Article(id=1149781957132903333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403299, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714924800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-06, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980495, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980495, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980495, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3620, endPage=3628, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781957392950183, articleId=1149781957132903333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimizing Aircraft Departure Trajectories for Low Noise, columnId=1156264150696317860, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·General Industrial Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the promotion of green development in civil aviation, aircraft noise has become an issue that cannot be ignored. An improved dynamic window approach (DWA) combining aircraft performance was proposed, which introduces the constraint of continuous climb operations (CCO) and constructs performance constraints for aircraft. To address the problem of rough solution set caused by traversal in traditional DWA algorithm, genetic algorithm(GA) was used for optimization. Secondly, speed was used to represent the time indirectly in order to optimize the track evaluation function. The effect of population distribution was added to make the model more reasonable. Finally, taking the departure direction of BOKIR-8T at Chengdu Shuangliu Airport as an example, the improved algorithm (DWA-GA) was compared with the traditional DWA algorithm, and the flight path under the influence of population distribution was compared, and the aircraft performance parameters and noise influence range were analyzed. The simulation results show that the improved algorithm is more accurate than the traditional DWA algorithm at low resolution, and the population distribution has obvious influence on the track.

, correspAuthors=Qing CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qing CHENG, Yuan-ming PENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781986073600693, articleId=1149781957132903333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=面向低噪声的航空器离场航迹优化, columnId=1156264150843118502, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·一般工业技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着民航绿色发展的推进,航空器噪声问题已变得不容忽视。提出一种结合航空器性能的改进动态窗口法(dynamic window approach,DWA),引入连续爬升运行(continuous climb operations,CCO)的限制,构建航空器的性能约束。针对传统DWA算法中,运用遍历求解造成的解集粗糙问题,采用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)进行优化。其次,针对滚动求解在步进中无法顾及全局噪声影响时间的问题,采用速度间接表示时间,从而优化航迹评价函数。添加人口分布的影响,使模型更加合理。最后,以成都双流机场BOKIR-8T离场方向为例,对比分析改进算法(DWA-GA)与传统DWA算法、比较有无人口分布影响下的航迹,并从航空器性能参数、噪声影响范围等方面进行分析。仿真结果表明,改进算法较传统DWA算法在低分辨率的情况下求解精度更高,且人口分布对航迹有着明显的影响。

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程擎(1972—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新一代空中交通管理系统,包括地空数据链通信、卫星导航、雷达监视系统和ADS监视系统在空中交通管理中的应用。E-mail:

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程擎(1972—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新一代空中交通管理系统,包括地空数据链通信、卫星导航、雷达监视系统和ADS监视系统在空中交通管理中的应用。E-mail:

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程擎(1972—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新一代空中交通管理系统,包括地空数据链通信、卫星导航、雷达监视系统和ADS监视系统在空中交通管理中的应用。E-mail:

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(2024-02-19)[2024-05-06]. http://www.caac.gov.cn/HDJL/YJZJ/202402/t20240219_222975.html., articleTitle=Aircraft noise measurement and evaluation (draft for comments), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249375763182494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=8, pageStart=1843, pageEnd=1853, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=16, authorNames=刘斌, 兰莹, 黄文焘, journalName=系统仿真学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘斌, 兰莹, 黄文焘, . 融合动态窗口法的无人机动态路径规划算法[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2024, 36(8): 1843-1853., articleTitle=融合动态窗口法的无人机动态路径规划算法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249376010646440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=8, pageStart=1843, pageEnd=1853, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Liu Bin, Lan Ying, Huang Wentao, journalName=Journal of System Simulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Bin, Lan Ying, Huang Wentao, et al. 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Construction and application of a noise exposure evaluation model considering interest points[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2023, 46(4): 229-236., articleTitle=Construction and application of a noise exposure evaluation model considering interest points, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249373678613255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, awardId=CZYL2024002, language=CN, fundingSource=交通运输工程一流学科建设(CZYL2024002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249365738795297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249365751378209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, companyId=1251249365738795297, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249365772349731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, companyId=1251249365738795297, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251249369685635616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=NPD data correction process and aircraft noise calculation and correction process, figureFileSmall=qFfWWVD3Q9puu/Nltj83Gw==, figureFileBig=TktDh3t1GTY1q+sw3vcHdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249369819853358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NPD数据修正流程及航空器噪声计算与修正流程, figureFileSmall=qFfWWVD3Q9puu/Nltj83Gw==, figureFileBig=TktDh3t1GTY1q+sw3vcHdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249369962459704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Track solving process, figureFileSmall=y0OQfF70s1hxyoX4Bnm3pg==, figureFileBig=iovVBQEpuis2nLGwXeD3Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370088288835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=图2, caption=航迹求解流程, figureFileSmall=y0OQfF70s1hxyoX4Bnm3pg==, figureFileBig=iovVBQEpuis2nLGwXeD3Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370205729356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Population distribution diagram, figureFileSmall=KMhFCS9yg77VeJdw0KMaDw==, figureFileBig=dglY1mPETr8YlgHF1BD3wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370356724312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=图3, caption=人口分布示意图, figureFileSmall=KMhFCS9yg77VeJdw0KMaDw==, figureFileBig=dglY1mPETr8YlgHF1BD3wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370469970529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison chart of two algorithms, figureFileSmall=mUuZs68bAU/inIcLGAFq9w==, figureFileBig=DxCoS+zUQvsMhDXJtFK3eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370709045875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两种算法对比图, figureFileSmall=mUuZs68bAU/inIcLGAFq9w==, figureFileBig=DxCoS+zUQvsMhDXJtFK3eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370834875013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of performance parameters between two algorithms

1 lb≈0.454 kg;1 ft≈0.304 8 m

, figureFileSmall=/MQiBHSCL86UpWZ0bhfJZQ==, figureFileBig=G4XPiVxww9dV8REya7koLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249370948121232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两种算法下性能参数对比图, figureFileSmall=/MQiBHSCL86UpWZ0bhfJZQ==, figureFileBig=G4XPiVxww9dV8REya7koLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249371048784537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of performance parameters between two types of trajectories

1 lb≈0.454 kg;1 ft≈0.304 8 m;1 kt≈0.514 m/s

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Noise impact time of each scheme

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序号 β:α 各噪声级影响时间/s 总飞行时间/s
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
1 (0.29∶0.71) 5 20 70 85 115 225 240
2 (0.13∶0.87) 0 25 65 105 130 225 250
3 (0.1∶0.9) 5 20 60 110 150 160 260
4 (0.09∶0.91) 10 20 65 95 115 205 265
5 (0.07∶0.93) 0 0 35 85 105 190 260
6 (0.06∶0.94) 5 15 60 110 125 230 255
7 (0.05∶0.95) 0 30 60 105 105 235 265
8 (0.04∶0.96) 5 20 65 105 165 235 240
9 (0.03∶0.97) 5 20 70 100 125 215 245
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371606627015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各方案噪声影响时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 β:α 各噪声级影响时间/s 总飞行时间/s
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
1 (0.29∶0.71) 5 20 70 85 115 225 240
2 (0.13∶0.87) 0 25 65 105 130 225 250
3 (0.1∶0.9) 5 20 60 110 150 160 260
4 (0.09∶0.91) 10 20 65 95 115 205 265
5 (0.07∶0.93) 0 0 35 85 105 190 260
6 (0.06∶0.94) 5 15 60 110 125 230 255
7 (0.05∶0.95) 0 30 60 105 105 235 265
8 (0.04∶0.96) 5 20 65 105 165 235 240
9 (0.03∶0.97) 5 20 70 100 125 215 245
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371694707407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Noise impact area of each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 β:α 各噪声级影响面积/km2 总影响面积/km2
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
1 (0.29∶0.71) 1 2 14 19 20 59 115
2 (0.13∶0.87) 0 3 14 15 22 55 109
3 (0.1∶0.9) 1 2 11 17 26 30 87
4 (0.09∶0.91) 2 2 13 14 23 51 105
5 (0.07∶0.93) 0 1 8 12 25 40 86
6 (0.06∶0.94) 1 2 12 14 25 50 104
7 (0.05∶0.95) 0 3 11 13 17 58 102
8 (0.04∶0.96) 1 2 11 16 30 53 113
9 (0.03∶0.97) 1 2 12 14 23 56 108
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371824730841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各方案噪声影响面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 β:α 各噪声级影响面积/km2 总影响面积/km2
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
1 (0.29∶0.71) 1 2 14 19 20 59 115
2 (0.13∶0.87) 0 3 14 15 22 55 109
3 (0.1∶0.9) 1 2 11 17 26 30 87
4 (0.09∶0.91) 2 2 13 14 23 51 105
5 (0.07∶0.93) 0 1 8 12 25 40 86
6 (0.06∶0.94) 1 2 12 14 25 50 104
7 (0.05∶0.95) 0 3 11 13 17 58 102
8 (0.04∶0.96) 1 2 11 16 30 53 113
9 (0.03∶0.97) 1 2 12 14 23 56 108
), ArticleFig(id=1251249371988308702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Time of noise impact on two tracks

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航迹号 各噪声级影响时间/s 总飞行时间/s
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
轨迹1 0 20 70 85 115 225 240
轨迹2 5 15 70 105 110 175 330
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373179491051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两航迹噪声影响时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航迹号 各噪声级影响时间/s 总飞行时间/s
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
轨迹1 0 20 70 85 115 225 240
轨迹2 5 15 70 105 110 175 330
), ArticleFig(id=1251249373309514486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957132903333, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Two track noise impact areas

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航迹号 各噪声级影响面积/km2 总影响
面积/km2
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
轨迹1 0 2 11 16 30 53 112
轨迹2 1 2 12 14 19 31 79
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两航迹噪声影响面积

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航迹号 各噪声级影响面积/km2 总影响
面积/km2
80~85 dB(A) 75~80 dB(A) 70~75 dB(A) 65~70 dB(A) 60~65 dB(A) 55~60 dB(A)
轨迹1 0 2 11 16 30 53 112
轨迹2 1 2 12 14 19 31 79
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面向低噪声的航空器离场航迹优化
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程擎 , 彭塬铭
科学技术与工程 | 论文·一般工业技术 2025,25(9): 3620-3628
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·一般工业技术 2025, 25(9): 3620-3628
面向低噪声的航空器离场航迹优化
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程擎 , 彭塬铭
作者信息
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618000
  • 程擎(1972—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新一代空中交通管理系统,包括地空数据链通信、卫星导航、雷达监视系统和ADS监视系统在空中交通管理中的应用。E-mail:

Optimizing Aircraft Departure Trajectories for Low Noise
Qing CHENG , Yuan-ming PENG
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403299
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随着民航绿色发展的推进,航空器噪声问题已变得不容忽视。提出一种结合航空器性能的改进动态窗口法(dynamic window approach,DWA),引入连续爬升运行(continuous climb operations,CCO)的限制,构建航空器的性能约束。针对传统DWA算法中,运用遍历求解造成的解集粗糙问题,采用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)进行优化。其次,针对滚动求解在步进中无法顾及全局噪声影响时间的问题,采用速度间接表示时间,从而优化航迹评价函数。添加人口分布的影响,使模型更加合理。最后,以成都双流机场BOKIR-8T离场方向为例,对比分析改进算法(DWA-GA)与传统DWA算法、比较有无人口分布影响下的航迹,并从航空器性能参数、噪声影响范围等方面进行分析。仿真结果表明,改进算法较传统DWA算法在低分辨率的情况下求解精度更高,且人口分布对航迹有着明显的影响。

改进动态窗口法  /  降噪程序  /  持续爬升运行  /  航迹优化

With the promotion of green development in civil aviation, aircraft noise has become an issue that cannot be ignored. An improved dynamic window approach (DWA) combining aircraft performance was proposed, which introduces the constraint of continuous climb operations (CCO) and constructs performance constraints for aircraft. To address the problem of rough solution set caused by traversal in traditional DWA algorithm, genetic algorithm(GA) was used for optimization. Secondly, speed was used to represent the time indirectly in order to optimize the track evaluation function. The effect of population distribution was added to make the model more reasonable. Finally, taking the departure direction of BOKIR-8T at Chengdu Shuangliu Airport as an example, the improved algorithm (DWA-GA) was compared with the traditional DWA algorithm, and the flight path under the influence of population distribution was compared, and the aircraft performance parameters and noise influence range were analyzed. The simulation results show that the improved algorithm is more accurate than the traditional DWA algorithm at low resolution, and the population distribution has obvious influence on the track.

improved dynamic window approaches  /  noise reduction procedures  /  continuous climb operations  /  trajectory optimization
程擎, 彭塬铭. 面向低噪声的航空器离场航迹优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3620 -3628 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403299
Qing CHENG, Yuan-ming PENG. Optimizing Aircraft Departure Trajectories for Low Noise[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3620 -3628 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403299
近年来,随着民航运输规模快速增长,机场周边的航空器噪声污染问题日益突出。降低噪声污染是民航实现高质量发展战略、实现绿色民航的关键一步。为了实现终端区航空器低噪运行,航迹优化变得越来越重要。
在航空航迹优化的问题上,根据研究目的、求解方式对现有的一些研究成果进行归纳。Lu等[1]利用神经网络模型对未来时刻雷暴位置进行预测,并使用快速探索随机树和人工势场结合的算法对航空器改航航迹进行求解。Tian等[2]以减少终端区污染物排放和航空噪声为目标,并使用路径分段方法和非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ,NSGA-Ⅱ)来求解航迹。Ho-Huu等[3-4]以航空器噪声和油耗为优化目标,并将航迹离散化成垂直轨迹与地面轨迹,通过一种基于分解的多目标进化算法进行求解。Zhang等[5]以航空器噪声和环境成本为目标,通过3种不同的非梯度算法进行求解。Hartjes等[6]在虑噪声、NOX的排放以及燃油消耗的基础上设计航空器起飞航迹,同时将航迹离散化成侧向和垂直航迹,最后遗传优化算法进行求解。赵向领等[7]针对固定进场程序等待时间长、对环境影响大以及潜在冲突过多等问题,提出柔性进场的航迹优化方案,并利用商业求解器Gurobi求解。何苗等[8]提出以最小化转弯次数、角度和减少飞行冲突为目标,使用遗传算法求解航迹。任广建等[9]以减少碳排放为目标,对终端区航空器轨迹进行优化研究,利用粒子群算法对航迹进行求解。
然而,当前面向低噪的离场航迹优化研究大部分都是在标准离场程序上进行改进的,在连续爬升运行离场程序方面则存在一定的空白。因此,现提出一种结合航空器性能的改进动态窗口法(dynamic window approach,DWA),引入连续爬升运行(continuous climb operations,CCO)的标准,设立基于噪声、速度和航径角的航迹评价函数。同时针对传统动态窗口法在低分率下解集粗糙的问题,采用遗传算法替代遍历算法求解。以成都双流机场为例,添加人口分布影响,对比改进算法与传统算法,并分析有无人口分布影响下的航迹。从而为CCO的离场程序的噪声控制提供一定的参考。
为了实现航空器离场航迹规划,需要建立航空器离场模型。从大气环境、航空器性能参数以及噪声计算等方面对离场模型进行构建。
随着高度的增加,温度、大气压力等要素的改变会影响航空器的性能以及声音的传播。为了方便模型的建立,将大气温度、压力以及密度用数学公式进行表达。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}T={T}_{0}-0.006\mathrm{ }5h\\ P={P}_{0}-(h/8.25)\\ \rho =\frac{P}{RT}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:h为距离参考面的高度,m;T0为参考面的温度,K;P0为参考面的大气压强,hPa(1 hPa=100 Pa);R为气体常数,m2/(Ks2)。
为了研究航空器离场航迹的垂直剖面,对航空器性能数据(base of aircraft data,BADA)中的全能量公式进行分析。将公式进行变形整理,则k时刻航空器所需要的推力Fk可以表示为
Fk=Dk+mkgsinγk+mk$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }{V}_{k}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
式(2)中:mkVkDkγk分别为k时刻航空器的重量、速度、阻力和航径角;g为重力加速度;dtkk+1时刻之间的时间间隔,s。γk的计算公式为
γk=arcsin$\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }{h}_{k}}{{V}_{k}\mathrm{d}t}\right)$
式(3)中:Δhkkk+1时刻航空器在h轴方向上变化量。
为了求解航空器所需要的推力,需要求得航空器受到的阻力。而阻力的大小不能直接计算,需要先求解升力系数和阻力系数,公式如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{D}_{k}=\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{D},k}{\rho }_{{h}_{k}}{V}_{k}^{2}S}{2}\\ {C}_{\mathrm{D},k}={C}_{\mathrm{D}0,\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}}+{C}_{\mathrm{D}2,\mathrm{C}\mathrm{R}}({C}_{\mathrm{L},k}{)}^{2}\\ {C}_{\mathrm{L},k}=\frac{2{m}_{k}g\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\varphi }_{k}}{{\rho }_{{h}_{k}}{V}_{k}^{2}S}\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:S为翼展面积;${\rho }_{{h}_{k}}$k时刻高度h上的大气密度;CD,kCL,kk时刻航空器的阻力、升力系数;CD0,CRCD2,CR分别为寄生阻力系数和诱导阻力因子,其大小取决于航空器的机型,且该阻力系数公式适用于除了进近和降落时以外的所有情况;ϕkk时刻航空器的俯仰角,为了方便计算,将航空器俯仰角与航径角视为大小相等。
航空器在爬升时可提供最大推力由发动机类型、所在高度以及温度确定,而计算实际大气下可提供的最大推力需要通过对标准大气下的航空器可用最大推力进行修正。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}({F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a},{h}_{k}}{)}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{A}}={C}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C},1}\left(1-\frac{{h}_{k}}{{C}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C},2}}+{C}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C},3}{h}_{k}^{2}\right)\\ {F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a},{h}_{k}}=\left({F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a},{h}_{k}}{)}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{A}}\right[1-{C}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C},5}(\mathrm{\Delta }{T}_{{h}_{k}}-{C}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{C},4})]\end{array}\right.$
式(5)中:$({F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a},{h}_{k}}{)}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{A}}$为标准大气下可用最大推力;${F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a},{h}_{k}}$为实际大气下k时刻高度h上的最大可用推力;CTC,i(i=1,2,3,4,5)为推力因子,由机型决定;Δ${T}_{{h}_{k}}$为航空器处于高度hk时所对应的温度标准偏差。
航空器在运行过程中重量是随着油量消耗而改变的,通过计算k时刻的油量消耗来计算k+1时刻航空器的重量。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{k}=\frac{{\eta }_{k}{F}_{k}}{60}\mathrm{d}t\\ {\eta }_{k}={C}_{f1}\left(1+\frac{{V}_{k}}{{C}_{f2}}\right)\\ {m}_{k+1}={m}_{k}-{f}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式(6)中:ηkk时刻航空器的油耗系数;Cf1Cf2为计算油耗的相关系数;fkkk+1时刻航空器的耗油量。根据航空器的耗油量,可以对航空器的重量进行修正。
将起始点与目标点的连线在地面的投影视作x轴,在竖直方向垂直于该轴的视作为h轴。因航空器在离场爬升时,未改变航向,故仅在x轴与h轴上有位移的变化。故k+1时刻航空器的位置可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{k+1}={x}_{k}+v\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\gamma }_{k}\mathrm{d}t\\ {h}_{k+1}={h}_{k}+v\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\gamma }_{k}\mathrm{d}t\end{array}\right.$
NPD(noise power distance)数据表示的是标准大气下,航空器噪声与其推力以及与观察点距离的关系。为了得到更精准的噪声数值,需要实际大气下的NPD数据。NPD数据的修正过程如图1右虚线框中所示。
根据SAE-ARP-5534,用目标高度上的气温、大气压强以及水蒸气的摩尔浓度计算实际大气与标准大气下的大气衰减率[10],进而可以计算出NPD的修正值,用ΔL表示。在原NPD数据的基础上使用不同高度下的ΔL进行修正,便可修正不同高度下的NPD数据[11]。ΔL的计算方法如下。
$\begin{array}{c}\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{n}\left({d}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\right)={L}_{n,\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\left({d}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\right)+{\alpha }_{n,\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}{d}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\\ \left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{n,\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\left({d}_{i}\right)={L}_{n}\left({d}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\right)-{\alpha }_{n,\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}{d}_{i}\\ {L}_{n,\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}}\left({d}_{i}\right)={L}_{n}\left({d}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\right)-{\alpha }_{n,\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}}{d}_{i}\end{array}\right.\\ \mathrm{\Delta }L\left({d}_{i}\right)=10\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\left[\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{10}^{\frac{{L}_{n,\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}}\left({d}_{i}\right)+{A}_{i}}{10}}\right]-\\ 10\mathrm{l}\mathrm{g}\left[\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{10}^{\frac{{L}_{n,\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\left({d}_{i}\right)+{A}_{i}}{10}}\right]\end{array}\right.\end{array}$
式(8)中:航空器声源处的频谱Ln(dref),Ln,ref(di)和Ln,pra(di)分别为标准大气和实际大气中不同距离下所对应的频谱,di为NPD中所用的距离,dref为修正时使用的标准距离;αn,refαn,pra分别为标准大气下以及实际大气下的大气衰减率;为模拟人类听觉对不同频率声音的感知特性,对得出的频谱进行A加权处理;n为所选取频级的个数;Ai为对应频率下的A加权系数,A加权(A-Weighted)是一种用于音频测量的标准权重曲线,用于反映人耳的响应特性;ΔL(di)为距离声源处di处的NPD修正值。
用NPD数据计算观测点的噪声大小,需要观察点与航空器的距离以及该时刻航空器的推力大小。Ri,kk时刻第i个观测点到航空器的斜距,Li为第i个观测点到航迹地面投影的垂直距离。根据FkRi,k可以得到k时刻第i个观测点处的噪声值Li,k(F,R)。
Ri,k=$\sqrt{{L}_{i}^{2}+({h}_{k}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\gamma }_{k}{)}^{2}}$
因航空器在离场爬升阶段,噪声的修正值Li,k仅考虑当前速度与参考速度的差异以及航空器自身的构型和当前时刻的姿态,修正方法[12]如下。

Li,k=Li,k(F,R)+Δv-Λ(β,L)

式(10)中:Δv为速度修正因子;Λ(β,L)为侧向衰减因子。航空器噪声值计算以及修正过程如图1所示,其中虚线框中的部分为NPD修正流程的详细过程,所对应的步骤位置如箭头所示。
航空器在爬升离场的过程中,其所需推力应该一直小于等于发动机产生的推力,h0为初始点的高度,所以在k时刻航空器推力Fk与高度hk应满足约束[5]如下。
Fk${F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{\nu }\mathrm{a},{h}_{k}}$

h0<hkhmax

式中:xkhk分别为航空器k时刻分别在x轴与h轴投影所对应的坐标值;hmax为高度最大值。
DWA算法的核心思想是根据当前位置状态和速度状态确定一个满足移动约束的窗口区域,然后模拟所有情况下的轨迹,并通过评价函数对所生成轨迹进行评价,最后选出评价最优轨迹所对应的速度作为运动速度,如此循环直至移动至目标点[13]
传统的DWA算法中线速度与加速度约束不会因为移动主体的状态而改变,但是航空器的移动窗口区域会受到所处高度以及姿态的影响。所以引入BADA模型构建航空器的性能约束条件,从而限制航空器的速度采样空间。
在飞行过程中,可以通过控制飞行器的航径角和速度来实现所期望的飞行路径和飞行特性。但在操作过程中需要符合空中交通安全的规定,以及满足离场程序中的限制。
根据CCO手册的规定,一般情况下航空器航径角γ,满足γ∈[θmin,θmax][14]。为使k+1时刻航空器航径角γk+1满足要求,有以下约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le {\gamma }_{k}+\mathrm{\Delta }{\gamma }_{k}\\ {\gamma }_{k}+\mathrm{\Delta }{\gamma }_{k}\le {\theta }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
式(13)中:Δγk为航空器kk+1时刻航径角的改变量,而单位时间内航空器航径角的该变量受到速度的影响,其限制如式(14)所示。
$\left|\Delta {\gamma }_{k}\right|$$\frac{{a}_{\mathrm{n}}dt}{{V}_{k}}$
式(14)中:an为民航客机的最大正常加速度。
当速度小于失速速度时,航空器会失去升力支持,下坠或无法保持稳定、失去操纵性。所以航空器的速度应大于失速速度Vstall,且在最大速度Vmax以下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l},k}\le {V}_{k}+\mathrm{\Delta }{V}_{k}\\ {V}_{k}+\mathrm{\Delta }{V}_{k}\le {V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
Vstall,k=Vstall,0$\sqrt{\frac{{m}_{k}}{{m}_{0}}}$
式中:ΔVk为航空器kk+1时刻速度的改变量; Vstall,kk时刻航空器根据自身重量mk以及参考重量m0修正的失速速度;Vstall,0为参考重量下的失速速度。在航空器纵轴方向上,单位时间速度改变限制如下。
$\left|\Delta {V}_{k}\right|$aldt
式(17)中:al为民航客机的最大纵向加速度。
根据以上的约束优化,可以将航空器k+1时刻的速度空间表示如下。
(1)航空器k+1时刻速度和航径角的约束如式(18)所示。

Sk+1={(Vk+1,γk+1)|Vk+1∈[Vk,Vmax],γk+1∈[θmin,θmax]}

(2)航空器k~k+1时刻速度和航径角改变量的约束如式(19)所示。
Wk+1=$\left\{(\mathrm{\Delta }{V}_{k},\mathrm{\Delta }{\gamma }_{k})\left|\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{\Delta }{V}_{k}\in \left[\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\right({V}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l},k}-{V}_{k},-{a}_{\mathrm{l}}dt),\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}({V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{V}_{k},{a}_{\mathrm{l}}dt\left)\right]\\ \mathrm{\Delta }{\gamma }_{k}\in \left[\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}-{\gamma }_{k},-\frac{{a}_{\mathrm{n}}dt}{{V}_{k}}\right),\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left({\theta }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{\gamma }_{k},\frac{{a}_{\mathrm{n}}dt}{{V}_{k}}\right)\right]\end{array}\right\}\right|\right.$
为了使得所得出的航迹能够带来最小的噪声的影响,传统的评价函数不再适用,添加影响指噪声标。
每个时刻可以得到大量的噪声,而观测点距离航空器距离越远,所对应的参考价值也就越低,即需要对所得到的Li,k进行一定的筛选,当Li,k小于临界值A时不做考虑。A的取值参考《社会生活环境噪声排放标准》(GB 22337—2008)中昼间1类功能区的限制[15]
噪声的影响主要通过两个主要因素体现,分别是响度和持续时间,响度越大,时间持续越长,产生的影响也就越大。虽然小推力低速飞行,能够降低航空器噪声的响度,但是暴露时间就会增加。在使用动态窗口法求解时,总的噪声影响时间没办法在每一步中体现,所以用速度来间接体现噪声影响的时间,速度越大时,理论上噪声的持续时间也就越短。在离场阶段,航空器需要爬升至一定的高度以完成接下来的航行任务,所以对航径角的大小有一定的要求。由于3个指标属于不同的维度,因此对其进行了归一化处理[16],则评价函数Uk表示为
Uk=$\frac{\left(\mathrm{\Sigma }{L}_{i,k}\right)/n}{\alpha {V}_{k}}$+β(θmax-γk)
式(20)中:αβ分别为评价指标中的系数;n为噪声超过临界值的观测点个数。在考虑噪声的影响时,同时要考虑所处环境等因素。考虑人口分布的影响,Di表示第i个观测点处的人口密度值。其他条件一样的情况下,人口密度越大,噪声影响也就越大。对评价函数Uk进行调整,即
Uk,D=$\frac{\left[\mathrm{\Sigma }\right({L}_{i,k}{D}_{i}\left)\right]/n}{\alpha {V}_{k}}$+β(θmax-γk)
传统动态窗口法的求解精度受到速度分辨率的影响。速度分辨率指的是在生成速度候选集时,所考虑的速度值的间隔大小。速度分辨率越高,即考虑的速度值越密集,求解过程中的精度也会相应提高。在低分辨率的情况下,使用遍历生成的解集粗糙,但是随着求解精度的提高,遍历所有航迹的时间也会增长。
提出使用遗传算法替代传统动态窗口法中的遍历求解,在满足航迹求解精度的同时保证求解效率。为了方便计算,将速度V和航径角γ作为自变量,根据两者的变化求解剩下的状态变量,即可以通过k时刻的航空器状态以及下一时刻的速度与航径角的变化量计算出航空器k+1时刻的状态,DWA-GA算法计算流程如图2所示。
因航空器的性能以及外界环境等原因,航空器下一时刻速度与航径角的变化是被限定在一定的范围内的,且根据这个范围来生成初始种群。规定k时刻种群内第i个个体为ai,k,每个个体里含有两个染色体:速度Vi与航径角γi,表示为[Vi,γi],且在计算过程中都用十进制表示。个体的选择选用赌轮盘的方式,选中的概率与该个体计算出的噪声影响值成反比例。式(22)为交叉过程,式(23)为突变过程,rand为随机数,取值在0~1,当rand≥0.5时,选取速度进行上述操作,当rand<0.5时,选取航径角,表示为
f([Vi,γi],[Vj,γj])=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\right[{V}_{j},{\gamma }_{i}],[{V}_{i},{\gamma }_{j}\left]\right),\\   \mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}<0.5\\ \left(\right[{V}_{i},{\gamma }_{j}],[{V}_{j},{\gamma }_{i}\left]\right),\\   \mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\ge 0.5\end{array}\right.$
f([Vi,γi])=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}[{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}({V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}),{\gamma }_{i}],\\   \mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}<0.5\\ [{V}_{i},{\gamma }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}({\gamma }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{\gamma }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\left)\right],\\   \mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\ge 0.5\end{array}\right.$
式中:[Vmin,Vmax]与[γmin,γmax]分别为速度与航径角的上下限。
当个体经过交叉和变异处理后,需要对超出界限的个体进行处理,在求解过程中还需要再添加一个检查过程,判断所生成的个体是否满足航空器性能要求。若不满足,则需要将超出边界的个体返回边界,即令k时刻可用推力为最大推力,计算此时航空器的速度。用个体ai,k可以求k时刻该速度和航径角下的噪声影响值Uk,i,经过迭代,选出Uk,i最小时对应的个体,从而得出k+1时刻的速度Vk+1和航径角γk+1以及k+1时刻航空器位置等状态。
以成都双流机场BOKIR-8T离场方向为例,选取A320-214机型,根据上述模型优化航空器离场航迹。对比传统DWA算法与DWA-GA算法,从航空器性能参数方面分析航空器离场路线,并分析人口分布对离场路线的影响。采用WorldPop网站提供的开放性人口分布数据作为计算航空器噪声的人口密度数据[17],人口分布数据精度为1 km,如图3所示。将研究区域分割成51×49个网格,每个单元格的空间分辨率为1.1 km×0.9 km。为了简化问题,假设包围在网格单元中的所有人口都聚集在网格单元的几何中心,因此对该网格单元的噪声影响将使用在该点接收到的噪声来计算。
选取传统DWA算法进行对比,为方便比较,选取整个求解过程中的随机一个滚动窗口时间进行展示。设置DWA算法的速度分辨率为0.5 m/s,航径角分辨率为0.06°/s。在选取的时间范围内,使用上述的分辨率可以生成48组[Vi,γi]。同时将遗传算法中的每代个体数设置为12,迭代次数设置为4。两种算法下的适应度数值随迭代次数变化过程如图4所示,DWA算法下所生成的每个个体视为一代。为了直观比较,展示DWA-GA算法下迭代次数为1、12、24、36和48处所得到的适应度数值。
通过两种算法下适应度值随迭代次数的变化可以看出,DWA算法下噪声影响呈现出周期性变化,显示为3个不完整周期。每个周期内的变化可以理解为在固定航径角的情况下,随着航空器速度的改变,适应度数值也随之改变。在该时间范围内,随着航径角的改变,每个周期内适应度数值整体逐渐增大。而DWA-GA算法下适应度值随着迭代次数明显下降。所以可以看出,在上述的实验环境中,DWA-GA算法较传统DWA算法在搜索空间中的效率有明显的提升。
两种算法下航迹的推力对比图与高度对比图如图5所示,可以得出在该环境下,传统动态窗口法求解的航迹精度较低,具体表现在传统动态窗口法所求得的航迹的飞行时间更长、在后续飞行时间内推力变化较小。因为低分辨的原因,在每次迭代的过程中,搜索空间较小,即可选取的速度与航径角的数量过少,所以无法在相同的迭代次数中求解出下一时刻最优的速度和航径角,最终无法求解出精度较高的航迹,故DWA-GA算法可以提供更为精确的航迹。
评价指标中αβ的取值会直接影响离场航迹,表1表2列举部分αβ的取值方案,并从噪声影响时间和影响面积进行分析,在仿真实验中dt取值为5 s。在计算航空器噪声影响的面积时,为方便计算,将每个单元格面积视为1 km2
表1表2可以看出,方案1与方案8在研究范围内影响时间最短,而方案5则是总影响面积最小。方案8较方案1,总影响面积较小。方案5相较于方案3,虽然影响面积相差不大,但前者没有80 dB(A)以上的噪声影响。优先考虑噪声影响时间,故采用方案8。
采用方案8中的评价指标系数,对有无人口分布影响下的航迹进行仿真。不考虑人口分布的离场路线为轨迹1,有人口分布影响的离场路线为轨迹2。根据实验仿真得出的数据,轨迹1与轨迹2的推力、高度、速度和航径角对比如图6所示。
为了使评价函数值Uk尽可能小,实验中航空器优先提升速度,如图6(c)图6(d)所示,而当速度达到最大值后,航空器推力减小。后续航径角逐渐增大,如图6(d)所示,航空器所需推力也逐步增加,如图6(a)所示。随着航径角的改变,单位时间内竖直方向的位移量增大,航空器到观测点的斜距也随之增加,从而降低航空器噪声影响。
对比图6中轨迹1和轨迹2可知,在人口分布的影响下,航空器爬升所需时间增加,在相同的时间下,后者所处高度小于前者,如图6(b)所示。根据分析,两者爬升所需时间的不同,归因于人口分布对航空器的性能参数有着显著的影响。在人口分布的作用下,通过改变航空器离场时的速度与航径角的大小,从而影响航空器的推力,最终导致航空器噪声影响的不同,图7为有无人口分布影响下的航空器噪声等值线图。
图7(a)图7(b)分别为航迹1与航迹2的噪声等值线图。由于航空器推力的不同变化导致噪声等值线图出现差异,两图中60 dB(A)等值线区域的面积不同,航迹2的该区域面积明显较小。为了更明显地展示两者噪声影响的差别,分别对各噪声级的影响时间与面积进行例举,两航迹的各噪声级影响时间和面积如表3表4所示。
表3表4可以看出航迹2较航迹1总飞行时间增加了37.5%,噪声总影响面积减少了29.5%。在55~80 dB(A)的噪声范围内,航迹2较航迹1噪声影响时间减少了7.8%,影响面积减少了30.4%。
提出一种改进的动态窗口法(DWA-GA),在该算法中,引入BADA模型以及CCO的限制,从而精细化航空器的速度采样空间;其次对NPD数据进行修正,并优化航迹评价函数,使离场航空器噪声影响得到考虑;然后采用遗传算法替代遍历算法对航迹进行求解。添加人口分布的影响,使模型更加合理。最后,以成都双流机场BOKIR-8T离场方向为例,对比分析DWA-GA算法与传统DWA算法,并对有无人口分布影响下的航迹从航空器推力、速度、航径角以及噪声影响范围等方面进行分析。
以成都双流机场BOKIR-8T离场方向为例进行研究,结果表明。
(1)DWA-GA算法较DWA算法在低分辨率的情况下能够产生更精确的解集空间。
(2)运用该噪声影响指标进行仿真实验时,航空器离场时优先加速,到达最大速度后开始增大航径角,以此产生最优离场航迹。
(3)在该仿真实验中,人口分布对离场航迹有着显著的影响。
  • 交通运输工程一流学科建设(CZYL2024002)
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Mao Qingguo, Liang Changde, Wang Limin, et al. Construction and application of a noise exposure evaluation model considering interest points[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2023, 46(4): 229-236.
2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403299
  • 接收时间:2024-05-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-06
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
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交通运输工程一流学科建设(CZYL2024002)
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    中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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