Article(id=1149781958366032541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=1734710400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980789, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980789, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3680, endPage=3686, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781958655439522, articleId=1149781958366032541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Aerodynamic Characteristics of Simulated Butterfly Based on XFlow, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the effect of unsteady flight parameters on the aerodynamic characteristics of simulated butterflies, a flight dynamics model was established with the black-framed blue Morpho butterfly as the research object. Based on the flight principle, the relative coordinates of butterfly wings, body and ground during flight were established, and the kinematic equations of butterfly wings and body during flight were constructed. The aerodynamic characteristics of the simulated butterfly were verified based on the flight principle of the butterfly, and the effects of the change of flutter angle and pitch angle on the lift and drag of the simulated butterfly were studied under the natural environment flow field. The results show that there is a positive correlation between turning angle and lift force, but no correlation with drag. When the flutter angle is less than 120°, the lift is positively correlated, when the flutter angle is greater than 120°, the lift is negatively correlated, and the flutter angle is negatively correlated with the drag. A high pressure area begins to occur at the leading edge of the wings when the downward flapping occurs, and at the edge of the wings when the upward flapping occurs. The research results provide a reference for the control parameters and wing design of flapping wing aircraft, and provide a scientific basis for further optimization of bionic flapping wing flight.

, correspAuthors=Yong-bin LAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-long RAO, Yong-bin LAI, Long WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782008240501057, articleId=1149781958366032541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于XFlow的仿蝴蝶气动特性, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了研究非定常飞行参数对仿蝴蝶气动特性的影响问题,以黑框蓝闪蝶作为研究对象,通过建立飞行动力学模型;依据飞行原理建立蝴蝶飞行时翅膀、躯干、地面的相对坐标,构建飞行过程中蝴蝶翅膀和躯干的运动学方程。结合蝴蝶飞行原理验证仿蝴蝶气动特性,并在自然环境流场条件下研究仿蝴蝶扑动角和俯仰角改变对升力和阻力的影响,分析其飞行流场。结果表明:翻转角与升力之间存在正相关,与阻力无关;扑动角小于120°时与升力呈正相关,大于120°与升力呈负相关,扑动角与阻力呈负相关;下扑时翅膀前缘开始产生高压区,上扑时翅膀边缘开始产生高压区。研究结果为仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器设计提供了控制参数和翅膀设计参考,为进一步优化仿生扑翼飞行提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=来永斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 来永斌(1970—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:过程装备优化设计、节能技术、智能装备等。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=FED+/HbR7B/2LSjKifZi9A==, magXml=Oh1eC+9Hs+6B6quwm9GALw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RJqpaYDmuBTCx+xYSzZLFA==, pdfFileSize=10348308, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SUx6NoQz0bzNi0H2iy/bhA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0Ja5DrQuUk5JbmC5MFp/TQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

饶小龙(2000—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流体机械。E-mail:

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饶小龙(2000—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流体机械。E-mail:

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饶小龙(2000—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流体机械。E-mail:

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Newcastle: AIAA, 2004, 2: 1437-1450., articleTitle=Study on flapping-of-wings flight of butterfly with experimental measurement, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249369735971109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958366032541, awardId=51705002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51705002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1251249369815662892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958366032541, awardId=11902002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(11902002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249357425689071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958366032541, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249357438271985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958366032541, companyId=1251249357425689071, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249357446660595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958366032541, companyId=1251249357425689071, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251249361842291556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958366032541, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Outline of a bionic butterfly, figureFileSmall=mbacr6lMz7IVre2BYUx8+g==, figureFileBig=lVPWAJZEA941TnUVJqtlVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249361934566256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781958366032541, language=CN, label=图1, caption=仿生蝴蝶轮廓图

L为翅展两端最远处间距;C为躯干长度

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Parameter table

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参数 数据
扑动角/(°) 75 90 105 120 135
翻转角/(°) 30 45 60 75 90
扑动频率/Hz 6
分配比例 2∶1
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参数表

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参数 数据
扑动角/(°) 75 90 105 120 135
翻转角/(°) 30 45 60 75 90
扑动频率/Hz 6
分配比例 2∶1
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基于XFlow的仿蝴蝶气动特性
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饶小龙 , 来永斌 * , 王龙
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(9): 3680-3686
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(9): 3680-3686
基于XFlow的仿蝴蝶气动特性
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饶小龙 , 来永斌* , 王龙
作者信息
  • 安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 饶小龙(2000—),男,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流体机械。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 来永斌(1970—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:过程装备优化设计、节能技术、智能装备等。E-mail:
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Simulated Butterfly Based on XFlow
Xiao-long RAO , Yong-bin LAI* , Long WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403110
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为了研究非定常飞行参数对仿蝴蝶气动特性的影响问题,以黑框蓝闪蝶作为研究对象,通过建立飞行动力学模型;依据飞行原理建立蝴蝶飞行时翅膀、躯干、地面的相对坐标,构建飞行过程中蝴蝶翅膀和躯干的运动学方程。结合蝴蝶飞行原理验证仿蝴蝶气动特性,并在自然环境流场条件下研究仿蝴蝶扑动角和俯仰角改变对升力和阻力的影响,分析其飞行流场。结果表明:翻转角与升力之间存在正相关,与阻力无关;扑动角小于120°时与升力呈正相关,大于120°与升力呈负相关,扑动角与阻力呈负相关;下扑时翅膀前缘开始产生高压区,上扑时翅膀边缘开始产生高压区。研究结果为仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器设计提供了控制参数和翅膀设计参考,为进一步优化仿生扑翼飞行提供科学依据。

仿生扑翼  /  飞行参数  /  XFlow  /  流场模拟  /  气动力分析

In order to study the effect of unsteady flight parameters on the aerodynamic characteristics of simulated butterflies, a flight dynamics model was established with the black-framed blue Morpho butterfly as the research object. Based on the flight principle, the relative coordinates of butterfly wings, body and ground during flight were established, and the kinematic equations of butterfly wings and body during flight were constructed. The aerodynamic characteristics of the simulated butterfly were verified based on the flight principle of the butterfly, and the effects of the change of flutter angle and pitch angle on the lift and drag of the simulated butterfly were studied under the natural environment flow field. The results show that there is a positive correlation between turning angle and lift force, but no correlation with drag. When the flutter angle is less than 120°, the lift is positively correlated, when the flutter angle is greater than 120°, the lift is negatively correlated, and the flutter angle is negatively correlated with the drag. A high pressure area begins to occur at the leading edge of the wings when the downward flapping occurs, and at the edge of the wings when the upward flapping occurs. The research results provide a reference for the control parameters and wing design of flapping wing aircraft, and provide a scientific basis for further optimization of bionic flapping wing flight.

bionic flapping wing  /  flight parameters  /  XFlow  /  flow field simulation  /  aerodynamic analysis
饶小龙, 来永斌, 王龙. 基于XFlow的仿蝴蝶气动特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3680 -3686 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403110
Xiao-long RAO, Yong-bin LAI, Long WANG. Aerodynamic Characteristics of Simulated Butterfly Based on XFlow[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3680 -3686 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403110
随着科技的发展,仿生鱼、仿生猫、仿生翼等一系列仿生科技越来越受到人们关注[1-3]。在仿生翼飞行器的研究中,大多数人根据鸟[4]、蝙蝠[5]等飞行方式研究扑翼飞行器,虽然此类扑翼飞行器的速度快,但与仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器的特点相比存在噪声大、能耗高的问题[6]。为提高仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行的气动效率,急需研究仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器的气动特性,解决仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器飞行参数设定和翅翼设计问题,为研制仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器奠定基础。
近年来,各国学者对仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行器开展了很多研究。Sridhar等[7]发现了一种蝴蝶利用腹部来调整身体俯仰运动从而改变相关参数来实现最佳气动性能。Zheng等[8]利用三维非定常Navier-Stokes方程,比较扭转翼与平直翼的特性,验证了扭转和拱度对自由飞行蝴蝶气动性能的影响。Weng等[9]利用高速相机证明了蝴蝶在不同运动状态下身体与翅膀的耦合,采用数值计算的方法对蝴蝶扑翼进行气动分析。王玉金等[10]研究了不同风速下蝴蝶、蜂鸟、果蝇气动力的差异。程俊霖[11]使用单分量测力平台在低速微型风洞中测量了蝴蝶前翅沿风洞气流方向和垂直于气流方向的气动力。以上相关研究主要是利用数值计算的方法研究某个单变量对气动特性影响,然而非定常飞行参数改变对仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行气动特性存在很大影响。分析蝴蝶飞行气动特性时应考虑躯干和翅膀运动在不同飞行参数交叉变化下的升力和阻力,进一步了解仿蝴蝶扑翼过程中涡流形成以及翅翼表面高压区和低压区的改变,这方面的研究尚欠缺。
现利用蝴蝶飞行原理建立黑框蓝闪蝶的相对坐标和运动模型,借助XFlow软件分析蝴蝶前飞时翻转角在30°、45°、60°、75°、90°和扑动角在2∶1分配比例下75°、90°、105°、120°、135°时升力和阻力情况,并分析常态飞行时翅面高压区与低压区的形成,为仿蝴蝶飞行器运动参数设计及翅型设计奠定理论基础。
选取黑框蓝闪蝶(Morpho peleides)作为蝴蝶模型的仿真对象,放大其尺寸数据来满足仿蝴蝶飞行时的参数要求。Dudley[12]观察发现黑框蓝闪蝶在飞行时前、后翅一搬都是重叠在一起很少分开,为了方便计算将蝴蝶的前、后翅看作一个翅膀处理,并加入蝴蝶躯干。通过收集到的蓝框闪蝶图片,对其进行放大设计和描绘,如图1所示。
蝴蝶在飞行过程中依靠“阻力原理”来完成各种运动[13]。翅膀下拍过程中产生很大的瞬态阻力平衡身体质量,在每次下拍中会产生前缘涡,主要产生翅膀的阻力。翅膀上拍时其背部空气沿拍动方向被挤压从而产生向前飞行的动力。翅膀向上扇动和向下拍动形成蝴蝶运动的周期,为蝴蝶飞行提供了动力,蝴蝶扑动过程如图2所示。
设定X轴方向为翅展方向,Y轴方向为垂直方向,Z轴方向为蝴蝶飞行初始方向既来流的向,Y轴负向为参考地面环境,在飞行过程中蝴蝶翅膀相对机身会有扑动和翻转出现,利用翻转角和扑动角定义翅膀和机体的转换关系为
Lr=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi & 0& \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \\ 0& 1& 0\\ -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi & 0& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll}1& 0& 0\\ 0& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma & -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma \\ 0& \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma \end{array}\right]$=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi & \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma & \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma \\ 0& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma & -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma \\ -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma \end{array}\right]$
Ll=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi & 0& -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \\ 0& 1& 0\\ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi & 0& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll}1& 0& 0\\ 0& -\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma & -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma \\ 0& \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma & -\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma \end{array}\right]$=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi & \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma & \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma \\ 0& \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma & -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma \\ -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\gamma & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\gamma \end{array}\right]$
式中:Lr为右翅到躯体的转换矩阵;Ll为左翅到躯体的转换矩阵;γ为扑动角,表示蝴蝶翅膀绕自身旋转的角度;ϕ为翻转角,表示蝴蝶翅膀及躯干与水平面的夹角。由于主要研究扑动与翻转的关系,无需建立滚转运动方程。
蝴蝶运动可以分解为翅膀围绕躯干的扑动和躯干相对于水平面的翻转两种运动。蝴蝶运动角如图3所示。翅膀和躯干的运动规律可以用正弦函数和余弦函数表示,且两种函数运动的频率一致。
建立运动扑动的运动公式如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\varphi ={\varphi }_{0}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left(\omega t\right)+{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}}\\ \gamma ={\gamma }_{0}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\omega t\right)+{\gamma }_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}}\\ \omega =2\mathrm{\pi }f\end{array}\right.$
式(3)中:γ0为扑动角的一半;γex为满足扑动角上下分配比例时的补充角度;ϕ0为俯仰角最大幅值的一半;ϕex为俯仰角的补充角度,保证俯仰角ϕ≥0;ω为角频率;f为扑动频率。
考虑风洞试验条件以及蝴蝶实际飞行状况,在XFlow中采用3D单向外部流,基于格子波尔兹曼方法[14],无需对仿生蝴蝶进行网格划分。设定仿生蝴蝶飞行轨迹路线,以躯干中心作为曲线坐标移动中心,两翼设定其相应的参照方程。导入描绘好的蝴蝶模型(如图4所示),模型的翅展长为500 mm,弦长为213 mm,总面积为0.090 3 m2。计算域大小为最大尺寸处的10倍,设定大小为5 m×5 m×5 m,温度为293.15 K,求解精度为0.1 m,目标分辨度为0.012 5,计算域的类型为虚拟风洞,设定其黏度模型为牛顿流体,其动态黏度的计算公式为
$\frac{\mu }{{\mu }_{0}}$=${\left(\frac{T}{288.15}\right)}^{1.5}\frac{288.15+B}{T+B}$
式(4)中:μ0=1.789 4×105;B为常数,B=110.4 K。
蝴蝶在扑动过程中马赫数很小,在处理这种低速流场时可以忽略其气体的压缩性,即扑动过程中流体的密度保持不变,ρ=1.225 kg/m3
为研究不同扑动角和翻转角对仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行时气动特性影响,其变量应选取蝴蝶正常飞行时接近的参数,变量设置如表1所示。
在分析各因素对蝴蝶的气动特性影响前,选取蝴蝶飞行的正常参数计算对比。通过观察蝴蝶飞行,选取飞行速度为1 m/s,扑动频率为6 Hz,飞行时的扑动角为90°,上下分配比例为2∶1,翻转角为60°,飞行状态为直飞。将已有模型的计算结果与参考文献[15]进行比对(如图5所示),数据上有很好的吻合性,说明计算方法可靠。
蝴蝶在扑动时除了翅膀扑动产生升力外,躯干也会在水平方向上产生一定翻转。蝴蝶躯干向上翻转同时,翅膀也会在扑动时向上翻转,此时上扑的翅膀随着翻转从而产生阻力。翻转角度的不同所带来的气动特性也会不同。保持其他参数不变,改变翻转角的大小,蝴蝶飞行路线按直线设定,根据观察到的蝴蝶运动,其他变量选取蝴蝶扑动时接近正常的飞行参数。来流速度为1 m/s(风速),固定参数为扑动角度为90°,扑动角上下分配比例为2∶1,此时扑动角高于机身水平面60°,低于机身水平面30°,扑动频率为6 Hz。计算翻转角在30°、45°、60°、75°、90°下的变化情况,计算结果如图6~图8所示。
图6可见,翻转角的变化对仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行时升力影响较大,阻力的影响较小。随着翻转角度的增大,升力也随之变大,阻力在翻转角变大的情况下没有明显的变化趋势。由此可见翻转角小于90°时,增大翻转角可有效提高仿蝴蝶飞行升力。
图7可见,在0.6 s运动周期内升力的变化情况下,在不同翻转角的运动过程中升力最大值没有出现明显的变化,升力在最小值附近有明显差异。当翻转角处于30°时升最小升力小于其他角度,随着翻转角度变大,扑翼过程中的下扑行程处于翻转水平面之上的状态增多,此时下扑产生的正升力大于上扑产生的负升力。随着翻转角改变,上扑时产生的负升力更多地分解在其他方向,竖直升力方向负升力开始减少,升力最小值增大。当翻转角处于90°运动状态时,下扑的大部分扑翼行程都处于水平角以上,扑动力主要被分解到其他方向,竖直升力方向负升力最小,此时产生的负升力作用最弱。
图8可见,在翻转角改变下阻力最小值没有明显变化趋势,阻力的最大值随着翻转角的增大也有增大,但增大效果不明显,没有一定规律性。扑翼下拍过程中,翻转角大产生的阻力大于翻转角小产生的阻力,翻转角越大,阻力曲线最小值越小。
蝴蝶在飞行过程中除了躯干的翻转外,翅膀的扑动也影响着气动力。不同蝴蝶扑动的角度不一样,在飞行过程中姿态的变化也影响着角度大小改变,其扑动角度的大小是对飞行影响的最大因素。为研究其扑动角度对升力和推力变化的影响,其他变量选取蝴蝶扑动时接近正常的飞行参数,此时参数设定来流速度为1 m/s(风速),固定扑动角上下分配比例为2∶1,翻转角为60°,扑动频率为6 Hz。计算扑动角在75°、90°、105°、120°、135°下的变化情况,结果如图9~图11所示。
图9可见,随着扑动角的增加,平均阻力几乎呈线性关系增加,可以看出扑动角与阻力之间的关系在一定范围内持续负相关;扑动角在75°~120°情况下平均升力持续增长,当扑动角大于120°时升力下降。
图10可见,在0.6 s运动周期下,扑动角增加翅膀上扑和下扑行程都在增加,翅膀下扑产生的正升力和上扑产生的负升力都在增大,升力曲线的峰值和谷值都在变化。当扑动角度小于120°,扑动角度增大时,上扑行程大于下扑行程,此时翅膀下扑产生的正升力满足上扑产生的负升力,总体升力增加。扑动角大于120°时,由于翻转角度不变,翅膀下扑时产生的正升力增加值不能弥补上扑带来的负升力增加值,总体升力开始下降。
结合图10图11可见,翅膀上扑是形成阻力的关键。在分配比例保持2∶1不变和扑动角增大的情况下,翅膀处于扑动水平面之上和水平面之下的行程都增加,水平面之上的行程比水平面之下的行程多,阻力的负值要大于正值,翅膀向后扇动时产生的阻力增大,总体阻力变大。
选取飞行速度为1 m/s,扑动频率为6 Hz,飞行时的扑动角为90°,上下分配比例为2∶1,翻转角为60°,直飞状态进行流场分析。将仿蝴蝶扑翼飞行涡流场与相同扑动状态下的蝴蝶飞行流场进行对比[13],涡流产生的位置、形状以及流动方向都有很好的吻合性,说明流场分析结果可靠,结果如图12~图16所示。
由13和图14可见,在蝴蝶模型飞行过程中,下扑过程中下表面高压区在前端翅尖最先形成,随着下扑的翻转整个翅膀开始产生高压区,当翻转接近水平角,高压区由前端翅尖开始消失至翅膀末端结束;随即上扑开始,翅膀上表面高压区开始形成。上扑过程中,高压区主要在上表面前端翅尖开始形成,当翻转角达到最大,翅膀上扑停止,高压区在翅膀尾末消失。
结合图15图16可见,蝴蝶飞行高升力机理,蝴蝶下拍过程中形成了翅翼边缘的涡流,由于涡流中空速高,压力低。下表面的高压与上表面的低压产生升力。在随后上拍过程中,下扑产生的涡流向后脱落,并在流体黏度作用下消散。
通过建立仿蝴蝶飞行模型及运动公式,研究仿蝴蝶飞行时扑动角和翻转角不同对其气动力的影响,得出结论如下。
(1)改变翻转角的飞行状态,仿蝴蝶飞行升力随翻转角增加而增加,升力谷值有明显变化,但阻力整体无明显变化;仿蝴蝶飞行器设计时可增大翻转角来提升升力,但翻转角不可超过90°。
(2)改变扑动角的飞行状态,扑动角小于120°时升力随着扑动角增大而提升,大于120°时升力明显减小,此时升力峰值增大无法弥补谷值减小导致气动特性下降;阻力随着扑动角的增大持续增加;在小于120°时增大仿蝴蝶飞行器扑动角可有效提升其飞行升力,但飞行阻力升高。
(3)蝴蝶翅膀上下扑动时产生的涡是上、下表面高压区和低压区形成的关键,平衡自身重力的升力主要由下扑阻力的反作用力产生,前飞的动力主要由上扑阻力的反作用力产生。可适当增大压力形成区翅翼面积来提高飞行升力和阻力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51705002)
  • 国家自然科学基金(11902002)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403110
  • 接收时间:2024-04-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-26
  • 修回日期:2024-12-21
基金
国家自然科学基金(51705002)
国家自然科学基金(11902002)
作者信息
    安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001

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* 来永斌(1970—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:过程装备优化设计、节能技术、智能装备等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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