Article(id=1149781957116126116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403341, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1735228800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980491, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980491, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980491, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3905, endPage=3913, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781957296481190, articleId=1149781957116126116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Nonlinear Effects of Built Environment on Walking Activities of the Elderly Based on GBRT Model: A Case Study of Yuzhong District, Chongqing City, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reveal the complex relationship between the built environment and walking activity among older adults, a gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT) model was adopted, combined with multi-source data such as mobile signaling data, remote sensing image data, and point of interest (POI), to deeply explore the non-linear impact of the built environment on elderly walking activities and its threshold characteristics. The findings indicate that the built environment has a significant nonlinear impact on older adults’ walking activity, with land use factors being the most influential. Specifically, land use mix, the proportion of commercial service facilities, and the proportion of residential land are identified as key factors affecting older adults' walking activity. Additionally, the proximity of facilities also plays an important role. Finally, suggestions have been put forward for the adaptive transformation of land use and facilities to improve the level of elderly walking activities and promote healthy aging.

, correspAuthors=Chun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun CHEN, Xin-hui KUANG, Yi TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781968600130528, articleId=1149781957116126116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于GBRT模型的建成环境对老年人步行活动的非线性影响: 以重庆市渝中区为例, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示建成环境与老年人步行活动之间的复杂关系,采用梯度提升回归树(gradient boosting regression tree, GBRT)模型,结合手机信令数据、遥感影像数据及兴趣点(point of interest, POI)等多源数据,深入探讨建成环境对老年人步行活动的非线性影响及其阈值特征。研究发现,建成环境对老年人步形活动的影响具有显著的非线性特征,其中土地利用要素的相对重要性最为突出,土地利用混合度、商业服务设施用地比例及居住用地比例是影响老年人步形活动的关键因素。此外,设施临近性也对老年人步行活动产生了重要影响。最后,提出了土地利用与设施的适老化改造建议,以提升老年人步行活动水平,促进健康老龄化。

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陈春(1979—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:建成环境与交通行为。E-mail:

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Journal of Transport Geography, 2019, 76: 191-199., articleTitle=Analysis of elderly people’s travel behaviors during the morning peak hours in the context of the free bus program in Beijing, China, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249360504304586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, awardId=42071218, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42071218), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249352962945711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249352967140016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, companyId=1251249352962945711, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249352971334321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, companyId=1251249352962945711, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 重庆交通大学智慧城市学院, 重庆 400074)]), AuthorCompany(id=1251249353059414708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249353067803317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, companyId=1251249353059414708, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College or Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249353071997622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, companyId=1251249353059414708, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251249357358576460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Study area, figureFileSmall=pMyqt8UHmNAeL7Eex5UJOw==, figureFileBig=9oMyDcZJtEbM4ip3ksm8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249357488599891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域, figureFileSmall=pMyqt8UHmNAeL7Eex5UJOw==, figureFileBig=9oMyDcZJtEbM4ip3ksm8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249357643789154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Research scope and research community, figureFileSmall=Gxt4UsCl4IQte0AL84IYOw==, figureFileBig=d/r8y1nWS3StVOFt6viCtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249357740258152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究范围与调研小区, figureFileSmall=Gxt4UsCl4IQte0AL84IYOw==, figureFileBig=d/r8y1nWS3StVOFt6viCtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249357849310065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of built environment related variables on walking activity of older adults, figureFileSmall=v9xH4Ww+JXCPUqv07hnxEw==, figureFileBig=0Vblv85SRxD2T95wdEBWvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249357933196152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=CN, label=图3, caption=建成环境相关变量对老年人步行活动的影响, figureFileSmall=v9xH4Ww+JXCPUqv07hnxEw==, figureFileBig=0Vblv85SRxD2T95wdEBWvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249358012887932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 数据来源 数据预处理
土地利用 分辨率2 m×2 m的遥感数据 土地利用分类通过图像解译和分类算法,将遥感影像中的地物进行分类,识别出不同的土地利用类型。根据《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》,将土地利用类型分为了8类,包括居住用地、商业服务设施用地等。再采用ArcGIS软件对土地利用数据进行矢量化处理
设施临近性 高德开放地图平台的POI数据 通过重分类,分为医疗、教育、购物、娱乐、餐饮和休闲设施6类
道路设施 OpenStreetMap、实地调研 路网数据利用QGIS对下载路网进行空间矫正后以shp格式输出后导入ArcGIS,根据实际情况进行修正;行人过街、交叉口等其他设施数据获取于实地调研
社会经济 联通手机信令数据、搜房网 以250 m×250 m格网为统计单元,统计网格内连续一个月的常住、就业及老年人口数量均值,获取人口密度数据;房价数据来源于搜房网
), ArticleFig(id=1251249358096774020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 数据来源 数据预处理
土地利用 分辨率2 m×2 m的遥感数据 土地利用分类通过图像解译和分类算法,将遥感影像中的地物进行分类,识别出不同的土地利用类型。根据《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》,将土地利用类型分为了8类,包括居住用地、商业服务设施用地等。再采用ArcGIS软件对土地利用数据进行矢量化处理
设施临近性 高德开放地图平台的POI数据 通过重分类,分为医疗、教育、购物、娱乐、餐饮和休闲设施6类
道路设施 OpenStreetMap、实地调研 路网数据利用QGIS对下载路网进行空间矫正后以shp格式输出后导入ArcGIS,根据实际情况进行修正;行人过街、交叉口等其他设施数据获取于实地调研
社会经济 联通手机信令数据、搜房网 以250 m×250 m格网为统计单元,统计网格内连续一个月的常住、就业及老年人口数量均值,获取人口密度数据;房价数据来源于搜房网
), ArticleFig(id=1251249358189048719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical description of independent variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 描述 最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差
土地利用 公服设施用地 缓冲区单元中的公共管理与公共服务用地面积占比 0.069 0 0.015 0.016
商业服务设施用地 缓冲区单元中的商业服务设施用地面积占比 0.452 0 0.117 0.093
居住用地 缓冲区单元中的居住用地面积占比 0.697 0.042 0.260 0.108
绿地与广场用地 缓冲区单元中的绿地与广场用地面积占比 0.391 0.002 0.128 0.109
土地利用混合度 缓冲区单元中的土地利用熵指数 0.852 0.393 0.662 0.074
建筑密度 建筑基底面积/缓冲区面积 0.394 0.067 0.239 0.066
容积率 建筑总面积/缓冲区面积 4.774 0.571 2.162 0.784
设施临近性 公交站点数量 缓冲区单元中的公共交通站点数量 13 1 6.400 2.464
购物设施数量 缓冲区单元中购物设施数量 82 3 38.044 15.449
休闲娱乐设施数量 缓冲区单元中休闲娱乐设施数量 46 0 12.234 8.062
学校数量 缓冲区单元中学校数量 12 0 5.406 2.443
医院数量 缓冲区单元中的医院数量 48 0 18.221 9.755
到菜市场距离 样本小区到菜市场的最近距离 464.684 0.062 139.63 97.429
到公交站距离 样本小区到公交站点最近距离 315.044 14.844 138.071 61.637
到公园距离 样本小区到公园最近距离 871.161 24.270 295.975 195.056
到医院距离 样本小区到医院最近距离 550.152 12.942 105.278 78.873
道路设施 地下通道 缓冲区内地下通道数量 16 0 2.943 3.499
人行天桥 缓冲区内人行道数量 11 0 1.857 2.355
交叉口 缓冲区内交叉口数量 70 2 22.349 13.214
路网密度 道路长度/缓冲区面积 13 557.58 2 904.439 7 812.436 1 833.706
社会经济 人口密度 常住人口数量/缓冲区面积 3.621 0.468 1.897 0.687
老年人口密度 老年人口数量/缓冲区面积 0.391 0.038 0.168 0.063
就业密度 就业人口数量/缓冲区面积 4.323 0.277 1.525 0.859
房价/(元·m-2) 样本小区房价均值 26 241 8 472.4 12 329.01 3 085.231
), ArticleFig(id=1251249358298100631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781957116126116, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

自变量统计性描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 描述 最大值 最小值 平均值 标准差
土地利用 公服设施用地 缓冲区单元中的公共管理与公共服务用地面积占比 0.069 0 0.015 0.016
商业服务设施用地 缓冲区单元中的商业服务设施用地面积占比 0.452 0 0.117 0.093
居住用地 缓冲区单元中的居住用地面积占比 0.697 0.042 0.260 0.108
绿地与广场用地 缓冲区单元中的绿地与广场用地面积占比 0.391 0.002 0.128 0.109
土地利用混合度 缓冲区单元中的土地利用熵指数 0.852 0.393 0.662 0.074
建筑密度 建筑基底面积/缓冲区面积 0.394 0.067 0.239 0.066
容积率 建筑总面积/缓冲区面积 4.774 0.571 2.162 0.784
设施临近性 公交站点数量 缓冲区单元中的公共交通站点数量 13 1 6.400 2.464
购物设施数量 缓冲区单元中购物设施数量 82 3 38.044 15.449
休闲娱乐设施数量 缓冲区单元中休闲娱乐设施数量 46 0 12.234 8.062
学校数量 缓冲区单元中学校数量 12 0 5.406 2.443
医院数量 缓冲区单元中的医院数量 48 0 18.221 9.755
到菜市场距离 样本小区到菜市场的最近距离 464.684 0.062 139.63 97.429
到公交站距离 样本小区到公交站点最近距离 315.044 14.844 138.071 61.637
到公园距离 样本小区到公园最近距离 871.161 24.270 295.975 195.056
到医院距离 样本小区到医院最近距离 550.152 12.942 105.278 78.873
道路设施 地下通道 缓冲区内地下通道数量 16 0 2.943 3.499
人行天桥 缓冲区内人行道数量 11 0 1.857 2.355
交叉口 缓冲区内交叉口数量 70 2 22.349 13.214
路网密度 道路长度/缓冲区面积 13 557.58 2 904.439 7 812.436 1 833.706
社会经济 人口密度 常住人口数量/缓冲区面积 3.621 0.468 1.897 0.687
老年人口密度 老年人口数量/缓冲区面积 0.391 0.038 0.168 0.063
就业密度 就业人口数量/缓冲区面积 4.323 0.277 1.525 0.859
房价/(元·m-2) 样本小区房价均值 26 241 8 472.4 12 329.01 3 085.231
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Model performance evaluation results

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模型 MAE RMSE R2_adjusted
RF 0.497 0.635 0.382
XGBoost 0.443 0.598 0.380
GBRT 0.437 0.586 0.405
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模型性能评估结果

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模型 MAE RMSE R2_adjusted
RF 0.497 0.635 0.382
XGBoost 0.443 0.598 0.380
GBRT 0.437 0.586 0.405
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The relative importance of independent variables on the impact of elderly walking activity

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类型 变量 GBRT
相对重要性/% 排序
土地利用
(35.23%)
土地利用混合度 10.53 2
商业服务设施用地 10.01 3
居住用地 8.96 4
建筑密度 1.84 16
公服设施用地 1.41 19
绿地与广场用地 1.37 20
容积率 1.10 21
设施临近性
(21.30%)
到菜市场距离 5.64 7
公共交通站点数量 4.13 10
到医院距离 3.10 12
购物设施 2.26 14
到公交站点距离 2.11 15
到公园距离 1.76 17
学校数量 0.82 23
医疗数量 0.80 24
休闲娱乐场所 0.69 26
道路设施
(4.34%)
路网密度 2.57 13
交叉口密度 0.69 25
地下通道 0.63 27
人行天桥 0.45 28
社会经济
(10.72%)
人口密度 4.72 8
老年人口密度 3.27 11
就业密度 1.75 18
房价 0.98 22
个体属性
(28.41%)
个人收入 11.15 1
年龄 6.49 5
受教育程度 6.48 6
性别 4.28 9
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自变量对老年人步行活动影响的相对重要性

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类型 变量 GBRT
相对重要性/% 排序
土地利用
(35.23%)
土地利用混合度 10.53 2
商业服务设施用地 10.01 3
居住用地 8.96 4
建筑密度 1.84 16
公服设施用地 1.41 19
绿地与广场用地 1.37 20
容积率 1.10 21
设施临近性
(21.30%)
到菜市场距离 5.64 7
公共交通站点数量 4.13 10
到医院距离 3.10 12
购物设施 2.26 14
到公交站点距离 2.11 15
到公园距离 1.76 17
学校数量 0.82 23
医疗数量 0.80 24
休闲娱乐场所 0.69 26
道路设施
(4.34%)
路网密度 2.57 13
交叉口密度 0.69 25
地下通道 0.63 27
人行天桥 0.45 28
社会经济
(10.72%)
人口密度 4.72 8
老年人口密度 3.27 11
就业密度 1.75 18
房价 0.98 22
个体属性
(28.41%)
个人收入 11.15 1
年龄 6.49 5
受教育程度 6.48 6
性别 4.28 9
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基于GBRT模型的建成环境对老年人步行活动的非线性影响: 以重庆市渝中区为例
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陈春 1 , 匡新晖 2 , 唐弋 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(9): 3905-3913
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(9): 3905-3913
基于GBRT模型的建成环境对老年人步行活动的非线性影响: 以重庆市渝中区为例
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陈春1 , 匡新晖2, 唐弋2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学智慧城市学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
  • 陈春(1979—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:建成环境与交通行为。E-mail:

Nonlinear Effects of Built Environment on Walking Activities of the Elderly Based on GBRT Model: A Case Study of Yuzhong District, Chongqing City
Chun CHEN1 , Xin-hui KUANG2, Yi TANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Smart City, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2 College or Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403341
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为揭示建成环境与老年人步行活动之间的复杂关系,采用梯度提升回归树(gradient boosting regression tree, GBRT)模型,结合手机信令数据、遥感影像数据及兴趣点(point of interest, POI)等多源数据,深入探讨建成环境对老年人步行活动的非线性影响及其阈值特征。研究发现,建成环境对老年人步形活动的影响具有显著的非线性特征,其中土地利用要素的相对重要性最为突出,土地利用混合度、商业服务设施用地比例及居住用地比例是影响老年人步形活动的关键因素。此外,设施临近性也对老年人步行活动产生了重要影响。最后,提出了土地利用与设施的适老化改造建议,以提升老年人步行活动水平,促进健康老龄化。

建成环境  /  步行活动  /  非线性关系  /  GBRT模型  /  老年人

To reveal the complex relationship between the built environment and walking activity among older adults, a gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT) model was adopted, combined with multi-source data such as mobile signaling data, remote sensing image data, and point of interest (POI), to deeply explore the non-linear impact of the built environment on elderly walking activities and its threshold characteristics. The findings indicate that the built environment has a significant nonlinear impact on older adults’ walking activity, with land use factors being the most influential. Specifically, land use mix, the proportion of commercial service facilities, and the proportion of residential land are identified as key factors affecting older adults' walking activity. Additionally, the proximity of facilities also plays an important role. Finally, suggestions have been put forward for the adaptive transformation of land use and facilities to improve the level of elderly walking activities and promote healthy aging.

built environment  /  walking activity  /  nonlinear relationship  /  GBRT model  /  the elderly
陈春, 匡新晖, 唐弋. 基于GBRT模型的建成环境对老年人步行活动的非线性影响: 以重庆市渝中区为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3905 -3913 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403341
Chun CHEN, Xin-hui KUANG, Yi TANG. Nonlinear Effects of Built Environment on Walking Activities of the Elderly Based on GBRT Model: A Case Study of Yuzhong District, Chongqing City[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3905 -3913 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403341
全球人口正进入快速老龄化阶段。根据联合国报告预测,到2050年,全球65岁及以上人口比例将上升至16%[1]。随着老年人口总量和比例持续增长,中国人口老龄化也成为当前及未来较长时期内一个重要的社会现象。截至2021年底,中国60岁及以上人口已经达到2.67亿人,占总人口的18.9%,其中,65岁及以上人口为2亿人,占总人口的14.2%[2],已经超过国际公认的深度老龄化水平标准,预计这一比例还将继续上升。随着年龄增长,老年人的出行距离逐渐缩短,出行范围主要集中在居住区及其周边地区。步行活动作为老年人的主要体力活动和出行方式[3],在改善慢性疾病、促进老年人身体健康等方面具有重要作用[4-5]。建成环境提供了老年人活动的空间场所,对其步行活动产生重要影响。建成环境是指通过人为干预而形成的环境,包括人工建设和改造的各种建筑物和场所,其组成要素经历了从“3Ds”(密度、设计、多样性)到“5Ds”(在3Ds基础上增加了目的地可达性和公共交通可达性)[6-7]的发展过程。既有研究证实,建成环境可以影响步行活动[8-11]。例如,居住在高密度社区的老年人常集体出行,从而促进步行活动参与[12];提升道路连通性有助于增加老年人的休闲性步行[13];土地利用的多样性为老年人的步行活动提供更多的机会[14];公园绿地和广场等设施可达性对老年人步行活动具有积极的引导作用[15]
以往关于建成环境与步行活动的研究较普遍地采用传统统计模型,如线性回归和逻辑回归等[16-17],这些模型往往预设变量之间的线性关系。然而,深入研究发现,线性假设可能会简化或误判两者之间的复杂关系,忽视了在特定取值范围内的非线性效应。例如,公交站点距居住地300~500 m是步行的舒适距离[18]。地铁站的适当邻近度对鼓励老年人步行有显著的积极作用[19]。加强土地开发可以提升步行活动,但过度的土地利用混合可能减少步行[20];当居住地周边菜市场数量较低时,老年人更倾向于使用非机动车或私家车,而当菜市场数量较高时,步行则更具吸引力[21]。这些例子表明,预设的线性关系可能不符合实际,忽视了复杂的非线性关系,从而得出可能矛盾的结论。近年来,机器学习方法日趋成熟,并逐渐应用于交通研究领域[22-23]。这些方法能够较准确识别各属性因素的相对重要性及有效阈值范围。尽管国内已有学者对建成环境与出行的非线性关系进行了探索性研究[24],但针对特殊群体如老年人步行活动的直接研究仍较为有限。非线性实证结果能够显示各建成环境变量对老年人步行活动的相对重要性,为环境适老化改造提供更有效的参考依据。
基于此,现以重庆市渝中区为例,构建梯度提升回归树(gradient boosting regression tree, GBRT)模型,从土地利用、设施临近性、道路设施、社会经济4个维度测度建成环境特征,探索其对老年人步行活动的非线性影响。根据研究结果,提出优化建议,为打造老龄友好型步行环境和老年宜居社区提供科学指导。
重庆市渝中区位于长江与嘉陵江交汇处,地理位置优越。该区总面积为23.24 km2,但常住人口达到58.87万人,是重庆市人口密度最高的区域之一。近年来,渝中区老年人口持续增长,老龄化程度不断加剧。根据第七次全国人口普查数据,渝中区60岁及以上的人口为11.63万人,占全区常住人口的约1/5。作为重庆市的核心区,渝中区的土地利用高度集中,道路网络分布密集且等级不一,交通状况复杂。然而,由于步行系统发展滞后且基础设施相对不足,老年人步行活动面临诸多挑战。因此,选择渝中区作为研究区域,如图1所示。
研究数据分为老年人的个体属性、步行活动以及建成环境3个主要类别。个体属性数据涵盖了受访老年人的年龄、性别、受教育程度以及个人收入等信息;步行活动数据主要记录了老年人每日步行出行频次。这些数据通过问卷调查方式获取,调查主体为 60岁及以上老年人群体。共计发放问卷528份,全部均被回收。在问卷整理过程中,剔除了存在内容缺失、异常或不符合条件的回答问卷,最终得到453份有效问卷,有效回收率为85.70%。
建成环境从土地利用、设施临近性、道路设施和社会经济四个维度进行表征。如表1所示,具体数据来源:土地利用数据来源于分辨率为2 m×2 m的高精度遥感数据;设施临近性数据来自高德开放地图平台,涵盖了购物、学校、医院等各类设施的兴趣点(point of interest, POI)信息;道路设施数据中路网数据从OpenStreetMap数据库获取,人行道、交叉口等设施数据来自实地调研;人口密度数据(包括人口密度、就业密度、老年人口密度)则基于2021年6月的联通手机信令数据,统计了渝中区 250 m × 250 m 网格内连续一个月的常住人口、就业人口及老年人口数量的平均值;房价数据来源于搜房网。
由于老年人的身体机能衰退,他们通常在住宅区域附近进行日常步行活动。研究表明,400~500 m缓冲区更贴近老年人的活动空间范围[25],因此,以老年人居住小区为中心,以400 m直线距离为半径划定圆形缓冲区,采集建成环境数据。研究范围与调研小区如图2所示。
因变量为老年人步行活动,以住区内老年人每日步行出行次数进行表征。既有研究表明,建成环境和个人属性等因素对步行活动有影响[26-28]。基于此,将自变量分为建成环境与个体属性两大类,其中个体属性作为内在影响因素,建成环境则作为外部影响因素。研究构建了一个理论框架,探索建成环境对老年人步行活动的非线性影响效应。在评估建成环境特征时,参考了Cervero等[6]提出的“3Ds”模型以及Handy等[7]在此基础上扩展的“5Ds”模型。研究从土地利用、设施临近性、道路设施和社会经济4个维度,选取了24个相关变量来构建指标体系。其中,土地利用混合度用缓冲区内土地利用熵指数进行衡量,计算公式为
${E}_{j}=\frac{-\sum _{i}{A}_{ij}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{A}_{ij}}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{N}_{j}}$
式(1)中:Aij为小区ji类用地所占的比例;Nj为小区中j中用地类型的数量;熵值Ej取值范围为[0,1],当区域内只用一种土地利用时,其值为0,当区域内各土地利用比例相等时,其值为1。
自变量的描述性统计如表2所示。
构建GBRT模型,探索探究建成环境与老年人步行活动之间的非线性关系。GBRT模型是由Friedman基于梯度提升算法(gradient boosting)和决策/回归树技术提出的[29],通过组合多个弱回归树来构建更强大的预测模型。梯度提升算法利用梯度下降来最小化损失函数,使得每个后续的弱学习器能够修正前面学习器的错误,逐步提升模型性能。GBRT模型融合了梯度提升和回归技术,适用于回归问题的分析。相较于传统的统计学回归模型,GBRT 模型能够灵活调整自变量,更有效地发现变量之间的非线性关系。它不受统计基本假设的约束,无需过多的数据预处理,同时能够有效处理多重共线性[30],并表现出较强的鲁棒性,能够自适应地处理异常值和缺失值,不会对模型产生过多影响[31-32]
GBRT算法流程[33]如下。
步骤1 初始化提升树。
${f}_{0}\left(x\right)=\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}L({y}_{i},c)$
式(2)中:L(yi,c)为损失函数,常数c的取值为使损失函数值最小。
步骤2 计算残差的估计值,用前项模型的残差的最小值作为当前模型的残差。
${r}_{m,i}=-{\left\{\frac{\partial L[{y}_{i},f({x}_{i}\left)\right]}{\partial f\left({x}_{i}\right)}\right\}}_{f\left({x}_{i}\right)={f}_{m-1}\left({x}_{i}\right)}$
式(3)中:m=1,2,…,M为分类器个数;大括号的内容为梯度,用梯度下降法求解前项模型残差;fm-1(xi)为前m-1次迭代的模型预测值。
步骤3 计算每个叶子节点区域上的输出值。
${c}_{m,j}=\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\sum _{{x}_{i}\in {R}_{m,j}}L[{y}_{i},{f}_{m-1}({x}_{i}),c]$
式(4)中:Rm,j为第m棵树的叶子节点。
步骤4 更新模型。
${f}_{m}\left(\mathrm{x}\right)={f}_{m-1}\left(\mathrm{x}\right)+\stackrel{J}{\sum _{j=1}}{c}_{m,j}I,\mathrm{ }x\in {R}_{m,j}$
步骤5 最终得到回归树模型。
${f}_{M}\left(\mathrm{x}\right)=\stackrel{M}{\sum _{m=1}}\stackrel{J}{\sum _{j=1}}{c}_{m,j}I,\mathrm{ }x\in {R}_{m,j}$
基于上述流程,利用Python中的scikit-learn工具包构建GBRT模型。首先将研究样本随机分割为80%作为训练集和20%作为测试集。采用网格搜索法调整模型的参数,通过设置学习率为0.01,最大树深为8,基学习器数量为300时,找得最佳的参数组合。应用五折交叉验证增强模型的稳定性能。在模型训练过程中,观察到训练集和测试集的均方误差均呈现一致的下降趋势,表明模型参数设置合理,未出现过拟合现象。 为了验证模型性能,同时搭建了随机森林(random forest, RF)、极端梯度提升模型(extreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)进行比较分析。由于GBRT、RF和XGBoost模型是基于树结构的决策过程,它们不依赖于变量的线性组合,因此对变量间的共线性不敏感。在研究中,可以考虑将所有变量纳入这些模型。
为了评估模型的拟合效果,计算了均绝对误差(mean absolute error, MAE)、均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)和矫正R2(R2_adjusted)3个评价指标。如表3所示,GBRT模型的MAE与RMSE均小于其他对比模型,R2_adjusted最大。综合各项评价指标,认为GBRT模型具有更优的解释力,后续将基于此模型结果展开进一步的分析。
自变量的相对重要性是指在建模过程中,各个自变量对预测结果的相对贡献值,所有变量的相对重要性之和为100%。以GBRT为基准模型进行求解得到自变量对老年人步行活动影响的相对重要性排序,如表4所示。较高的重要性值表示该变量对老年人步行活动的影响程度较大。
整体而言,建成环境的相对重要性更高,对老年人步行活动具有更重要的影响。在模型预测老年人步行活动时,建成环境变量(相对重要性总计71.59%)整体上对模型的贡献要高于个体属性变量(相对重要性总计28.41%)。这与Yang等[34]对中国香港老年人步行倾向的研究结果类似,其研究显示,老年人选择步行主要是建成环境的作用,其次是社会人口统计特征。尽管如此,个体属性仍然具有重要意义。从单个变量看,个人收入排名第一,收入是受访者经济水平的重要体现,反映其经济状况与消费能力。其他个体属性变量的相对重要性也均排在前十,表现出其在单独考虑时对老年人步行活动的显著影响。鉴于研究的主要目的是探索建成环境对老年人步行活动的影响,因此特别关注对建成环境因素影响的分析与讨论。
从变量类型来看,土地利用的相对重要性最高,占35.23%。说明在建成环境中,老年人步行活动主要受土地利用要素的影响,反映了城市用地的干预措施对鼓励老年人步行方面的关键作用。其次是设施临近性(21.30%);而道路设施相对重要性最低,仅为4.34%。道路设施对老年人步行活动的影响很小,因此后续分析暂不予考虑。进一步分析单个建成环境变量,土地利用混合度是土地利用要素中影响老年人步行活动最重要的因素,其相对重要性占比为10.53%。其次是商业服务设施用地(10.01%)和居住用地(8.96%)。在设施临近性要素中,影响较大的变量包括到菜市场距离(5.64%)、公共交通站点数量(4.13%)以及到医院距离(3.10%);在社会经济要素中,人口密度(4.72%)与老年人口密度(3.27%)的相对重要性更高。
GBRT算法内嵌的部分依赖图(partial depen- dence plot,PDP)显示了自变量对模拟拟合的边际效应,即假设其他指标不变,某一建成环境指标与老年人步行活动的关系。选取了相对重要性较高的建成环境变量,用于展示老年人步行活动与建成环境之间的非线性关系,如图3所示。
土地利用混合度是影响老年人步行活动的重要因素,并且具有明显的非线性影响。当混合度值小于0.58时,随着混合度增加,老年人步行活动也增多。在混合度值介于0.58~0.65时,尽管存在波动,但整体趋势显示出负相关关系,老年人步行活动随着土地利用混合度增加而减少,表明中等水平土地混合利用对老年人步行活动具有抑制作用。这一发现与先前研究有所不同[35],这可能归因于地区差异。当混合度值超过0.65时,老年人的步行活动基本恒定在较低水平。对老年人而言,高度混合的土地利用布局意味着步行环境的复杂化,步行时潜在风险增加,从而导致步行活动减少。
商业服务设施用地占比对老人步行活动具有明显的非线性影响。当占比小于0.25时,老年人步行活动随着商业用地比例的增加而减少。当占比大于0.25 时,随着商业用地比例的增加,老年人的步行活动水平缓慢增加,但维持在较低水平。老年人倾向于在公园绿地、广场等休闲用地活动,过高的商业用地比例可能限制了老年人步行活动的机会。这一结论也得到了实地调研的支持,在渝中区的几个商业活动中心少有老年人的活动。居住用地占比的影响效应大致可以分为两个阶段:当居住用地比例低于0.26时,与老年人步行活动呈负相关,但仍维持在较高水平;而当居住用地比例超过0.26时,老年人步行活动基本稳定在较低水平状态。
公共交通站点数量对老年人步行活动的影响呈现非线性关系。当站点数量少于10个时,老年人的步行活动水平处于较低水平;而当站点数量超过10个时,步行活动水平与站点数量之间几乎呈线性正相关。这一发现与Cheng等[36]的研究结果相似,即缓冲区内公交站点达到一定数量时,才会对老年人步行活动产生积极影响。这表明公共交通在老年人的日常出行中发挥重要作用[37],良好的公交可达性可以促进老年人步行活动。
到菜市场距离对老年人步行活动的影响呈现非线性特征,影响可以分为两个区间:当距离小于250 m时,老年人步行活动水平与距离呈正相关;当距离超过250 m时,表现为负向影响。这表明老年人倾向于选择步行前往一定距离的菜市场进行采购,当菜市场距离较远时,可能转而使用其他交通方式。到医院距离与老年人步行活动之间存在非线性关系。当距离小于60 m时,老年人步行活动随着到医院距离增加而增加;当距离大于60 m时,老年人步行活动随着到医院距离增加而减少。这一结果表明,提高医疗设施的临近性与可达性能够有效促进老年人的步行活动。
人口密度对老年人步行活动的影响可以分为两个区间:当人口密度低于15 000 人/km2时,老年人步行活动相对稳定在较低的水平;而当人口密度超过15 000人/km2时,步行活动水平则与人口密度呈现正相关关系。这种现象可能是由于老年人倾向于在热闹的环境中进行社交活动,从而在高人口密度区域内其步行活动增加。老年人口密度的影响同样可以划分为两个区间,但与人口密度的影响具有差异。当老年人口密度低于1 000人/km2时,老年人步行活动随着老年人口密度的增加而增加,相对稳定在较高水平;当老年人口密度超过1 000人/km2时,其影响关系呈现“U”字形趋势,且在2 500人/km2左右达到最低水平。
研究表明,影响老年人步行活动的建成环境要素主要是土地利用和设施。因此,优先对这些要素实施改善措施,有助于提升老年人的步行活动水平。基于研究结果,提出以下建议。
(1)土地适老化开发,提高用地包容性。在高混合度的用地区域中加大步行系统建设力度。建设老年友好步行空间,在公共场所和人流密集区设置专为老年人设计的绿色通道,并在步行路线中设置休息点;强化步行设施设计,如降低道路坡度、提供良好照明,提升标识标志的可辨识度,减少使用障碍;为老年人提供必要的活动场所,如在商业和住宅区域内合理划定“老年人活动专用区”。
(2)设施适老化改造,提高设施便利性。优化公共交通设施的布局,适当增加公交车站的数量,提高公交站点的可达性,方便老年人使用公共交通工具,合理规划生活设施,老年人的日常生活圈通常在10 min步行距离内,应在步行范围内规划菜市场等生活设施;近距离配置医疗设施,在老年人群较多的社区内设立老年医疗服务站,作为社区医院的补充,方便老年人就近步行就医。
以重庆市渝中区为研究区域,融合了多源数据,从土地利用、设施临近性、道路设施和社会经济4个维度构建了建成环境指标体系。基于GBRT模型,探索了建成环境与老年人步行活动之间的非线性关系。得到以下主要结论。
(1)建成环境要素对老年人步行活动具有非线性影响和阈值效应,表明影响作用可能只在特定范围内发生。
(2)在所有建成环境要素中,土地利用要素对老年人步行活动影响的相对重要性最高,其次为设施临近性。应优先考虑土地利用布局与设施配置,推动适老化的用地模式和设施建设,促进老年人步行活动。
(3)影响老年人步行活动的主要因素包括土地利用混合度、商业用地比例及居住用地比例,并且均在数值更高时表现为较低水平的步行活动。
研究仍有一些不足需要提升:①由于研究数据的限制和分析框架的设定,未考虑空间效应,后续研究可在此基础上进一步探索和整合空间依赖性,以更深入理解研究现象的分布特征和异质性;②考虑到可能存在的变量间交互效应,在未来的研究中,可以进一步深入研究关键变量之间的相互作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42071218)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403341
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-27
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国家自然科学基金(42071218)
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    1 重庆交通大学智慧城市学院, 重庆 400074
    2 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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