Article(id=1149781958974206627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403169, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714233600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-28, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980935, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980935, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3687, endPage=3697, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781959393637029, articleId=1149781958974206627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Online Monitoring Method of Grinding Performance of Different Grinding Wheels in Internal Circular Plunge Grinding, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The quality of internal plunge grinding process is affected by the grinding performance of different grinding wheels. In order to online monitor the grinding performance of different grinding wheels under the same experimental parameters during the internal grinding process. A particle swarm optimization-back propagation(PSO-BP) neural network-based grinding performance monitoring method for different grinding wheels was proposed. Firstly, the feature parameters of acoustic emission signal, power signal, vibration signal, displacement signal and current signal were extracted. Then, according to the eigenvalue data samples of each sensor and the global optimization function of BP neural network by particle swarm optimization algorithm, the PSO-BP online monitoring model was established by using PSO algorithm to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of BP neural network to accurately monitor the grinding performance of different grinding wheels. Finally, the BP neural network model and the PSO-BP model were analyzed and compared with the experimental data. The results show that the PSO-BP monitoring model has higher monitoring accuracy than the BP neural network model, with an average correct rate as high as 97.6%, and the validity of PSO-BP is verified through a large number of experiments, which is able to effectively monitor the grinding performance status of different grinding wheels.

, correspAuthors=Guang-ning YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-nan SHI, Da-yong WANG, Guang-ning YU, Yu-lun CHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782004901834777, articleId=1149781958974206627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=内圆切入磨削不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测方法, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对不同砂轮磨削性能对内圆切入磨削加工质量具有重要影响,为了实现在线监测内圆磨削加工过程中不同砂轮在相同实验参数条件下进行磨削时的磨削性能,提出了一种基于粒子群优化-反向传播(particle swarm optimization-back propagation,PSO-BP)神经网络的不同砂轮磨削性能监测方法。首先,对采集的声发射信号、功率信号、振动信号、位移信号以及电流信号的特征参数进行特征提取;然后,根据各传感器的特征值数据样本及PSO-BP神经网络的全局寻优功能,采用初始权值和阈值,建立了PSO-BP在线监测模型对不同砂轮磨削性能进行精准监测;最后,结合实验数据将BP神经网络模型与PSO-BP模型进行了对比分析。结果表明PSO-BP监测模型比BP神经网络模型监测精度更高,平均正确率高达97.6%,并通过大量试验验证了PSO-BP神经网络模型的有效性,能够有效监测不同砂轮的磨削性能状态。

, correspAuthors=于光宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 于光宁(1996—),男,回族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:航空轴承加工制造技术。E-mail:
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史慧楠(1989—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:航空轴承加工制造技术。E-mail:

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史慧楠(1989—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:航空轴承加工制造技术。E-mail:

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史慧楠(1989—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:航空轴承加工制造技术。E-mail:

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The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2007, 33(5/6): 449-459., articleTitle=Grinding force and power modeling based on chip thickness analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249374341317161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, awardId=J2019-Ⅳ-0004-0071, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(J2019-Ⅳ-0004-0071), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249361926177644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249361938760559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, companyId=1251249361926177644, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 AECC Harbin Bearing Co., Ltd., Harbin 150027, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249361942954865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, companyId=1251249361926177644, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国航发哈尔滨轴承有限公司, 哈尔滨 150027)]), AuthorCompany(id=1251249362060395396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249362068784005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, companyId=1251249362060395396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249362072978311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, companyId=1251249362060395396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 上海理工大学机械工程学院, 上海 200093)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251249366766403764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Internal plunge grinding system, figureFileSmall=f8+SszcN2Pa97e8ZKXBdMg==, figureFileBig=ikQbTVn+b49Cr1XlcLT2OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249366971924677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=CN, label=图1, caption=内圆切入磨削系统, figureFileSmall=f8+SszcN2Pa97e8ZKXBdMg==, figureFileBig=ikQbTVn+b49Cr1XlcLT2OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367122919635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=System model of grinding process, figureFileSmall=3l923axtcig5qI6H3hR6ow==, figureFileBig=VFSZSfmYqFgD1YhMjbXvRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367231971548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=CN, label=图2, caption=磨削过程系统模型

$\stackrel{·}{r}$为实际磨削进给速度;δ为弹性变形量;fr为数控指令进给量

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Grinding parameters table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工序 进给量/mm 进给速度/(mm·s-1) 加工时间/s
快进 9.84 12 000 0.4
快趋 0.30 0.28 1.0
黑皮磨 0.25 0.07 3.57
粗磨 0.2 0.06 3.33
精磨 0.02 0.01 2.0
光磨 0.01 0.005 2
光延时 0 0 0.5
修整 0.03 0.03 4.8
总计 19.6
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磨削加工参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工序 进给量/mm 进给速度/(mm·s-1) 加工时间/s
快进 9.84 12 000 0.4
快趋 0.30 0.28 1.0
黑皮磨 0.25 0.07 3.57
粗磨 0.2 0.06 3.33
精磨 0.02 0.01 2.0
光磨 0.01 0.005 2
光延时 0 0 0.5
修整 0.03 0.03 4.8
总计 19.6
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373380821482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Signal characteristic parameters of 3MQS100J model grinding wheel

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信号 声发射
信号时
间常数
功率信
号时间
常数
位移信号
标准差
电流信号
平均值
振动
信号RMS
1 0.927 8 0.861 3 1.034 2 2.124 3 1.137 6
2 0.860 3 0.868 7 1.009 5 2.146 1 1.138 0
3 0.724 1 0.964 6 1.050 4 2.147 8 1.137 3
4 0.985 7 0.875 7 1.034 1 2.139 4 1.137 0
5 0.804 6 0.981 5 1.037 4 2.131 6 1.137 4
6 0.726 7 0.968 9 1.052 8 2.134 0 1.137 3
7 0.719 8 0.894 3 1.030 5 2.180 8 1.137 7
8 0.781 4 0.836 1 1.052 7 2.160 6 1.137 3
9 0.939 7 0.953 1 1.037 5 2.120 0 1.137 6
10 0.756 0 0.887 5 1.056 1 2.133 4 1.137 3
11 0.795 2 0.882 5 1.049 1 2.178 5 1.137 5
12 0.980 4 0.963 1 1.049 4 2.152 2 1.137 2
13 0.893 9 0.794 1 1.058 9 2.137 2 1.137 4
14 0.700 9 0.813 8 1.066 4 2.149 6 1.137 5
15 0.951 9 0.945 5 1.050 7 2.116 5 1.137 2
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3MQS100J型号砂轮的各信号特征参数

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信号 声发射
信号时
间常数
功率信
号时间
常数
位移信号
标准差
电流信号
平均值
振动
信号RMS
1 0.927 8 0.861 3 1.034 2 2.124 3 1.137 6
2 0.860 3 0.868 7 1.009 5 2.146 1 1.138 0
3 0.724 1 0.964 6 1.050 4 2.147 8 1.137 3
4 0.985 7 0.875 7 1.034 1 2.139 4 1.137 0
5 0.804 6 0.981 5 1.037 4 2.131 6 1.137 4
6 0.726 7 0.968 9 1.052 8 2.134 0 1.137 3
7 0.719 8 0.894 3 1.030 5 2.180 8 1.137 7
8 0.781 4 0.836 1 1.052 7 2.160 6 1.137 3
9 0.939 7 0.953 1 1.037 5 2.120 0 1.137 6
10 0.756 0 0.887 5 1.056 1 2.133 4 1.137 3
11 0.795 2 0.882 5 1.049 1 2.178 5 1.137 5
12 0.980 4 0.963 1 1.049 4 2.152 2 1.137 2
13 0.893 9 0.794 1 1.058 9 2.137 2 1.137 4
14 0.700 9 0.813 8 1.066 4 2.149 6 1.137 5
15 0.951 9 0.945 5 1.050 7 2.116 5 1.137 2
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Signal characteristic parameters of 3MQS100K model grinding wheel

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信号 声发射
信号时
间常数
功率信
号时间
常数
位移信号
标准差
电流信号
平均值
振动
信号RMS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.510 4
0.597 4
0.574 0
0.521 2
0.643 4
0.660 4
0.556 7
0.578 1
0.574 0
0.543 0
0.645 2
0.645 0
0.605 6
0.612 7
0.583 3
1.164 4
1.198 8
1.276 7
1.465 8
1.233 8
1.339 9
1.394 5
1.307 4
1.436 4
1.487 4
1.523 5
1.497 7
1.571 3
1.313 4
1.425 3
1.003 8
1.019 4
1.016 5
1.002 1
1.006 9
1.002 4
1.004 7
1.026 9
1.027 0
1.006 0
1.025 3
1.019 5
1.005 5
1.028 2
1.030 2
2.262 9
2.225 7
2.213 9
2.188 2
2.217 9
2.205 3
2.220 9
2.171 3
2.217 3
2.247 9
2.179 4
2.200 4
2.217 0
2.134 3
2.200 4
1.137 3
1.137 4
1.137 4
1.136 9
1.137 5
1.137 0
1.137 5
1.137 3
1.137 4
1.137 3
1.137 6
1.137 3
1.137 5
1.137 6
1.137 7
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373804446217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3MQS100K型号砂轮的各信号特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信号 声发射
信号时
间常数
功率信
号时间
常数
位移信号
标准差
电流信号
平均值
振动
信号RMS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.510 4
0.597 4
0.574 0
0.521 2
0.643 4
0.660 4
0.556 7
0.578 1
0.574 0
0.543 0
0.645 2
0.645 0
0.605 6
0.612 7
0.583 3
1.164 4
1.198 8
1.276 7
1.465 8
1.233 8
1.339 9
1.394 5
1.307 4
1.436 4
1.487 4
1.523 5
1.497 7
1.571 3
1.313 4
1.425 3
1.003 8
1.019 4
1.016 5
1.002 1
1.006 9
1.002 4
1.004 7
1.026 9
1.027 0
1.006 0
1.025 3
1.019 5
1.005 5
1.028 2
1.030 2
2.262 9
2.225 7
2.213 9
2.188 2
2.217 9
2.205 3
2.220 9
2.171 3
2.217 3
2.247 9
2.179 4
2.200 4
2.217 0
2.134 3
2.200 4
1.137 3
1.137 4
1.137 4
1.136 9
1.137 5
1.137 0
1.137 5
1.137 3
1.137 4
1.137 3
1.137 6
1.137 3
1.137 5
1.137 6
1.137 7
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373938663952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Signal characteristic parameters of SH/SK100K model grinding wheel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信号 声发射
信号时
间常数
功率信号
时间常数
位移信号
标准差
电流信号
平均值
振动
信号RMS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.784 4
0.904 3
1.125 7
1.127 0
1.266 8
1.247 2
1.282 1
1.582 8
1.128 3
1.077 9
1.147 1
1.172 1
1.274 0
1.068 9
1.003 2
1.929 8
2.749 5
3.296 0
3.378 4
3.277 6
4.271 7
3.499 0
4.065 0
3.610 1
3.174 6
3.508 8
3.048 8
3.241 5
3.202 0
2.981 5
0.901 4
0.898 2
0.926 4
0.922 3
0.920 1
0.943 1
0.992 0
0.934 8
0.944 1
0.958 5
0.961 8
0.963 4
0.963 8
0.962 8
0.961 2
2.354 0
2.450 1
2.441 0
2.553 6
2.478 7
2.612 9
2.468 2
2.523 2
2.552 4
2.563 7
2.536 7
2.508 3
2.418 3
2.508 9
2.410 3
1.139 3
1.137 6
1.137 2
1.136 9
1.137 0
1.138 9
1.137 2
1.141 9
1.140 4
1.139 6
1.138 5
1.138 8
1.137 7
1.136 9
1.141 0
), ArticleFig(id=1251249374047715861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958974206627, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

SH/SK100K型号砂轮的各信号特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信号 声发射
信号时
间常数
功率信号
时间常数
位移信号
标准差
电流信号
平均值
振动
信号RMS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.784 4
0.904 3
1.125 7
1.127 0
1.266 8
1.247 2
1.282 1
1.582 8
1.128 3
1.077 9
1.147 1
1.172 1
1.274 0
1.068 9
1.003 2
1.929 8
2.749 5
3.296 0
3.378 4
3.277 6
4.271 7
3.499 0
4.065 0
3.610 1
3.174 6
3.508 8
3.048 8
3.241 5
3.202 0
2.981 5
0.901 4
0.898 2
0.926 4
0.922 3
0.920 1
0.943 1
0.992 0
0.934 8
0.944 1
0.958 5
0.961 8
0.963 4
0.963 8
0.962 8
0.961 2
2.354 0
2.450 1
2.441 0
2.553 6
2.478 7
2.612 9
2.468 2
2.523 2
2.552 4
2.563 7
2.536 7
2.508 3
2.418 3
2.508 9
2.410 3
1.139 3
1.137 6
1.137 2
1.136 9
1.137 0
1.138 9
1.137 2
1.141 9
1.140 4
1.139 6
1.138 5
1.138 8
1.137 7
1.136 9
1.141 0
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内圆切入磨削不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测方法
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史慧楠 1 , 王大勇 1 , 于光宁 1, * , 迟玉伦 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(9): 3687-3697
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(9): 3687-3697
内圆切入磨削不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测方法
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史慧楠1 , 王大勇1, 于光宁1, * , 迟玉伦2
作者信息
  • 1 中国航发哈尔滨轴承有限公司, 哈尔滨 150027
  • 2 上海理工大学机械工程学院, 上海 200093
  • 史慧楠(1989—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:航空轴承加工制造技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 于光宁(1996—),男,回族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:航空轴承加工制造技术。E-mail:
Online Monitoring Method of Grinding Performance of Different Grinding Wheels in Internal Circular Plunge Grinding
Hui-nan SHI1 , Da-yong WANG1, Guang-ning YU1, * , Yu-lun CHI2
Affiliations
  • 1 AECC Harbin Bearing Co., Ltd., Harbin 150027, China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403169
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针对不同砂轮磨削性能对内圆切入磨削加工质量具有重要影响,为了实现在线监测内圆磨削加工过程中不同砂轮在相同实验参数条件下进行磨削时的磨削性能,提出了一种基于粒子群优化-反向传播(particle swarm optimization-back propagation,PSO-BP)神经网络的不同砂轮磨削性能监测方法。首先,对采集的声发射信号、功率信号、振动信号、位移信号以及电流信号的特征参数进行特征提取;然后,根据各传感器的特征值数据样本及PSO-BP神经网络的全局寻优功能,采用初始权值和阈值,建立了PSO-BP在线监测模型对不同砂轮磨削性能进行精准监测;最后,结合实验数据将BP神经网络模型与PSO-BP模型进行了对比分析。结果表明PSO-BP监测模型比BP神经网络模型监测精度更高,平均正确率高达97.6%,并通过大量试验验证了PSO-BP神经网络模型的有效性,能够有效监测不同砂轮的磨削性能状态。

砂轮  /  磨削性能  /  多传感器  /  PSO-BP

The quality of internal plunge grinding process is affected by the grinding performance of different grinding wheels. In order to online monitor the grinding performance of different grinding wheels under the same experimental parameters during the internal grinding process. A particle swarm optimization-back propagation(PSO-BP) neural network-based grinding performance monitoring method for different grinding wheels was proposed. Firstly, the feature parameters of acoustic emission signal, power signal, vibration signal, displacement signal and current signal were extracted. Then, according to the eigenvalue data samples of each sensor and the global optimization function of BP neural network by particle swarm optimization algorithm, the PSO-BP online monitoring model was established by using PSO algorithm to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of BP neural network to accurately monitor the grinding performance of different grinding wheels. Finally, the BP neural network model and the PSO-BP model were analyzed and compared with the experimental data. The results show that the PSO-BP monitoring model has higher monitoring accuracy than the BP neural network model, with an average correct rate as high as 97.6%, and the validity of PSO-BP is verified through a large number of experiments, which is able to effectively monitor the grinding performance status of different grinding wheels.

grinding wheel  /  grinding performance  /  multisensor  /  PSO-BP
史慧楠, 王大勇, 于光宁, 迟玉伦. 内圆切入磨削不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3687 -3697 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403169
Hui-nan SHI, Da-yong WANG, Guang-ning YU, Yu-lun CHI. Online Monitoring Method of Grinding Performance of Different Grinding Wheels in Internal Circular Plunge Grinding[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3687 -3697 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403169
由于不同砂轮其磨料、结合剂材料和制造工艺等不同,使得不同砂轮的磨削性能也各不相同,在磨削加工过程中会产生不同程度的弹性变形。因此,在内圆磨削加工中,当砂轮选择不合适时也会直接影响加工精度、工件表面粗糙度以及磨削效率[1]。然而,在实际的磨削加工过程中,磨削加工的砂轮型号是根据磨削条件、工件材料以及加工要求等进行选取的,缺少严谨的理论支撑,使得以往根据经验来选取的砂轮其准确性和合理性都不高[2-3]。因此,需要对不同砂轮的磨削性能在线监测方法进行深入研究,从而能够选择到适合的磨削砂轮,进而获得理想的磨削效率和磨削效果。
最近几年,许多国内外学者对不同砂轮磨削性能监测方法进行了研究,并取得了一定的成果。梁桂强等[4]使用电镀金刚砂轮、钎焊金刚砂轮、陶瓷结合剂烧结金刚砂轮和树脂结合剂烧结金刚砂轮来超声振动辅助磨削铝基碳化硅,通过将砂轮磨损、材料去除、磨削表面形貌进行对比分析,给出了磨削砂轮的选择方法。丁宁等[5]建立了一种基于声发射信号的砂轮磨损监测模型,采用小波分解系数均方值特征提取与反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络相结合的方法实现了对砂轮磨损的监测。Leng[6]针对砂轮磨料选择问题提出一种模糊灰色关系分析方法,该方法影响用三角形模糊数表示的因子(评价属性)值,采用变异系数法来确定评估属性的权重,通过算例分析了所提出方法的有效性和可行性。然而,目前不同砂轮磨削性能监测方法大多数是通过分析砂轮特性参数或者通过检测工件表面粗糙度等来选择合适的砂轮进行加工,仍未有一套智能有效的监测系统来监测不同砂轮的磨削性能。
现主要基于多种传感器信号,提出基于粒子群优化-反向传播(particle swarm optimization-back propagation,PSO-BP)神经网络的不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测方法,通过对位移信号、声发射(acoustic emission,AE)信号和功率信号、电流信号以及振动信号进行特征值提取,构建PSO-BP神经网络模型进行学习和训练,实现内圆磨削过程中不同型号砂轮磨削性能在线实时监测,从而为砂轮选型提供准确依据。
为了能够获得不同砂轮在磨削加工过程中较为全面的磨削状态信息,实现在线监测内圆磨削加工过程中不同砂轮在相同实验参数条件下进行磨削时的磨削性能,需要从采集到的传感器信号中找到与砂轮磨削性能相关性较强的特征信息,并对传感器信号进行特征提取,以便为不同砂轮磨削性能监测模型提供准确有效的数据样本。分析砂轮磨削性能与时间常数的关系,介绍多种传感器信号特征和时间常数,并提出了一种基于多传感器信号的不同砂轮磨削性能评估方法。
内圆磨削采用的砂轮直径较小,砂轮主轴为较细的悬臂梁结构,这就使得其在磨削加工过程中容易发生变形,如图1(a)所示。内圆磨削系统产生的弹性变形极大地制约了砂轮磨削的进给速度,使得砂轮更易堵塞和钝化,影响磨削工件表面质量。此外,由于砂轮的磨料、结合剂材料以及砂轮的制造工艺不同,不同砂轮具有不同的切削性能,在磨削加工时产生的弹性变形也各不相同,同样会影响工件的加工精度和表面粗糙度及内圆磨削效率。为了分析磨削过程中弹性变形对磨削工件质量和磨削效率的影响,对内圆切入磨削模型及磨削过程中弹性变形的产生和影响进行深入分析。内圆切入磨削加工的简化模型如图1(b)所示,可以简化为由砂轮刚度ks、工件刚度kw以及砂轮与工件接触刚度ka共3个弹簧系统组成,其中vw为砂轮转速,vs为工件转速,$\stackrel{·}{u}$为机床程序设定进给速度[7-8],a为进给深度,Fn为法向磨削力,Ft为切向磨削力。
该内圆切入磨削模型的系统等效刚度ke可以表示为
$\frac{1}{{k}_{\mathrm{e}}}$=$\frac{1}{{k}_{\mathrm{s}}}$+$\frac{1}{{k}_{\mathrm{w}}}$+$\frac{1}{{k}_{\mathrm{a}}}$
由Chen等[9]的研究结果可知,时间常数τ是衡量系统等效刚度ke和磨削力系数kc之间的关系的一个参数。时间常数τ表示为
τ=$\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{e}}{n}_{\mathrm{w}}}$
式(2)表明,时间常数τ与系统等效刚度ke、磨削力系数kc以及工件转速nw有关[10]。如图2所示,在$\stackrel{·}{u}$t曲线上,弹性变形$\stackrel{·}{u}$t达到最大值时的那一点的切线与时间t坐标轴有一个交点M,该点所对应的时间就是时间常数τ。同样,时间常数τ也可看作是在Fn(t)曲线上,t=0处的切线与达到稳定状态时的最大值Fnmax线的交点处的时间,时间常数τ是磨削材料去除率模型的一个重要参数。
由式(2)可知,时间常数τ与系统等效刚度ke和磨削力系数kc有关。当ke增大时,时间常数τ变小;砂轮变钝时,时间常数τ增大;进给速度$\stackrel{·}{u}$增大时,时间常数τ减小[7]
通过上述对内圆切入磨削模型以及磨削系统弹性变形的产生和影响进行深入分析可知,系统时间常数τ的大小与磨削系统刚度、磨削砂轮钝化及磨削表面质量等有很大关系,是磨削工艺参数优化和实现高精度磨削加工的一个关键参数。同时,时间常数τ会随着砂轮磨削性能的变化而变化,即时间常数τ是表征砂轮的磨削性能状态一个重要参数。因此,可以利用不同传感器信号的时间常数τ的变化来研究不同砂轮在磨削加工过程中的磨削性能。
为了研究不同砂轮在内圆磨削加工过程中的磨削性能,将通过计算内圆磨削加工过程中声发射信号、功率信号、振动信号、电流信号以及位移信号中能够表征砂轮磨削状态的特征参数来分析不同砂轮在磨削加工中的磨削性能。
砂轮在磨削加工过程中,磨粒的塑性变形、破碎以及断裂等都会产生声发射信号,能够作为判别砂轮磨削状态的依据。姜晨等[11]假设AE信号与法向磨削力之间呈线性关系,表达式为

VAE(t)=kaeFn(t)

式(3)中:VAE(t)为实时测量磨削AE信号RMS值;kae为实时AE信号RMS与磨削力Fn(t)的比例系数;t为磨削加工时间。时间常数τ[12]可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\tau }_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{E}}=\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{E}}}{{\stackrel{·}{V}}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{E}}}\left(1-\frac{{\stackrel{·}{u}}_{n-1}}{{\stackrel{·}{u}}_{n}}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-1}\\ t-{t}_{n-1}=\tau,\mathrm{ }t-{t}_{n-2}\gg \tau \end{array}\mathrm{ }\right.$
式(4)中:${\stackrel{·}{V}}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{E}}$为AE信号变化率。
砂轮在磨削加工过程中,电主轴受磨削力影响,会导致功率信号变化,Hecker等[13]研究表明功率信号和砂轮磨削切向力之间有很好的线性关系。
振动信号能够反映磨削加工过程中砂轮磨削工件时的振动频率和振幅,可用于监测磨削加工过程中的振动信息。提取振动信号的RMS特征值可用于监测不同砂轮在磨削加工过程中的磨削性能。
位移传感器可用于监测砂轮磨削加工过程中工件进给各阶段稳定状态,能够准确区分粗磨、半精磨以及精磨各阶段对应的AE信号和功率信号。因此,将提取位移传感器的标准差作为监测不同砂轮在磨削加工过程中的磨削性能的特征参数之一。
电流传感器输出的电流信号可用于监测磨削加工过程中的电流变化信息。将提取电流传感器的平均值作为监测不同砂轮在磨削加工过程中的磨削性能的特征参数之一。
上述各传感器信号的特征参数,可以作为不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测模型的输入数据集来对模型进行训练,通过训练好的模型从而能够在线监测不同砂轮在相同磨削工艺参数条件下的磨削性能。
由于实际内圆磨削加工过程中磨削砂轮和工件都处于高速旋转状态,传统的磨削力传感器无法安装到有效位置,因此很难直接测量磨削加工过程中的磨削力。然而,如声发射传感器、振动传感器等比磨削力传感器方便安装,且还能靠近磨削加工区域足够近的距离,同时其信号与砂轮磨削切向力之间有着很好的线性关系。因此,利用内圆磨削加工中声发射信号、功率信号、振动信号、电流信号以及位移信号来分析不同砂轮在磨削加工中的磨削性能。同时,由于粒子群算法的整体寻优能力和BP神经网络的局部寻优能力相结合达到优化BP神经网络的目的,从而能够更好地评估不同砂轮在磨削过程中的加工性能。因此,提出了一种基于多传感器信号与粒子群优化BP神经网络算法相结合的不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测方法,其具体评估流程如图3所示。
图3可知,内圆磨削不同砂轮加工性能在线监测方法主要由传感器信号采集、信号特征提取、模型预测以及预测分类结果4个部分组成。首先,利用不同传感器在线监测不同砂轮在内圆磨削加工过程的功率信号、声发射信号、振动信号、电流信号和位移信号,通过数据采集卡将传感器信号进行模数转换后传输到计算机上,利用通过LabView软件自行编写的数据采集软件对不同监测信号进行和保存。然后,计算不同砂轮其位移信号的标准差、AE和功率信号的时间常数、电流信号的平均值以及振动信号的均方根(RMS),将这些特征值数据样本作为PSO-BP智能监测模型的输入样本。最后结合实验数据,通过将BP神经网络模型与PSO-BP模型进行分析对比,表明了PSO-BP监测模型比BP神经网络模型监测精度更高,实现了对不同砂轮的磨削性能进行在线监测。
为了能够在线实时监测不同砂轮在进行内圆磨削时的磨削性能,保证磨削加工过程中工件磨削质量。利用PSO-BP神经网络算法,将上述传感器信号的特征值作为PSO-BP模型的输入样本对其进行训练,然后通过训练好的模型来对不同砂轮在磨削加工过程中的磨削性能进行在线监测。
采用的不同砂轮磨削性能状态监测网络结构如图4所示。用三层BP神经网络来对不同砂轮磨削性能进行监测,输入层神经元数一般取m,与嵌入维数相同,隐层神经元数多为靠经验选取,这里记为p,输出层神经元数为3。BP神经网络传递函数采用Sigmoid函数,输出为线性单元。
隐层节点的输入为
Sj=$\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=1}}$wij-θj, j=1,2,…,p
式(5)中:wij为输入层到隐层的连接权值;θj为隐层节点的阈值。
隐层节点的输出为
bj=$\frac{1}{1+\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=1}}{w}_{ij}{x}_{i}+{\theta }_{j})}$, j=1,2,…,p
输出层节点的输入为
L=$\stackrel{p}{\sum _{j=1}}$vjbj-γ
式(7)中:vj为隐层到输出层的连接权值;γ为输出层的阈值。
输出层节点的输出为
xi+1=$\frac{1}{1+\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}(-\stackrel{p}{\sum _{j=1}}{v}_{j}{b}_{i}+\gamma )}$
输入不同砂轮磨削传感器信号的特征值样本训练BP神经网络,得到训练好的网络,然后对不同砂轮磨削性能进行监测。但这种BP神经网络往往出现收敛速度慢、精度低、预测值与期望值的误差比较大等问题。原因在于BP神经网络在不同砂轮的特征值数据样本训练过程中,初始权值和阈值是随机选取的,容易出现局部收敛极小点,从而降低拟合效果。
采用PSO算法对BP神经网络的初始权值和阈值进行优化,优化后的初始权值和阈值能使BP神经网络具有更好的收敛速度和更高的预测精度。将粒子群算法的整体寻优能力和BP神经网络的局部寻优能力相结合达到优化BP神经网络的目的,从而能够更好地监测不同砂轮型号在磨削过程中的性能。
在一个D维的搜索空间中,有n个粒子组成的种群X=(X1,X2,…,Xn),其中第i个粒子表示为一个D维的向量Xi=$[{x}_{i1},{x}_{i2},\dots,{x}_{iD}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$,代表第i个粒子在D维搜索空间中的位置,也代表问题的一个潜在解。根据目标函数即可计算出每个粒子位置Xi对应的适应度值。第i个粒子的速度为Vi=[Vi1,Vi2,…,ViD]T,其个体极值为Pi=[Pi1,Pi2,…,PiD]T,种群的全局极值为Pg=[Pg1,Pg2,…,PgD]T
在每一次选代过程中,粒子通过个体极值和全局极值更新自身的速度和位置,更新公式如下。
${V}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{k}+1}$=w${V}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{k}$+c1r1(${P}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{k}$-${X}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{k}$)+c2r2(${P}_{g\mathrm{d}}^{k}$-${X}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{k}$)
w(k)=wstart-(wstart-wend)${\left(\frac{k}{{T}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}\right)}^{2}$
${X}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{k}+1}$=${X}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{k}$+${V}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}}^{\mathrm{k}+1}$
式中:w为惯性权重,d=1,2,…,D;i=1,2,…,n;k为当前选代次数;Vid为粒子的速度;wstartwend为惯性权重值;Tmax为最大迭代数;c1c2为非负的常数,称为加速度因子;r1r2为分布于[0,1]的随机数。为防止粒子的盲目搜索,一般将其位置和速度限制在一定的区间[-Xmax,Xmax]、[-Vmax,Vmax]。
通过上述提出的粒子群优化算法来优化BP神经网络。首先对BP神经网络和粒子群的参数进行初始化,根据神经网络的结构来确定粒子种群规模的大小。然后将BP神经网络的预测误差作为粒子群的适应度函数,计算并比较粒子的适应度值,找到粒子的最优位置。最后通过粒子群算法得到的最优解来优化BP神经网络的权值,利用优化后的BP神经网络来对不同砂轮磨削性能进行预测。PSO算法优化BP神经网络的流程图如图5所示。
为了验证上述提出的粒子群算法优化BP神经网络对不同砂轮在相同磨削工艺参数下的磨削性能评估的可靠准确性,采用机床型号为M215AMD215A的内圆磨床,利用电磁无心夹具装夹工件,工件为滚动球轴承外圈,其型号为91106,其外直径为75.2 mm,宽度为12.5 mm,内直径为68.5 mm,工件转速为1 889 mm/s,并采用切入式磨削方法磨削工件,如图6所示。选用型号为3MQS100J、3MQS100K和SH/SK100K的3种砂轮在相同实验条件下分别进行磨削加工,3种型号砂轮的尺寸都为86 mm×14 mm×20 mm,采用金刚滚轮修整,当磨削加工3个工件后修整一次砂轮。
实验采用声发射传感器、功率传感器、电流传感器、振动传感器和电涡流位移传感器来监测不同砂轮磨削时的磨削性能,其中功率传感器安装在机床电器柜中用来监测磨削加工中砂轮电主轴功率变化情况,如图7(a)所示为功率传感器,其型号为GPW201-V3-A2-F1-P2-03,量程为50 kW。电流传感器与机床电源相接,安装在机床电器柜位置,其型号为MIK-DJI,如图7(b)所示为电流传感器。声发射传感器和振动传感器安装在靠近工件夹具处,采集磨削过程中的声发射信号和振动信号,安装位置如图7(c)所示,其中声发射传感器的型号以及测量频率范围分别为AE104S和50~200 kHz,振动传感器型号为SE920。电涡流位移传感器安装在机床砂轮架进给位置,其型号为DT3005-S2-M-C1,安装位置如图7(d)所示。同时,实验采用的数据采集硬件为NI公司的采集卡,并结合WinDaq软件来采集不同砂轮磨削加工过程中的功率信号、声发射信号、电流信号、振动信号以及位移信号。
基于上述所提出的砂轮性能评估方法和表1磨削加工参数,在相同的试验条件下分别采用不同砂轮进行磨削加工。在磨削加工过程中,采用不同砂轮进行磨削加工时,由于不同砂轮的硬度和粒度等都不相同,因此在磨削加工过程中其切削能力不同。而切削能力的大小,会使得磨削加工过程中产生的功率大小不尽相同,从而会导致工件表面产生不同程度的烧伤,此时功率传感器、电流传感器、位移传感器以及声发射传感器监测到不同砂轮磨削加工时所产生的各信号均会发生变化,如图8所示。
通过信号的变化可以反映加工工件在不同砂轮进行磨削加工时产生的烧伤程度。因此,可以通过上述提出的粒子群算法优化BP神经网络模型对不同砂轮磨削过程中的声发射信号、功率信号、电流信号以及位移信号进行分析。
由上述对时间常数τ分析可知,时间常数能够间接监测不同砂轮在相同工艺参数条件下的磨削性能。如图9图10所示,分别计算了一组型号为3MQS100J、3MQS100K和SH/SK100K砂轮的功率信号和声发射信号的时间常数τ,其中砂轮型号3MQS100J的功率信号和声发射信号的时间常数τ分别为0.945 5和0.951 9,砂轮型号3MQS100K的功率信号和声发射信号的时间常数τ分别为1.425 3和0.583 3,砂轮型号SH/SK100K的功率信号和声发射信号的时间常数τ分别为2.981 5和1.003 2。由此得知,不同砂轮磨削时其磨削性能的变化,使得与之对应的时间常数τ的大小也会发生变化。因此,功率信号和声发射信号的时间常数τ可以作为粒子群优化BP神经网络模型监测不同砂轮磨削性能的输入训练样本。
为了监测不同砂轮磨削时的磨削性能,需要对不同砂轮在相同磨削工艺参数下进行磨削加工时采集到的声发射信号、功率信号、电流信号、振动信号以及电涡流位移信号进行特征值提取。将型号为3MQS100J、3MQS100K和SH/SK100K的砂轮在磨削加工过程中工件表面产生的不同程度烧伤依次定为磨削无烧伤、磨削轻微烧伤和磨削严重烧伤,且不同的磨削烧伤程度分别赋值为1、2、3,与3种状态一一对应。分别将上述3种砂轮磨削时的声发射信号、功率信号、电流信号、振动信号以及电涡流位移信号进行特征提取,并将各信号特征值作为样本数据。由于不同砂轮磨削时,工件表面产生不同程度烧伤的各传感器信号值有明显的不同,因此选取声发射信号的时间常数、功率信号的时间常数、位移信号的标准差、振动信号的RMS以及电流信号的平均值作为特征值。通过计算得到的特征值如表2~表4图11所示。
图11可以看出,各传感器信号的特征参数值在不同砂轮磨削时会呈现一定的变化规律。因此,可以将上述计算得到的各传感器信号特征参数值作为PSO-BP神经网络模型的输入训练样本,以实现对不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测。
通过对砂轮型号为3MQS100J、3MQS100K和SH/SK100K的各信号进行特征提取后,分别使用PSO-BP神经网络模型和BP神经网络对不同砂轮进行磨削时工件表面产生的烧伤程度进行预测。将上述提取到的45组不同砂轮的信号特征值作为训练样本进行学习训练,在样本中,前15组是砂轮型号为3MQS100J的各信号特征值,即磨削工件为无烧伤状态。中间15组是砂轮型号为3MQS100K的各信号特征值,即磨削工件为轻微烧伤状态,后15组是砂轮型号为SH/SK100K的各信号特征值,即磨削工件为严重烧伤状态。将45组样本数据作为训练和测试数据代入PSO-BP神经网络模型进行分类监测,得到的模型分类结果如图12(a)所示。随机选取45组特征样本数据中的30组作为训练样本,15组为测试样本,代入到BP神经网络模型中学习训练,得到的模型分类结果如图12(b)所示。
图12中可知,PSO-BP神经网络模型和BP神经网络模型对不同砂轮磨削时产生的烧伤程度的识别平均准确率分别约为97.8%和86.7%。因此,从实验结果分析上看,PSO-BP神经网络的识别准确率相比BP神经网络来说更高,可以将PSO-BP模型的识别结果与实际的不同砂轮磨削时产生的烧伤程度视为相同。但是,为了防止模型单次训练测试结果出现的偶然性,分别对BP神经网络模型和PSO-BP神经网络模型连续运行10次,并计算每次模型监测的准确率,得到结果图13所示。
图13结果可知,PSO-BP模型监测不同砂轮的磨削性能的平均准确率为97.6%,而BP神经网络模型监测不同砂轮的磨削性能的平均准确率为86.5%。由此可知,通过粒子群优化算法,能够改善BP神经网络在不同砂轮的特征值数据样本训练过程中,初始权值和阈值的随机选取以及容易出现局部收敛极小点的缺陷,从而能够在监测不同砂轮在磨削过程中的性能时准确率更高。因此,可以通过PSO-BP神经网络模型实现对不同砂轮的磨削性能进行在线监测,选择出合适的砂轮进行磨削加工,以避免工件表面出现烧伤等问题,从而保证工件表面质量和磨削加工效率。
主要研究了内圆磨削加工中不同砂轮磨削性能在线监测方法,基于对多传感器信号的特征参数分析,提出了PSO-BP算法模型对内圆磨削加工中在相同实验参数条件下不同砂轮的磨削性能进行在线实时监测,并通过不同砂轮磨削加工实验进行了验证,得到了如下结论。
(1) 基于理论和实验对内圆磨削不同砂轮在相同实验条件下进行磨削时的磨削性能进行研究,通过采集分析声发射信号、功率信号、振动信号、位移信号以及电流信号的特征参数实现对不同砂轮磨削性能的在线监测,从而保证磨削加工工件表面质量达到加工指标。
(2) 根据声发射信号、功率信号、振动信号、位移信号以及电流信号的特点,计算了不同砂轮的位移信号的标准差、AE和功率信号的时间常数、电流信号的平均值以及振动信号的均方根 (RMS)来作为监测模型的输入数据样本。
(3) 根据各传感器的特征值数据样本及粒子群优化算法对BP神经网络的全局寻优功能,建立了PSO-BP在线监测模型对不同砂轮磨削性能进行精准监测。
(4) 通过各传感器信号对不同砂轮磨削性能的研究,并将传感器信号特征值样本代入BP神经网络进行监测对比,验证了PSO-BP的有效性,其平均监测准确率能高达97.6%。
  • 国家科技重大专项(J2019-Ⅳ-0004-0071)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403169
  • 接收时间:2024-04-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-28
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
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国家科技重大专项(J2019-Ⅳ-0004-0071)
作者信息
    1 中国航发哈尔滨轴承有限公司, 哈尔滨 150027
    2 上海理工大学机械工程学院, 上海 200093

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* 于光宁(1996—),男,回族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:航空轴承加工制造技术。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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