Article(id=1149781960962306735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402446, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712332800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-06, revisedDate=1733760000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058981409, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058981409, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058981409, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058981409, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3739, endPage=3748, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781961234936496, articleId=1149781960962306735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Inventory Optimization of Dual Channel Supply Chain under Pre Warehouse Replenishment Mode, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking a three-level, multi product, and dual channel supply chain as an example, the inventory control problem in the supply chain under stochastic demand was explored. A dual channel supply chain simulation model was established based on the independent control, information sharing, and pre warehouse replenishment model of “single manufacturer-dual distributor-dual retailer-dual customer”. In node enterprises, the Pull/Push strategy was adopted for ordering decisions, and information entropy was used to measure the uncertainty of nodes. Finally, the whale optimization algorithm was used to adjust the inventory control parameters in the simulation model. The results show that in the case of interruption, the pre warehouse replenishment mode can increase customer satisfaction in the interrupted channel by 80%. The whale optimization algorithm can ensure customer satisfaction while controlling total costs and reducing uncertainty in the supply chain system.

, correspAuthors=Wen-dan ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-dan ZHAO, Xu-qing YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782011008741875, articleId=1149781960962306735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=前置仓补货模式下双渠道供应链库存优化, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以三级多产品双渠道供应链为例,探讨了在随机需求下的供应链库存控制问题。研究建立了一个以“单制造商-双分销商-双零售商-双客户”为基础的独立控制、信息共享及前置仓补货模式的双渠道供应链仿真模型。在节点企业中,采用了Pull/Push策略进行订货决策,并利用信息熵来衡量节点的不确定性。最后,使用鲸鱼优化算法来调整仿真模型中的库存控制参数。结果显示,在中断情况下,前置仓补货模式能够将中断渠道客户满意度提高80%。而鲸鱼优化算法则能在保证客户满意度的同时,控制总成本,降低供应链系统的不确定性。

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赵文丹(1976—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:供应链优化、复杂过程建模。E-mail:

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赵文丹(1976—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:供应链优化、复杂过程建模。E-mail:

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赵文丹(1976—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:供应链优化、复杂过程建模。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=YCYc/F71GOymL/vxeKwTow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367131308245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Model1 channel 1 order and shipment comparison, figureFileSmall=/fWuuPyHIb8f5j40XLPBLg==, figureFileBig=bZM1+a1Y0Y9e5InVWllWPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367269720287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Model1渠道一订单与发货量对比, figureFileSmall=/fWuuPyHIb8f5j40XLPBLg==, figureFileBig=bZM1+a1Y0Y9e5InVWllWPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367408132331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Model1 channel 2 order and shipment comparison, figureFileSmall=NPvNJBFYGxJ0/Z1Pyv4tXg==, figureFileBig=Jsas+ZID4R+yeXoXO8Hcog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367567515893, 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figureFileSmall=v4qw03vfUmv5xjpN6qNCyg==, figureFileBig=NL6ZlOO3uAzeRiJScSOfmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249369656279326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Model1零售商2库存, figureFileSmall=v4qw03vfUmv5xjpN6qNCyg==, figureFileBig=NL6ZlOO3uAzeRiJScSOfmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249369803079975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Model2 channel 2 order and shipment comparison, figureFileSmall=uCD7NS8XqHpijayL77XHnw==, figureFileBig=5tUZu1ELWwSB3AmtDALiFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249369958269235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Model2渠道二订单与发货量对比, figureFileSmall=uCD7NS8XqHpijayL77XHnw==, figureFileBig=5tUZu1ELWwSB3AmtDALiFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370067321147, 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Strategy combination

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策略组合 仓库(w) 分销商一(d1) 分销商二(d2)
1 Pull Pull Push
2 Pull Push Push
3 Pull Push Pull
4 Push Push Push
5 Push Push Pull
6 Push Pull Push
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373804446220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

策略组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
策略组合 仓库(w) 分销商一(d1) 分销商二(d2)
1 Pull Pull Push
2 Pull Push Push
3 Pull Push Pull
4 Push Push Push
5 Push Push Pull
6 Push Pull Push
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373955441172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Initial model comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合 模型 CS1/% CS2/% TC/元 TRE
1 Model1 90.17 87.83 6 143.69 10.95
Model2 90.17 8.62 3 088.17 3.14
Model3 90.17 92.36 4 835.19 5.95
2 Model1 83.89 87.86 4 119.03 18.74
Model2 8.29 7.97 1 201.75 6.58
Model3 89.94 92.37 3 478.71 3.33
3 Model1 84.44 92.95 5 238.13 15.31
Model2 8.23 92.95 2 844.23 6.56
Model3 90.11 92.95 4 532.41 7.83
4 Model1 83.50 86.33 3 836.38 19.36
Model2 8.82 7.80 759.87 1.17
Model3 90.17 92.75 2 757.75 3.33
5 Model1 83.42 92.95 4 748.42 16.21
Model2 10.67 92.95 2 315.74 6.14
Model3 90.17 92.95 4 218.93 7.09
6 Model1 90.17 89.45 5 648.39 13.16
Model2 90.17 10.29 2 533.64 6.59
Model3 90.17 91.99 4 418.52 8.57
), ArticleFig(id=1251249374081270299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

初始模型对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合 模型 CS1/% CS2/% TC/元 TRE
1 Model1 90.17 87.83 6 143.69 10.95
Model2 90.17 8.62 3 088.17 3.14
Model3 90.17 92.36 4 835.19 5.95
2 Model1 83.89 87.86 4 119.03 18.74
Model2 8.29 7.97 1 201.75 6.58
Model3 89.94 92.37 3 478.71 3.33
3 Model1 84.44 92.95 5 238.13 15.31
Model2 8.23 92.95 2 844.23 6.56
Model3 90.11 92.95 4 532.41 7.83
4 Model1 83.50 86.33 3 836.38 19.36
Model2 8.82 7.80 759.87 1.17
Model3 90.17 92.75 2 757.75 3.33
5 Model1 83.42 92.95 4 748.42 16.21
Model2 10.67 92.95 2 315.74 6.14
Model3 90.17 92.95 4 218.93 7.09
6 Model1 90.17 89.45 5 648.39 13.16
Model2 90.17 10.29 2 533.64 6.59
Model3 90.17 91.99 4 418.52 8.57
), ArticleFig(id=1251249374232265251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation results under interruption conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合 模型 CS1/% CS2/% TC/元 TRE
1 Model1 16.94 75.50 18 876.71 31.69
Model2 15.11 0 19 648.53 21.25
Model3 77.98 77.67 25 828.12 26.99
2 Model1 16.60 75.59 18 841.65 31.58
Model2 0 0 1 048.69 6.26
Model3 81.30 86.05 3 918.97 2.64
3 Model1 17.58 87.88 26 561.92 26.17
Model2 0 85.77 2 313.15 8.25
Model3 82.11 87.82 9 682.42 8.60
4 Model1 15.72 81.15 5 750.18 24.00
Model2 0 0 577.91 1.47
Model3 81.35 85.61 2 913.50 3.20
5 Model1 16.24 86.54 10 010.16 24.38
Model2 0 85.77 1 742.65 7.77
Model3 83.02 87.83 6 805.47 7.49
6 Model1 17.58 80.40 16 576.05 29.78
Model2 14.38 0 6 293.67 18.60
Model3 76.56 82.00 12 478.52 21.19
), ArticleFig(id=1251249374366482990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中断情形下的仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合 模型 CS1/% CS2/% TC/元 TRE
1 Model1 16.94 75.50 18 876.71 31.69
Model2 15.11 0 19 648.53 21.25
Model3 77.98 77.67 25 828.12 26.99
2 Model1 16.60 75.59 18 841.65 31.58
Model2 0 0 1 048.69 6.26
Model3 81.30 86.05 3 918.97 2.64
3 Model1 17.58 87.88 26 561.92 26.17
Model2 0 85.77 2 313.15 8.25
Model3 82.11 87.82 9 682.42 8.60
4 Model1 15.72 81.15 5 750.18 24.00
Model2 0 0 577.91 1.47
Model3 81.35 85.61 2 913.50 3.20
5 Model1 16.24 86.54 10 010.16 24.38
Model2 0 85.77 1 742.65 7.77
Model3 83.02 87.83 6 805.47 7.49
6 Model1 17.58 80.40 16 576.05 29.78
Model2 14.38 0 6 293.67 18.60
Model3 76.56 82.00 12 478.52 21.19
), ArticleFig(id=1251249374546838077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

WOA optimization results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合 CS1/% CS2/% TC/元 TRE Fitness
1 90.17 92.70 4 407.85 3.63 0.940 0
2 90.11 92.43 3 051.50 1.42 0.938 9
3 90.17 92.95 4 065.76 3.81 0.940 9
4 90.15 92.66 2 846.65 2.89 0.939 8
5 90.17 92.95 3 677.46 3.90 0.940 9
6 90.17 92.86 3 762.94 2.91 0.940 6
), ArticleFig(id=1251249374668472899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781960962306735, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

WOA优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合 CS1/% CS2/% TC/元 TRE Fitness
1 90.17 92.70 4 407.85 3.63 0.940 0
2 90.11 92.43 3 051.50 1.42 0.938 9
3 90.17 92.95 4 065.76 3.81 0.940 9
4 90.15 92.66 2 846.65 2.89 0.939 8
5 90.17 92.95 3 677.46 3.90 0.940 9
6 90.17 92.86 3 762.94 2.91 0.940 6
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前置仓补货模式下双渠道供应链库存优化
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赵文丹 , 杨绪清
作者信息
  • 沈阳化工大学信息工程学院, 沈阳 110142
  • 赵文丹(1976—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:供应链优化、复杂过程建模。E-mail:

Inventory Optimization of Dual Channel Supply Chain under Pre Warehouse Replenishment Mode
Wen-dan ZHAO , Xu-qing YANG
Affiliations
  • College of Information Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402446
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以三级多产品双渠道供应链为例,探讨了在随机需求下的供应链库存控制问题。研究建立了一个以“单制造商-双分销商-双零售商-双客户”为基础的独立控制、信息共享及前置仓补货模式的双渠道供应链仿真模型。在节点企业中,采用了Pull/Push策略进行订货决策,并利用信息熵来衡量节点的不确定性。最后,使用鲸鱼优化算法来调整仿真模型中的库存控制参数。结果显示,在中断情况下,前置仓补货模式能够将中断渠道客户满意度提高80%。而鲸鱼优化算法则能在保证客户满意度的同时,控制总成本,降低供应链系统的不确定性。

前置仓  /  双渠道供应链  /  鲸鱼优化算法  /  Pull/Push策略  /  信息熵

Taking a three-level, multi product, and dual channel supply chain as an example, the inventory control problem in the supply chain under stochastic demand was explored. A dual channel supply chain simulation model was established based on the independent control, information sharing, and pre warehouse replenishment model of “single manufacturer-dual distributor-dual retailer-dual customer”. In node enterprises, the Pull/Push strategy was adopted for ordering decisions, and information entropy was used to measure the uncertainty of nodes. Finally, the whale optimization algorithm was used to adjust the inventory control parameters in the simulation model. The results show that in the case of interruption, the pre warehouse replenishment mode can increase customer satisfaction in the interrupted channel by 80%. The whale optimization algorithm can ensure customer satisfaction while controlling total costs and reducing uncertainty in the supply chain system.

pre warehouse  /  dual channel supply chain  /  whale optimization algorithm  /  Pull/Push strategy  /  information entropy
赵文丹, 杨绪清. 前置仓补货模式下双渠道供应链库存优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3739 -3748 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402446
Wen-dan ZHAO, Xu-qing YANG. Inventory Optimization of Dual Channel Supply Chain under Pre Warehouse Replenishment Mode[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3739 -3748 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402446
随着全球贸易的发展,供应链网络结构变得日益复杂,多级供应链网络结构已成为库存管理的主要形式。客户满意度和供应链库存成本是供应链绩效的关键指标[1]。为了适应需求的变化,供应链各节点企业通常采取大规模库存以确保客户满意度。然而,这种方式会带来高昂的库存持有成本,影响供应链绩效。因此,如何在保证客户需求的同时控制供应链的运营成本是诸多学者的研究热点。如文献[2]通过深度学习模型分析库存短缺问题,确定了各个时段的库存补充量,以最大限度地降低产品采购成本和储存成本。文献[3]在不确定需求下建立了供应链网络总成本和碳排放量的多目标模型,并利用Epsilon约束方法进行精确求解,以最大程度降低供应链网络运作总成本和碳排放量。
与传统单渠道供应链不同,双渠道供应链的运作模式更复杂,不同渠道在运作过程中的相互作用会直接影响到整个供应链网络的绩效[4]。文献[5]研究了双渠道供应链中信息共享和非信息共享下供应链成员的决策问题。文献[6]分析了线上线下双渠道在随机需求下的协调机制,通过Stackelberg博弈分析了最优运营决策。文献[7]就信息共享问题分析了信息获取对零售商、供应链及客户产生的影响,结果表明制造商与零售商共享信息对零售商有利。在双渠道供应链的运作中,为满足下游客户需求,信息共享、预测需求[8]、不同渠道间交叉补货[9]是常见的库存控制策略。但是在这些双渠道供应链运作协调及库存补充方式中,无法避免两个渠道之间协调难度大、节点企业上下游距离远、货物运输时间较长等问题。
前置仓作为一种新型的仓储配送模式,旨在通过靠近消费者建立的小型仓库,提升配送时效并满足及时性购物需求,其功能不断完善[10]。前置仓可以有效解决客户需求短缺及零售商库存短缺的问题,如文献[11]就有容量约束的前置仓品类优化问题进行研究,对有中心配送仓和无中心配送仓的前置仓库存容量进行对比,得到了最优库存容量和产品订货量的关系;文献[12]以供应链运作总成本为目标,利用轮廓系数法和蚁群算法确定了前置仓建造数量和配送路径;文献[13]在考虑供应链运作总成本、时间和碳排放的前提下,用非支配排序遗传算法Ⅲ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ,NSGA-Ⅲ)算法解决了前置仓的选址-路径规划问题;文献[14]以碳排放最小和低成本高效率为目标,得到了生鲜前置仓的最优布局方案;文献[15]利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法解决了以企业总成本最低和客户满意度最高为目标的前置仓选址问题。当前,有关前置仓模式的研究均保留了前置仓完整功能,使其直接面向客户。前置仓直接面向客户虽然有效保证了客户需求,但是前置仓的大量规划和建造势必会对已有的供应链网络结构造成冲击。前置仓直接面向客户,对于客户而言,前置仓只是增加了可供选择的购物地点,是一个“新零售商”,对其他零售商而言,前置仓是潜在的竞争者,会直接影响到其他零售商的库存和效益。因此,前置仓在供应链网络中的应用需要对其功能进行取舍。
前置仓临近消费者的特点恰好可以弥补双渠道供应链零售商在缺货时渠道间协调难度大、上下游货物运输时间长的问题。将前置仓应用到双渠道供应链中,如果前置仓直接面向客户,不仅增加客户的选择难度,还增加额外面向客户的运营成本,同时,前置仓和两个零售商都需要面对客户的随机需求,增加了整体的库存成本,进一步增加了供应链网络库存分配的难度。因此,考虑建设不面向客户的前置仓,使其直接向缺货的零售商补货。
现建立一个“单制造商-双分销商-双零售商-双客户”的双渠道供应链基本模型。为了解决客户随机需求导致的零售商库存短缺问题,在零售商同级设置前置仓库,用于零售商的补货,形成前置仓补货的双渠道供应链模型。以供应链系统不确定性最低、客户满意度最大和成本得到控制为目标,通过采用比例控制来修正Pull/Push策略的参数,利用鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)使得目标函数达到最优化。
随机需求下的制造业三级多产品双渠道供应链包括制造商、分销商、零售商以及客户。简化后的模型包括一个仓库、两个分销商、两个零售商和两个客户。双渠道供应链模型如图1所示。
基本假设如下。
(1)双渠道供应链的生产及运输是由下游客户订单驱动。
(2)制造商有A、B、C三类产品供客户选择。
(3)信息流没有延迟,零售商至客户没有物流延迟,其余物流环节均有延迟。
(4)物流需逐级向下传递,订货信息可根据模型需要进行信息共享。
(5)仓库库存不足时,向两个分销商按订单等比例发货。
在上述假设条件下,客户向零售商发起订单。如果零售商的库存能够满足客户订单,零售商将按订单量向客户发货。但若零售商库存不足以满足客户订单,它将向客户发放现有库存,并将缺货量视为未完成订单。同时,零售商会向分销商发起订单,分销商会根据订单向零售商进行补货。零售商的库存得到补充后,它将按照未完成的订单向客户发货。这个过程在供应链的每个级别节点上重复出现,直到订单到达制造商为止。制造商将根据仓库的库存情况来制定相应的生产计划。
在双渠道供应链基本模型的基础上,构建了包含前置仓的双渠道供应链模型如图2所示。
在双渠道供应链基本模型的基础上,做如下假设。
(1)客户订单信息由零售商和分销商共享,以此达到分销商控制零售商库存的目的。
(2)前置仓和零售商同层级。
(3)零售商向前置仓传递库存信息,零售商库存较低时,前置仓向零售商进行少量的货物补充。
(4)前置仓相关的信息流无延迟,物流均有延迟。
前置仓补货的表达式为
yfn=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{I}}_{r1},{I}_{r1}<\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{I}}_{r1}\\ \mathrm{F}{\mathrm{I}}_{r2},{I}_{r2}<\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{I}}_{r2}\end{array}\right.$n∈{r1,r2}
式(1)中:下角标f为前置仓;r1r2为两个零售商;FIr1和FIr2为前置仓给两个零售商的固定发货量;Ir1Ir2为两个零售商当前库存;GIr1和GIr2为两个零售商预先设置的补货临界值。
Pull策略:物流节点订货量为该节点当前库存量Ii与预先确定的最大库存量MIi之差与控制律C 的乘积。

Di=C(MIi-Ii) ∀i∈{Vw,Vd,Vr,Vf}

式(2)中:VwVdVrVf分别为仓库、分销商、零售商、前置仓节点集合。
Push策略:物流节点订货量为当前库存量Ii与订单总和Oki之差与控制律C的乘积。
Di=C$\left(\sum _{k}{O}_{ki}-{I}_{i}\right)$i∈{Vw,Vd,Vr,Vf}
供应链节点中的产品在发货前进行库存积累,节点i的库存余量为。
Ii=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{y}_{ji}-\sum _{k}{y}_{ik},\forall i\in \{{V}_{\mathrm{d}},{V}_{\mathrm{r}},{V}_{\mathrm{f}}\},\mathrm{ }j\in \mathrm{U}{\mathrm{N}}_{i}\\ {{y}^{\mathrm{p}}}_{i}-\sum _{k}{y}_{ik},\forall i\in {V}_{\mathrm{w}}\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:yji为从节点j向节点i发送的货物数量;ypi为制造商按照生产计划向仓库的发货量;UNi为与节点i相连接的上游节点。前置仓补货模式下零售商节点的库存余量需加上前置仓的补货量yfn
供应链节点中的订单信息在订单处理前进行累积,节点i处的订单平衡公式为
Oij=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{ji}-{y}_{ij},\forall i\in \{{V}_{\mathrm{w}},{V}_{\mathrm{d}},{V}_{\mathrm{f}}\},j\in \mathrm{D}{\mathrm{N}}_{i}\\ {u}_{ji}-{y}_{ij},\forall i\in {V}_{\mathrm{r}},j\in \mathrm{D}{\mathrm{C}}_{i}\end{array}\right.$
式(5)中:Oij为从节点j发出的订单在节点i的处理量;uji为从下游节点j发向上游节点i的订单量;DNi为与节点i相连接的下游节点;DCi为与节点i相连接的客户。
节点i的货物交付量有以下两种情况:如果节点i的库存满足下游节点的所有订单,则根据订单发货,有

yjk=Ojk

如果节点i的库存不足以满足下游所有节点的订单,则根据相应订单与总订单的比例将其分配给下游各个节点,有
yjk=$\frac{{O}_{jk}}{\sum _{i}{O}_{ji}}$Ij
客户满意度为零售商完成客户订单的比例。客户满意度的计算公式如下。

CSk=1-$\frac{1}{\tau }{\int }_{0}^{\tau }\mathrm{ }\left(\sum _{j}\sum _{i}\left|\frac{{u}_{ijk}-{y}_{jik}}{{u}_{ijk}}\right|\right)$dt,

iVc, j∈UNi

CS=$\sum _{k}$λkCSk-0.000 1count$\left(\left|\frac{{u}_{ijk}-{y}_{ijk}}{{u}_{ijk}}\right|>0.2\right)$
式中:CSk为顾客对产品k的平均满意度;λk为产品k的权重因子;τ为评估时间;count为计数器。

TC=$\frac{1}{\tau }{\int }_{0}^{\tau }\mathrm{ }\left(\sum _{i}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}{I}_{i}\right)$dt+$\frac{1}{\tau }{\int }_{0}^{\tau }\mathrm{ }$($\sum _{j}\sum _{i}$OCuji)dt+

$\frac{1}{\tau }{\int }_{0}^{\tau }\mathrm{ }$($\sum _{i}\sum _{j}$TRCyij)dt
式(10)中:SC为单位库存成本;OC为单位订货成本;TRC为单位运输成本。建立的模型的总成本主要考虑库存成本、订货成本、运输成本。
信息熵[16]反映了一个随机变量所有可能取值所带来的信息量的期望,被广泛应用于各种事件的不确定性研究[17]。信息熵作为不确定性研究的一个指标,有助于衡量供应链节点的不确定性。
E=-$\sum _{i}$pilog2pi
式(11)中:pi为系统随机变量取第i个值的概率,如果概率为1或0,则E=0。用信息熵衡量供应链节点的不确定性步骤如下[18]
步骤1 整理供应链节点数据,不确定性由节点的输入和输出衡量,输出值受到输入值影响。
步骤2 确定输出值的接受范围,在每个离散时间段内,输出值y处于(μy-2σx,μy+2σx)区间内,认为输出值y处于期望状态。
步骤3 根据步骤2可将供应链节点订单数据分为期望和不期望两种,则订单处于期望状态的概率为
pi=$\frac{{N}_{\mathrm{d}i}}{{N}_{\mathrm{T}i}}$
式(12)中:Ndi为供应链节点在一个数据采样周期内订单数据处于期望区间的次数;NTi为总采样数。在此条件下,节点信息熵包括两部分,表达式为
ET=Ed+Eu=-$\sum _{i}$pilog2pi-$\sum _{i}$(1-pi)log2(1-pi)
EdEuETpi的关系如图3所示,这3个指标均非pi的单调函数,与节点的不确定性不能一一对应。
步骤4 期望状态与非期望状态的熵比REi定义如式(14)所示,该值是pi的单调递减函数,可以用来衡量供应链节点的不确定性。
REi=$\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{d}i}}{{E}_{\mathrm{u}i}}$=$\frac{{p}_{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}{p}_{i}}{(1-{p}_{i})\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}(1-{p}_{i})}$
为了满足客户需求,节点企业通常采用增加库存的方式保证客户满意度,但会造成一定的额外库存成本。为了使库存成本有所控制的同时保证客户需求,将CS、TRE和TC作为适应度函数的主体。
Fitness=αCS+βnormalize$\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{E}}\right)$+(1-α-β)normalize$\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C}}\right)$
式(15)中:TRE为供应链各节点订单信息熵比之和;αβ为相应指标在适应度函数中所占的比重;normalize为归一化函数。
3种产品订单输入信号在渠道一为[7,8,9]的阶跃信号加幅值为[6,6.75,3.75]、偏置为[8,9,5],频率为[0.02,0.02,0.02]的正弦信号,在渠道二为[7,8,9]的阶跃信号加幅值为[6,6.75,3.75]、偏置为[10,125],频率为[0.015,0.03,0.02]的正弦信号,用叠加在输入信号上的白噪声模拟供应链需求的不确定性,其中白噪声强度为0.02。在MATLABR2023b版本下,供应链仿真模型时间设置为350 s,采用ODE3固定步长法求解。
将不同的库存控制策略应用于双渠道供应链模型,信息共享下的双渠道供应链模型以及前置仓补货模式下的双渠道供应链模型中。为比较方便,3个模型依次命名为Model1,Model2,Model3。其中,由于Model2和Model3采用信息共享模式,即分销商控制零售商库存,因此Model2和Model3的两个零售商没有直接的库存控制策略。在仿真中,零售商和前置仓位于供应链最后一级,采用Pull策略,对仓库和两个分销商的策略进行排列组合,对Pull和Push策略组合如表1所示。
表2所示,3个模型在不同的策略组合下得到了渠道一客户满意度(CS1),渠道二客户满意度(CS2),总成本(TC)以及总熵比(TRE)。
表2可以看出,就客户满意度而言,Model1两个渠道的客户满意度均在83%以上,Model2的客户满意度表现较差,出现了8%和10%的特低客户满意度,Model3两个渠道的客户满意度均在89%以上,由此可见,Model3相较于Model2优势明显,同时说明在零售商完全信息共享至分销商的情况下,只有分销商控制零售商库存的供应链结构不适用Push和Pull策略的应用,采用前置仓补货模式可以有效预防库存信息共享导致的大量缺货现象;Model3相较于Model1的客户满意度,表现比较均衡,最高客户满意度均达到了92.95%,最低客户满意度差异也控制在6%以内。
表2中的成本来看,高客户满意度均需要高额成本,对比Model1和Model3,这两个模型在客户满意度差别不大的情况下,Model1的成本在以上6个策略组合下均比Model3要高,因此Model3的各个企业的库存成本压力更小。
从总熵比来看,Model1的总熵比最大,Model2的总熵比最小。总熵比结合客户满意度来看,高客户满意度均伴随着相对较高的总熵比,对比Model1和Model3,在客户满意度差异不大的情况下,Model3的总熵比总是低于Model1,由此可见,Model3的稳定性相较于Model1更好。
综上,Model3在保持平均最高客户满意度的情况下,维持了供应链系统的总成本最低,不确定性最低。由此可见,前置仓补货模式下双渠道供应链系统优势显著。
随着供应链结构及运营环境的日益复杂,供应链系统正常运行受到的不可控因素越来越多,供应链中断风险加剧,该现象广泛存在于不同类型的供应链系统运营中,合适的供应链结构是提升供应链交货稳定性的有效手段[19]。在突发状况下,供应链某节点企业无法正常运转,能否及时满足下游客户的需求,是衡量供应链系统抗风险能力的一个重要指标。
假设3个模型均在开始运行时渠道一分销商物流发生中断[20],分销商无法接收到上游仓库的货物,向下游零售商发送货物仅有分销商节点现有库存,同时,分销商信息流正常。当模型运行时间为100 s时,分销商节点正常运行,即分销商既能正常接收到来自上游的货物,也能向下游零售商正常发货。3个模型在表1所列6种策略组合上的运行结果如表3所示。
在供应链局部节点中断的情况下,供应链系统要求尽可能保证客户满意度。如表3所示,Model1在未中断的渠道二保持了75%以上的客户满意度,在中断渠道一上保持了15%以上的客户满意度;Model2中渠道二的客户满意度出现了0,表明Model2在渠道一中断时,不仅渠道一的客户需求无法满足,同时还影响到了渠道二的客户需求;Model3在两个渠道上都保持了76%以上的客户满意度,其中在2、3、4、5组合上保持了80%以上的客户满意度,客户满意度最高达87%。由此可见,只有Model3能够在突发状况下保证客户较高的满意度,Model1则只能保证未中断渠道客户的一定量的需求,Model2则受到中断的影响巨大,只有在组合3和5下能保证未中断渠道客户一定量的需求。
因此,在节点突发中断的情况下,Model3相较于Model1和Model2的适应能力更强,能够源源不断向下游客户发送货物。
表2表3所示,客户满意度出现了8.62%和0%的特低客户满意度,以3个模型在组合1上的客户订单和发货量以及零售商库存为例进行客户满意度分析,结果如图4~图12所示。
Model1在策略组合1上运行后,渠道一和二的客户订单与零售商发货量对比如图4图5所示,两个零售商的库存变化如图6图7所示。
图4图6可以看出,Model1中渠道一零售商未发生缺货现象,能够及时向客户发送货物,同时,Model2和Model3渠道一零售商库存变化如图9图12所示,这两个模型中渠道一零售商也未发生缺货现象,两个模型在渠道一的发货量跟订单量的对比图跟Model1一致(由于篇幅有限,只展示Model1的对比图),因此,3个模型在渠道一上的客户满意度相同。
根据图4图5可知,两个渠道下游客户的最高需求量不超过20,由图6图7可看出,零售商为满足客户需求维持了大量库存,其中渠道二零售商持有库存量最大接近390,最大库存持有量远超出客户的最高需求量,同时也出现了0库存,导致无法及时满足客户需求。
Model2在策略组合1上运行后,渠道二的客户订单与零售商发货量对比如图8所示,渠道二的零售商的库存变化如图10所示。
图10所示,Model2中渠道二由于采用分销商控制零售商的策略库存模式,虽然零售商2维持了低库存状态,降低了库存成本,但是导致了大量缺货。从图8中可看出,Model2中渠道二零售商无法及时向客户发送货物,并且长时间大量缺货,由于式(9)中客户满意度公式中添加了惩罚因子,长时间缺货使计算客户满意度过程中惩罚因子的数量累计过多,导致客户满意度很低。因此,表3中出现0%的特低客户满意度并非是零售商没有向客户发货,而是零售商长时间大量缺货导致客户满意度公式中的惩罚因子累计数量巨大,从而出现了特低的客户满意度。
对比图6图9,Model1和Model2中渠道一的零售商库存差距明显,Model2采用了信息共享模式,由分销商控制零售商库存,相较于Model1中300的最大库存量,Model2的最大库量降低了2/3;对比图7图10,虽然Model2中渠道二也采用了信息共享模式,实现了低库存,但是渠道二发生了大量缺货,因此,采用信息共享模式实现低库存的同时需要结合相适应的补货策略才能保证下游客户的需求。
Model3在策略组合1上运行后,渠道二的客户订单与零售商发货量对比如图11所示,前置仓向零售商关于A产品的发货量如图13所示。
图13所示,Model3前置仓对零售商A产品的库存进行了一定量的补充。对比图11图8可知,Model3相较于Model2中的大量缺货,缺货现象被大幅度改善,客户满意度有了大幅度提升。
WOA是受到座头鲸狩猎行为的启发,提出的一种简洁、高效的启发式算法。通过对包围猎物,搜索猎物和气泡网捕食3个阶段建立数学模型进行最优解的求解[21-22]
鲸鱼在捕食过程中需要确定猎物位置,进而才能包围并捕捉猎物,但猎物在搜索空间中的位置不是先验已知的。因此,WOA假设当前最优解为猎物位置或接近目标猎物的位置,其他搜索种群根据当前最优解更新自己的位置。数学模型如下。
D=$\left|C{X}^{\mathrm{*}}\left(t\right)\right|$

X(t+1)=X*(t)-AD

A=2ar-a

C=2r

式中:t为当前迭代次数;AC分别为系数向量;X*(t)为种群当前最优位置向量;X(t)为当前位置向量;收敛因子a随着种群迭代从2线性递减到0;r为属于[0,1]的随机向量。
根据座头鲸气泡网狩猎的捕食行为,此阶段WOA设计了收缩包围和螺旋更新位置两种策略。其中收缩包围通过减小式(18)中的收敛因子a实现,A为[-a,a]的随机向量。
$\left|A\right|$≤1时,根据式(17)完成对猎物的收缩包围。同时,根据鲸鱼螺旋运动状态构造的螺旋数学模型如下。

X(t+1)=D'eblcos(2πl)+X*(t)

式(20)中:D'为猎物与当前鲸鱼个体之间的距离; b为定义螺旋搜索形状的参数;l为[-1,1]的随机数。
鲸鱼会在不断缩小的圈内围绕猎物游动,同时沿着螺旋路径游动。为了模拟这种同时行为,WOA选择相同的概率p实现了收缩包围和螺旋位置更新,其数学模型表示如下。
X(t+1)=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}X\left(t\right)-AD,& p<0.5\\ D\text{'}{\mathrm{e}}^{bl}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left(2\mathrm{\pi }l\right)+{X}^{\mathrm{*}}\left(t\right),& p\ge 0.5\end{array}\right.$
$\left|A\right|$>1时,WOA在群体中随机选择一个种群代替目标猎物,鲸鱼个体为了寻找猎物离开原目标猎物,向随机个体靠近,增强了算法的全局探索能力。其数学模型表示如下。
D=$\left|C{X}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}}-X\left(t\right)\right|$

X(t+1)=Xrand-AD

式中:Xrand为当前鲸鱼种群中随机一条鲸鱼的位置向量。
鲸鱼优化算法优化供应链模型的流程如图14所示。
鲸鱼优化算法优化供应链Simulink模型的步骤如下。
步骤1 设置种群规模,最大迭代次数,初始化种群。
步骤2 将种群赋值给模型中的库存控制参数,运行Simulink仿真模型,得到相应的客户满意度CS,总成本TC以及总熵比TRE。
步骤3 根据式(15)及步骤2得到的指标计算适应度值,更新最优解。
步骤4 判断是否达到算法截止条件,如果是,算法结束并且输出最优解,否则进入下一步。
步骤5 更新相应的参数,根据式(20)、式(23)、式(17)更新种群。
步骤6 返回步骤2。
对Model3用WOA算法进行仿真优化,其中WOA种群数量为30,迭代次数为100,Pull/Push策略的比例系数范围均为[0,15],优化后的结果如表4所示。
表4中的数据可知,Model3在组合3和5上经过WOA优化得到最大适应度值,这两个方案的客户满意度相同,区别是组合3成本高,总熵比低,而组合5是成本低,总熵比高。
WOA在组合3和5上优化Model3的适应度函数收敛曲线如图15图16所示,Model3在6个组合上优化前后的总熵比和总成本对比如图17图18所示。
对比表4表2的客户满意度可知,WOA优化后,客户满意度变化幅度很小。如图17所示,优化前后的供应链系统订单总熵比全部下降,说明经过WOA优化后,供应链系统订单的不确定性得到了改善。如图18所示,WOA优化后,除组合4的总成本有略微上升,其余5个组合的总成本均有所下降。
综上所述,WOA优化保证了供应链系统一定的客户满意度,控制了总成本,降低了供应链系统的不确定性。
(1)零售商信息完全共享至分销商,由分销商控制零售商库存虽然能够使零售商实现低库存,但是不一定能够保证客户需求,信息共享模式需要结合相适应的补货策略才能在实现低库存的同时保证下游客户需求。
(2)前置仓补货模式在双渠道供应链有一方分销商节点中断时,能够及时补充该节点下游客户的需求,维持供应链向客户的正常物流配送;该模式在供应链不同节点采用不同库存控制策略时,均能够保证较高的客户满意度,说明该模式在供应链系统中有一定的竞争优势。
(3)在客户满意度能够保证较高的情况下,供应链系统无论是供不应求,还是供大于求,都应首先考虑成本,因此,前置仓补货模式下,选择Push策略能够节省企业成本,提高利润。
(4)前置仓补货模式保证了下游客户的满意度,增强了供应链的抗风险能力,同时,不可避免地提高了供应链的复杂度,此外,前置仓面向零售商补货增加了额外的运输成本。因此,前置仓补货模式在复杂供应链网络的货物运输和车辆调度问题是一个新的研究方向。
  • 辽宁省教育厅科学研究经费项目(LJ2020019)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402446
  • 接收时间:2024-04-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-06
  • 修回日期:2024-12-10
基金
辽宁省教育厅科学研究经费项目(LJ2020019)
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    沈阳化工大学信息工程学院, 沈阳 110142
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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