Article(id=1149781957975962266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403596, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=1735228800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980696, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980696, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980696, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980696, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3672, endPage=3679, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781958345061020, articleId=1149781957975962266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effects of Particle Size and Shape of Unconventional Oil and Gas Proppants on Breakage Rate and Fracture Conductivity, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Proppant performance is very important to the hydraulic fracturing design of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Few scholars have studied the micro performance parameters of proppant in terms of particle size and shape. The effect of particle size and shape on proppant breakage rate and fracture conductivity in shale gas reservoir was quantitatively characterized through laboratory experiments. The results show that when the closing pressure is lower than 28 MPa, the same type of proppant with uniform particle size and high spherical degree is compared with the proppant with poor sorting, the crushing rate is reduced by 15% and the fracture conductivity is increased by 10%. When the closing pressure exceeds the compressive strength of the proppant, the well-separated proppant can maintain the fracture conductivity better as the flow channel is further blocked by the debris generated by the broken proppant. The experimental results provide a reference for in-situ fracturing design of shale formation, improving the quality control level of downhole materials and selecting proppant.

, correspAuthors=Dong-jin XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-ting WANG, Dong-jin XU, Zhen-qiang TAO, Yan-ying QU, Ying-song WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782004197192666, articleId=1149781957975962266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=非常规油气支撑剂粒度粒形对其破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

支撑剂性能对非常规油气储层水力压裂设计至关重要,少有学者进行支撑剂微观性能参数粒度粒形方面的研究。通过室内试验模拟页岩气储层生产过程中支撑剂破碎率及裂缝导流能力的变化规律,定量表征粒度粒形对支撑剂破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响。结果表明:当闭合压力低于28 MPa,相同类型粒径均匀分布集中、平均圆球度高的支撑剂与分选性差的支撑剂对比,破碎率下降约15%并且裂缝导流能力提升约10%;当闭合压力超过支撑剂的抗压强度,由于支撑剂破碎产生的碎屑进一步堵塞导流通道,分选性好的支撑剂能更好地维持裂缝导流能力。实验结果为现场压裂设计页岩地层压裂设计,入井材料质量管控水平提升及支撑剂优选提供参考。

, correspAuthors=许冬进, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 许冬进(1981—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:非常规油气开发、储层改造。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BqoM2hD/8OBnxVR3FLumDw==, magXml=CjFRdCmCSCG51fwlsEhUJg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VWr+U3d957SZFE+zhCrqFw==, pdfFileSize=9615190, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RwHbTCWUjRnoUkvdehkiqg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Sqnu1m35QJuKvoBzk5TFwQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王俊亭(1999—),男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:储层改造。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=7qyY8S/2U7CNymTYHRWuPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370864235144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957975962266, language=CN, label=图13, caption=石英砂闭合压力变化下平均圆球度-破碎率及裂缝导流能力关系, figureFileSmall=plagl1pf/EEE46pBgKM1FA==, figureFileBig=7qyY8S/2U7CNymTYHRWuPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370981675668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957975962266, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料 类型 主要成分 备注
支撑剂 石英砂/陶粒 SiO2/铝矾土 同一厂家
压裂液 滑溜水/蒸馏水 凝胶体系/H2O 滑溜水黏度
4.9 mPa·s
岩板 页岩岩石 硅质矿物和
黏土矿物
黏土矿物质量
分数29.6%
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371082338970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957975962266, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验材料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料 类型 主要成分 备注
支撑剂 石英砂/陶粒 SiO2/铝矾土 同一厂家
压裂液 滑溜水/蒸馏水 凝胶体系/H2O 滑溜水黏度
4.9 mPa·s
岩板 页岩岩石 硅质矿物和
黏土矿物
黏土矿物质量
分数29.6%
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371195585187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957975962266, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验序号 支撑剂类型 支撑剂粒径/目 压裂液体系类型 铺砂浓度/(kg·m-2) 平均圆度/球度 样品编号
1 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 1#
2 石英砂 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 2#
3 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 10 0.6/0.6 3#
4 石英砂 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.6/0.6 4#
5 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 5#
6 石英砂 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 6#
7 石英砂 20~40 蒸馏水 10 0.6/0.6 7#
8 石英砂 20~40 蒸馏水 10 0.8/0.8 8#
9 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 7.5 0.8/0.8 9#
10 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 7.5 0.6/0.6 10#
11 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 5 0.8/0.8 11#
12 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 5 0.6/0.6 12#
13 陶粒 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 13#
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371296248488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957975962266, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验设计方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验序号 支撑剂类型 支撑剂粒径/目 压裂液体系类型 铺砂浓度/(kg·m-2) 平均圆度/球度 样品编号
1 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 1#
2 石英砂 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 2#
3 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 10 0.6/0.6 3#
4 石英砂 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.6/0.6 4#
5 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 5#
6 石英砂 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 6#
7 石英砂 20~40 蒸馏水 10 0.6/0.6 7#
8 石英砂 20~40 蒸馏水 10 0.8/0.8 8#
9 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 7.5 0.8/0.8 9#
10 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 7.5 0.6/0.6 10#
11 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 5 0.8/0.8 11#
12 石英砂 20~40 滑溜水 5 0.6/0.6 12#
13 陶粒 30~50 滑溜水 10 0.8/0.8 13#
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371396911793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957975962266, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical table of particle size distribution of 1#, 2#, 5#, 6# quartz sand samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 粒径分布/%
180~300 μm 300~425 μm 425~525 μm 525~600 μm 600~720 μm 720~830 μm
1# 0 1 2.47 8.79 70.09 17.65
5# 0 1 19.51 48.67 25.49 5.33
2# 1 10.42 70.66 16.52 1.40 0
6# 1 23.21 30.17 30.41 15.21 0
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371497575102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957975962266, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1#, 2#, 5#, 6#石英砂样品粒径分布统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品编号 粒径分布/%
180~300 μm 300~425 μm 425~525 μm 525~600 μm 600~720 μm 720~830 μm
1# 0 1 2.47 8.79 70.09 17.65
5# 0 1 19.51 48.67 25.49 5.33
2# 1 10.42 70.66 16.52 1.40 0
6# 1 23.21 30.17 30.41 15.21 0
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非常规油气支撑剂粒度粒形对其破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响
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王俊亭 1, 2 , 许冬进 1, 2, * , 陶振强 1, 2 , 曲彦颖 1, 2 , 吴应松 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(9): 3672-3679
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(9): 3672-3679
非常规油气支撑剂粒度粒形对其破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响
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王俊亭1, 2 , 许冬进1, 2, * , 陶振强1, 2, 曲彦颖1, 2, 吴应松1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 长江大学石油工程学院, 武汉 430100
  • 2 油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430100
  • 王俊亭(1999—),男,汉族,陕西汉中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:储层改造。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 许冬进(1981—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:非常规油气开发、储层改造。E-mail:
Effects of Particle Size and Shape of Unconventional Oil and Gas Proppants on Breakage Rate and Fracture Conductivity
Jun-ting WANG1, 2 , Dong-jin XU1, 2, * , Zhen-qiang TAO1, 2, Yan-ying QU1, 2, Ying-song WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Oil Engineering College of Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2 Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403596
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支撑剂性能对非常规油气储层水力压裂设计至关重要,少有学者进行支撑剂微观性能参数粒度粒形方面的研究。通过室内试验模拟页岩气储层生产过程中支撑剂破碎率及裂缝导流能力的变化规律,定量表征粒度粒形对支撑剂破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响。结果表明:当闭合压力低于28 MPa,相同类型粒径均匀分布集中、平均圆球度高的支撑剂与分选性差的支撑剂对比,破碎率下降约15%并且裂缝导流能力提升约10%;当闭合压力超过支撑剂的抗压强度,由于支撑剂破碎产生的碎屑进一步堵塞导流通道,分选性好的支撑剂能更好地维持裂缝导流能力。实验结果为现场压裂设计页岩地层压裂设计,入井材料质量管控水平提升及支撑剂优选提供参考。

非常规油气  /  支撑剂  /  粒度粒形  /  破碎率  /  裂缝导流能力

Proppant performance is very important to the hydraulic fracturing design of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Few scholars have studied the micro performance parameters of proppant in terms of particle size and shape. The effect of particle size and shape on proppant breakage rate and fracture conductivity in shale gas reservoir was quantitatively characterized through laboratory experiments. The results show that when the closing pressure is lower than 28 MPa, the same type of proppant with uniform particle size and high spherical degree is compared with the proppant with poor sorting, the crushing rate is reduced by 15% and the fracture conductivity is increased by 10%. When the closing pressure exceeds the compressive strength of the proppant, the well-separated proppant can maintain the fracture conductivity better as the flow channel is further blocked by the debris generated by the broken proppant. The experimental results provide a reference for in-situ fracturing design of shale formation, improving the quality control level of downhole materials and selecting proppant.

unconventional oil and gas  /  proppant  /  particle size and shape  /  breakage rate  /  fracture conductivity
王俊亭, 许冬进, 陶振强, 曲彦颖, 吴应松. 非常规油气支撑剂粒度粒形对其破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3672 -3679 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403596
Jun-ting WANG, Dong-jin XU, Zhen-qiang TAO, Yan-ying QU, Ying-song WU. Effects of Particle Size and Shape of Unconventional Oil and Gas Proppants on Breakage Rate and Fracture Conductivity[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3672 -3679 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403596
页岩气开发依赖储层压裂改造,压裂施工的效果主要由裂缝有效导流能力来评估,压裂支撑剂又对压裂设计至关重要[1],粒度粒形是支撑剂性能参数的衡量指标之一,其中粒度反映碎屑颗粒粒径的大小,而粒形分为圆度(颗粒与圆形相比的形状规则程度)及球度(颗粒三维形状与球形的相近程度)。页岩气储层水力压裂设计中优选支撑剂是不可缺少的部分[2],向页岩气地层中注入携砂的压裂液,确保支撑剂填入裂缝形成高效的导流通道可以增加油气产量,提高油气资源开发的效益;随着增黏携砂技术的发展,支撑剂的种类变得多种多样,包括但不限于砂子、陶粒、覆膜砂、玻璃、核桃壳以及高分子微球等;分选好的支撑剂具备高强度、表面光滑、化学惰性、成本低廉、密度低、使用方便、不易回流和不易被埋藏等特性,同时用于施工的陶粒平均圆球度需大于等于0.7,石英砂平均圆球度需大于等于0.6以满足短期导流能力和支撑剂性能测试标准《压裂支撑剂充填层短期导流能力评价推荐方法》(SY/T 6302—2009)[3]和《水力压裂和砾石充填作业用支撑剂性能测试方法》(SY/T 5108—2014)[4]的要求。
支撑剂质量受制造工艺及砂源地的固有属性限制[5],优选支撑剂能提高储层改造效果[6],苗博[7]研究了高分子材料支撑剂在地层参数等因素影响下对裂缝导流能力的影响规律;宋恩鹏等[8]通过有机聚合物包裹石英砂验证其对短期导流能力的影响;在破碎率和裂缝导流能力关系的研究中,李圣祥等[9]通过开展支撑剂长期导流能力测试实验发现高含盐储层长期导流能力变化规律;陈庆栋等[10]通过支撑剂不同粒径的组合方式,探究其参数影响裂缝导流能力的程度。上述研究证明支撑剂破碎率和裂缝导流能力存在紧密关系,但探究粒度粒形对支撑剂破碎率和裂缝导流能力影响的研究还处于空白,现分析压裂液类型、支撑剂类型、粒度粒形参数、铺沙浓度等因素对破碎率与裂缝导流能力的影响。在室内实验宏观条件研究支撑剂粒度粒形参数对破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响,以期为现场支撑剂优选提供依据,为入井材料质量管控水平提升和维持裂缝导流能力及降本增效提供理论依据。
图1所示,实验HXDL-2C导流能力评价装置进行实验。该装置由液压机向导流室(API标准)施加闭合压力,实验最大闭合压力为120 MPa,最高温度可达120 ℃。压力传感器(精度0.01 MPa),监测压力变化的实时数据,装于导流室两端内部填充支撑剂,为保持测量的稳定导流室出口端有回压系统,利用系统实时采集数据,利用公式计算裂缝导流能力。
实验所选用的材料如表1所示。图2展示了常见的支撑剂类型,图2(a)为陶粒支撑剂,图2(b)为石英砂支撑剂,图2(c)为覆膜砂支撑剂;不同类型支撑剂的物理特性和制备方法不同,同时不同厂家生产支撑剂时的制备工艺和质量控制方法导致了支撑剂的粒形有差异。在现场施工时需要根据具体应用需求和性能要求进行综合选择支撑剂[11]
图3为标准破碎室,支撑剂抗压强度测试依据《水力压裂和砾石充填作业用支撑剂性能测试方法》(SY/T 5108—2014)使用循环加载液压机[12]。将待测样品在不同压裂液体系中浸泡2 h[13],后于干燥箱中蒸发多余水分。将潮湿样品倒入标准破碎室中。在破碎室内,使用液压机以匀速加压1 min,模拟地层压力,随后稳压2 min。破碎后的样品再次置于105 ℃的干燥箱中进行烘干,然后进行筛析并称取质量。
δ= $\frac{{w}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{w}_{\mathrm{p}}}$×100%
式(1)中:δ为破碎率,%;wp为支撑剂样品质量,g;wc为破碎样品质量,g。
短期裂缝导流能力测试依据《压裂支撑剂充填层短期导流能力评价推荐方法》(SY/T 6302—2009)使用设备HXDL-2C进行[14],待测样品均匀铺置于导流室内,使压裂液流过支撑剂填充层,模拟地层温度、闭合压力,连续采集裂缝宽度、液体流量以及压差等变化数据,得到液测裂缝导流能力KwWf
KwWf=$\frac{5.555{\mu }_{\mathrm{L}}{Q}_{\mathrm{w}}}{\mathrm{\Delta }p}$
式(2)中:Kw为液测渗透率,μm2·cm ;Wf为支撑剂厚度,cm;Qw为液体流量,mL/min;μL为液体黏度,mPa·s;Δp为测试两点间的压差,kPa。
粒径测试:筛分设备(图4)为标准式可旋转拍击振筛机,转速约290 r/min,拍击次数约156次/min,顶锤高度约33.4 mm。根据被测石英砂品类选择不同筛孔尺寸的标准筛,按照筛孔尺寸由小到大依次叠放,然后固定安装在振筛机上,设定好转速、拍击频率以及工作时长,使其振动。振动完成后,称取每个标准筛的石英砂质量,即可测得被测石英砂样品的粒径分布。对于20~40 目石英砂支撑剂样品,试验选取的筛网孔径自下往上分别是425、580、700、830 μm;对于30~50 目石英砂支撑剂样品,试验选取筛网孔径自下往上分别是300、425、500、600 μm。
影响裂缝导流能力的因素众多,试验在支撑剂粒形这一主控因素下结合其他4个影响因素设计实验,分别是支撑剂类型、支撑剂粒径、压裂液体系类型及铺砂浓度。研究表明闭合压力对裂缝导流能力的影响较大,试验考虑减弱闭合压力对实验结果的干扰[15]。针对支撑剂粒径、压裂液体系类型及铺砂浓度的实验,闭合压力梯度设计为5、10、15、20、25、30 MPa,并分析实验结果对支撑剂破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响。对于支撑剂类型,考虑到石英砂支撑剂与陶粒支撑剂的抗压极限能力,将闭合压力梯度设计为7、14、21、28、35、42 MPa,并分析实验结果对破碎率及裂缝导流能力的影响。综上所述,针对5种影响因素和4个平行条件对实验进行方案设计[16],结果共设计13组实验如表2所示。
为模拟页岩气储层压裂改造中支撑剂破碎率和裂缝导流能力的变化规律,依据实验方案按照以下步骤进行实验。
步骤1 进行实验准备工作,包括实验室环境温度控制、导流室装配、实验液体准备、启动压力机实验程序,连接液压系统、启动平流泵、设置流量、检查渗漏。
步骤2 进行样品颗粒分选、称量。将颗粒在显微镜下放大,分选出平均圆球度不同的支撑剂样本进行粒形实验。选取不同粒径大小的筛网进行粒度分析实验,细化筛分求得几个粒径段的质量占比。
步骤3 按照实验批次依次进行编号1#~13#组的实验,按照破碎率测试标准和导流能力测试标准,使用HXDL~2C设备得出各实验对应的支撑剂破碎率及裂缝导流能力。
图5所示,对同一种支撑剂而言,圆度和球度对裂缝的支撑效果有着重要的影响。在压裂作业中,支撑剂的支撑效果是指支撑剂颗粒在裂缝中的分布均匀程度和填充效果。圆球度高的支撑剂颗粒具有较为规则的形状,更容易在裂缝中进行堆积和填充,形成更紧密的填充结构,同时增加支撑剂颗粒与裂缝壁的接触面积,提高支撑剂的黏附力,从而增强对裂缝的支撑效果。式(1)表明堆积体的颗粒大小不相等,其孔隙度就会减小。如图5所示,同一批形状、大小相近的支撑剂,若排列方式相同孔隙度相等,分选性好的支撑剂按立方体排列的孔隙度为47.6%,当受挤压转为菱面体排列孔隙度下降到25.9%;若分选性差或支撑剂破碎转为无规则排列孔隙度将进一步降低[17]
ϕ=1-$\frac{\sqrt{3}\mathrm{\pi }}{6\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta \sqrt{1-2\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\left(2\theta \right)}}$
式(3)中:θ为底面形状的参数方程角,(°);ϕ为孔隙度。
级配曲线反映颗粒各个粒组的相对含量,如果曲线呈现陡峭的特征,说明颗粒的粒径相近,颗粒分布较为均匀。相反,如果曲线较为平缓,则表示颗粒粒径差异较大,颗粒分布不均匀[18]表3为4批石英砂样品的粒径分布统计。
试验选用样品编号为1#、2#、5#、6#的20~40 目、30~50 目石英砂支撑剂,滑溜水压裂液体系,在温度为25 ℃及铺砂浓度10 kg/m2的条件下进行。分析图6得出1#样品的级配曲线较陡,粒径主要分布在600~720 μm占70.09%;5#样品的级配曲线较缓,支撑剂颗粒粒径分布不均匀;2#样品的级配曲线较陡,粒径主要分布在425~525 μm占70.66%;6#样品的级配曲线较缓,支撑剂颗粒粒径分布不均匀。如图7所示,大粒径支撑剂相互堆叠,颗粒之间的孔隙大,能维持较大的导流通道,但是颗粒间相互接触的应力点较少,容易达到颗粒的抗压强度极限。在闭合压力小于28 MPa的储层中,相同目数支撑剂的粒径上限范围内分布的支撑剂质量分数大于70%,支撑剂破碎率上升3%但裂缝导流能力提升10%;其他情况支撑剂破碎率略有降低但裂缝导流能力下降较大。闭合压力大于28 MPa时,颗粒的粒径分布越集中,维持裂缝导流能力的效果越好,如图5(a)所示。
选用样品编号为1#、2#、3#、4#的20~40 目、30~50 目石英砂支撑剂,使用滑溜水压裂液体系;7#、8#,20~40 目石英砂支撑剂,使用蒸馏水压裂液体系;试验在温度为25 ℃、铺砂浓度为10 kg/m2的条件下进行。 结果如图8图9所示。
对同一种类型的支撑剂,粒径分布集中、平均圆球度高的支撑剂颗粒形状均匀规则,填充在裂缝中相互接触的应力点多,能一定程度地防止支撑剂颗粒相互挤压时,尖锐角对彼此的损伤,减少颗粒之间发生应力集中现象的概率,降低了相互碰撞和相互挤压时颗粒破碎的可能性,提升支撑剂的抗破碎能力。在20~30 MPa的情况下,闭合压力超过石英砂的抗压强度,大量碎屑的产生导致破碎率出现明显的激增现象;平均圆球度0.8与0.6的同类型支撑剂对比,导流能力提升约10%,破碎率降低约15%。滑溜水体系与蒸馏水体系对比,裂缝导流能力提升约25%,破碎率降低20%[19]
试验选用样品编号为1#、3#、9#、10#、11#、12#的20~40 目石英砂支撑剂,使用滑溜水压裂液体系,在温度为25 ℃及铺砂浓度分别为5、7.5、10 kg/m2的条件下进行。
图10图11所示,随着闭合压力的升高,在5~20 MPa裂缝导流能力的降低并非由支撑剂颗粒破碎后堵塞孔隙所致,而是主要由于闭合压力的增加导致支撑剂发生形变,降低了孔隙度和渗透率。相同目数下,粒径分布集中、圆球度高支撑剂的试验,表现出较小的裂缝导流能力下降幅度以及较低的破碎率[20]
实验选用样品编号为2#、13#的30~50 目石英砂、陶粒支撑剂,使用滑溜水压裂液体系,在温度为25 ℃、铺砂浓度为10 kg/m2的条件下进行。
图12图13可得,裂缝导流能力与粒径分布、平均圆球度呈正相关,与破碎率呈负相关。在闭合压力7~14 MPa情况下,石英砂和陶粒都不容易发生变形破碎,裂缝导流能力略微下降的主要原因是颗粒承压后堆积的更加紧密,导流通道变小;随着闭合压力的增加,裂缝缝宽减小石英砂和陶粒的平均圆球度降低,破碎率增加,颗粒破碎后小粒径分布比例增加,支撑剂堆叠间的孔隙度降低,同时受压破碎的支撑剂碎屑会进一步堵塞导流通道导致裂缝导流能力骤降。相同闭合压力下,同目数的陶粒支撑剂相较于石英砂支撑剂,其颗粒更能保持完整性,平均圆球度变化小,表现出更低的破碎率及更高的裂缝导流能力。当闭合压力超过石英砂的抗压极限,平均圆球度又低于0.65,其破碎率将逐步急剧升高,裂缝导流能力将迅速下降。
(1)颗粒的粒径分布越集中,堆叠的就更规范更紧密;高圆球度的支撑剂颗粒形状规则,填充在裂缝中相互接触的应力点多,能减少颗粒之间的应力集中现象;大粒径支撑剂堆叠之间的孔隙大,能形成高效的导流通道,但也导致相互接触的应力点少,更易达到颗粒的抗压强度极限。
(2)裂缝导流能力同支撑剂粒径分布、平均圆球度成正相关,与破碎率呈负相关。在闭合压力小于28 MPa的浅储层中粒径分布越集中、平均圆球度越高的支撑剂对裂缝的支撑效果更好,相较于劣质支撑剂破碎率降低约15%,导流能力提升约10%;当储层的闭合压力大于28 MPa超过石英砂的抗压极限时,该类型支撑剂容易发生破碎并且裂缝导流能力迅速下降,使用陶粒替代石英砂或者陶粒混合石英砂能有效减弱这一现象的发生。
(3)油田现场可以通过优选支撑剂,获得分选性好的支撑剂用于压裂施工,确保页岩气储层在改造后,裂缝能维持较好导流能力,在压裂作业中实现高效的油气导流和裂缝扩展,提高油气产量。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52004033)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403596
  • 接收时间:2024-05-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-15
  • 修回日期:2024-12-27
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国家自然科学基金(52004033)
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    1 长江大学石油工程学院, 武汉 430100
    2 油气钻采工程湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430100

通讯作者:

* 许冬进(1981—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:非常规油气开发、储层改造。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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