,EL使电能转化为氢能。部分氢能通过与CO2反应生成天然气,供给CHP和GB机组,以满足电能和热能需求;另一部分氢能直接被输入氢燃料电池,转化为电能和热能,未被使用的氢能则被储存在氢能储存装置中。P2G技术的运用提高了可再生能源的消纳,相较于传统的P2G技术,双层电转气减少了能量转化环节,提升了能源的利用率,且氢气的燃烧不会产生CO2,减少了碳排放量。双层电转气运行的能量转换模型描述如下。
(1)EL设备。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}\left(t\right)={\kappa }_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}(t+1)-{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}\left(t\right)\le \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:Pe,EL(t)为t时段电功率输入;${P}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}$(t)为t时段EL氢功率输出;κEL为EL的能量转换效率;${P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为EL电功率输入的上、下限;Δ${P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$、Δ${P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为EL的爬坡上、下限。
(2)MR设备。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R},\mathrm{g}}\left(t\right)={\kappa }_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}(t+1)-{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}\left(t\right)\le \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}$(t)为t时段MR氢功率输入;PMR,g(t)为t时段MR天然气功率输出;κMR为MR的能量转换效率;${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为MR氢功率输入的上、下限;Δ${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$、Δ${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为MR的爬坡上、下限。
(3)HFC设备。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)={{\kappa }^{\mathrm{e}}}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)={{\kappa }^{\mathrm{h}}}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}(t+1)-{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}\left(t\right)\le \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(3)中:${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}$(t)为t时段HFC氢功率输入;PHFC,e(t)、PHFC,h(t)分别为t时段HFC电、热功率输出;${{\kappa }^{\mathrm{e}}}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}$${{\kappa }^{\mathrm{h}}}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}$分别为HFC的电、热能量转换效率;${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为HFC氢功率输入的上、下限;Δ${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$、Δ${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2,}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为HFC的爬坡上、下限。
需求响应可根据供需情况和系统运行状态,通过调整能源生产、转换、传输和使用等环节,以实现能源资源的高效利用和系统运行的稳定性。基于负荷耦合特性,可将IES中的需求响应分为价格型需求响应和替代型需求响应。
价格型需求响应是指以价格信号和经济激励的能源管理策略,通过调整能源价格来影响用户的能源消费行为,以实现对能源需求的调节和管理,降低能源系统的峰谷差异,提高能源利用率,减少能源消耗和CO2的排放。采用价格弹性矩阵来描述用能需求与购能价格之间的关系[20],具体模型如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}}\left(t\right)={P}_{i}^{0}\left(t\right)+\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}}\left(t\right)\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}}\left(t\right)={P}_{i}^{0}\left(t\right){E}_{i}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }{\delta }_{i}\left(t\right)}{{\delta }_{i}^{0}\left(t\right)}\\ 0\le \left|\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}}\left(t\right)\right|\le \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:i表示负荷种类,i∈[e,h];Pi,tr(t)、${P}_{i}^{0}$(t)、ΔPi,tr(t)分别为t时段DR后的负荷量、初始负荷量、负荷响应量;Δ${P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$(t)为t时段负荷响应量的最大值;Ei为价格弹性矩阵;${\delta }_{i}^{0}$(t)、Δδi(t)分别为t时段初始能价、能价变化量。
替代型需求响应是指通过能源之间相互替代的方式提升用户用能的灵活性,在拥有多种能源耦合设备的综合能源系统中,用户可根据当前时段能源的价格选择合适的能源满足自身用能需求。这类需求响应主要涉及一些可由热能或电能直接供应的热负荷,如厨房、热水供应等方面,具体模型如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}\left(t\right)={P}_{i}^{0}\left(t\right)+\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}\left(t\right)\\ 0\le \left|\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}\left(t\right)\right|\le \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(5)中:i表示负荷种类,i∈[e,h];Pi,td(t)、${P}_{i}^{0}$(t)、ΔPi,td(t)分别为t时段能源替代后的负荷量、初始负荷量、负荷替代量;Δ${P}_{i,\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$(t)为t时段负荷替代量的最大值。ΔPi,td(t)表达式为
$\left[\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}\left(t\right)\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right]$=$\left[\begin{array}{ll}{\beta }_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}}& {\beta }_{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}}\\ {\beta }_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{h}}& {\beta }_{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{h}}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{t}\mathrm{d}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right]$
式(6)中:βij为能源间替代转换效率,i∈[e,h],j∈[e,h]。
综上所述,需求响应后用户负荷模型为
Pi,DR(t)=${P}_{i}^{0}$(t)+ΔPi,tr(t)+ΔPi,td(t)
式(7)中:Pi,DR(t)为t时段参与需求响应后的负荷;i∈[e,h]。
阶梯式碳交易机制是一种旨在减少二氧化碳排放的政策工具,通过创建市场来促进碳排放的减少和碳汇的增加。碳排放交易是指将二氧化碳排放配额进行量化,并将这些排放配额分配给有碳排放需求的企业。企业在达到一定的排放标准后,可以通过购买额外的排放配额来弥补超出的排放量,或者将剩余的排放配额出售给其他需要的企业[21]。这种方式可以通过市场机制来调节温室气体排放,促使企业采取减排措施以达到减排目标。
考虑系统向上级电网购买的电力均来自火电机组,采用基准线法为系统无偿分配碳排放配额,系统获得的配额由向上级电网的购电量及CHP、GB的发电量和产热量确定,其碳排放配额如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}={E}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y}}+{E}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}+{E}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}\\ {E}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y}}={\epsilon }_{\mathrm{e}}\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y}}\left(t\right)\\ {E}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}={\epsilon }_{\mathrm{g}}\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}\left[\gamma {P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{e}}\right(t)+{P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{h}}(t\left)\right]\\ {E}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}={\epsilon }_{\mathrm{g}}\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}{P}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(8)中:EIES为IES总的碳配额;Ee,buyECHPEGB分别为IES中向上级电网购电及CHP、GB获得的无偿碳排放配额;εeεg分别为单位电、热功率碳排放配额;Pe,buy(t)为t时段系统运营商向上级电网的购电量;PCHP,e(t)、PCHP,h(t)分别为t时刻CHP电、热功率输出;PGB,h(t)为t时刻GB热功率输出;γ为电热转换系数;T为优化周期。
MR反应过程可吸收部分CO2,实际的碳排放需考虑该部分,具体模型如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{a}}={E}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y},\mathrm{a}}+{E}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{a}}+{E}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B},\mathrm{a}}-{E}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R},\mathrm{a}}\\ {E}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y},\mathrm{a}}={a}_{1}\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y}}\left(t\right)\\ {E}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{a}}={a}_{2}\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}\left[\gamma {P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{e}}\right(t)+{P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{h}}(t\left)\right]\\ {E}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B},\mathrm{a}}={a}_{2}\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}{P}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)\\ {E}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R},\mathrm{a}}=\omega \stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}{P}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R},\mathrm{g}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(9)中:EIES,a为IES实际的碳排放量;Ee,buy,aECHP,aEGB,a分别为向上级电网购电、CHP、GB的实际碳排放量;EMR,a为MR吸收的CO2量;a1a2分别为火电机组、燃天然气机组单位排放量强度;ω为MR设备吸收CO2的参数。
IES碳排放交易额指实际的碳排放量与碳排放配额之间的差额。

EIES,t=EIES,a-EIES

式(10)中:EIES,t为IES的碳排放交易额。
为进一步减少CO2的排放,阶梯式碳交易机制将碳排放量分成多个区间,随着排放量增加,各区间内的碳交易价格也相应提高。相较于传统的碳交易机制,阶梯式碳交易机制能更好地调动企业积极参与到碳交易市场中,主动减少CO2的排放。阶梯式碳交易成本为
${F}_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\lambda {E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}},\\   {E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}\le d\\ \lambda (1+\alpha )({E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}-d)+\lambda d,\\   d\le {E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}\le 2d\\ \lambda (1+2\alpha )({E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}-2d)+\lambda (2+\alpha )d,\\   2d\le {E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}\le 3d\\ \lambda (1+3\alpha )({E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}-3d)+\lambda (3+3\alpha )d,\\   3d\le {E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}\le 4d\\ \lambda (1+4\alpha )({E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}-4d)+\lambda (6+6\alpha )d,\\   4d\le {E}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{t}}\end{array}\right.$
式(11)中:${F}_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$为阶梯式碳交易成本;λ为碳交易基价;d为碳排放量区间长度;α为价格增长率。
IES以购能成本Fbuy、碳交易成本${F}_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$、运维成本Fom之和最小为优化目标,目标函数表达式为
minF=Fbuy+${F}_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$+Fom
(1)购能成本Fbuy
Fbuy=$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}$[cetPe,buy(t)+cgtPg,buy(t)]
式(13)中:Pe,buy(t)为t时段系统购电功率;Pg,buy(t)为t时段系统购气功率;cetcgt分别为t时段系统单位购能价格。
(2)碳交易成本${F}_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$如式(11)所示。
(3)运维成本Fom
Fom=$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i}}$com,iPi(t)
式(14)中:com,i为设备i的单位运维成本;Pi(t)为设备it时段的出力。
(1)CHP运行约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)={{\kappa }^{\mathrm{e}}}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)={{\kappa }^{\mathrm{h}}}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}(t+1)-{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}\left(t\right)\le \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(15)中:Pg,CHP(t)为t时段CHP气功率输入;PCHP,e(t)、PCHP,h(t)分别为t时段CHP电、热功率输出;${\kappa }_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{e}}$${\kappa }_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{h}}$分别为CHP的电、热能量转换效率;${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为CHP气功率输入的上、下限;Δ${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$、Δ${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为CHP的爬坡上、下限。
(2)GB运行约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)={\kappa }_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}(t+1)-{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}\left(t\right)\le \mathrm{\Delta }{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(16)中:Pg,GB(t)为t时段输入的气功率;PGB,h(t)为t时段GB输出的热功率;κGB为GB的能量转换效率;${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为输入GB气功率的上、下限;Δ${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$、Δ${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为GB的爬坡上、下限。
(3)EL、MR、HFC的运行约束如式(1)~式(3)所示。
(4)需求响应约束如式(4)、式(5)所示。
(5)风电、光伏出力约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}0\le {P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{T}}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ 0\le {P}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}\left(t\right)\le {P}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(17)中:PWT(t)、PPV(t)分别为t时段风电、光伏输出功率;${P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别为风电、光伏输出功率最大值。
(6)储能运行约束。
储能装置在综合能源系统中发挥着重要作用,可以帮助平衡供需,提高可再生能源利用效率,增强能源系统的稳定性和可靠性。由于各储能装置充放原理类似,对电、热、气、氢储能装置进行统一建模。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{k}\left(t\right)={S}_{k}(t-1)+{\eta }_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}{P}_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}\left(t\right)-{P}_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)/{\eta }_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\\ 0\le {P}_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}\left(t\right)\le {U}_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}{P}_{k,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}\\ 0\le {P}_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)\le {U}_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}{P}_{k,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\\ {U}_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}+{U}_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\le 1\\ {S}_{k,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {S}_{k}\left(t\right)\le {S}_{k,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ {S}_{k}^{0}={S}_{k}^{24}\end{array}\right.$
式(18)中:Sk(t)为t时段第k种储能装置的容量;${P}_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$(t)、${P}_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$(t)分别为t时段第k种储能装置充、放能功率;${\eta }_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$${\eta }_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$分别为t时段第k种储能装置充、放能效率;${P}_{k,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$${P}_{k,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$分别为t时段第k种储能装置充、放能功率的上限;${U}_{k}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$${U}_{k}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$均为布尔变量,分别为t时段第k种储能装置充、放能状态;Sk,maxSk,min分别为第k种储能装置容量的上、下限;${S}_{k}^{0}$${S}_{k}^{24}$分别为第k种储能装置调度周期初始、结束容量。
(7)能量平衡约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{D}\mathrm{R}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}\left(t\right)={P}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y}}\left(t\right)+\\ {P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C},\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{T}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{h},\mathrm{D}\mathrm{R}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}\left(t\right)={P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)+\\   {P}_{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C},\mathrm{h}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{P}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{G}\mathrm{B}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}\left(t\right)={P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{y}}\left(t\right)+\\   {P}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R},\mathrm{g}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)\\ {P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{H}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{C}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2},\mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}\left(t\right)=\\   {P}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{L},{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}\left(t\right)+{P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(19)中:Pe,buy(t)、Ph,DR(t)分别为t时段需求响应后的电、热负荷;${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$(t)、${P}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$(t)分别为t时段储电装置的充、放电功率;${P}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$(t)、${P}_{\mathrm{h}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$(t)分别为t时段储热装置的充、放热功率;${P}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$(t)、${P}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$(t)分别为t时段储气装置的充、放气功率;${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}}$(t)、${P}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}}^{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}}$(t)分别为t时段储氢装置的充、放氢功率。
为验证本文模型的有效性,以南宁江南工业园区综合能源系统为例,该园区IES系统基本机构如图1所示,各时段购能价格如表1所示。设备的基本参数如表2所示。向上级电网购电单位电力碳排放配额εe=0.798 kg/(kW·h),燃天然气机组单位天然气消耗的碳排放配额εg=0.102 kg/(kW·h),碳交易基价λ=0.25 元/kg,碳排放量区间长度d=2 000,价格增长率α=0.25。
为验证本文模型对综合能源系统经济运行、碳排放量等方面的作用与影响,设置以下4种场景。
场景1:仅多能互补的IES系统,不考虑阶梯式碳交易机制,不考虑需求响应。
场景2:多能互补IES系统考虑需求响应,不考虑阶梯式碳交易机制。
场景3:多能互补IES系统考虑阶梯式碳交易机制,不考虑需求响应。
场景4:多能互补IES系统考虑需求响应,考虑碳交易机制。
表3为4种运行场景下的调度结果,需求响应负荷如图3所示。对比场景1,场景2的总成本、购能成本、碳交易成本均有所下降,这是由于高电价用电高峰期时段(08:00—11:00、19:00—21:00)和高热价用热高峰期(09:00—18:00),在需求响应机制作用下,该时段电、热负荷消减明显,部分负荷转移到购能价格较低的时段(22:00—24:00、01:00—07:00)。在购能价格较高时段,较少负荷的使用将其向购能价格较低的时段转移,降低了系统的购能成本,提高了IES的经济性;对比场景1,场景3的碳交易成本下降了74.46%,这是由于场景3考虑阶梯式碳交易机制,系统获得碳排放配额,而场景1需支付所有碳排放量的费用;相比场景1,场景4同时考虑需求响应和阶梯式碳交易机制,总成本、碳交易成本分别下降了15.11%、80.74%,且实际碳排放量减少了1 360.25 kg,需求响应实现负荷削峰填谷,阶梯式碳交易机制进一步限制了二氧化碳的排放,各能源耦合设备协调运行使得系统更具经济性和低碳性。
以场景4为例,分析多能互补IES系统考虑需求响应和阶梯式碳交易机制下各能源耦合设备相互协调、能源间相互转换的优势,场景4电、热、气、氢功率平衡图如图4所示。
电功率平衡图如图4(a)所示,系统电能需求由风电、光伏、上级电网、CHP、HFC及储电装置供应。01:00—07:00,22:00—24:00时段,购电价格相对较低,系统电负荷主要由风电、上级电网供应,同时储电装置进行储电;11:00—16:00时段为风电、光电出力高峰期,为提高系统可再生能源消纳,减少二氧化碳的排放和降低成本,系统将富余的可再生能源转化为氢能,同时储电装置进行储电;19:00—21:00时段为用电高峰期,为确保系统稳定运行,CHP以最大功率输出提供电能,同时HFC装置将氢能转化为电能,储电装置放电。热功率平衡图如图4(b)所示,系统热能需求由CHP、GB、HFC及储能装置供应。11:00—14:00时段热负荷需求量较高,且购气价格较高,储热装置放热以满足系统热负荷需求;19:00—22:00时段热负荷需求较低,储热装置将CHP、GB产出多余的热能进行存储,减少热能浪费。气功率平衡图如图4(c)所示,06:00—07:00时段,天然气价格较低,储气装置充气;10:00—17:00时段天然气价格较高,且热负荷需求较高,为保证系统经济稳定运行,MR装置将氢气转化为天然气供应GB、CHP,同时储气装置放气。氢功率平衡图如图4(d)所示,10:00—17:00时段电能富余,EL设备将电能转化为氢能,以满足MR、HFC、储氢装置的需求;19:00—21:00时段储氢装置放气,供应HFC产热产电。
为展示阶梯式碳交易机制的优越性,设置场景5、场景6与场景4进行对比分析。
场景5:多能互补的IES系统,考虑传统碳交易机制,优化目标考虑碳交易成本。
场景6:多能互补的IES系统,考虑传统碳交易机制,优化目标不考虑碳交易成本。
3种场景下系统运行各项成本如表4所示。
表4可知,场景4相比场景5和场景6碳排放量分别下降了6.49%和12.87%,说明阶梯式碳交易机制相对于传统碳交易机制能够更有效地减少系统的实际碳排放量。场景6虽考虑了传统碳交易机制,但未将碳交易成本作为优化目标,系统为降低运行成本在购能价格较低时选择大量购入价格较低的能源满足系统的负荷需求,这导致实际碳排放量远超碳排放配额。相比场景5,场景4的总成本和碳交易成本都略高于场景4,但实际碳排放量明显下降,系统运行更具低碳性。
为了体现双层电转气的经济性和低碳性,设置场景7:多能互补的IES系统,阶梯式碳交易机制下加入传统P2G;场景8:多能互补的IES系统,阶梯式碳交易机制下加入双层电转气;两种场景下系统运行各项成本如表5所示。
表5可知,场景8相较于场景7总成本和碳交易成本都有所下降,同时碳排放量下降了6.23%,这是由于HFC设备燃烧氢气不会产生二氧化碳的排放,且减少了能量的转化环节,提高了能源的利用率。可见,双层电转气过程不仅能更有效减少碳排放,同时还可以降低系统的运行成本,进一步提高系统的经济性和低碳性。
以南宁江南工业园区综合能源系统为研究对象,同时考虑阶梯式碳交易机制和需求响应,并用双层电转气替代传统P2G技术,构建IES低碳运行模型,通过设置多个场景分析对比,得出以下结论。
(1)考虑碳交易机制能降低系统运行成本,并减少实际的碳排放量。相较于传统的碳交易机制,阶梯式碳交易机制能更有效地抑制二氧化碳的排放,达到减排效果。
(2)系统考虑电、热负荷的需求响应,利用分时能源价格机制实现负荷的转移和消减,可平滑负荷曲线,实现削峰填谷,有效提高系统的稳定性、经济性和低碳性。
(3)增配HFC设备与EL、MR设备组合形成双层电转气模型,并将其替代传统P2G技术,不仅减少系统碳排放,还能进一步提高系统的经济性。
研究未考虑电转气技术所需二氧化碳的来源,未来对于二氧化碳的捕集与封存如何提高系统灵活性值得进一步研究。
  • 广西自然科学基金(2021GXNSFAA220038)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404200
  • 接收时间:2024-06-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05
  • 修回日期:2024-12-19
基金
广西自然科学基金(2021GXNSFAA220038)
作者信息
    1 广西高校先进制造与自动化技术重点实验室, 桂林 541006
    2 桂林理工大学机械与控制工程学院, 桂林 541006

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* 王文成(1970—),男,汉族,广西全州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:工业自动化控制、复杂系统建模。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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