Article(id=1149781956226933662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404257, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=1735574400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980280, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980280, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980280, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980280, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3637, endPage=3645, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781956457620384, articleId=1149781956226933662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Friction Temperature Rise Characteristics between Idler and Conveyor Belt under Locked Rotating Conditions, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The issues of idler blocking during belt conveyor operation were addressed, which leads to excessive friction and abnormal temperature rise between idlers and conveyor belts. A friction surface temperature rise model for faulty idlers and conveyor belts was established based on microscopic friction theory, considering the phenomenon of hysteresis-induced heat generation and utilizing the virtual work approach. The finite element method was employed to conduct a thermo-mechanical coupling simulation on the friction model to analyze the effects of belt speed and load on temperature rise. An experimental platform was constructed to investigate the heat generation from friction between faulty idlers and conveyor belts, where an infrared thermal imager was utilized to monitor the temperature rise under varying parameters. The results indicate that the friction-induced heat generation between faulty idlers and conveyor belts positively correlates with both belt speed and load. An increase in either factor results in heightened heat generation, with the heat being primarily concentrated on the surface of the faulty idlers. The maximum deviation between experimental values and theoretical calculations is 8.7%, confirming the reliability of the theoretical model. Corresponding measures are proposed based on these findings.

, correspAuthors=Kun HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun HU, Qiao LÜ, Hao JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782005887492701, articleId=1149781956226933662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=堵转工况下托辊-输送带摩擦温升特性, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对带式输送机运行时托辊堵转,引起托辊与输送带过度摩擦、异常升温等问题,基于微观摩擦理论,在考虑滞后生热情况下,结合虚功法建立堵转托辊-输送带摩擦表面温升模型;采用有限元法对堵转托辊-输送带摩擦模型进行热力耦合仿真,分析带速及载荷对温升的影响;搭建堵转托辊与输送带摩擦生热实验平台,利用红外热像仪监测其在不同参数下的温升情况。结果表明:堵转托辊-输送带的摩擦生热量与带速及载荷呈正相关,随着带速、载荷的增加,均会导致生热量的增加,且热量主要集中在堵转托辊表面;实验值与理论计算值最大误差为8.7%,验证了理论模型的可靠性,并根据研究结论提出相应措施。

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胡坤(1981—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能矿山技术与装备。E-mail:

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胡坤(1981—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能矿山技术与装备。E-mail:

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Friend of Science Amateurs, 2012(10): 21-22., articleTitle=Analysis of the causes of coal mine conveyor belt fire and the necessity of drum friction test, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249373506650613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, awardId=52274153, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52274153), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1251249373691200000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, awardId=gxbjZD2022015, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省高校学科拔尖人才学术资助项目(gxbjZD2022015), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249361708073810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249361712268116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, companyId=1251249361708073810, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Huainan 232001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249361716462421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, companyId=1251249361708073810, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室, 淮南 232001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1251249361846485861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249361854874470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, companyId=1251249361846485861, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249361863263079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, companyId=1251249361846485861, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251249366250504323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Microscopic schematic diagram of friction, figureFileSmall=GlaoxoP4Qhs9td7NhIqu+g==, figureFileBig=ReQPbrqYMZoEuzL8X+ReuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249366409887884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=CN, label=图1, caption=摩擦微观示意图

v为输送带运行速度;Fn为托辊垂直载荷;p为输送带正压力

, figureFileSmall=GlaoxoP4Qhs9td7NhIqu+g==, figureFileBig=ReQPbrqYMZoEuzL8X+ReuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249366556688536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of force analysis on return roller, figureFileSmall=18uabOzPpIZRGdaLO0Ib5w==, figureFileBig=agapCBsRufVsUEi10eQw9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249366728655024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=CN, label=图2, caption=回程托辊受力分析示意图

Fin为绕入张力;Fout为绕出张力

, figureFileSmall=18uabOzPpIZRGdaLO0Ib5w==, figureFileBig=agapCBsRufVsUEi10eQw9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249366867067068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of force analysis on groove roller, figureFileSmall=bcpMic9G7AAkpJ5u2JUkaA==, figureFileBig=WikrxOz85f5tP8tcyPPpzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367005479113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=CN, label=图3, caption=槽形托辊受力分析示意图

FP为中间托辊承载物料对侧托辊的推力;GW为侧托辊承载的物料重力;GP为侧托辊承载的输送带重力

, figureFileSmall=bcpMic9G7AAkpJ5u2JUkaA==, figureFileBig=WikrxOz85f5tP8tcyPPpzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367114531025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Three forms of heat transfer, figureFileSmall=FD8iwcr3qJm87HNojiRiLw==, figureFileBig=a1KdVF2D/8UGGTEpBRyyHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367227777245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=CN, label=图4, caption=热传递产生的3种形式, figureFileSmall=FD8iwcr3qJm87HNojiRiLw==, figureFileBig=a1KdVF2D/8UGGTEpBRyyHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249367408132330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781956226933662, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Pre processing of friction heat generation simulation, figureFileSmall=4kjxiLV662jJ8l9FlnSwPg==, figureFileBig=p1e1RcqGdh662pZpaBafxA==, tableContent=null), 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Material property

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名称 托辊 输送带
材料 Q235 丁腈橡胶
密度/(kg·m-3) 7 850 1 250
比热容/[J·(kg·℃)-1] 450 1 050
泊松比 0.25 0.4
弹性模量/(N·mm-2) 2.10×105 1.5 ×103
热膨胀系数/℃-1 1.20×105 0.8×104
导热系数/[W·(m·℃)-1] 44.19 0.25
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材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 托辊 输送带
材料 Q235 丁腈橡胶
密度/(kg·m-3) 7 850 1 250
比热容/[J·(kg·℃)-1] 450 1 050
泊松比 0.25 0.4
弹性模量/(N·mm-2) 2.10×105 1.5 ×103
热膨胀系数/℃-1 1.20×105 0.8×104
导热系数/[W·(m·℃)-1] 44.19 0.25
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堵转工况下托辊-输送带摩擦温升特性
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胡坤 1, 2 , 吕乔 2 , 蒋浩 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(9): 3637-3645
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(9): 3637-3645
堵转工况下托辊-输送带摩擦温升特性
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胡坤1, 2 , 吕乔2, 蒋浩2
作者信息
  • 1 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室, 淮南 232001
  • 2 安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 胡坤(1981—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能矿山技术与装备。E-mail:

Friction Temperature Rise Characteristics between Idler and Conveyor Belt under Locked Rotating Conditions
Kun HU1, 2 , Qiao LÜ2, Hao JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404257
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针对带式输送机运行时托辊堵转,引起托辊与输送带过度摩擦、异常升温等问题,基于微观摩擦理论,在考虑滞后生热情况下,结合虚功法建立堵转托辊-输送带摩擦表面温升模型;采用有限元法对堵转托辊-输送带摩擦模型进行热力耦合仿真,分析带速及载荷对温升的影响;搭建堵转托辊与输送带摩擦生热实验平台,利用红外热像仪监测其在不同参数下的温升情况。结果表明:堵转托辊-输送带的摩擦生热量与带速及载荷呈正相关,随着带速、载荷的增加,均会导致生热量的增加,且热量主要集中在堵转托辊表面;实验值与理论计算值最大误差为8.7%,验证了理论模型的可靠性,并根据研究结论提出相应措施。

堵转托辊  /  输送带  /  摩擦生热  /  滞后生热  /  温度场

The issues of idler blocking during belt conveyor operation were addressed, which leads to excessive friction and abnormal temperature rise between idlers and conveyor belts. A friction surface temperature rise model for faulty idlers and conveyor belts was established based on microscopic friction theory, considering the phenomenon of hysteresis-induced heat generation and utilizing the virtual work approach. The finite element method was employed to conduct a thermo-mechanical coupling simulation on the friction model to analyze the effects of belt speed and load on temperature rise. An experimental platform was constructed to investigate the heat generation from friction between faulty idlers and conveyor belts, where an infrared thermal imager was utilized to monitor the temperature rise under varying parameters. The results indicate that the friction-induced heat generation between faulty idlers and conveyor belts positively correlates with both belt speed and load. An increase in either factor results in heightened heat generation, with the heat being primarily concentrated on the surface of the faulty idlers. The maximum deviation between experimental values and theoretical calculations is 8.7%, confirming the reliability of the theoretical model. Corresponding measures are proposed based on these findings.

faulty idler  /  conveyor belt  /  friction generates heat  /  lagging heat generation  /  temperature field
胡坤, 吕乔, 蒋浩. 堵转工况下托辊-输送带摩擦温升特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3637 -3645 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404257
Kun HU, Qiao LÜ, Hao JIANG. Friction Temperature Rise Characteristics between Idler and Conveyor Belt under Locked Rotating Conditions[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3637 -3645 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404257
带式输送机是煤矿开采中必不可少的运输装备,托辊作为带式输送机的核心部件,起到支撑输送带和物料重量的作用,受工作环境影响,易发生轴承锈蚀、密封件损坏从而引起托辊堵转,轻则导致运行不稳定、带体磨损等问题,重则引发火灾等重大事故[1]。据不完全统计,因托辊故障引发的停机时长占整个带式输送机故障停机时间的比例高达79%[2]。因此,从带式输送机的运行稳定性与安全性出发,对堵转托辊与输送带摩擦引起温升的分析具有重要意义。
针对摩擦生热问题,国内外学者已经进行了大量研究,韩传军等[3]建立了含球形微凸体粗糙表面与理想平面的滑动接触模型,运用有限元法研究了相对滑动速度、初始压入量和摩擦因数对粗糙体温升的影响;王计辉等[4]模拟仿真了接触式机械密封摩擦副的摩擦特性,对机械密封摩擦副在干运转条件下的摩擦温升特性进行分析;Lang等[5]通过理论和实验分析了轮胎胎面胶在花岗岩基底上滑动摩擦行为的温度和载荷依赖性,得到温度、摩擦因数与载荷及相对滑动速度间的关系;王沅等[6]对盘式制动器的制动工况进行模拟仿真,分析了制动盘和闸瓦制动过程中的温升特性,并深入研究了制动盘在径向和轴向不同节点的温度变化规律;Zheng[7]分析了轴承的运动规律及摩擦产生机理,建立在实际工作条件下高速轴承摩擦发热计算模型,获得温度场的分布规律和外部负载对其温度场的影响。
综上,学者们针对摩擦生热问题已开展了大量研究工作,但在堵转托辊-输送带摩擦生热方面研究较少。现以堵转托辊与输送带为研究对象,基于微观摩擦理论,在考虑滞后生热情况下,结合虚功法建立堵转托辊-输送带摩擦表面温升模型,并将仿真与实验相结合,对理论分析进行验证。
一般来说,对摩擦副生热研究主要集中于宏观层面的面面接触,根据经典的库仑摩擦模型,计算其摩擦生热量,但由于库仑模型是不连续摩擦模型,更适用于刚体。对于具有分布质量和柔度的机械接触,库仑模型不能准确描述其摩擦过程,因此从微观角度出发,提出采用虚功法对堵转托辊与输送带摩擦生热进行分析。
首先根据虚功法提出如下假设:托辊发生堵转时,输送带仍保持原有速度向前移动,此时,托辊仍继续旋转相应角度产生虚位移导致能量损耗,其表达式为

Qv=

式(1)中:M为旋转体转矩,N·m;θ为旋转角度,(°)。
微观层面,托辊与输送带接触表面有许多微小凸起,二者发生相对运动时,这些凸起发生摩擦碰撞引起机械能损耗,进而转换为内能向外散热[8]。输送带动摩擦是由输送带橡胶层与托辊接触而产生的表面切应力,其包含滑动黏着摩擦、滞后摩擦、机械摩擦、流体黏性摩擦及表面张力产生的阻力等,但诸多文献与试验表明橡胶摩擦主要包含黏着摩擦与滞后摩擦两方面,图1为橡胶黏着和滞后摩擦微观示意图,其表达式[9]

Ff=FAdh+FHys

式(2)中:FAdh为黏着摩擦;FHys为滞后摩擦。
在输送带与托辊接触区的很薄的接触层上,分子作用力构成了黏着摩擦力。输送带橡胶层黏着摩擦与接触区域的接触单元总数量、总接触面积大小、分子的表面自由能等息息相关,可表示为
FAdh=Fn$\frac{\tau }{{\sigma }_{0}}\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{A}_{0}}$
式(3)中:τ为实际接触面的平均切应力,Pa;σ0为名义接触压力,Pa ;Ac为实际接触面积,m2;A0为名义接触面积,m2;Fn为垂直载荷,主要来自物料重量及输送带自身质量,N。
黏着作用力下的转矩表示为

M=FAdhr

带式输送机运行时间t旋转角度为
θ=$\frac{s}{r}$=$\frac{vt}{r}$
式(5)中:r为托辊半径,m;v为输送带运行速度,m/s;t为时间,s。
根据虚功法托辊在黏着摩擦力作用下的热量可表示为
Qv=Fn$\frac{\tau }{{\sigma }_{0}}\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{A}_{0}}$vt
输送带与托辊接触时,由于其覆盖层橡胶的弹性模量较低,与托辊接触部分将发生变形,然而因橡胶的损耗弹性模量,会有一部分能量被耗散掉,且接触区的应力分布并不是左右对称,存在水平方向的分量,产生滞后摩擦[10]。在带式输送机的周期运转下,输送带的弹性变形可恢复,但黏性变形较难恢复,会被吸收转化为热量,变成引起输送带温升的滞后热源。所以根据能量守恒定律输送带在时间t内由滞后摩擦引起的能量损耗可表达为
ΔE=l3σ2w0Im$\left[\frac{1}{E\left({w}_{0}\right)}\right]$t
式(7)中:σ为橡胶的应力,Pa;E(w0)为橡胶的复合模量;l为变形区域的长度,m;w0为对应速度v下的激励频率w0=v/l,此时平均应力为σ0=Fn/l2;Im$\left[\frac{1}{E\left({w}_{0}\right)}\right]$为复数$\left[\frac{1}{E\left({w}_{0}\right)}\right]$的虚部。研究认为滞后摩擦产生的能量损耗全部转化为热能。
所以带式输送机在运行过程中,堵转托辊与输送带的摩擦总热量可表示为
Q=Fn$\frac{\tau }{{\sigma }_{0}}\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{A}_{0}}$vt+l3σ2w0Im$\left[\frac{1}{E\left({w}_{0}\right)}\right]$t
对回程托辊堵转来说,所承受的垂直载荷可认作托辊的静载荷且无物料重量,另外一部分来源于输送带张力竖直方向的分量,托辊受力分析如图2所示。
回程托辊承受输送带自身质量可表示为

Pu=eauqBg

式(9)中:e为辊子载荷系数,回程托辊一节辊取e=1;qB为每米输送带质量,kg/m;au为回程分支托辊间距,m;g为重力加速度。
绕入张力在此托辊上作用力为
N1=Finsin$\left(\frac{\alpha }{2}\right)$
式(10)中:α为包角,(°)。相比于托辊圆周包角α占比很小,$\frac{\alpha }{2}$亦很小,故sin$\left(\frac{\alpha }{2}\right)$$\frac{\alpha }{2}$
同理,因Fout=CFin,可得:N2=Fout$\frac{\alpha }{2}$,其中,C为张力增大系数,可查表获取。
可得回程分支托辊正压力为
Fn=auqBg+(1+C)Finsin$\left(\frac{\alpha }{2}\right)$
对于承载托辊多为槽形托辊组,槽形托辊受力分析如图3所示。根据文献[11]得侧托辊及中间托辊的正压力可分别表示为
Fr=$\frac{1}{2}$γgH2$\left(\frac{2}{3}{k}_{\mathrm{a}}+\frac{1}{3}{k}_{\mathrm{p}}\right)$sinβ+$\left({q}_{\mathrm{m}}g{k}_{1}+{q}_{\mathrm{b}}g\frac{b-{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}\right)$cosβ

Fm=qBg+qmg-2Frcosβ-2Fxsinβ

式中:H图3(b)AC的距离,m;γ为物料堆积密度,kg/m3;β为槽角,(°);Lm为中间托辊长度,m;θ为运行堆积角,(°);b为输送带工作面宽度,m;ka=tan2$\left(45°-\frac{\varphi }{2}\right)$,kp=tan2$\left(45°+\frac{\varphi }{2}\right)$,ϕ为物料内摩擦角,(°);k1=$\frac{{S}_{△ABC}}{S}$,S为槽形托辊组截面积,m2;Fx为水平于侧托辊轴向方向所受的力,N。
一般的,在带式输送机实际运行中,可能会出现输送带跑偏的情况,导致其边缘或特定部位与托辊产生更紧密的接触。当出现跑偏情况时,因为输送带与运行方向成一定角度偏移,此时接触面积会减少,且压陷深度也会增加[12],围包角随之增加,从式(11)可以看出,所产生的相关影响会导致摩擦力的增加。另外,当托辊发生堵转时,摩擦主要来源于托辊与输送带间的接触摩擦,所以输送带跑偏并不是影响堵转托辊与输送带摩擦阻力的重要因素,因此,考虑公式的普适性,此处忽略跑偏的影响,后续可在假设输送带运行过程中一直处于非跑偏的理想状态进行分析。
以侧托辊堵转为例,将式(12)代入式(8)可得总生热量为
Q=[$\frac{1}{2}$γgH2($\frac{2}{3}$ka+$\frac{1}{3}$kp)sinβ+(qmgk1+qbg$\frac{b-{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{2}$)cosβ]$\frac{\tau }{{\sigma }_{0}}\frac{{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{A}_{0}}$vt+l3${\sigma }_{0}^{2}$w0Im$\left[\frac{1}{E\left({w}_{0}\right)}\right]$t
该模型包含两项,第一部分为由虚功法得出的黏着摩擦生热量,第二部分为滞后摩擦的热量损耗。传统方法根据库仑摩擦模型计算摩擦力,与正压力、摩擦因数及相对速度有关,堵转托辊与输送带滑动摩擦过程中摩擦力做功即为摩擦过程中产生的热量,表达式为

Q(t)=μFnvt

可见虚功法计算能量损耗与传统计算方法相似,具有可行性,且较传统方法相比适用性更广,当多个托辊同时发生堵转时,可基于单个堵转托辊的虚功理论展开研究。
带式输送机运行过程中,热传导与热对流共同作用达到散热效果,其中热传导占热传递的主要作用,沿摩擦表面传递到输送带及托辊内部,如图4红色箭头所示。因井下风流与输送机的相对速度较高,周围存在空气流场,输送带会与周围空气形成热对流,将输送带及托辊表面的部分热量带走并散失到空气中,如图4黄色箭头表示。随着运行时间的不断推移,托辊表面的温度会不断上升,温度较高时会因热辐射的作用,与周围空气形成辐射换热,如图4蓝色箭头表示。
托辊与输送带接触面的边界条件为
-λ${\left.\frac{\partial T}{\partial \Gamma }\right|}_{\Gamma }$=q
其余表面边界条件为
-λ${\left.\frac{\partial T}{\partial \Gamma }\right|}_{\Gamma }$=h(T-T0)
式中:h为对流换热系数;λ为材料的导热系数,W/(m·℃)。
对堵转托辊来说,这是一个持续热源的传热过程,即通过摩擦接触面输入到托辊中单位面积的热流量是恒定的,摩擦接触区域的输入热流密度为
q=$\frac{Q}{At}$
假设输送带与托辊在一定接触面积内每对接触点处的温度相同,但因材料属性的不同,该处产生的热流以不同分配率向托辊、输送带传播,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{\mathrm{r}}={T}_{\mathrm{c}}\\ {q}_{\mathrm{r}}+{q}_{\mathrm{c}}=q\end{array}\right.$
式(19)中:TrTc分别为托辊、输送带接触处的温度;qrqcq分别为接触区域托辊、输送带和界面总热流。
托辊与输送带的热量分配与其自身性质如导热系数、比热容、摩擦因数及密度有关,根据热力学理论,热量在二者间的分配按式(20)计算[13],表达式为
k=$\frac{{q}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{q}_{\mathrm{r}}}$=$\sqrt{\frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{c}}{c}_{\mathrm{c}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{c}}}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{r}}{c}_{\mathrm{r}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{r}}}}$
式(20)中:ρrρc分别为托辊、输送带的密度,kg/m3;crcc分别为托辊、输送带的比热容,J/(kg·K)。
所以托辊表面的热流密度可表示为
qr=$\frac{q}{1+\sqrt{\frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{c}}{c}_{\mathrm{c}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{c}}}{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{r}}{c}_{\mathrm{r}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{r}}}}}$
通过计算可知,托辊承担了95.6%的热流载荷,而输送带分配到的热流密度仅占4.4%。
热传导即主要发生在固体间的热交换,指物体没有发生位置变化,只通过接触实现能量传递,停机后,输送带与堵转托辊发生热传导现象,假设托辊与输送带的材料均为各向同性,根据傅里叶定律和能量守恒定律可得直角坐标下的热传导微分方程[14]
ρc$\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}$=λ$\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial {x}^{2}}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial {y}^{2}}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial {z}^{2}}\right)$+$\frac{\Phi }{\rho c}$
式(22)中:Φ为单位体积、单位时间内热源生成的热量,W/m3
由于橡胶材料滞后损失以及橡胶与刚性材料之间摩擦等因素,存在轴承的旋转阻力和摩擦力,托辊与输送带内部均会生成一定的热量,但因其内部产生的热量远远小于表面摩擦生热,可忽略,并认为传热方向沿接触面法向,则式(22)可写为
ρc$\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}$=λ$\frac{{\partial }^{2}T}{\partial {e}_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}}$
式(23)中:en为接触面的法向方向单位矢量。
根据摩擦表面平均温度计算公式[15]可得
T=$\frac{2\sqrt{Kt}\mu {F}_{\mathrm{n}}v}{A\lambda \sqrt{\mathrm{\pi }}(1+k)}$+T0
式(24)中:K为热扩散系数,K=$\frac{\lambda }{\rho c}$
托辊表面边界条件为
${\left.T\right|}_{r={r}_{1}}$=${T}_{{w}_{1}}{}_{}^{}$,${\left.T\right|}_{r={r}_{2}}$=${T}_{{w}_{2}}$
由导热微分方程可得沿摩擦接触面法向方向的托辊温度分布为
T=$\frac{2\sqrt{Kt}Q}{A\lambda \sqrt{\mathrm{\pi }}(1+k)t}\left(1-\frac{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{r}{{r}_{1}}}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{r}_{1}}{{r}_{2}}}\right)$+T0
式(26)中:r1r2分别为托辊筒皮内外半径,m。
由上述公式可知,带速、托辊间距、每米输送带质量以及接触面面积都会对托辊表面温升有一定影响,根据带式输送机设计手册知托辊间距有相关标准,每米输送带质量影响着载荷的变化,且接触面积只在小范围内变化,所以只考虑速度及载荷的影响。根据温度变化趋势,及时采取相应措施,避免输送带产生过高温度,从而减少摩擦火源的可能性,保障输送带的安全运行。
从式(8)所建立的生热模型可看出,堵转托辊-输送带模型摩擦所产生的总热量与带速和载荷呈正相关关系,通过有限元法对摩擦生热过程进行热力耦合仿真,探究带速与载荷对温升的影响,并观察其温度分布情况。
首先通过SOLIDWORKS建立二者的三维模型,因托辊布置具有周期性的特点,为简化计算,可用单个托辊与输送带进行分析,将已建立的三维模型导入Workbench中的LS-DYNA模块,进行仿真分析,材料属性如表1所示。
在LS-DYNA模块,将堵转托辊与输送带间接触关系设置为摩擦,接触几何体为输送带,目标几何体为托辊,摩擦因数设置为0.2,据输送带的材料属性,选择非对称接触,并划分网格,合理控制网格的大小;其次设置载荷以及边界条件,初始温度为22 ℃;求解器类型选择耦合结构热分析,时间集成参数选择完全隐式,热分析类型选择瞬态分析;通过自定义表格设定其以一定的速度进行往复摩擦,并在输送带上表面施加载荷,模拟物料重量。图5为摩擦生热仿真的前处理情况。
为研究不同带速以及载荷对摩擦生热的影响情况,进行多组仿真,分别为:固定带速为2 m/s,载荷设置为100、150、200以及250 N;固定载荷为200 N,带速设置为1.25、1.6、2和2.5 m/s。图6为不同载荷下摩擦生热温度云图,图7为不同带速下摩擦生热温度云图。
由仿真结果可以看出,在输送带与堵转托辊的滑动摩擦过程中,热量主要集中在二者接触区域,其温升较其余区域更为明显,当v=2 m/s时,F=250 N达到最大温度,为23.637 ℃,当F=200 N时,v=2.5 m/s达到最大温度,为23.658 ℃,且随着时间的增加,摩擦接触区域将会持续升温并逐渐传递至其余区域。将仿真数据拟合绘制定载荷变速温度3D曲面图以及定速变载荷温度3D曲面图,如图8图9所示。
图8图9可知,相同的工作时间下,当堵转托辊所承受的载荷一定时,输送带的运行速度越大,摩擦所产生的热量越多;当输送带的运行速度一定时,托辊所受载荷越大,其表面温升越高。进一步验证了式(8)的合理性,带速、载荷与堵转托辊-输送带模型的摩擦生热量存在正相关关系。同时通过有限元仿真数据计算得知,相同时间、定速情况下,载荷由200 N增加到250 N时,相对温升最低,为0.65%;载荷由100 N增加到150 N时,相对温升最高,为1.71%。相同时间、定载荷情况下,带速从1.25 m/s升到1.6 m/s时,相对温升最低,为0.58%;带速从1.6 m/s升到2 m/s时,相对温升最高,达到了2.4%。
在实际工况中,需要合理地设定带速与物料重量,避免为加大生产量而提高带速或者物料量可有效防止设备异常升温的情况,保证设备安全运转。
为获取带式输送机托辊堵转时的温度数据,通过相似性原理,由小尺寸托辊堵转升温实验结果可为矿井用带式输送机托辊堵转升温实验提供参考,搭建带式输送机托辊堵转升温实验平台,并应用红外热像仪对接触面温度进行监测,观察其温度变化,图10为实验装置图。
根据实验室现有材料,选取输送带材料为丁腈橡胶,设定带速为1.25 m/s,环境温度为22 ℃,分别在空载条件和承载条件下运行20 min后热量分布如图11所示,可以看出,当带速一定且运行相同时间时,带式输送机所运输物料越重即托辊所承受的载荷越大,堵转托辊产生的摩擦热量越大,温升越明显。
带式输送机空载状态下,环境温度22 ℃,选取带速分别为1.25、1.6、2以及2.5 m/s进行实验,运行时间为20 min,不同带速下的接触面热量分布如图12所示。
由上述可知,带式输送机在托辊堵转工况下运行,当运送物料重量一定即所承受载荷一定时,带速越快,堵转托辊的热量积聚越多,温升越高。将四种不同带速下的温升实验数据进行拟合,并与理论计算值进行对比,如图13所示。
同时,在实验中发现,除带速与载荷对摩擦生热量的影响外,带式输送机停机后,堵转托辊与输送带接触面所产生的热量会迅速上升,并传递至输送带区域,与文献[16]表述结果一致。如图14所示为空载状态下,带速1.6 m/s,运行时间20 min停机5 min后的散热过程。
为探究停机后的温升情况,在设备空载状态,4种不同带速下各进行3组平行实验,运行20 min,并观察其停机5 min内的温升情况。如图15所示,当带速为2.5 m/s时,温升最大,停机时达到33.1 ℃,停机后温度迅速上升,在5 min时间内,最高温度达到43.3 ℃。
根据上述研究可知,托辊堵转所造成的异常温升问题不容忽视,为保障带式输送机更好的运行及维护,提出以下对策。
(1) 合理设定带式输送机带速与物料重量,同时避免因输送带跑偏引起摩擦力增大的问题,并添加通风设备等散热装置。
(2) 改变托辊表面材质,在不影响正常工作的前提下,降低摩擦因数,增大导热系数,减少热量产生与增强对流换热。
(3) 定期检查托辊外壳及端面,清除堆积的煤尘等,以防止托辊堵转,并及时补充润滑,减少摩擦。
(4) 通过巡检机器人进行定期巡检,一旦发现温度异常区域,及时检查并在停机后立刻更换托辊。
(1) 基于微观摩擦理论,从黏着摩擦和滞后摩擦入手,结合虚功法建立了堵转托辊-输送带摩擦温升理论模型,并根据热力学理论确定托辊与输送带的温度分布,研究其生热与传热机理。
(2) 运用有限元法对堵转托辊-输送带模型进行热力耦合仿真,研究不同载荷和带速对其摩擦生热的影响,并观察其温度分布。经仿真,相同时间内,当v=2 m/s时,F=250 N达到最大温度,为23.637 ℃;当F=200 N时,v=2.5 m/s达到最大温度,为23.658 ℃。根据仿真数据,相同时间、定速情况下,载荷由100 N增加到150 N时,相对温升最高,为1.71%。相同时间、定载荷情况下,带速从1.6 m/s升到2 m/s时,相对温升最高,达到了2.4%。
(3) 通过相似性原理搭建实验台,堵转托辊与输送带摩擦所产生的热量远高于正常托辊。相同的工作时间下,当堵转托辊所承受的载荷一定时,输送带的运行速度越大,摩擦所产生的热量越多;当输送带的运行速度一定时,托辊所受载荷越大,摩擦生热量越大。通过不同带速下的平行实验,得出当带速为2.5 m/s时,温升最大,运行20 min时温度达到33.1 ℃,并且在停机后温升较之前更为明显,最高达到43.3 ℃。经计算,理论计算值与实验值最大误差为8.7%,验证了理论模型的可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52274153)
  • 安徽省高校学科拔尖人才学术资助项目(gxbjZD2022015)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404257
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
  • 修回日期:2024-12-31
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国家自然科学基金(52274153)
安徽省高校学科拔尖人才学术资助项目(gxbjZD2022015)
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    1 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室, 淮南 232001
    2 安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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