Article(id=1149781955832672906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714233600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-28, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980185, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980185, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980185, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980185, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3646, endPage=3656, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781956046582413, articleId=1149781955832672906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Non-steady-state Productivity Prediction Model for Multi-layer Fractured Directional Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

China’s tight oil reservoirs have distinctive characteristics, including thin interbedded layers with alternate distribution in the longitudinal direction and strong reservoir heterogeneity. In order to maximize productivity and economic benefits, a development approach was commonly employed, involving a well network with layered fracturing for the simultaneous development of multiple layers. However, existing productivity models for fractured directional wells are only applicable to single-layer development and do not consider inter-layer interference, making them unsuitable for predicting well productivity of multi-layer development. In order to improve the accuracy of productivity prediction, the flow field nearby the fractured directional well is divided into the main fracture region, the stimulated reservoir volume region, and the un-stimulated reservoir volume region. Considering the effects of flow patterns in different regions and stress sensitivity, and introducing a disturbance coefficient, a non-steady-state productivity prediction model for multi-layer fractured directional well in tight oil reservoirs was established. After validating the model accuracy, the influence of fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, threshold pressure gradient, stress sensitivity and reservoir heterogeneity on the productivity of fractured directional well was further investigated. The results indicate that the threshold pressure gradient, stress sensitivity and longitudinal heterogeneity significantly affect the productivity of fractured directional well. The larger the threshold pressure gradient, and the more significant the stress sensitivity and longitudinal heterogeneity, the lower the productivity of fractured directional wells. With the gradual increase in fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, and matrix permeability, the productivity of fractured directional wells increases, but each factor has its optimal range. The ranking of factors affecting productivity is as follows: matrix permeability, fracture conductivity, fracture half-length, threshold pressure gradient, longitudinal heterogeneity, stress sensitivity.

, correspAuthors=Dai-gang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dai-gang WANG, Yu-zhe SHI, Guo-yong LI, Wen-juan NIU, Yao ZHAO, Zhe HU, Wen-shuang GENG, Kao-ping SONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149782007561023762, articleId=1149781955832672906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中国致密油储层具有薄互层纵向交互发育、储层非均质性严重等特点,为实现产能及经济效益最大化,普遍采用一套井网分层压裂多层合采的开发方式。然而,现有压裂定向井产能模型仅适用于单层开采,忽略层间干扰的影响,对预测多层合采条件下油井的产能适用性差。为了提高产能预测的准确性,将致密油藏压裂定向井附近流场划分为主裂缝区、压裂改造区和基质未改造区,综合考虑致密储层分区流动形态,同时引入干扰系数,建立了致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型,研究了裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、启动压力梯度、应力敏感、储层非均质性等因素对压裂定向井产能的影响规律。结果表明:启动压力梯度、应力敏感效应和纵向非均质性对压裂定向井的产能具有显著影响,启动压力梯度越大、应力敏感效应和纵向非均质性越显著,压裂定向井的产能越低;随着裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力及基质渗透率的逐渐增大,压裂定向井的产能越高,但各自存在最优范围。产能影响因素的重要性综合排名依次为:基质渗透率、裂缝导流能力、裂缝半长、启动压力梯度、纵向非均质性、应力敏感效应。

, correspAuthors=王代刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=80PI1jxu0HsmDvPM/x88Dw==, magXml=QQfzjBVykQ6C6sWfmZTHCA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=P87wlyim6dmw3Tz7X83MEw==, pdfFileSize=6501787, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cOlXE+FnCvVqj5a0R0GUbQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CMK5cYULEUCwqNmn2c8hVA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王代刚(1988—),男,汉族,山东安丘人,博士,副教授。研究方向:复杂介质油气渗流及提高采收率。E-mail:

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王代刚(1988—),男,汉族,山东安丘人,博士,副教授。研究方向:复杂介质油气渗流及提高采收率。E-mail:

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王代刚(1988—),男,汉族,山东安丘人,博士,副教授。研究方向:复杂介质油气渗流及提高采收率。E-mail:

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Journal of Yangtze University: Natural Science Edition, 2020, 17(4): 34-38., articleTitle=Yield prediction of shale gas multi-stage fracturing wells based on random forest algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249380427247773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, awardId=52174043, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52174043), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1251249380498550946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, awardId=2022DQ02-0208, language=CN, fundingSource=中国石油科技创新基金(2022DQ02-0208), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249370365112922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249370373501532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, companyId=1251249370365112922, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249370377695836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, companyId=1251249370365112922, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与工程全国重点实验室, 北京 102249)]), AuthorCompany(id=1251249370524496490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249370549662316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, companyId=1251249370524496490, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Jidong Oilfield Branch Company, CNPC, Tangshan 063000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249370553856621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, companyId=1251249370524496490, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国石油天然气股份有限公司冀东油田分公司, 唐山 063000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251249376291664826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic of fractured directional well, figureFileSmall=S35Mf1pkw/Pb4zYkxmJtPQ==, figureFileBig=C/5Htwazr+mFOA0ZDDOIFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249376392328126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, language=CN, label=图1, caption=压裂定向井示意图

xfj为第j层主裂缝半缝长;hj为第j层储层厚度;Kjϕj${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$分别为第j层储层的基质渗透率、孔隙度、综合压缩系数;rw为油井半径

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figureFileBig=f8ImgZMvFSp23LRoNCLrIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249379873599617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Directional well basic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本参数 参数值
地层原始压力/MPa 18.5
井底流压/MPa 8.5
井径/m 0.1
井斜角/(°) 35
油层厚度/m 7.8
地层综合压缩系数/MP${{\mathrm{a}}^{-}}^{1}$ 2×10-4
平均孔隙度/% 0.14
裂缝渗透率/10-3 μm2 2 000
基质平均渗透率/10-3 μm2 0.11
平均裂缝半缝长/m 200
裂缝宽度/m 0.001
天然裂缝密度/(条·m-1) 5
改造区初始宽度/m 80
地层原油黏度/(mPa·s) 1.43
椭圆流启动压力梯度/(MPa·m-1) 0.02
线性流启动压力梯度/(MPa·m-1) 0.01
基质应力敏感系数/MP${{\mathrm{a}}^{-}}^{1}$ 0.018
原油体积系数 1.052
), ArticleFig(id=1251249379970068614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

定向井基础参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本参数 参数值
地层原始压力/MPa 18.5
井底流压/MPa 8.5
井径/m 0.1
井斜角/(°) 35
油层厚度/m 7.8
地层综合压缩系数/MP${{\mathrm{a}}^{-}}^{1}$ 2×10-4
平均孔隙度/% 0.14
裂缝渗透率/10-3 μm2 2 000
基质平均渗透率/10-3 μm2 0.11
平均裂缝半缝长/m 200
裂缝宽度/m 0.001
天然裂缝密度/(条·m-1) 5
改造区初始宽度/m 80
地层原油黏度/(mPa·s) 1.43
椭圆流启动压力梯度/(MPa·m-1) 0.02
线性流启动压力梯度/(MPa·m-1) 0.01
基质应力敏感系数/MP${{\mathrm{a}}^{-}}^{1}$ 0.018
原油体积系数 1.052
), ArticleFig(id=1251249380058149004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Directional well layered test data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层位 油层
厚度/m
平均渗
透率/
10-3 μm2
日产油/
(m3·d-1)
生产
压差/
MPa
采油指数/
(m3·d-1·
MPa-1)
合试 7.8 0.11 2.14 10.2 0.21
第12层 1.6 0.08 0.5 9.8 0.05
第13层 4 0.14 3.2 10.1 0.32
第14层 2.2 0.06 1.4 10.7 0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1251249380204949653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955832672906, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

定向井分层测试数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层位 油层
厚度/m
平均渗
透率/
10-3 μm2
日产油/
(m3·d-1)
生产
压差/
MPa
采油指数/
(m3·d-1·
MPa-1)
合试 7.8 0.11 2.14 10.2 0.21
第12层 1.6 0.08 0.5 9.8 0.05
第13层 4 0.14 3.2 10.1 0.32
第14层 2.2 0.06 1.4 10.7 0.13
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致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型
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王代刚 1 , 石宇哲 1 , 李国永 2 , 牛文娟 1 , 赵耀 2 , 胡哲 1 , 耿文爽 2 , 宋考平 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(9): 3646-3656
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(9): 3646-3656
致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型
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王代刚1 , 石宇哲1, 李国永2, 牛文娟1, 赵耀2, 胡哲1, 耿文爽2, 宋考平1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与工程全国重点实验室, 北京 102249
  • 2 中国石油天然气股份有限公司冀东油田分公司, 唐山 063000
  • 王代刚(1988—),男,汉族,山东安丘人,博士,副教授。研究方向:复杂介质油气渗流及提高采收率。E-mail:

Non-steady-state Productivity Prediction Model for Multi-layer Fractured Directional Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Dai-gang WANG1 , Yu-zhe SHI1, Guo-yong LI2, Wen-juan NIU1, Yao ZHAO2, Zhe HU1, Wen-shuang GENG2, Kao-ping SONG1
Affiliations
  • 1 National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
  • 2 Jidong Oilfield Branch Company, CNPC, Tangshan 063000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403165
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中国致密油储层具有薄互层纵向交互发育、储层非均质性严重等特点,为实现产能及经济效益最大化,普遍采用一套井网分层压裂多层合采的开发方式。然而,现有压裂定向井产能模型仅适用于单层开采,忽略层间干扰的影响,对预测多层合采条件下油井的产能适用性差。为了提高产能预测的准确性,将致密油藏压裂定向井附近流场划分为主裂缝区、压裂改造区和基质未改造区,综合考虑致密储层分区流动形态,同时引入干扰系数,建立了致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型,研究了裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、启动压力梯度、应力敏感、储层非均质性等因素对压裂定向井产能的影响规律。结果表明:启动压力梯度、应力敏感效应和纵向非均质性对压裂定向井的产能具有显著影响,启动压力梯度越大、应力敏感效应和纵向非均质性越显著,压裂定向井的产能越低;随着裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力及基质渗透率的逐渐增大,压裂定向井的产能越高,但各自存在最优范围。产能影响因素的重要性综合排名依次为:基质渗透率、裂缝导流能力、裂缝半长、启动压力梯度、纵向非均质性、应力敏感效应。

致密油藏  /  压裂定向井  /  产能预测  /  干扰系数  /  非稳态  /  敏感因素

China’s tight oil reservoirs have distinctive characteristics, including thin interbedded layers with alternate distribution in the longitudinal direction and strong reservoir heterogeneity. In order to maximize productivity and economic benefits, a development approach was commonly employed, involving a well network with layered fracturing for the simultaneous development of multiple layers. However, existing productivity models for fractured directional wells are only applicable to single-layer development and do not consider inter-layer interference, making them unsuitable for predicting well productivity of multi-layer development. In order to improve the accuracy of productivity prediction, the flow field nearby the fractured directional well is divided into the main fracture region, the stimulated reservoir volume region, and the un-stimulated reservoir volume region. Considering the effects of flow patterns in different regions and stress sensitivity, and introducing a disturbance coefficient, a non-steady-state productivity prediction model for multi-layer fractured directional well in tight oil reservoirs was established. After validating the model accuracy, the influence of fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, threshold pressure gradient, stress sensitivity and reservoir heterogeneity on the productivity of fractured directional well was further investigated. The results indicate that the threshold pressure gradient, stress sensitivity and longitudinal heterogeneity significantly affect the productivity of fractured directional well. The larger the threshold pressure gradient, and the more significant the stress sensitivity and longitudinal heterogeneity, the lower the productivity of fractured directional wells. With the gradual increase in fracture half-length, fracture conductivity, and matrix permeability, the productivity of fractured directional wells increases, but each factor has its optimal range. The ranking of factors affecting productivity is as follows: matrix permeability, fracture conductivity, fracture half-length, threshold pressure gradient, longitudinal heterogeneity, stress sensitivity.

tight oil  /  fractured directional well  /  productivity prediction  /  disturbance coefficient  /  non-steady state  /  sensitive factor
王代刚, 石宇哲, 李国永, 牛文娟, 赵耀, 胡哲, 耿文爽, 宋考平. 致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3646 -3656 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403165
Dai-gang WANG, Yu-zhe SHI, Guo-yong LI, Wen-juan NIU, Yao ZHAO, Zhe HU, Wen-shuang GENG, Kao-ping SONG. Non-steady-state Productivity Prediction Model for Multi-layer Fractured Directional Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3646 -3656 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403165
中国致密油储层平面连片分布、范围大,源储共生、含油性好,具有一定的资源潜力。但其纵向薄互层交互发育、油层厚度变化大、物性分布差异大,采用传统方式难以有效开发。目前普遍采用一套井网分层压裂多层合采的开发方式,通过增加井筒与油藏的接触面积、增大控制体积、提高储层流动能力,来实现致密油资源的有效动用[1-3]。压裂水平井已广泛应用于致密油开发,现有相关文献多为研究压裂水平井产能预测。但压裂定向井对于多层系油藏和钻井平台不易建设的致密油藏也尤其有效。定向井相对于水平井具有更为复杂的构造和井身轨迹,由于井筒倾斜、钻完井及生产对近井地应力的改变等因素,形成了压裂倾斜缝。Roemershauser等[4]、Cinco[5]分别研究了斜直井的稳态、非稳态产能;Vandervlis等[6]对有效井筒半径进行了修正,推导并建立了相应的产能公式;Khattab等[7]、Gill等[8]对中、高渗透地层中的单层、多层定向井的压力响应规律进行了研究;杨占伟等[9]建立了考虑启动压力梯度和储层损害因素的斜井产能公式;张政等[10]基于室内驱替实验,推导得到了定向井非线性启动压力梯度动用半径产能公式;冯沙沙等[11]基于测井曲线建立了考虑纵向级差的海上重质油油藏产能预测方法;李辉等[12]针对海上砂岩油藏,建立了定向井多层合采的稳态产能模型。
但目前国内外已研究的定向井产能计算公式仅针对单层油藏,未考虑层间干扰,不适用于多层合采定向井的产能预测。而考虑了层间干扰的定向井多层合采产能预测方法中,基于测井曲线的方法预测精度较高,但实际应用流程较为烦琐;而基于稳态渗流理论的方法未考虑流体非线性及非稳态渗流规律,不能准确反映流体实际流动状况。针对这一问题,现考虑致密油藏分区域渗流特征,根据致密油在压裂定向井周围区域的不同流动形态,将储层划分为3个渗流区域:主裂缝区、压裂改造区和基质未改造区,更加符合压裂改造后的流场分布。同时,考虑启动压力梯度和应力敏感效应,符合流体实际流动规律。另外,在单层致密油藏压裂定向井稳态产能预测模型的基础上,引入基质动态泄油半径及干扰系数的概念,建立致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型,有效解决多层合采条件下层间干扰问题,显著提高预测精度。最后,探究裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、启动压力梯度、应力敏感等因素对压裂定向井产能的影响,希冀为合理开发致密油藏提供一定理论基础。
压裂定向井示意图如图1所示。对模型做以下假设条件。
(1)流体为单相微可压缩。
(2)储层封闭等厚,厚度为H
(3)任一层压裂缝均为两翼对称垂直缝,各层裂缝半长xf和裂缝渗透率Kf均不相等,且各层压裂缝高度之和与储层厚度H相同。
(4)各层改造区的长度与该层裂缝长度相等,宽度为2bl
(5)每层x轴方向供给半径为xe,y轴方向供给半径为ye
(6)每层水平等厚状,但各层厚度h、储层物性参数(如储层渗透率K、孔隙度ϕ、综合压缩系数C*)不同,每层流体黏度μ、流体密度ρ相同,地层压力pi相同,椭圆流和线性流启动压力梯度G1G2相同。
(7)流体流动为先流入裂缝,再由裂缝流到井筒。
(8)基质未改造区考虑启动压力梯度的影响,而主裂缝区及压裂改造区忽略启动压力梯度的影响,均考虑应力敏感的影响。
假设定向井经过压裂改造后,形成一条主裂缝及大量次生裂缝。考虑致密油储层物性及渗流特征 [13-14],将压裂定向井附近的流场划分为3个区域:水力压裂主裂缝区、由次生裂缝和基质组成的压裂改造区以及基质未改造区[15],如图2所示。
考虑主裂缝区、压裂改造区和基质未改造区的分区渗流规律,首先推导建立单层致密油藏压裂定向井稳态产能预测模型,在此基础上引入“基质动态泄油半径”和“干扰系数”的概念,最终提出了致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型。
该区域的流体流动为沿主裂缝的线性流,由Darcy定律和边界条件,得到了主裂缝区的压力分布函数[16],表达式为
pfj=$\frac{{p}_{\mathrm{c}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}}{{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$x+pwj
式(1)中:pfj为第j层主裂缝的压力,MPa;pcj为第j层裂缝尖端的压力,MPa;pwj为第j层井底流压,MPa;xfj为第j层主裂缝半缝长,m。
室内实验[17]表明,当地层压力持续下降时,孔隙中的有效应力也随之增加,使得纳微米尺度孔隙喉道发生收缩变形,影响了流体在孔隙介质的流动。研究中,通过改变幂律模型中的应力敏感系数取值,从而表征渗透率应力敏感效应,其关系式如下。
人工压裂裂缝:
Kfj=Kf0j${\mathrm{e}}^{-\alpha ({p}_{\mathrm{i}}-p)}$
基质孔喉:
Kmj=Km0j${\mathrm{e}}^{-\alpha ({p}_{\mathrm{i}}-p)}$
式中:Kf0j为第j层主裂缝初始渗透率,10-3μm2;Km0j为第j层基质初始渗透率,10-3μm2;Kfj为第j层主裂缝渗透率,10-3μm2;Kmj为第j层基质渗透率,10-3μm2;pi为原始地层压力,MPa。
结合Darcy定律,进一步得到了第j层主裂缝区的流量,可描述为
q1j=$\frac{2{w}_{\mathrm{f}j}{K}_{\mathrm{f}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}({p}_{\mathrm{c}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j})}{\mu {x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$
式(4)中:q1j为第j层主裂缝区流量,m3/d;wfj为第j层主裂缝宽度,m;Kfj为第j层主裂缝渗透率,10-3 μm2;hfj为第j层主裂缝高度,其中hfj=hj/cosθ,θ为井斜角,hj为第j层储层厚度,m;μ为原油黏度,mPa·s。
由式(4),最终确定了第j层主裂缝区的渗流阻力,表达式为
R1j=$\frac{\mu {x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}{2{w}_{\mathrm{f}j}{K}_{\mathrm{f}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$
致密油储层体积压裂改造技术通过在井筒附近形成大规模的缝网,使得流体向井筒流动,将此区域称为改造区。假定改造区内的裂缝平行均匀分布,并沿平面及纵向完全贯通,以平行板理论为基础,对改造区进行表征,求得第j层改造区的等效渗透率[18-19]

Kej=Kmj+(Ksfj-Kmj)DLbf

式(6)中:Kej为第j层改造区渗透率,10-3 μm2;Kmj为第j层基质渗透率,10-3 μm2;Ksfj为第j层次生裂缝渗透率,10-3μm2;DL为次生裂缝线密度,m-1;bf为次生裂缝开度,10-3 μm2
改造区内的流体流动为垂直于主裂缝的线性流,将改造区等分为四块,每块的宽度为第j层裂缝半长xfj,长度为第j层改造区半宽blj。由Darcy定律,得到改造区的流量公式为
q2j=4${\int }_{0}^{{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}\mathrm{ }\frac{{K}_{\mathrm{e}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}[{p}_{\mathrm{m}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}(x\left)\right]}{\mu {b}_{\mathrm{l}j}}$dx=$\frac{4{K}_{\mathrm{e}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}\left({p}_{\mathrm{m}j}-\frac{1}{2}{p}_{\mathrm{c}j}-\frac{1}{2}{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}\right)}{\mu {b}_{\mathrm{l}j}}$
式(7)中:q2j为第j层改造区流量,m3/d;blj为第j层改造区半宽,m;pmj为第j层改造区的外边界压力,MPa。
由式(7),最终确定了第j层压裂改造区的渗流阻力,表达式为
R2j=$\frac{\mu {b}_{\mathrm{l}j}}{4{K}_{\mathrm{e}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$
基质未改造区是指压裂未波及的渗流区域,该区域内的流体流态包括半椭圆柱体地层的椭圆流和长方体地层的线性流。前人研究表明[20]椭圆流和线性流的流动形态不同,故其启动压力梯度也不同,由此设椭圆流和线性流的启动压力梯度分别为G1G2
对半椭圆柱体地层中的椭圆流过程进行求解,以裂缝端点为焦点,其直角坐标与椭圆坐标相互关系为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}x=A\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\eta \\ y=B\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\eta \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}A={x}_{\mathrm{F}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\xi \\ B={x}_{\mathrm{F}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{h}\xi \end{array}\right.$
式中:ηξ为椭圆坐标,m;xF为裂缝半长,m。
将两个半椭圆柱拼合,与改造区的接触面看作裂缝面使其转化为半缝长为bl的二分支裂缝井。经过保角变换z/bl=1/2(ζ+1),将z平面映射为ζ平面[21],z平面上长度为2b1的裂缝变为ζ平面上的单位圆周,z平面上的椭圆区域变为ζ平面上半径为ρ的圆,这时椭圆流演变为平面径向流,如图3所示。
对于平面径向流,第j层考虑启动压力梯度的非线性渗流控制方程及边界条件为
$\frac{{\partial }^{2}{p}_{3j}}{\partial {\rho }_{j}^{2}}$+$\frac{1}{{\rho }_{j}}\left(\frac{\partial {p}_{3j}}{\partial {\rho }_{j}}-{G}_{1}\right)$=0
ρj=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& {p}_{3j}={p}_{\mathrm{m}j}\\ \sqrt{\frac{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}},& {p}_{3j}={p}_{\mathrm{e}j}\end{array}\right.$
式中:p3j为第j层椭圆柱体地层的压力,MPa。
由于保角变换前后产量不变,求得第j层椭圆柱体地层的流量为
q3j=$\frac{2\mathrm{\pi }{K}_{\mathrm{m}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}\left[{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{m}j}-{G}_{1}\left(\sqrt{\frac{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}}-1\right)\right]}{\mu \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\sqrt{\frac{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}}}$
式(13)中:q3j为第j层椭圆柱体地层流量,m3/d;pej为第j层供给边界压力,MPa;xej为第jx轴方向供给半径,m;yej为第jy轴方向供给半径,m;G1为椭圆流启动压力梯度,MPa/m。
根据式(13),得到第j层半椭圆柱体地层的渗流阻力,表达式为
R3j=$\frac{\mu }{2\mathrm{\pi }{K}_{\mathrm{m}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$ln$\sqrt{\frac{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}}$
对第j层长方体地层中的线性流过程进行求解,求得流量为
q4j=$\frac{4{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}{K}_{\mathrm{m}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}[{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{m}j}-{G}_{2}({y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{b}_{\mathrm{l}j}\left)\right]}{\mu ({y}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{j}}-{b}_{\mathrm{l}j})}$
式(15)中:q4j为第j层长方体地层流量,m3/d;G2为线性流启动压力梯度,MPa/m。
根据式(15),得到了第j层长方体地层的渗流阻力,表达式为
R4j=$\frac{\mu ({y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{b}_{\mathrm{l}j})}{4{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}{K}_{\mathrm{m}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$
如果流体的流动符合稳态渗流规律,据等值渗流阻力原理,3个区域串联供油,则qj=q1j=q2j=q3j+q4j,联立式(4)、式(7)、式(13)和式(15),得单层致密油藏压裂定向井稳态产能预测模型,表达式可描述为
qj=[pej-pwj-G1$\frac{{R}_{4j}}{{R}_{3j}+{R}_{4j}}\left(\sqrt{\frac{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}{{y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}}-1\right)$-${G}_{2}\frac{{R}_{3j}}{{R}_{3j}+{R}_{4j}}({y}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{b}_{\mathrm{l}j})]/\left(\frac{{R}_{1j}}{2}+{R}_{2j}+\frac{{R}_{3j}{R}_{4j}}{{R}_{3j}+{R}_{4j}}\right)$
致密油藏基质动态泄油半径为非稳态值,随时间的推移而逐渐增大[22]。为了表征基质泄油半径随时间的变化规律,需要做以下假设条件:①每一瞬间均存在一个有限的基质动用区,在该区中流体向井流动;②在基质动用区内的流体流动是稳定的;③基质动用区的范围可结合物质平衡方程和边界条件求得。
为了求解第j层基质动态泄油半径R(t)j,基于保角变换后的圆形渗流区建立了一个物质平衡方程[23]。当投产t时刻后,第j层地层的总采出量W1j
W1j=${\int }_{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}^{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}\mathrm{ }$rhfj(ρeϕej-ρϕj)dr
根据弹性孔隙介质状态方程ϕj=ϕ0j+Cϕj(pj-pej)及弹性流体状态方程ρ=ρ0[1+Cρj(pj-pej)],得

ρϕj=ρ0ϕ0j+ρ0(ϕ0jCρj+Cϕj)(pj-pej)+ρ0CϕjCρj(pj-pej)2

因为CϕjCρj都是很小的数,所以可略去CϕjCρj项,得

ρϕj=ρ0ϕ0j+ρ0(ϕ0jCρj+Cϕj)(pj-pej)

${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$=ϕ0jCρj+Cϕj,整理得
ρϕj=ρ0ϕ0j+ρ0(pj-pej)${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$
即当t=0时,ρ0ϕ0j=ρeϕej,对应供给压力pej,得
ρϕj=ρeϕej+ρ0(pj-pej)${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$
将求解点取在井底时,得
ρϕwj=ρeϕej+ρ0(pwj-pej)${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$
两式相除,整理得到
$\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{e}}{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}j}-\rho {\varphi }_{j}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{e}}{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}j}-\rho {\varphi }_{\mathrm{w}j}}$=$\frac{{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{j}}{{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}}$
由比例关系$\frac{{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{j}}{{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}}$=$\frac{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{r}}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}}$,式(24)可变换为
ρeϕej-ρϕj=$\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{e}}{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}j}-\rho {\varphi }_{\mathrm{w}j}}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}}$ln$\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{r}$
联立式(18)和式(25),可得
W1j=2πhj$\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{e}}{\varphi }_{\mathrm{e}j}-\rho {\varphi }_{\mathrm{w}j}}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}}{\int }_{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}^{{R}_{\mathrm{t}}}\mathrm{ }$rln$\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{r}$dr=2πhj(ρeϕej-ρϕwj)$\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}^{2}-{r}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}}{4\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}}-\frac{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}}{2}\right)$
由于第j层原油的总采出量Wj等于第j层地层采出量W1j与第j层井筒射孔段采出量之和,推导得
Wjhj(ρeϕej-ρϕwj)$\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}^{2}-{r}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}}{2\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}}$hjρ0${C}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}$(pej-pwj)$\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}^{2}-{r}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}}{2\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}}$
基于物质平衡原理,假定到时间t为止,第j层原油的总采出量为Wj,地层条件下流体的平均密度为ρ0,有
$\frac{{W}_{j}}{{\rho }_{0}}$=Qjt
当考虑启动压力梯度影响时,第j层产量Qj
Qj=$\frac{2\mathrm{\pi }{k}_{j}{h}_{j}[{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}-G({R}_{\mathrm{t}j}-{r}_{\mathrm{w}}\left)\right]}{\mu \mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{t}j}}{{r}_{\mathrm{w}}}}$
将式(27)和式(29)代入式(28),并引入压力传导系数ηj=$\frac{{K}_{j}}{\mu {C}_{j}^{\mathrm{*}}}$,可计算得到第j层基质动态泄油半径,其表达式为
Rtj=$\sqrt{\frac{4{\eta }_{j}[{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}-G({R}_{\mathrm{t}j}-{r}_{\mathrm{w}}\left)\right]}{{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}}t+{r}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}}$
其中,Rtj=${\mathrm{e}}^{\xi {\left(t\right)}_{j}}$。据此,椭圆坐标ξ(t)j
ξ(t)j=ln$\sqrt{\frac{4{\eta }_{j}[{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}-G({R}_{\mathrm{t}j}-{r}_{\mathrm{w}}\left)\right]}{{p}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}j}}t+{r}_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}}$
根据式(31),进一步绘制了椭圆坐标ξ(t)j随时间的变化曲线,如图4所示,用于表征压力波向外传播的情况。结果表明,生产初期,主裂缝区和压裂改造区地层渗透率较高,压力波传播速率较快;中后期泄油区域逐步扩大到基质未改造区,地层渗透率降低,压力波传播速率降低,最终达到稳定。
相较于单层致密油藏压裂定向井稳态产能预测模型,单层致密油藏非稳态产能预测模型中椭圆流与线性流的动用范围和渗流阻力随时间的推移而不断改变。
将式(10)中静态椭圆坐标ξ用动态椭圆坐标ξ(t)j代换,得到椭圆流和线性流的动态边界,其表达式为

y'ej=bejcosh[ξ(t)j]

x'ej=bejsinh[ξ(t)j]

将式(14)中椭圆流和线性流静态边界yejxej用上述动态边界代换,得到第j层半椭圆柱体地层的动态渗流阻力,其表达式为
R'3j=$\frac{\mu }{2\mathrm{\pi }{K}_{\mathrm{m}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$ln$\sqrt{\frac{y\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{e}j}+x\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}{y\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{e}j}-x\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{e}j}+{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}}}$
将式(16)中椭圆流和线性流静态边界yejxej用上述动态边界代换,得到第j层长方体地层的动态渗流阻力,其表达式为
R'4j=$\frac{\mu (y\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{b}_{\mathrm{l}j})}{4{x}_{\mathrm{f}j}{K}_{\mathrm{m}j}{h}_{\mathrm{f}j}}$
将式(17)稳态产能预测模型中的静态边界及渗流阻力xejyej${{R}_{3}}_{j}$${{R}_{4}}_{j}$分别用动态边界及渗流阻力x'ejy'ejR'3jR'4j代换,最终建立了单层致密油藏压裂定向井非稳态渗流产能预测模型,其表达式为
qj=[pej-pwj-G1$\frac{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}+R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}$(Rtj-1)-${G}_{2}\frac{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}}{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}+R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}(y\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{{b}_{\mathrm{l}}}_{j})]/$($\frac{{R}_{1j}}{2}$+R2j+$\frac{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}+R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}$)
针对致密油藏多层合采的定向井,假定共有n个小层,根据干扰系数定义[24-25]
α0=$\frac{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{j=1}}{J}_{{\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{o}}j}-{J}_{{\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{o}}}}{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{j=1}}{J}_{{\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{o}}j}}$
式(37)中:α0为层间干扰系数;${J}_{{\mathrm{h}}_{\mathrm{o}}}$为合采时采油指数,m3/(d·MPa);${J}_{{\mathrm{d}}_{\mathrm{o}}j}$为油藏各层单采时的采油指数,m3/(d·MPa)。
将式(36)代入式(37),得到考虑层间干扰的致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态渗流产能预测模型,其表达式为
q=(1-α0)$\stackrel{n}{\sum _{j=1}}$[pej-pwj-G1$\frac{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}+R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}$×$({R}_{\mathrm{t}j}-1)-{G}_{2}\frac{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}}{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}+R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}(y\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{\mathrm{e}j}-{{b}_{\mathrm{l}}}_{j})]/$($\frac{{R}_{1j}}{2}$+R2j+$\frac{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}{R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{3j}+R\text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{4j}}  $)
以压裂定向井多层合采非稳态渗流产能预测模型为基础,建立多层非均质致密油藏压裂定向井非稳态产能预测方法,具体计算步骤总结如下。
步骤1 根据多层致密油层储集层特征,将压裂形成的裂缝区域划分为主裂缝区,随着压裂范围的扩大,裂缝连通程度逐渐降低的区域划分为储层改造区,压裂未波及的区域划分为基质未改造区。
步骤2 根据分区渗流规律(图1)确定不同区域流体的渗流阻力。
(1)流体从裂缝直接流入井筒,考虑达西渗流,采用式(5)计算各层渗流阻力。
(2)流体从改造区流入裂缝,需考虑次生裂缝的影响,采用式(8)计算各层渗流阻力。
(3)流体从未改造区流入改造区,需考虑启动压力梯度和应力敏感的影响,采用式(34)、式(35)分别计算半椭圆柱体地层、长方体地层各层渗流阻力。
(4)利用实际生产井分层测试资料,采用式(37)求取干扰系数。
步骤3 根据具体开发实践情况,确定该产能预测方法的应用方式如下。
(1)已知储层参数,根据定向井施工参数,运用产能预测方法预测产量。
(2)已知配产要求,采用产能预测方法优化设计定向井及压裂施工参数,使设计产量符合配产要求。
(3)已知生产动态数据,采用本方法进行历史拟合,通过反演诊断分析定向井和压裂施工参数,再用分析得到的参数进行产量预测。
选取冀东致密油藏油田1口典型定向井,其基础参数如表1所示。
定向井分层测试数据如表2所示。
利用定向井分层测试数据,采用式(37)计算干扰系数α0为0.58。利用定向井基础参数,采用式(5)计算主裂缝区各层渗流阻力R1j,采用式(8)计算压裂改造区各层渗流阻力R2j,采用式(34)、式(35)分别计算半椭圆柱体地层、长方体地层各层动态渗流阻力R'3jR'4j。将各区渗流阻力、地层原始压力、井底流压、启动压力梯度、干扰系数代入式(38),从而得出不同时间的日产油量q
将不同时间的日产油量与实测生产曲线进行对比(图5),计算结果与实际值基本吻合,该模型可用于致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采的产量预测。
为了进一步探究启动压力梯度及应力敏感效应对致密油藏压裂定向井产能的影响规律,以前述国内典型致密油藏已开发压裂定向井的数据为约束,基于本文方法,预测得到启动压力梯度及应力敏感效应影响下的致密油藏压裂定向井产能变化曲线,如图6所示。分析可以看出,生产初期产能较高,但由于基质未改造区渗透率低,基质中流体的输运能力难以供应裂缝中流体的产出量,使得初期产能递减较快,高产期较短;中后期压力逐渐向外传播至基质未改造区,此时渗流阻力较大,产能较低,但递减变缓,后期稳产期较长。以上结果表明,启动压力梯度对油井产能影响较大,而应力敏感效应对产能影响程度较小。
为了明确致密油藏压裂定向井产能的主控因素,以上述典型井参数为基础参数,采用控制变量法,分别改变裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、启动压力梯度、应力敏感等因素,每个因素选取不同水平,基于本文方法计算了压裂定向井的产能变化曲线,对比分析了不同敏感因素对压裂定向井产能的影响规律。
为了研究裂缝半长对压裂定向井产能的影响,裂缝半长分别取值50、100、150、200、250、300、350 m,其他参数与前述致密油藏典型井基础数据保持一致,基于本文模型计算得到不同裂缝半长条件下压裂定向井产能变化曲线,如图7所示。分析可以看出,随着裂缝半长的增加,产能在不断增加,但增加的值越来越小。这是由于裂缝半长增加使得主裂缝区、压裂改造区的范围扩大,改善了储层渗透率,同时扩大了油井的泄油体积,油井产能升高。但随着渗流范围的扩大,渗流阻力也逐渐增大,导致产能增幅逐渐减小,因此裂缝半长存在一个最优值。
为了研究裂缝导流能力对压裂定向井产能的影响,裂缝导流能力分别取值0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 μm2·cm,其他参数与前述致密油藏典型井基础数据保持一致,基于本文模型计算得到不同裂缝导流能力条件下压裂定向井产能变化曲线,如图8所示。分析可以看出,产能随裂缝导流能力的增加而增加,但增加幅度逐渐变小。这是由于基质未改造区的渗透率远小于压裂改造区、主裂缝区的渗透率,基质中流体的输运能力远不足以供应裂缝中流体的产出量,导致产能增长幅度较为缓慢,因此裂缝导流能力存在一个最佳范围。
为了研究基质平均渗透率对压裂定向井产能的影响,基质平均渗透率分别取值0.005×10-3、0.01×10-3、0.05×10-3、0.1×10-3μm2,其他参数与前述致密油藏典型井基础数据保持一致,基于本文模型计算得到不同基质平均渗透率条件下压裂定向井产能变化曲线,如图9所示。分析可以看出,基质平均渗透率越大,基质未改造区与压裂改造区之间渗透率差异越小,基质未改造区向压裂改造区供液能力越强,产能越大。但随着基质平均渗透率逐渐增大,产能增加幅度逐渐减小。因此,储层改造时基质渗透率存在一个最优范围。
为了研究启动压力梯度对压裂定向井产能的影响,启动压力梯度分别取值0.1、0.01、0.005、0.000 5 MPa/m,其他参数与前述致密油藏典型井基础数据保持一致,基于本文模型计算得到不同启动压力梯度条件下压裂定向井产能变化曲线,如图10所示。分析可以看出,早期压力波未传播到基质未改造区,启动压力梯度对产能影响不大;而中后期压力波到达基质未改造区,启动压力梯度越大,流体在储层中流动阻力越大,产能越小。但启动压力梯度对压裂定向井的影响有一个临界值,当启动压力梯度小于0.01 MPa/m 时,压裂定向井的产能变化很小,而大于0.01 MPa/m 后,其产能变化显著。
为了研究应力敏感效应对压裂定向井产能的影响,应力敏感系数分别取值0.1、0.5、0.9 MPa-1,其他参数与前述致密油藏典型井基础数据保持一致,基于本文模型计算得到不同应力敏感系数条件下压裂定向井产能变化曲线,如图11所示。分析可以看出,在生产初期,地层压力较高,主裂缝的渗透率是影响产能的主要因素,应力敏感效应导致裂缝导流能力下降较快,影响了初期产能;在压力波向地层边界传播的中后期,地层压力下降,应力敏感效应的影响减小,产能下降趋势减缓。
为了研究纵向非均质性对压裂定向井产能的影响,渗透率级差分别取值1、3、5、7、9,其他参数与前述致密油藏典型井基础数据保持一致,基于本文模型计算得到不同渗透率级差条件下压裂定向井产能变化曲线,如图12所示。分析可以看出,渗透率级差为1,考虑储层为均质时,压裂定向井产能最大,而随着渗透率级差增大,储层纵向非均质性增强,层间干扰加剧,压裂定向井的产能越小。因此,考虑薄互层渗透率分布影响,油井产能降低,更符合油层实际地质情况。
Spearman相关系数是衡量两个变量依赖性的非参数指标,它利用单调方程评价两个统计变量的相关性[26]。Spearman相关系数计算公式为
rs=1-$\frac{6\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{D}_{i}^{2}}{n({n}^{2}-1)}$
式(39)中:rs为Spearman相关系数;Di为对应变量的秩之差;n为观测对象的数量。
采用Spearman相关系数法评价裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、基质渗透率、启动压力梯度、应力敏感效应、纵向非均质性6类影响因素对产能影响的重要性,并综合其结果对6类影响因素进行重要性综合排名,得到相应的影响因素相关系数图。由图13可知,产能影响因素的重要性综合排名依次为:基质渗透率、裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、启动压力梯度、纵向非均质性、应力敏感效应。
灰色关联分析法是一种基于灰色系统理论的数据分析方法,用于处理数据中存在的不确定性和信息不完全性[27]。它通过比较序列数据之间的关联程度,揭示出它们之间的内在联系。设X0={X0(k)|k=1,2,…,n}为参考序列,Xi={Xi(k)|k=1,2,…,n}(i=1,2,…,m)为比较序列,则关联系数γγi(k)=$\frac{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{n}}_{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{n}}_{k}{\Delta }_{i}\left(k\right)+\rho \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{k}{\Delta }_{i}\left(k\right)}{{\Delta }_{i}\left(k\right)+\rho \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{\Delta }_{i}\left(k\right)}$,ρ为分辨系数,在(0,1)内取值。
分辨系数越小,关联系数间差异越大,区分能力越强,通常取0.5。分别计算其各个指标与参考序列对应元素的关联系数的加权平均值,称其为关联度,记为r0i=$\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{k=1}}$Wkγi(k)。
采用灰色关联分析法,以产能数据作为参考序列,裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、基质渗透率、启动压力梯度、应力敏感效应、纵向非均质性6类影响因素为比较序列,得到各参数的关联度排序。由图14可知,产能影响因素的重要性综合排名依次为:裂缝半长、基质渗透率、裂缝导流能力、纵向非均质性、启动压力梯度、应力敏感效应。
随机森林是一种集成学习方法,通过构建多个决策树来完成分类或回归任务。它的原理在于通过“装袋”(Bagging)的方式,对训练数据进行有放回的随机抽样,构建多棵树并采用随机特征选择,最后整合各个树的结果,从而实现分类评价[28]。采用随机森林分析法评价6类影响因素对产能影响的重要性,得到相应的影响因素相关系数图。由图15可知,产能影响因素的重要性综合排名依次为:基质渗透率、裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、启动压力梯度、纵向非均质性、应力敏感效应。
以上3种方法分析过程与原理各有不同,但其结果相似度较高,如图16所示。分析可以看出,裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力、基质渗透率这3个因素的影响程度基本在前3位,这是由于致密油藏自然产能低或无自然产能,人工压裂改造显著提升了其产能。裂缝半长、裂缝导流能力为可控因素,而基质渗透率为地质参数,因此在实际工程操作中,可从这些对产能具有显著影响的可控因素入手,从而提高致密油藏压裂定向井的产能。
(1)将致密油藏压裂开发区域划分为主裂缝区、压裂改造区和基质未改造区,考虑不同渗流区域内的流体流动规律及储层压敏效应的影响,并引入基质动态泄油半径和干扰系数的概念,建立了致密油藏压裂定向井多层合采非稳态产能预测模型。实例表明,该模型能够真实地反映致密油藏压裂后的实际流动规律,符合实际生产情况。
(2)致密油藏压裂开发过程中,启动压力梯度效应对压裂定向井产能有重要影响。随着启动压力梯度的增大,压裂定向井产能均明显降低,并且当启动压力梯度大于某一临界值时,影响更为显著,而应力敏感效应对压裂定向井产能影响较小。
(3)随着裂缝长度和导流能力的不断增加,压裂定向井的产能逐渐增大,但产能增幅将逐渐减小,这表明裂缝长度和导流能力都存在最优范围;基质渗透率越大,压裂定向井的产能越高,但随着基质渗透率持续增加,提产效果逐渐减弱;随着渗透率级差增大,储层纵向非均质性越强,压裂定向井的产能越小。
(4)采用Spearman相关系数法、灰色关联分析法及随机森林分析法对压裂定向井产能影响因素进行综合评价,产能主控因素的影响次序为:基质渗透率、裂缝导流能力、裂缝半长、启动压力梯度、纵向非均质性、应力敏感效应。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174043)
  • 中国石油科技创新基金(2022DQ02-0208)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403165
  • 接收时间:2024-04-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-28
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(52174043)
中国石油科技创新基金(2022DQ02-0208)
作者信息
    1 中国石油大学(北京)油气资源与工程全国重点实验室, 北京 102249
    2 中国石油天然气股份有限公司冀东油田分公司, 唐山 063000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403165
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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