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Hydrogen, which produces only water during usage, is an excellent secondary energy source. However, its environmental impact should consider the primary energy sources used for hydrogen production, as well as transportation. The use of the grid can not absorb the abandoned photoelectrolysis water to produce green hydrogen and incorporate it into natural gas, and the use of natural gas pipeline network transportation can ensure the environmental protection and clean hydrogen energy. An optimal operation model considering the start-stop characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolytic cell was established. The model can obtain the optimal production plan when dealing with intermittent energy, hydrogen demand fluctuation and time-varying electricity price, and achieve the balance of time-varying electricity price, hydrogen production, photovoltaic output and operating cost. The production plan shows the load of electrolyzer in different periods, which verifies the correctness of the model. By changing the minimum load in the constraint condition, the results show that the proportion of standby and idle state decreases with the decrease of the minimum load, and the running cost also decreases slightly. When the critical value reaches 6.1%, the running cost no longer changes.

, correspAuthors=Li-xin WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-hang GAO, Li-xin WEI, Nuo XU, Qiang ZHOU, Lan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782000627839758, articleId=1149781955899781771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于质子交换膜电解槽启停特性的制氢系统日前生产计划: 以东北地区某制氢掺氢系统为例, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氢能在使用过程中只有水产生,是一种优秀的二次能源,但其环保性应考虑制氢所用的一次能源以及运输等环节,利用电网无法消纳的弃光电解水制绿氢并掺入天然气中,利用天然气管网输送,可保证氢能的环保清洁。建立了一种考虑质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解槽启停特性的优化运行模型,该模型在处理间歇性能源、氢气需求量波动和时变电价时能够得到最优生产计划,实现时变电价、氢气生产、光伏出力和运行成本四者的平衡;生产计划显示不同时段电解槽负载,验证了模型的正确性。通过改变约束条件中的最低负载,结果表明,待机和空闲状态的比例随着最低负载的降低而降低,运行成本随之也有小幅度减小,当到达临界值6.1%后,运行成本不再发生变化。

, correspAuthors=魏立新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 魏立新(1973—),男,汉族,河北定州人,博士,教授。研究方向:油气储运工程优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:
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高宇航(1999—),男,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气储运工程优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:

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高宇航(1999—),男,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气储运工程优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:

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高宇航(1999—),男,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气储运工程优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:

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基于质子交换膜电解槽启停特性的制氢系统日前生产计划: 以东北地区某制氢掺氢系统为例
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高宇航 1 , 魏立新 1, * , 许诺 1, 2 , 周强 1 , 王澜 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(9): 3721-3729
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(9): 3721-3729
基于质子交换膜电解槽启停特性的制氢系统日前生产计划: 以东北地区某制氢掺氢系统为例
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高宇航1 , 魏立新1, * , 许诺1, 2, 周强1, 王澜1
作者信息
  • 1 东北石油大学石油工程学院, 大庆 163000
  • 2 广东石油化工学院石油工程学院, 茂名 525000
  • 高宇航(1999—),男,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气储运工程优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 魏立新(1973—),男,汉族,河北定州人,博士,教授。研究方向:油气储运工程优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:
Hydrogen Production Daily Scheduling Based on the Start-Stop Characteristics of PEM Electrolysis Cells: A Case Study of a Hydrogen Blending System in Northeast China
Yu-hang GAO1 , Li-xin WEI1, * , Nuo XU1, 2, Qiang ZHOU1, Lan WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163000, China
  • 2 College of Petroleum Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403730
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氢能在使用过程中只有水产生,是一种优秀的二次能源,但其环保性应考虑制氢所用的一次能源以及运输等环节,利用电网无法消纳的弃光电解水制绿氢并掺入天然气中,利用天然气管网输送,可保证氢能的环保清洁。建立了一种考虑质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解槽启停特性的优化运行模型,该模型在处理间歇性能源、氢气需求量波动和时变电价时能够得到最优生产计划,实现时变电价、氢气生产、光伏出力和运行成本四者的平衡;生产计划显示不同时段电解槽负载,验证了模型的正确性。通过改变约束条件中的最低负载,结果表明,待机和空闲状态的比例随着最低负载的降低而降低,运行成本随之也有小幅度减小,当到达临界值6.1%后,运行成本不再发生变化。

氢能  /  PEM电解槽  /  启停特性  /  最低负载  /  生产计划

Hydrogen, which produces only water during usage, is an excellent secondary energy source. However, its environmental impact should consider the primary energy sources used for hydrogen production, as well as transportation. The use of the grid can not absorb the abandoned photoelectrolysis water to produce green hydrogen and incorporate it into natural gas, and the use of natural gas pipeline network transportation can ensure the environmental protection and clean hydrogen energy. An optimal operation model considering the start-stop characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolytic cell was established. The model can obtain the optimal production plan when dealing with intermittent energy, hydrogen demand fluctuation and time-varying electricity price, and achieve the balance of time-varying electricity price, hydrogen production, photovoltaic output and operating cost. The production plan shows the load of electrolyzer in different periods, which verifies the correctness of the model. By changing the minimum load in the constraint condition, the results show that the proportion of standby and idle state decreases with the decrease of the minimum load, and the running cost also decreases slightly. When the critical value reaches 6.1%, the running cost no longer changes.

hydrogen energy  /  PEM electrolyzer  /  start-stop characteristics  /  minimum load  /  production schedule
高宇航, 魏立新, 许诺, 周强, 王澜. 基于质子交换膜电解槽启停特性的制氢系统日前生产计划: 以东北地区某制氢掺氢系统为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3721 -3729 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403730
Yu-hang GAO, Li-xin WEI, Nuo XU, Qiang ZHOU, Lan WANG. Hydrogen Production Daily Scheduling Based on the Start-Stop Characteristics of PEM Electrolysis Cells: A Case Study of a Hydrogen Blending System in Northeast China[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3721 -3729 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403730
随着《巴黎协定》等国际条约的签署,以及“碳达峰”“碳中和”目标的提出,清洁能源的市场份额逐步增大,氢能在利用过程中只有水产生,是公认的清洁能源,但氢能作为二次能源,其环保性还需考虑制氢所用的一次能源类型以及运输等环节。截至2021年底,中国全年弃光量达到65.18亿kW·h[1]
Power to X定义为将可再生电力转化为原本可从化石能源中生产的化学品或其他能源[2],使电网无法消纳的弃光大规模电解水制得绿氢是电力制气(power to gas,P2G)工艺的一种,所制得的氢气以一定比例掺入天然气中,利用天然气管网输送,可有效缓解能源弃用造成的浪费现象与经济损失并保证氢能全过程的清洁环保。电解槽是P2G过程中的核心设备,相比于其他种类电解槽,质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解槽具有负载范围大、启动时间(冷、热)短、电网平衡能力强和待机损失小的优点[3],能够完美契合使用间歇性、波动大的光能作为能源供应的情况,但其本身也存在着额定负载相较于碱性电解槽(alkaline water electrolysis,AEL)较低和投资高的问题,但根据国际能源G20报告显示,在过去的五年中随着P2G系统的推广应用,PEM电解槽规模超过1 MW的项目已经超过AEL电解槽;根据文献[4]的研究,到2030年,PEM和AEL电解槽之间的资本支出差距将显著缩小,且在10 MW范围内PEM电解槽将比AEL电解槽更具效益,PEM电解槽的使用规模将增大。
当以可再生能源作为制氢系统的主要电力供应时,其波动性会严重影响制氢系统的稳定性。研究由可再生能源构成的微电网系统的优化调度问题可以提高可再生能源的利用率和整个系统的稳定性。文献[5]将电容器和蓄电池组合成混合储能设备,构建一种含混合储能的微电网能量调度模型,用以抑制可再生能源波动的同时降低微电网的经济成本。文献[6]将一个调度周期(24 h)通过分段线性化方法划分为24个时段,将日前调度优化问题转化为24 h分段优化问题,并考虑启停次数对电解槽寿命的影响,将启停次数作为优化问题的约束条件,采用非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ,NSGA-Ⅱ)进行优化求解,并比较单目标优化和多目标优化在运行成本和环境成本的差别。文献[7]对微电网系统的储能设备进行分组,并提出了一种分组储能调度策略,用以提高微电网的可靠性和经济性,同时延长断电情况对重要负荷的供电时间。文献[8]在优化调度模型将电能热能转化率等能量转化效率设置为固定效率以简化优化模型。文献[9]为降低风光储耦合制氢系统源、荷不确定性对系统能量调度的影响,建立一种日前、日内两阶段滚动优化调度模型,并改进黏膜算法对调度模型进行求解。
在上述对P2G系统的优化运行问题研究中,只考虑单一电解槽的优化或未考虑电解槽的启停特性。鉴于现有问题,现提出一种考虑PEM电解槽启停特性的多电解槽联合运行的P2G系统优化运行模型。引入多个二进制变量对PEM电解槽运行状态和电解槽启动关闭进行描述,通过调节各PEM电解槽负载和运行状态实现灵活生产,以应对光伏和氢气需求的随机变化,并控制减少PEM电解槽停机再启动次数,提高电解槽使用寿命,通过案例验证其有效性。在此基础上改变最低负载这一约束条件,探究其对生产计划和运行成本的影响,并针对案例选取最佳最低负载。
图1为光伏制氢系统结构,包括光伏电源、外接电网、电解槽、储氢设备和氢气需求量。系统在一个调度周期内充分利用光伏发电制氢并减少网电购入量,实现时变电价、氢气生产、光伏出力和运行成本四者的平衡。
PEM电解槽的运行状态可分为生产、冷、热待机和空闲状态,描述其启停特性时,主要关注冷/热启动时间、负载范围和待机损失。热启动被定义为从待机状态转变为正常生产状态,对于PEM电解槽来说这可以在几秒钟内完成;冷启动被定义为长时间停机(空闲状态)后从环境温度启动,对于PEM电解槽来说,这通常需要5~10 min[10]。对于PEM电解槽来说,由于热待机和正常工作状态切换的时间很短、启动能耗很小,在该优化模型中不做区分。通过引入3个二进制变量LSI分别表示生产状态、冷待机状态和空闲状态,额外引入的两个二进制变量YZ表示启动周期和关闭周期,最后,使用两个连续变量UF表示电力负荷和产氢速率。
在时间间隔t内,当电解槽处于生产状态L时,可在负荷范围内进行工作,出于对安全性的考虑,其最低负载为0~10%[11],PEM电解槽的几家供应商宣传其过载操作的可能性,但过载操作会对电解槽寿命产生影响[12],因此在该优化模型中不考虑过载的可能,电解槽生产状态的最大负载为额定负载;当处于空闲状态I时,既不产生氢气也不耗电;当处于冷待机状态S时,它需要待机能耗(Un,t=Usb),但此时并不会产生氢气。所提出的PEM电解槽模型描述如图2所示。
文献[13]通过AEL电解槽的电流-电压模型构建了碱性电解槽负荷和产氢速率的输入-输出关系,并通过线性化手段将碱性电解槽负荷与氢气产量关系近似为公式,并将其与描述电解槽状态的二进制量结合得到公式。

F=AU+B

Fn,t=A(Un,t-Sn,tUsb)+BLn,t-CWn,t

Wn,tSn,t-1

Wn,tIn,t

Wn,tSn,t-1+${{I}_{n,t}}_{-1}$

t∈{t1,t2,…,tf},∀n∈{1,2,…,N}

式中:系数AB为电解槽功率和产气量的特性参数,根据电解槽设计得到;Fn,t为产氢速率,Nm3/h;Un,t为电解槽负荷,kW;Usb为PEM电解槽的待机损失,kW;Wn,t为在连续时间间隔(Sn,t-1Ln,t)内从待机状态到生产状态的转变,当电解槽热启动时间为10 min时,该值为1/6;系数C为产氢速率惩罚系数;tf为终止时间。
由文献[14]和文献[15]可以看出,AEL电解槽和PEM电解槽展示了相似的电流-电压关系曲线。AEL和PEM电解槽都可通过法拉第定律计算产氢速率[3],因此,这两种电解槽具有类似的电解槽负荷与产氢速率关系。PEM电解槽产氢速率和负荷也可线性为类似公式的关系,结合电解槽工作状态得到与公式近似的关系。当热启动时,由于PEM电解槽热启动时间很短,对产氢时间的惩罚很小,对于需要多次迭代的优化问题,线性近似是首选,因此假设热启动时间对产氢时间无影响,忽略Wn,t。简化后的产氢速率与电解槽负荷关系如式(6)所示。

Fn,t=A(Un,t-Sn,tUsb)+BLn,t

根据对光伏发电量和天然气负荷的日前预测和掺氢比的确定,考虑峰谷电价,建立优化模型。在此过程中电解槽用电优先考虑光伏发电量,因政策要求,该地区所建光伏电厂专为电解槽供电,因此在此优化过程中,设定光伏电的电价为零,当光伏电无法满足电力需求时,考虑购入网电。求得各时段电解槽的负荷、产氢速率和运行状态,并确定各时段购入的网电功率,考虑PEM电解槽的启停费用,在满足下游氢气需求的前提下,实现在一个调度周期内(24 h)运行成本最小化。

minC=$\stackrel{t={t}_{\mathrm{f}}}{\sum _{t={t}_{0}}}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}$CeleUn,t+$\stackrel{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}{\sum _{t={t}_{0}}}$ctUt,gird+

$\stackrel{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}{\sum _{t={t}_{0}}}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}$(Yn,tCsu+Zn,tCsd)
式(7)中:C为运行成本;tf为调度周期内的总时段,24 h;t0为初始时段;N为电解槽的总个数;Cele为PEM电解槽使用成本,元/(kW·h);Un,t为PEM电解槽nt时段的负荷;CsuUsd分别为PEM电解槽启动和关闭费用,元/次;ct为时变电价,元/(kW·h)。
优化模型将电解槽负载Un,t和制氢速率Fn,t作为连续变量,将电解槽的生产状态Ln,t、待机状态Sn,t和空闲状态In,t作为二元变量。
Ut,the+Ut,gird-Ut,off=$\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}$Un,t
式(8)中:Ut,thet时段光伏发电的最高发电量,kW;Ut,offt时段的弃光量,kW。
其中为符合实际情况,弃光量需满足大于等于0的约束,即

Un,off≥0

Ugird,minUt,girdUgird,max

式(10)中:Ugird,minUgird,max分别为电网可接受的最小和最大输出功率,kW。
(1)电解槽功率约束。

Sn,tUsb+Ln,tUminUn,tSn,tUsb+Ln,tUmax

式(11)中:UminUmax分别为PEM电解槽的最小和最大运行功率,kW。
(2)电解槽状态转换的逻辑约束。
在空闲状态后重新启动需要的时间为Δt1,考虑电解槽状态变量I的先前和当前值,Δt1可解释为对一个时间段可用性的惩罚,表示为

-In,t-2+In,t-1-In,t≤0

t∈{t2,t3,…,tf},∀n∈{1,2,…,N}

式(12)中:In,t为二进制变量,表示电解槽nt时刻的启停状态。
启动周期Yn,t和关闭周期Zn,t的整数变量计算规则如下。

Ln,t+Sn,t-1+In,t-1-1≤Yn,t

Ln,t-1+Sn,t-1+In,t-1-1≤Zn,t

t∈{t2,t3,…,tf},∀n∈{1,2,…,N}

最后每个电解槽在任意时刻t只能处于一种状态

Ln,t+Sn,t+In,t=1

(3)电解槽生产约束。

Fn,t=A(Un,t-Sn,tUsb)+BLn,t

(1)储氢容量约束。

HminHtHmax

式(17)中:Htt时刻储氢设备中氢气量,m3;HminHmax分别为储氢设备最小和最大储氢量,m3
(2)储氢量更新约束。

Ht+1=Ht+Et-rt

式(18)中:Ht+1Ht分别为t+1时刻和t时刻储氢设备中氢气量,m3;Ett时刻进气量,m3;rtt时刻出气量,m3
(3)鉴于掺氢系统调度的周期性,为使得第二天运行安全可靠,需满足调度周期内起始和结束时刻的容量相等,即
${H}_{{t}_{0}}$=${H}_{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}$
(4)氢气需求量约束。
$\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}$Fn,t+rt=Qt+Et
式(20)中:Qtt时刻的氢气需求总量,m3
算例选取内蒙古地区光伏电厂,其11月份的光伏发电能力如图3所示。中国相关法律法规和技术标准中并未明确规定天然气管网中的掺氢比上限[16],在该算例中,氢气需求量根据下游需求按天然气负荷的10%计算。10台PEM电解槽并联使用为一组,每组的额定功率为90 kW,最低负载为额定功率的10%,即9 kW,冷待机损耗为4 kW,共6组电解槽,最大功率一天连续产氢量约为2 592 m3。峰、平和谷时段电价分别为0.758、0.535和0.428元/(kW·h)。启动和关闭成本(CsuCsd)按电价进行计算,启动成本按最大负载计算,电价随调度时段发生变化,对应不同电价PEM电解槽的启动费用分别为68.22、48.12和39.52元/次,关闭成本按电量计算为0。电解槽使用成本为0.5元/(kW·h),电网可接受的最小和最大输出功率分别为0 kW和650 kW,待机损失为4 kW,储氢设备的容量在起始和结束时刻相等,为200 Nm3,储氢设备最小和最大容量分别为0 Nm3和850 Nm3,其中Nm3是指在0 ℃、1个标准大气压下的气体体积,N代表标准条件,即空气的条件为一个标准大气压,温度为 0℃,相对湿度为0%。
下游天然气负荷选择11月中出现的负荷最高和最低两个典型日作为算例,如图4所示。通在最高和最低两个极端条件下对模型进行求解,验证模型的有效性和灵活性,并对优化运行结果进行分析。模型采用CPLEX求解器进行求解,仿真软件环境为AMD Ryzen 7 5800 H,3.2G Hz,内存32 GB。
以1 h作为优化时间尺度,对一个调度周期(24 h)进行模拟,分析不同氢气需求量对电解槽运行状态的影响。与AEL电解槽不同,PEM电解槽由于膜的低透气性[14],没有最低负载的技术限制,通过改变生产状态是电解槽的最低负载(0~10%),探究其对生产计划和运行成本的影响。
当掺氢比为10%时,6组电解槽在高、低负荷时的生产计划如图5所示,生产计划提供了电解槽在调度周期内不同时段的工作负载,在生产状态时,机组始终在允许的负载范围内(9~90 kW)运行,并且产氢量与负载关系符合公式;在空闲状态时负载为0 kW,并且不产生氢气;在冷待机状态时,待机损失为4 kW,比较产氢量与电解槽负载(图6)可以观察到电解槽2在高负荷情况时的01∶00和03∶00时段处于待机状态,并且产氢量为0 Nm3
图5(a)为高氢气需求情况,除电解槽1以外机组在20∶00时段前始终处于生产或待机状态,在满足氢气需求的同时保证机组能够安全运行,在氢气需求量小的时段,为避免电解槽启停,大多数电解槽维持最低负载运行。在10∶00时段后,由于电解槽最低负载运行时的产氢量超过氢负荷需求时,为保证机组的安全,需要关闭电解槽1。
图5(b)为低氢气需求情况,在该场景中电解槽1、3和4始终处于关闭状态。在01∶00—06∶00时段氢气需求量很小,但在接下来的07∶00—09∶00时段氢气需求量增大明显,为避免启停费用的产生,生产计划选择部分电解槽处于待机状态。
图7展示了机组在高、低负荷时不同运行状态占比。将机组不处于空闲状态的时段定义为机组的计算利用时间,在高负荷情况时,机组执行最大负载的时段占计算利用时间的33.33%,最低生产负载为47.75%,共81.08%;在低负荷情况时,机组执行最大负载的时间间隔占计算利用时间的15.38%,最低生产负载为64.87%,共80.25%。可以观察到无论高、低负荷情况,当电解槽处于非空闲状态时大多以最小和最大负载运行,反映了机组在跟随能量波动和应对氢气需求变化的同时尽可能地保持电解槽处于生产状态的运行策略。经过优化后,最低负载的使用是为使大多数电解槽处于生产状态的同时处理低能量可用性和氢气需求量降低的情况,避免对生产率和电解槽可用性产生影响的同时减少冷待机损耗和启停费用的产生;与此同时,优化后的生产计划中中间负载起到当机组全部处于最大、最小负载时,氢气需求无法得到满足时的补充作用,在同一时段最多只有一组电解槽为中间负载,例如:在高负荷情况时的06∶00时段,电解槽1、4和5为最大负载,3和6为最小负载,只有电解槽2的负载数为19.07 kW,属于中间负载。
图8为高、低负荷情况下购电量与时变电价和氢气需求的曲线,可以看出无论在哪种负荷条件下,都未曾在峰电价时段(13∶00—15∶00时段)购入网电,并都在部分平、谷电价时段购入网电,在平电价的0∶00—06∶00时段,此时氢气需求量和光伏发电量都很小,为应对后续峰电价时段的高氢气需求,购入网电,为该时段供应氢气的同时,制造多余的氢气增加储氢设备内氢气量;从18∶00时段开始光伏出力即为0,因此两种负荷情况时在平电价(17∶00时段)和谷电价时段(18∶00—20∶00时段)都购入大量网电,弥补储氢设备氢气量不足的同时满足当前时段的氢气需求。整体的生产计划选择保证氢气需求得到满足并避免高额电费产生的运行策略。
图9为储氢设备内氢气量与时变电价和氢气需求的曲线,可以观察到在光伏发力大、网电价格低或是氢气需求量较低的时段,储氢设备得到补充;当光伏发力低、网电价格高或是氢气需求量大的时段,储氢装置内的氢气便会与电解槽机组一同满足氢气需求,在这个过程中储氢设备起到“削峰去谷”的作用。
相较于公式,传统优化模型将电解槽产氢速率与电解槽负荷的转化率确定为固定值[17]并不会考虑电解槽的启停特性。使用CPLEX对传统优化模型进行求解,电解槽生产计划如图10所示。可以观察到,使用传统模型进行优化时,机组在高负荷情况下停机再启动次数共8次,在低负荷情况下停机再启动次数共10次。使用考虑启停特性的模型无论在高、低负荷情况都不会发生停机再启动。电解槽电压下降会导致使用寿命减少[3],考虑启停特性的优化模型可以减少或避免电解槽停机再启动,提高电解槽使用寿命。
图11为PEM电解槽改变最低负载时的运行状态比较图,可以观察到待机状态和空闲状态随着最低负载的降低而降低,当最低负载达到一个临界值后,机组将不会再处于待机状态的同时空闲状态与生产状态的占比也不在发生变化;随最低负载的降低,待机损耗的产生变少,运行成本也将有小幅度减少,到达临界值之后,运行成本不在发生变化(图12);在高压状态下(或使用更薄的膜以提高性能),PEM电解槽在低电流密度时也面临临界气体污染,会产生生产安全隐患,因此将这个临界点作为生产中的最低负载。通过枚举法求出最低负载为6.1%。
(1)与传统调度模型将负载与产氢量关系简化为简单的线性方程不同的是,所提出的调度模型建立PEM电解槽的运行状态与转换关系的数学描述,并将其作为约束条件,使模型达到预期效果。调度模型综合考虑一个调度周期(24 h)内的时变电价、氢气生产、可再生能源出力和运行成本,并在案例分析中显示了对四者的平衡。相较于传统优化模型,启停次数减少,可提高电解槽使用寿命。
(2)PEM电解槽更低的最低负载是其相较于AEL电解槽面对复杂情况更加灵活的原因,但过低的负载优惠对生产造成安全隐患,通过枚举法得出最低负载的临界值,在该临界值及更小的最低负载以后,待机状态将不再发生,节省了待机损失。但枚举法精确度不足并且浪费时间,需要后续研究更快捷准确的方法。
随着可再生能源电解水制氢成本的降低和氢气输送技术的进步,氢气市场将逐步扩大,通过更为准确地对可再生能源和氢气需求的预测后,结合研究内容,便能确定更精确的日前生产计划。不仅有助于企业提高生产效率和市场竞争力,可以帮助企业在投资和扩展方面做出明智的决策,避免过度或不足的生产能力。在确保市场需求的满足的同时,进一步推动可再生能源和氢气技术的进一步发展与应用。
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2022E025)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403730
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
  • 修回日期:2024-12-30
基金
黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2022E025)
作者信息
    1 东北石油大学石油工程学院, 大庆 163000
    2 广东石油化工学院石油工程学院, 茂名 525000

通讯作者:

* 魏立新(1973—),男,汉族,河北定州人,博士,教授。研究方向:油气储运工程优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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