Article(id=1149781959456551590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058981050, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058981050, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058981050, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058981050, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3945, endPage=3958, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781959771124392, articleId=1149781959456551590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Feature Spatial Characteristic Analysis and Occurrence Risk Assessment of Erosion Gully in Black Soil Region of Northeastern China: A Case from Northern Bayan County, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to obtain the location of erosion gullies in Bayan County, understand the spatial relations between multi-features and erosion gullies, assessing the occurrence risk, and provide information and method reference to erosion gully management and precaution, high-resolution satellite imagery, digital elevation model, soil, and precipitation data were used to acquire erosion gully locations and topographical, soil, hydrological, meteorological features. Subsequently, the spatial relations between erosion gullies and multi-feature were analyzed, and erosion gully occurrence risk was assessed using the random forest method. As results, towns like Waxing, Dexiang, and Xinglong could be paid more attention on the erosion gully management. Elevation relief, slope, slope factor, slope length factor, water flow density, and distance to water flow tend to show more spatial relations with erosion gullies, and erosion gully would participate in the redistribution of soil nutrition. On the other hand, for natural or data spatial resolution reasons, slope aspect, terrain curvature, catchment quantity, rainfall erosivity factor, soil bulk density, and soil erodibility factor show little spatial relations with erosion gullies. Assessment indicates that the erosion gully risks are mainly in arable lands with slopes between 1.5°~6°. Results indicates that topographical and hydrological features are closely related to erosion gullies, and diagonal ridge is an economical and effective measure.

, correspAuthors=Yun-feng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhuo CHEN, Yun-feng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782005891690613, articleId=1149781959456551590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=东北黑土区侵蚀沟要素空间分析及发生风险评估:以巴彦县北部为例, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为获取巴彦县侵蚀沟分布、分析各要素与侵蚀沟的空间关系、评估侵蚀沟发生风险,为侵蚀沟治理、防治提供信息和方法支持,利用高分辨率卫星多光谱影像、数字高程模型、土壤和降水量等多源数据,获得了侵蚀沟空间分布,构建了地貌、土壤、水文、气象特征信息并与侵蚀沟开展空间分析,同时采用随机森林算法评估了侵蚀沟发生风险。结果显示,研究区内的洼兴镇、德祥乡、兴隆镇可作为侵蚀沟治理的重点区,高差、坡度、坡度因子、坡长因子、汇水线密度、距汇水线距离与侵蚀沟空间关系较为显著,侵蚀沟会对土壤养分产生再分配;坡向、地形曲率、汇水量、降水侵蚀因子、土壤容重、土壤可蚀因子由于自然规律或数据空间分辨率的原因而与侵蚀沟的空间关系不明显。侵蚀沟发生风险区主要位于坡度为1.5°~6°的坡耕地区域,地貌和水文要素与侵蚀沟关系密切,斜坡起垄是相对经济有效的防治措施。

, correspAuthors=李蕴峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李蕴峰(1993—),男,汉族,黑龙江牡丹江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地理信息与自然资源调查。E-mail:
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陈卓(1989—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:资源环境遥感与自然资源调查。E-mail:

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Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 22(1): 1-4., articleTitle=Investigation of relation between gully and ridge direction, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249365516497164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781959456551590, awardId=QCJJ2022-6, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地质调查局东北地质科技创新中心区创基金(QCJJ2022-6), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249354036687578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781959456551590, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249354045076187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781959456551590, companyId=1251249354036687578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Harbin Center for Integrated Natural Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Harbin 150000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249354053464796, 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articleId=1149781959456551590, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Attributes of data

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数据类型 获取时间 空间分辨率 来源
高分辨率卫星影像产品 2022年夏季 1 m 黑龙江测绘地理信息局
ALOS DEM 12.5 m 美国航天局
土壤容重、粒度 2022年夏季 4 km×4 km 哈尔滨中心
降水数据 2022年 县级站点 哈尔滨中心
第三次全国国土调查 2020年 哈尔滨中心
土壤有机碳、全氮 2023年8月 120 m×120 m 采集地表20 cm浅层土壤
), ArticleFig(id=1251249364929294553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781959456551590, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据参数

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数据类型 获取时间 空间分辨率 来源
高分辨率卫星影像产品 2022年夏季 1 m 黑龙江测绘地理信息局
ALOS DEM 12.5 m 美国航天局
土壤容重、粒度 2022年夏季 4 km×4 km 哈尔滨中心
降水数据 2022年 县级站点 哈尔滨中心
第三次全国国土调查 2020年 哈尔滨中心
土壤有机碳、全氮 2023年8月 120 m×120 m 采集地表20 cm浅层土壤
), ArticleFig(id=1251249365071900903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781959456551590, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of erosion gullies in the study area

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乡镇名称 红光乡 兴隆镇 洼兴镇 黑山镇 德祥乡 万发镇 天增镇 山后乡 合计
侵蚀沟数量/条 24 738 1 412 812 1 101 167 885 566 5 705
侵蚀沟面积/km2 0.07 1.63 3.38 1.92 2.15 0.68 1.04 0.78 11.66
面积占比/% 0.01 0.78 1.58 0.65 1.02 0.42 0.43 0.47 0.72
), ArticleFig(id=1251249365197730032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781959456551590, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究区侵蚀沟统计特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乡镇名称 红光乡 兴隆镇 洼兴镇 黑山镇 德祥乡 万发镇 天增镇 山后乡 合计
侵蚀沟数量/条 24 738 1 412 812 1 101 167 885 566 5 705
侵蚀沟面积/km2 0.07 1.63 3.38 1.92 2.15 0.68 1.04 0.78 11.66
面积占比/% 0.01 0.78 1.58 0.65 1.02 0.42 0.43 0.47 0.72
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东北黑土区侵蚀沟要素空间分析及发生风险评估:以巴彦县北部为例
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(9): 3945-3958
东北黑土区侵蚀沟要素空间分析及发生风险评估:以巴彦县北部为例
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陈卓1, 2, 3 , 李蕴峰1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质调查局哈尔滨自然资源综合调查中心, 哈尔滨 150000
  • 2 中国地质调查局东北地质科技创新中心, 沈阳 110000
  • 3 自然资源部哈尔滨黑土地地球关键带野外科学观测研究站, 哈尔滨 150000
  • 陈卓(1989—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:资源环境遥感与自然资源调查。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李蕴峰(1993—),男,汉族,黑龙江牡丹江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地理信息与自然资源调查。E-mail:
Feature Spatial Characteristic Analysis and Occurrence Risk Assessment of Erosion Gully in Black Soil Region of Northeastern China: A Case from Northern Bayan County
Zhuo CHEN1, 2, 3 , Yun-feng LI1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Harbin Center for Integrated Natural Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Harbin 150000, China
  • 2 Northeast Geological S & T Innovation Center, China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
  • 3 Harbin Observation and Research Station of Earth Critical Zone in Black Soil, Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin 150000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403095
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为获取巴彦县侵蚀沟分布、分析各要素与侵蚀沟的空间关系、评估侵蚀沟发生风险,为侵蚀沟治理、防治提供信息和方法支持,利用高分辨率卫星多光谱影像、数字高程模型、土壤和降水量等多源数据,获得了侵蚀沟空间分布,构建了地貌、土壤、水文、气象特征信息并与侵蚀沟开展空间分析,同时采用随机森林算法评估了侵蚀沟发生风险。结果显示,研究区内的洼兴镇、德祥乡、兴隆镇可作为侵蚀沟治理的重点区,高差、坡度、坡度因子、坡长因子、汇水线密度、距汇水线距离与侵蚀沟空间关系较为显著,侵蚀沟会对土壤养分产生再分配;坡向、地形曲率、汇水量、降水侵蚀因子、土壤容重、土壤可蚀因子由于自然规律或数据空间分辨率的原因而与侵蚀沟的空间关系不明显。侵蚀沟发生风险区主要位于坡度为1.5°~6°的坡耕地区域,地貌和水文要素与侵蚀沟关系密切,斜坡起垄是相对经济有效的防治措施。

漫川漫岗  /  黑土区  /  侵蚀沟  /  空间分析  /  风险评估  /  随机森林

In order to obtain the location of erosion gullies in Bayan County, understand the spatial relations between multi-features and erosion gullies, assessing the occurrence risk, and provide information and method reference to erosion gully management and precaution, high-resolution satellite imagery, digital elevation model, soil, and precipitation data were used to acquire erosion gully locations and topographical, soil, hydrological, meteorological features. Subsequently, the spatial relations between erosion gullies and multi-feature were analyzed, and erosion gully occurrence risk was assessed using the random forest method. As results, towns like Waxing, Dexiang, and Xinglong could be paid more attention on the erosion gully management. Elevation relief, slope, slope factor, slope length factor, water flow density, and distance to water flow tend to show more spatial relations with erosion gullies, and erosion gully would participate in the redistribution of soil nutrition. On the other hand, for natural or data spatial resolution reasons, slope aspect, terrain curvature, catchment quantity, rainfall erosivity factor, soil bulk density, and soil erodibility factor show little spatial relations with erosion gullies. Assessment indicates that the erosion gully risks are mainly in arable lands with slopes between 1.5°~6°. Results indicates that topographical and hydrological features are closely related to erosion gullies, and diagonal ridge is an economical and effective measure.

rolling hill  /  black soil region  /  erosion gully  /  spatial analysis  /  risk assessment  /  random forest
陈卓, 李蕴峰. 东北黑土区侵蚀沟要素空间分析及发生风险评估:以巴彦县北部为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3945 -3958 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403095
Zhuo CHEN, Yun-feng LI. Feature Spatial Characteristic Analysis and Occurrence Risk Assessment of Erosion Gully in Black Soil Region of Northeastern China: A Case from Northern Bayan County[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3945 -3958 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403095
中国东北黑土区与美国密西西比河流域黑土区、乌克兰大平原黑土区、南美洲潘帕斯大草原黑土区并称世界四大黑土区。东北黑土区具有集中分布性状好、肥力高、结构及保水性适宜农作物生长的特征[1]。当前世界经济增长放缓、地缘冲突频发、气候变化加剧,影响了全球粮食的生产和配给[2-3],掌握粮食生产的主动权对保障粮食安全具有重要意义[4]。土地是粮食生产和安全的载体,且其稀缺性日益凸显[5-6],东北黑土区耕地面积和粮食产量均约占全国总量的25%,其商品率超过60%,是中国重要的粮食主产区和最大的商品粮基地[7-9]
东北漫川漫岗黑土区主要包含松嫩平原和辽河平原北部,地跨黑龙江、吉林和辽宁三省,区内年降水量约500 mm且径流易于集中,1981—2015年的极端降水强度指数呈现先升高、再降低、再升高的特征,地势呈波状起伏,耕地以坡耕为主,多年来过度开垦且多顺坡起垄,土质疏松[8,10]。由于自然原因和不科学的人类活动,使得近几十年来黑土功能严重退化,水土流失日趋剧烈,土壤层遭到破坏甚至消失[11-12],其中坡耕是导致水土流失的重要原因,侵蚀沟成为东北漫川漫岗黑土区最主要的水土流失方式[13],使得农作物减产、可耕作面积减少、机械化效率降低[14],东北黑土区因水土流失导致的粮食减产约占总产量的10%[15],对中国生态及粮食安全产生了不利影响。
《东北黑土区侵蚀沟治理专项规划(2016—2030年)》分析了东北黑土区侵蚀沟发展及其防治现状,确定了防治分区、分类分级治理的总体思路[16]。提取侵蚀沟、分析地貌气象水文土壤要素与侵蚀沟的空间关系、评估侵蚀沟在不同区域的发生风险是治理、防治的前提。现以哈尔滨市巴彦县北部为研究区,利用卫星多光谱影像、数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)、降水量和土壤等多源数据,采用目视解译获得侵蚀沟的空间分布,采用定量计算方法构建与地貌、气象、水文、土壤相关的特征信息;在此基础上分析侵蚀沟与各类特征信息的空间关系,并利用侵蚀沟现有分布特征和随机森林算法对区域侵蚀沟发生风险进行评估。以期探寻与侵蚀沟发生关系密切的各类因素,及侵蚀沟对土壤养分的再分配作用,并为侵蚀沟分区分级治理和水土流失防治提供信息和方法支持,进一步助力黑土保护及粮食安全。
巴彦县地处松花江北岸,行政区划属哈尔滨市[图1(a)]。研究区包括巴彦县北部的红光乡、兴隆镇、洼兴镇、黑山镇、德祥乡、万发镇、天增镇、山后乡等8个乡镇,总面积约1 620 km2。该区位于松嫩平原与张广才岭的过渡带,高程在150~470 m,总体呈东北高、西南低,地貌类型包括低山丘陵、平原及其过渡带内的漫川漫岗[图1(b)]。具有中温带大陆性季风气候,年平均气温3.3 °C,年平均降水量约560 mm,降雨主要集中于6—9月,降雪主要集中于11月—次年1月,总体上四季分明,冬季寒冷漫长,夏季短暂凉爽,春秋季节天气多变。土壤分区属松嫩平原黑土区,土壤发生学类型包括黑土、暗棕壤、白浆土、草甸土、水稻土、沼泽土等,其中以黑土、暗棕壤、草甸土为主,约占研究区总面积的90%[图1(c)]。
此次选用高分辨率卫星真彩色影像产品开展侵蚀沟目视解译,该影像产品时相为2022年夏季,空间分辨率为1 m,具有准确的地理参考和位置,来源为黑龙江测绘地理信息局;选用ALOS DEM处理得到各类地貌特征信息,该数据空间分辨率为12.5 m,是目前空间分辨率最优的免费数据,来源为美国航天局。同时,收集土壤容重、粒度数据用于计算土壤可蚀因子,该数据的采样网格为4 km×4 km,采样处的用地类型以耕地为主,其中容重由环刀采集并烘干7 d称重获得,粒度组成由沈阳博实植物与土壤生态检验检测中心有限公司测试获得;收集降水数据用于构建汇水量信息,收集“第三次全国国土调查(三调)”成果数据用于辅助侵蚀沟的目视解译,数据来源为中国地质调查局哈尔滨自然资源综合调查中心。在此基础上,选择某一侵蚀沟小流域采集了99件土壤浅层样品,用于分析侵蚀沟周边有机碳、全氮分布特征,采样间距为120 m,采样深度为20 cm,采样位置为垄间,所处用地类型为旱地,作物为玉米,测试单位为中国地质调查局哈尔滨自然资源综合调查中心实验室(表1)。
在数据获取的基础上,分别开展信息提取、多要素空间分析及侵蚀沟发生风险评估,为治理防治与黑土地保护提供基础信息(图2)。
(1)侵蚀沟解译。以高分辨率卫星真彩色合成影像产品为底图,采用目视方法综合判读并圈取侵蚀沟。由于侵蚀沟的下游易形成稳定的地表径流,从而与河流在概念上存在一定模糊性,因此在判读过程中参照“三调”成果,只将在“三调”中非河流、沟渠的自然沟道圈取为侵蚀沟。侵蚀沟分类体系复杂多样[17-19],根据规模可划分为小型沟(<2 000 m2)、中型沟(2 000~20 000 m2)、大型沟(>20 000 m2),根据发育程度可划分为细沟(无明显沟边,深度小于犁底层,可以被农具跨越,可以通过耕作消除)、浅沟(宽度0.3~0.5 m,可以被农具跨越,不可以通过耕作完全消除)、切沟(宽度大于0.5 m,呈条带状,不可以被农具跨越,不可以通过耕作消除)、冲沟(宽度大于0.5 m,呈宽带状,不可以被农具跨越,不可以通过耕作消除),受影像产品空间分辨率限制,此次目视解译可识别的侵蚀沟主要为宽度大于等于1 m的切沟、冲沟。
(2)特征信息构建。利用DEM、2022年县级站点降水和土壤数据,通过ArcGIS软件工具包,首先,计算和插值得到高差(2 km×2 km范围)、坡向、坡度、坡长、剖面曲率、平面曲率、土壤容重、降水量;其次,利用坡长和降水量计算得到汇水量,通过将汇水量与侵蚀沟解译结果进行对比,发现小于20 000 m3的大部分区域尚未形成侵蚀沟,大于1 200 000 m3的大部分区域已属河流,因此将汇水量位于20 000~1 200 000 m3的区域提取作为侵蚀沟汇水线,并计算汇水线密度和距汇水线距离;再次,利用坡度、坡长、土壤、降水量数据,根据较为常用的通用土壤流失方程(universal soil loss equation,USLE)模型[20-23],分别计算得到坡度因子、坡长因子、土壤可蚀因子和降水侵蚀因子;最后,为反映侵蚀沟汇水及冲蚀作用对土壤养分的影响,选择巴彦县兴隆镇民权村西南1 km处的侵蚀沟小流域,在侵蚀沟周边采集了浅层土壤样品,该流域面积约1.40 km2,用地类型为旱地,农作物为玉米,采样网格间距为120 m,采样深度为20 cm,采样质量为2 kg,采样位置为农作物垄间,样品数量为99件[图3(a)],并送往中国地质调查局哈尔滨自然资源综合调查中心实验室测试有机碳、全氮含量,完成各类地貌、降水、水文、土壤特征信息的构建。
1) 多要素空间分析
利用侵蚀沟和各类地貌、降水、水文、土壤特征信息成果,通过MATLAB软件统计侵蚀沟范围内不同特征信息数值的频率分布曲线,分析侵蚀沟对不同特征信息数值区间的选择性特征,优选得到数值区间选择性明显的特征信息组合,并利用该组合开展侵蚀沟发生风险评估。同时,通过反距离权重法插值得到侵蚀沟小流域内的土壤有机碳、全氮空间分布,并分析该侵蚀沟对土壤养分再分配的影响。
2) 发生风险评估
采用随机森林算法开展侵蚀沟发生风险评估,该算法为Breiman[24]提出,其由分类与回归树(classification and regression tree,CART)决策树组成,具有优秀的稳定性和精度[25-27],以有放回取样、树节点随机变量、集成投票为特征(图4)。有放回取样是指每棵决策树都有自己单独的训练样本,该样本是通过从总样本中随机抽样获得的,总样本中大约2/3的会被选中作为单棵树的训练集(称为袋内样本),总样本中大约2/3的样本不会被抽到(称为袋外样本);树节点随机变量是指在每棵决策树的节点处,从自变量中随机选择数个变量,数个变量中具有最优分类效果的变量会被作为该节点的变量;集成投票是指随机森林算法的最终结果是所有决策树结果的平均值或投票确定的,可以降低训练的模型的随机性,提示模型预测结果的总体精度。随机森林在矿产、灾害、天文、物探等多种行业都具有很好的应用[28-31],可以适应较少的训练样本[32],部分研究人员在二分类预测中,通过14~16个样本也可以获得理想的效果[33-34]
具体评估流程如下。
(1)为构建原始训练集,在原始训练集中,将各个侵蚀沟范围内的特征信息均值作为正样本自变量,正样本因变量数值设为1,在侵蚀沟200 m缓冲区之外随机生成5 000个直径为20 m的圆(对应5 000余个侵蚀沟),将各个圆范围内的特征信息均值作为负样本自变量,负样本因变量数值设为0[图3(b)]。
(2)为构建训练-验证集,将原始训练正样本集、负样本集分别划分为5个子集,选择4个正样本子集和4个负样本子集组成1个训练集,选择剩余的1个正样本子集和1个负样本子集组成1个验证集,通过该方法[35]能够构建得到25组训练-验证集。
(3)为训练评估模型,利用25组训练-验证集,采用MATLAB软件的RF_MexStandalone_V0.02随机森林函数,分别开展25次模型训练,设置决策树数量为1 000,设置决策树节点处随机比较的特征信息数量为2,得到25个评估模型,并分别计算得到25个评估模型的平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方误差(MSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和决定系数(R2),利用25个评估模型的MAE、MSE、RMSE和R2的均值来衡量模型性能。
(4)为发生风险评估,利用特征信息组合,采用25个评估模型,分别预测得到25套工作区的侵蚀沟发生风险成果,其值域范围为0~1,其中0代表风险为0%,1代表风险为100%,并将25套侵蚀沟发生风险成果的均值作为最终的侵蚀沟发生风险评估结果。
目视解译结果显示,侵蚀沟主要分布于研究区中部、东南部漫川漫岗区的兴隆镇东南部、洼兴镇、黑山镇西部、德祥乡、万发镇东南部、天增镇、山后乡,总数量约5 705条,总侵蚀面积约11.66 km2,约占工作区总面积的0.72%(图5表2)。小型沟主要分布于兴隆镇东南部、洼兴镇、黑山镇西部、德祥乡、天增镇、山后乡,数量约4 290条,数量占比约75.20%,侵蚀面积约3.25 km2,占侵蚀总面积比例为27.87%;中型沟主要分布于兴隆镇东部、洼兴镇、黑山镇西部、德祥乡、万发镇东南部、天增镇中北部、山后乡总部,数量约1 370条,数量占比约24.01%,侵蚀面积约6.77 km2,占侵蚀总面积比例为58.06%;大型沟主要分布于兴隆镇南部、洼兴镇中西部、德祥乡西部,数量约45条,数量占比约0.79%,侵蚀面积约1.64 km2,占侵蚀总面积比例为14.07%。工作区数量上以小型沟为主,该类侵蚀沟面积较小但宽度仍难以被农业机械跨越,是导致耕地破碎化的主要沟体,面积上以中型沟为主,该类侵蚀沟宽度较大、延伸较远,严重侵害了原有耕地,中小型沟是引起粮食减产的主要水土侵蚀因素。
研究区地处松嫩平原东缘,自西向东依次为平原、漫川漫岗过渡区和丘陵,高程位于150~470 m,4 km2内的高差位于0~220 m,区内主要沟谷走向以NW、NNW、SN向为主,其次为NE、EW向,优势坡向不明显,地势总体较为平坦,坡度以0°~5°为主,陡坡位于东部的丘陵区,以5°~20°为主(图6)。空间分析显示,侵蚀沟处的高程主要位于170~220 m区域,高差主要位于20~40 m,对坡向选择性不明显,坡度主要位于0°~5°,峰值处为2°(图7)。
研究区坡度因子空间异性明显,低值区主要分布于西部的平原区,中值区主要分布于中部的漫川漫岗区,高值区主要分布于东部的丘陵区;坡长因子值域较大,总体以0~20为主,仅在汇水线处坡长因子可超过40;研究区剖面曲率空间异性不明显,平面曲率在平原台地区以0值为主,在丘陵区呈正负相间的特征(图8)。空间分析显示,侵蚀沟处的坡度因子主要位于0~1,坡长因子主要位于0~8,地形曲率主要位于0值附近,其次为在0值两侧对称分布(图9)。
用于计算降水侵蚀因子的源气象站点位于安达市、哈尔滨市、海伦市、尚志市、伊春市、通河县、鸡西市、富锦市、宝清县,经插值计算得到空间分辨率为1 m的降水侵蚀因子,由于工作区在气象尺度上面积较小,所以研究区降水侵蚀因子差异不明显;汇水量反映了各像元处所流经的降水总量,研究区内汇水量总体以0~20 000 m3为主,仅在局地低洼处汇水量可超过20 000 m3;为反映汇水线对侵蚀沟形成的影响,将汇水量位于20 000~1 200 000 m3的像元提取为汇水线,并计算汇水线密度及距汇水线距离,结果显示汇水线密度区域特征明显,在平原和漫川漫岗区相对更为发育,而距汇水线距离的区域特征不明显,其差异主要反映在局地尺度(图10)。空间分析显示,侵蚀沟与区域降雨量的空间关系不明显,侵蚀沟处汇水量主要位于0~50 000 m3,汇水线密度主要位于3.7~4.7 km/km2,距汇水线距离主要位于0~50 m(图11)。
容重反映了单位体积的土壤质量,研究区土壤容重在区域上呈平原及漫川漫岗区高、丘陵区低的特征,部分丘陵区土壤容重小于1 g/cm3,应由土壤中较多的腐殖质引起。土壤侵蚀因子能够反映土壤颗粒被水力分离和搬运的难易程度,是评价土壤对侵蚀敏感程度的重要指标,主要与土壤质地、有机质含量、土体结构、渗透性等土壤理化性质有关[36],研究区土壤可蚀因子在区域上空间差异较为明显,总体呈中部低,东、西、南高的特征(图12)。空间分析显示,侵蚀沟与土壤特征的空间规律性不明显,可能为受采样间距限制,未能揭示出侵蚀沟与局地土壤特征的关系。
小流域范围内的侵蚀沟周边(非侵蚀沟内)土壤有机碳、全氮含量具有一定的空间规律性,有机碳和全氮的高含量区主要位于流域西、北部(左岸和下游),低含量区主要位于流域的南、东部(右岸和上游)(图13)。小流域内土壤有机碳和全氮最低和最高值之间均相差2个数量级,为了更好地反映各自的空间异性,将有机碳、全氮含量归一化后计算标准差[37],结果显示土壤有机碳含量的归一化后标准差为0.18,全氮含量的归一化后标准差为0.19,表明相对于有机碳,全氮受土壤本底和流水侵蚀再分配的综合影响更为显著。
通过空间分析,将高差、坡度因子、坡长因子、汇水线密度、距汇水线距离等5类特征信息作为侵蚀沟发生风险评估的自变量,将目视解译得到的5 705条侵蚀沟(正样本)以及随机拾取的5 000处半径为20 m的非侵蚀沟圆(负样本)作为原始训练集样本。由于样本内的像元数据量较大,采用侵蚀沟和非侵蚀沟处各类特征信息的平均值作为各个样本的自变量值,侵蚀沟和非侵蚀沟样本的因变量赋值分别为1和0。
评估结果以0~1的值表示的侵蚀沟发生风险值,值越高则发生风险越高。为反映区域总体的侵蚀沟发生风险特征,分别将发生风险值的70%、80%、90%分位值作为一般风险区、中等风险区、高风险区的阈值下限(图14)。结果显示,风险区主要位于天增镇中南部、山后乡中南部、德祥乡、黑山镇中南部及东北部、兴隆镇中东部、洼兴镇中西部及东北部;一般、中等、高风险区相间分布,总体呈较为连续的条带、团块状;风险区集中分布位置在区域地貌上属于平原丘陵过渡带的漫川漫岗区,在局地地貌上属于河流两侧阶地区的次级汇水线附近。验证结果显示,25个评估模型的MAE均值为0.29、MSE均值为0.14、RMSE均值为0.38、R2均值为0.69,模型总体精度能够达到71%,特征变量组合对侵蚀沟发生风险的评估能力[38]较好。
研究区内侵蚀沟具有在漫川漫岗区相对集中分布的特征,其中洼兴镇、德祥乡、兴隆镇受此影响最为显著,其侵蚀沟面积占乡镇总面积的比例均已超过0.70%,可作为侵蚀沟治理的重点区域。侵蚀沟与多要素空间分析显示,高程、高差、坡度、坡度因子、坡长因子、汇水线密度、距汇水线距离与侵蚀沟的空间关系较为明显。其中,高程应主要表现为研究区的局地特征,与其他区域具有一定差异[39];研究区侵蚀沟分布区的高差与其他漫川漫岗地区较为相近[40-41],且高差在侵蚀环境评价中属于高权重因子[42],因此高差可经优选用于侵蚀沟发生风险评估;坡度因子和坡长因子为坡度、坡长的函数,能够分别影响水流的速度汇和汇聚量[43],是水土流失最直接的动能来源,因此可将坡度因子、坡长因子优选并用于发生风险评估;强降水引起的地表径流是侵蚀沟发生的主要影响因素之一[44],汇水线是由一定汇水面积(量)阈值区间的像元链接而成,汇水线密度能够反映区域内的沟壑发育程度,且侵蚀沟的发育位置理论上应与某条汇水线重合,虽然此次DEM空间分辨率为12.5 m,提取的汇水线与实际侵蚀沟位置未能相重合,但仍能够明显地反映出侵蚀沟向地表汇水线的汇聚趋势,汇水线密度和距汇水线距离是侵蚀沟发生风险评估的有效数据。坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率、降水侵蚀因子、汇水量、土壤容重和土壤可蚀因子与研究区内的侵蚀沟的空间关系较弱,其中坡向与前人的部分结论不甚一致[45-46],可能的原因为研究区属漫川漫岗区,坡度较小,因坡向带来的日照差异较小;曲率反映了坡面的形状,能够影响水流的动能变化和汇聚趋势[19],在GIS中,正负剖面曲率分别代表剖面上的凹坡及凸坡,正负平面曲率分别代表平面上的凸坡及凹坡,研究区侵蚀沟处的地形曲率主要位于0值附近,其次为在0值两侧对称分布,同样与前人得出的侵蚀沟趋向于在弯曲坡面上发育的结论不甚一致[47],当空间分辨率超过10 m时,剖面曲率难以真实反映地表形态的起伏变化特征[48],因此此次使用的空间分辨率为12.5 m的DEM可能未能详细揭示出局部曲率与侵蚀沟的空间关系;降水侵蚀因子、土壤容重、土壤可蚀因子是由县级气象站点降水量和4 km×4 km精度的土壤采样数据计算得到,因此其未能反映侵蚀沟处的局地特征;同样受DEM空间分辨率的影响,目视解译获取的侵蚀沟与汇水线并不重合,而是主要分布于汇水线50 m范围内,因此侵蚀沟处的汇水量实际反映的是一般坡面的特征,以低值为主。需要说明的是,研究区耕地内的农作物以玉米为主,其在生长期内的郁闭度可达90%,基本以同等的效果降低了整个研究区内的降水冲击作用,因此在侵蚀沟发生风险评估时未采用植被特征信息。
前人关于侵蚀沟对土壤养分影响的研究较多,Garzon-Garcia等[49]在澳大利亚昆士兰东南部某一流域的研究结果显示土壤有机碳、全氮从高到低依次为谷地、稳定沟、切沟;Li等[50]在辽宁省朝阳市太平沟流域的研究结果显示有机碳含量从高到低依次为林地、耕地、草地、坝前沉积物、侵蚀沟,全氮含量从高到低依次为林地、草地、侵蚀沟、耕地、坝前沉积物;Ding等[51]在青藏高原东北部冻土退化区的研究结果显示沉降的沟底土壤有机碳含量均值低于未沉降区。同时,由前期侵蚀形成的低洼区在接受侵蚀的过程中,又可以获得正在受侵蚀而垮塌区的土壤养分[51],因此稳定沟内更好的沉积条件和更弱的侵蚀作用也会对有机碳、全氮产生一定的汇聚,并具有比切沟更高的有机碳、全氮高含量[49]。除此之外,有机碳矿质化是有机质重新进入土壤生物地球化学循环的必要途径,该过程会向大气中释放二氧化碳[52]并降低有机碳含量,Cui等[53]在江西省清源山地区研究侵蚀沟与有机碳矿质化关系时发现,侵蚀沟发育程度与有机碳矿质化积累呈正相关,由侵蚀沟发育引起的有机碳矿质化增加了有机碳流失的风险。综合分析前人认识,土壤养分含量是由局地本底和输入输出动态[54]决定,结合此次侵蚀沟小流域内土壤有机碳、全氮的空间分布特征,认为该小流域的上游属侵蚀区,该侵蚀区内的土壤养分被水流溶解后会被带往下游,并不会在区域内沉积;而下游属侵蚀-沉积综合区,该区域即因水流溶解冲蚀而损失土壤养分,又可接受来自上游的土壤养分补充,因此相对于上游具有更高的有机碳、全氮含量;在侵蚀沟流域不同位置的土壤有机碳、全氮会因水流的溶解、搬运、再沉积和矿质化作用而发生再分配及动态变化。
与土壤养分类似,侵蚀沟空间分布也是动态发展的过程,其具有向沟头溯源侵蚀、向沟坡侧向侵蚀的发展趋势[8,55],因此依托现有侵蚀沟和优选的特征信息组合来评估侵蚀沟发生风险仍具有现实意义。将评估结果与地貌对比可知,侵蚀沟风险区的坡度主要位于1.5°~6°区间,这类漫川漫岗式地貌既有利于降水的汇聚,也能够满足耕作的需要,因此在研究区内的用地类型以坡耕地为主。吉林省九台市位于松辽平原与长白山的过渡带,地貌特征与研究区类似,该区内坡度在0°~2°时,顺坡起垄的耕地内侵蚀沟密度最大,斜坡起垄的耕地内的侵蚀沟密度最小,坡度在2°~6°时,横坡起垄的耕地内侵蚀沟密度最大,坡度大于6°时,顺坡起垄的耕地内侵蚀沟密度最大[56]。综合考虑,建议风险区内的坡耕地采用斜坡起垄的方式,减少流水动能、弱化侵蚀沟的发生条件。
(1)研究区内的洼兴镇、德祥乡、兴隆镇可作为侵蚀沟治理的重点区,因其行政区划内具有更高的侵蚀沟面积占比。区内高差、坡度、坡度因子、坡长因子、汇水线密度、距汇水线距离与侵蚀沟空间关系较为显著,可作为侵蚀沟发生风险评估的主要特征信息。
(2)侵蚀沟小流域的上游属侵蚀区,下游属侵蚀-沉积综合区,相对于上游具有更高的有机碳、全氮含量。相对于有机碳,全氮受土壤本底和流水侵蚀再分配的综合影响可能更为显著。
(2)基于工程的现有侵蚀沟治理需要消耗大量的人力、物力和财力,因此针对侵蚀沟发生风险区可主要采取斜坡起垄等相对经济的措施,以实现保障现今生产和降低未来风险的平衡。
(3)基于以上总结和不足,今后的研究可以从以下两个方面进行:①利用空间分辨率优于2 m的DEM数据,构建各类地貌、水文特征信息,精准分析侵蚀沟形成的地貌水文因素;②采用连续时序的植被郁闭度和降水数据,分析植被叶片缓冲、根系下渗和降水冲击、地表径流的关系,以及其对坡面和沟道侵蚀的综合作用效果。
  • 中国地质调查局东北地质科技创新中心区创基金(QCJJ2022-6)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403095
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
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中国地质调查局东北地质科技创新中心区创基金(QCJJ2022-6)
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    1 中国地质调查局哈尔滨自然资源综合调查中心, 哈尔滨 150000
    2 中国地质调查局东北地质科技创新中心, 沈阳 110000
    3 自然资源部哈尔滨黑土地地球关键带野外科学观测研究站, 哈尔滨 150000

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* 李蕴峰(1993—),男,汉族,黑龙江牡丹江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地理信息与自然资源调查。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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