Article(id=1149781955392270982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402367, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=1733414400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980080, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980080, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3760, endPage=3768, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781955606180488, articleId=1149781955392270982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method for Gearboxes Based on CBAM-STCN, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For gearboxes, variations in fault characteristics under different operating conditions, susceptibility to noise interference in fault diagnosis, lead to poor generalization and low recognition accuracy of fault diagnosis models. An end-to-end convolutional block attention module-sparse temporal convolutional network with soft thresholding(CBAM-STCN) was proposed for gearbox fault diagnosis. Firstly, the Hilbert transform was employed to convert the gear fault vibration signal into an envelope spectrum signal. Then, this signal was input into the CBAM-STCN fault diagnosis model. The model integrates a hybrid attention mechanism module, the convolutional block attention module (CBAM), which adaptively learns the weights of channel and spatial attention to extract information sensitive to fault features. The embedded soft thresholding function minimizes the discrepancy between the model’s output and the original input. Finally, the proposed method was utilized to identify and classify various types of gear faults under two different conditions. The results indicate that the CBAM-STCN model achieves an average accuracy of 98.95% in intelligent gear fault diagnosis, demonstrating its potential value for gearbox fault diagnosis.

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针对齿轮箱在多种工况下故障特征存在差异,故障诊断易受噪声干扰,导致故障诊断模型泛化性差和识别准确率低的问题,提出一种端到端的具有混合注意力机制和软阈值化特点的时间卷积神经网络(convolutional block attention module-sparse temporal convolutional network with soft thresholding, CBAM-STCN)齿轮箱故障诊断模型识别分类方法。首先,利用希尔伯特变换将齿轮故障振动信号转换为包络谱信号;然后,将其输入CBAM-STCN故障诊断模型中;该模型嵌入的混合注意力机制模块(convolutional block attention module, CBAM),能够自适应学习通道和空间注意力的权重,提取与故障特征相关的敏感信息;嵌入的软阈值函数能够最小化模型输出和原输入之间的差异;最后,利用所提出的方法对两种工况、不同类型的齿轮故障进行识别分类。结果表明:CBAM-STCN故障诊断模型对齿轮故障智能诊断的平均准确率为98.95%。该方法对于齿轮箱故障的智能诊断具有一定的参考价值。

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万志国(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机械设备状态检测与故障诊断、油气井管柱力学及完整性评价。E-mail:

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万志国(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机械设备状态检测与故障诊断、油气井管柱力学及完整性评价。E-mail:

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万志国(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机械设备状态检测与故障诊断、油气井管柱力学及完整性评价。E-mail:

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C为通道数;W为特征图的宽度

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figureFileSmall=8r9jYRnfnXs8x+BoUesuFQ==, figureFileBig=mFl/HN9Wq3akCsP2qHsIeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249378208460840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955392270982, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of each structural layer

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网络结构 参数
卷积层 卷积核数量16,大小64,步长8
最大池化层 1×4最大池化
TCN模块1 32×13,泄露率0.2,膨胀率1
TCN模块2
TCN模块3
64×13,泄露率0.2,膨胀率2
128×13,泄露率0.2,膨胀率4
GAP 全局平均池化
全连接层
Softmax
), ArticleFig(id=1251249378321707056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955392270982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各结构层参数

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网络结构 参数
卷积层 卷积核数量16,大小64,步长8
最大池化层 1×4最大池化
TCN模块1 32×13,泄露率0.2,膨胀率1
TCN模块2
TCN模块3
64×13,泄露率0.2,膨胀率2
128×13,泄露率0.2,膨胀率4
GAP 全局平均池化
全连接层
Softmax
), ArticleFig(id=1251249378434953271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955392270982, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gear fault type

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种类 详细情况
Chipped 齿轮上有裂纹
Miss 齿轮上有断齿
Root 齿根上有裂纹
Surface 齿轮表面有磨损
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齿轮故障类型

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种类 详细情况
Chipped 齿轮上有裂纹
Miss 齿轮上有断齿
Root 齿根上有裂纹
Surface 齿轮表面有磨损
), ArticleFig(id=1251249378657251393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955392270982, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Gear fault classification accuracy

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方法 分类准确率/%
20 Hz-0 V 30 Hz-2 V
CNN
ResNet
LeNet
DCNN
本文模型
93.6
96.1
90.0
90.7
98.7
96.3
98.9
96.3
96.6
99.2
), ArticleFig(id=1251249378753720390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955392270982, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

齿轮故障分类准确率

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方法 分类准确率/%
20 Hz-0 V 30 Hz-2 V
CNN
ResNet
LeNet
DCNN
本文模型
93.6
96.1
90.0
90.7
98.7
96.3
98.9
96.3
96.6
99.2
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基于CBAM-STCN的齿轮箱故障智能诊断方法
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万志国 , 王治国 , 赵伟 , 窦益华
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(9): 3760-3768
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(9): 3760-3768
基于CBAM-STCN的齿轮箱故障智能诊断方法
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万志国 , 王治国, 赵伟, 窦益华
作者信息
  • 西安石油大学机械工程学院, 西安 710000
  • 万志国(1988—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机械设备状态检测与故障诊断、油气井管柱力学及完整性评价。E-mail:

Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method for Gearboxes Based on CBAM-STCN
Zhi-guo WAN , Zhi-guo WANG, Wei ZHAO, Yi-hua DOU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402367
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针对齿轮箱在多种工况下故障特征存在差异,故障诊断易受噪声干扰,导致故障诊断模型泛化性差和识别准确率低的问题,提出一种端到端的具有混合注意力机制和软阈值化特点的时间卷积神经网络(convolutional block attention module-sparse temporal convolutional network with soft thresholding, CBAM-STCN)齿轮箱故障诊断模型识别分类方法。首先,利用希尔伯特变换将齿轮故障振动信号转换为包络谱信号;然后,将其输入CBAM-STCN故障诊断模型中;该模型嵌入的混合注意力机制模块(convolutional block attention module, CBAM),能够自适应学习通道和空间注意力的权重,提取与故障特征相关的敏感信息;嵌入的软阈值函数能够最小化模型输出和原输入之间的差异;最后,利用所提出的方法对两种工况、不同类型的齿轮故障进行识别分类。结果表明:CBAM-STCN故障诊断模型对齿轮故障智能诊断的平均准确率为98.95%。该方法对于齿轮箱故障的智能诊断具有一定的参考价值。

齿轮箱  /  故障智能诊断  /  混合注意力机制  /  软阈值化  /  时间卷积神经网络

For gearboxes, variations in fault characteristics under different operating conditions, susceptibility to noise interference in fault diagnosis, lead to poor generalization and low recognition accuracy of fault diagnosis models. An end-to-end convolutional block attention module-sparse temporal convolutional network with soft thresholding(CBAM-STCN) was proposed for gearbox fault diagnosis. Firstly, the Hilbert transform was employed to convert the gear fault vibration signal into an envelope spectrum signal. Then, this signal was input into the CBAM-STCN fault diagnosis model. The model integrates a hybrid attention mechanism module, the convolutional block attention module (CBAM), which adaptively learns the weights of channel and spatial attention to extract information sensitive to fault features. The embedded soft thresholding function minimizes the discrepancy between the model’s output and the original input. Finally, the proposed method was utilized to identify and classify various types of gear faults under two different conditions. The results indicate that the CBAM-STCN model achieves an average accuracy of 98.95% in intelligent gear fault diagnosis, demonstrating its potential value for gearbox fault diagnosis.

gearbox  /  intelligent fault diagnosis  /  convolutional block attention module(CBAM)  /  soft thresholding  /  temporal convolutional network(TCN)
万志国, 王治国, 赵伟, 窦益华. 基于CBAM-STCN的齿轮箱故障智能诊断方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3760 -3768 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402367
Zhi-guo WAN, Zhi-guo WANG, Wei ZHAO, Yi-hua DOU. Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Method for Gearboxes Based on CBAM-STCN[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3760 -3768 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402367
齿轮箱是现代机械设备的重要组成部分,已广泛应用于各个工业领域[1]。齿轮箱以其重量轻、传动范围大、效率高等特殊性能在机械传动系统中发挥着重要作用[2]。齿轮箱包含齿轮、滚动轴承、传动轴和其他部件[3],在长时间运转时,尤其是在高速重载的条件下,十分容易产生故障[4]。对于规模较大、自动化程度较高的设备,当齿轮箱发生故障,会造成严重的停工停产。因此,为了有效减少设备维修成本并防止突发性事故发生,对齿轮箱故障诊断的研究是至关重要的[5]
目前,具有自适应学习特性的深度学习神经网络模型已经被广泛应用于齿轮箱故障诊断[6],而且基于深度学习的网络模型具有较强的直接特征提取能力[7]。其中基于深度学习的网络模型,如时间卷积网络(temporal convolutional network,TCN)、深度自编码器(denoising auto encoder,DAE)、循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)、深度信念网络(deep belief network,DBN)、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)等已经成功应用到旋转机械的故障诊断[8]
Li等[9]提出了一种将时间卷积神经网络与软阈值算法(spatial attention module-temporal convolutional network with soft thresholding,SAM-TCNST)相结合的齿轮箱故障智能识别方法,识别准确率较高,但是需要对原始振动信号进行处理,不能实现端到端的齿轮箱故障诊断。李莎等[10]提出了一种软阈值化的时间卷积神经网络(soft thresholding-temporal convolutional network,ST-TCN),网络结构简单,收敛速度快,但是忽略了注意力机制模块,不能处理不同尺度的信息。吕卫民等[11]提出了一种基于时间卷积神经网络(TCN)和轻量级梯度提升机(light gradient boosting machine,LGBM)的故障诊断网络模型,在故障数据训练时序逻辑的基础上结合LGBM模型对特征进行快速分类,但是在注意力机制中只考虑了通道注意力机制,而没有考虑空间注意力机制。张璐莹等[12]提出了利用基于注意力时间卷积网络和双向门控循环单元对轴承进行故障诊断,能够有效识别轴承故障类型,但是没有利用软阈值化去除所提取特征中的噪声。Zhang等[13]提出了一种注意机制增强时间卷积网络(attention mechanism enhanced-temporal convolutional network,AME-TCN)的故障诊断模型,利用注意力机制区分不同监测变量的重要性,提高了TCN对故障诊断的性能,但是同样没有利用软阈值化消除噪声的影响。Zhu等[14]提出了一种基于加权对抗网络改进的卷积块注意模块(CBAM),用于部分域自适应齿轮箱故障诊断,诊断准确率较高,但是没有考虑软阈值化。Wang等[15]提出了一种集成卷积块注意模块(CBAM)的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。将CBAM嵌入到深度残差网络中,增强了图像的特征提取,具有较高的准确率,但是同样忽略了软阈值化。Zhan等[16]提出了一种基于注意机制和大规模卷积的神经网络模型。将预处理后的图像输入网络中进行特征提取,分类准确率较高,但是也没有考虑软阈值化。
基于此,由于TCN在不同数据集上的表现比传统神经网络更优秀,而且内存利用率高,可以同时执行卷积,拥有可调整的感受野以及梯度平稳性。因此,现基于TCN模型,在网络结构中引入Dropout层,减少卷积神经网络神经元数量,提升模型的鲁棒性。对TCN的残差结构进行优化,选用Activation和LeakyReLU作为激活函数,引入正则化损失函数,防止过拟合,增强模型的泛化能力。其次,在TCN中嵌入混合注意力模块(CBAM),包括通道注意力模块和空间注意力模块。混合注意力模块不仅结构简单,而且能通过动态调整每个通道内和空间位置上的加权系数,突出关注目标的细节信息,减少特征提取中的冗余信息,提高模型的拟合精度和自适应性。同时,利用软阈值化消除所提取特征相关的噪声信息,提高模型故障诊断的准确率。
时间卷积神经网络(TCN)是一种可以对时间序列数据进行处理的神经网络架构,与传统的卷积神经网络相比,它可以更有效地提取时序数据的特征[17]。在TCN的网络结构中,采用因果卷积提取时间序列数据中的特征,能够使网络层间具有因果关系,实现时序建模。通过扩张因果卷积扩大感受野,一个卷积能够学习到更多的特征,可以适应不同尺度的时间依赖关系。引入残差连接能够增加TCN层数,有效解决梯度消失和爆炸问题,保持稳定的网络性能[18]
与传统卷积神经网络相比,因果卷积是单向结构,必须利用下一层t时刻之前的数据得到上一层t时刻的数据,这样不仅能保证TCN因果性,而且也能保证TCN具有严格的时间约束[19]。在输入网络中的序列X={x0,x1,…,xt-1,xt,…}中,t时刻的输出yi(i=0,1,…,t)只能利用当前时刻的xt和之前时刻输入x0,x1,…,xt-1计算得到。此外,在输入序列左侧进行零填充可以保证网络结构中的输入张量与输出张量具有相同的长度[20]。因果卷积原理如图1所示。
传统卷积神经网络对于长时序数据的特征信息提取能力不强,必须要增加卷积层数。为了有效地解决依赖关系问题,使得TCN网络具有更大的感受野,扩张因果卷积可以在不增加参数和模型复杂度的前提下,利用指数增长的间隔采样来增大感受野[21]。扩张因果卷积原理如图2所示。
其中,扩张因子d是采样率的影响因素。最底层d=1表示每个时间点进行采样作为输入,隐藏层d=2表示每隔一个时间点进行采样作为输入,最顶层d=4表示每隔3个时间点进行采样作为输入。对于输入的齿轮箱数据集序列X={x0,x1,…,xt-1,xt,…},其中xi为列向量,i∈[1,n];过滤器F=(f1,f2,…,fk),在t时刻的卷积运算F
F(xt)=(XdF)(xt)=$\stackrel{K}{\sum _{k=1}}$fkxt-d(K-k)
式(1)中:d为扩张因子;k为卷积核大小,k=1,2,…,K;上一层第t-di个元素可用t-di表示,感受野N
N=1+(k-1)$\frac{{b}^{n}-1}{b-1}$
式(2)中:b为扩张基数;扩张因子d=bi, i=1,2,…,n),n为层数。
根据图2,当卷积核大小为3时,扩张因子为[1,2,4]时t时刻的输出yi依赖输入{x0,x1,…,xt-1,xt},此时感受野能够完全涵盖输入序列中的所有值。
TCN接受域受扩张因子、滤波器大小和网络深度的影响,而且在网络层数增多的过程中,会出现梯度消失或梯度爆炸的情况。所以必须要加入残差模块,简化深层网络的训练,使深层网络运行稳定,保持较好的性能[22]。残差模块如图3所示。
通过残差连接,将输入数据x与模型输出F(x)进行加权融合,生成TCN输出o。其计算公式如式(3)所示。

o=Activation[x+F(x)]

式(3)中:Activation为激活函数,并且选用LeakyReLU激活函数对TCN残差结构进行优化,将所有的负值施加一个非零斜率。其表示方式如式(4)所示。
yi=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{i}\begin{array}{ll},& {x}_{i}>0\end{array}\\ \frac{{x}_{i}}{{a}_{i}}\begin{array}{ll},& {x}_{i}\le 0\end{array}\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:ai为(1,+∞)区间内的固定参数。在负值区域LeakyReLU拥有比较小的正斜率,这样就会使得尽管输入负值,同样可以进行反向传播,并且同时保留了ReLU激活函数的优点。
混合注意力机制(CBAM)包括通道注意力机制和空间注意力机制,CAM(channel attention module)模块执行通道注意力,SAM(spatial attention momodu)模块执行空间注意力[23]。CBAM通过串联方式将通道和空间注意力机制结合在一起,全方位关注输入特征的通道和空间两个方面。它使用空间注意力机制来定位目标区域,获取权重进行调整,通过通道注意力机制优化卷积通道之间的资源分配,提升目标区域的特征表现能力,提升TCN对输入数据的关注程度,从而提高模型性能[24]。CBAM网络框架如图4所示。
图4可以看出,通道注意力机制就是将向量化卷积层输出的特征F,经过全局最大池化和全局平均池化后分别得到FmaxFavg,之后将FmaxFavg经过多层感知器(multilayer perceptron,MLP)处理得到两个特征向量,将两个特征向量相加并经过激活函数Sigmoid重新分配一个新的权重,获得输入特征层中每一个通道的权值,其表达方式如式(5)所示。

MC(F)=β{MLP[AvgPool(F)]+MLP[MaxPool(F)]}

=β{W1[W0(Fmax)]+W1[W0(Favg)]}

式(5)中:W0W1为MLP的权重,并且共享输入;MLP为多层感知机;β为Sigmoid函数,表达方式如式(6)所示。
β(x)=$\frac{1}{1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-x}}$
对于空间注意力机制的输入是通道注意力模块特征F',通过全局最大池化和全局平均池化后分别得到F'maxF'avg两个特征向量,然后对F'maxF'avg两个特征向量进行卷积操作,通过激活函数Sigmoid将每个特征重新分配权重。其表达方式如式(7)所示。

Ms(F)=β(f6×6{[AvgPool(F);MaxPool(F)]})=β(f6×6{[F'avg;F'max]})

式(7)中:f6×6表示滤波器大小为6×6的卷积操作。混合注意力机制就是将通道注意力模块中的输入F与经过通道注意力机制得出的特征图MC相乘,并串联空间注意力模块中的输入F'。最终,将其与经过空间注意力机制得到的特征图MS相乘,得到最终的F″。其表达方式如式(8)所示。

F″=MS(FMC+F')

软阈值化是一种非线性变化,它能够保留正面和负面的特征,并将近似于零的特征值设为零。所以关键信息都得以保留,并可去除与噪声相关的特征。软阈值函数是将输入x绝对值小于阈值τ的特征删除,将绝对值大于τ的特征朝着零的方向进行收缩[25]。其表达方式如式(9)所示。
y=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}x-\tau,& x>\tau \\ 0,& -\tau \le x\le \tau \\ x+\tau,& x<\tau \end{array}\right.$
对软阈值化函数求导得
$\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}$=$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& x>\tau \\ 0,& -\tau \le x\le \tau \\ 1,& x<-\tau \end{array}\right.$
式中:x为卷积层在网络中提取的特征;y为通过后端输出的特征;τ为阈值。由式(10)可以看出,软阈值函数的导数只有0和1两种取值。软阈值函数如图5所示。
图5可以看出,在区间[-τ,τ]设置的值为零,通过调节τ,软阈值可以将任意区间的特征值设置为零。因此,绝对值小于阈值τ的特征和噪声等相关特征能够被软阈值化有效去除。
不同工况下齿轮箱的故障特征不同,并且在采集齿轮振动信号时会受到噪声干扰。这些噪声会对齿轮箱故障诊断产生影响,导致故障特征难以准确提取,降低识别效果和准确率。因此,过滤无效信息显得尤为重要,对于特征提取的注意力程度不同,需要设置不同的阈值来满足提取特征的不同通道。因此本文提出了一种端到端具有混合注意力机制和软阈值化特点的时间卷积神经网络(CBAM-STCN)齿轮箱故障诊断模型。
在基本TCN模块中,因为有效的故障特征会被全局平均池化层忽略,造成局部故障特征信息丢失。当全连接层接收到所获得信息时,不能将与故障有关的信息进行有效的合理组合。因此,为了提高故障诊断准确率,TCN需要增强对局部特征信息的提取能力,通过充分表示特征,更准确地捕获数据中的信息,提高模型的性能和泛化能力。
在基本TCN模块中第二个扩张因果卷积层后嵌入CBAM注意力机制模块,通过CBAM模块自适应地学习通道注意力和空间注意力的权重,提高诊断模型的特征表达能力,进一步获取局部有效信息,抓取与故障特征相关的信息。其可以看作成是在不同维度上捕获特征之间的相关性,从而提高模型性能。在基本TCN模块中引入软阈值函数,保留有效的特征。阈值函数利用注意力机制训练的自网络进行自适应学习,阈值不是确定值。在TCN的结构中创建一个子网络,该子网络经过注意力机制进行训练。在训练过程中,通过优化来动态调整阈值函数的值,以减少模型输出与原始输入之间的差异。基本TCN模块如图6所示。
TCN模块主要包含两个扩张因果卷积层,一个CBAM模块,一个GAP(global average pooling)层,两个全连接层和软阈值化。该模块将BN和LeakyReLU函数置于扩张因果卷积层之前,采用了预激活残差方法,LeakyReLU激活函数,优化了零梯度问题,使得优化过程更加稳定。
提出的CBAM-STCN网络整体结构由输入层、卷积层、最大池化层、3个基本TCN模块、全局平均池化层和全连接层组成,CBAM-STCN网络整体结构如图7所示。
提出的CBAM-STCN网络各个结构层参数如表1所示。
基于CBAM-STCN的端到端智能诊断方法,模型的诊断流程如图8所示,具体步骤如下。
步骤1 利用希尔伯特变换对采集的齿轮箱振动信号进行转换,由时域数据转换为包络谱数据。
步骤2 将包络谱数据划分为训练集和测试集,并且将它们输入到本文模型中进行训练。
步骤3 利用本文模型提取的故障特征验证测试数据集,评估故障识别分类的性能。
实验采用的是东南大学齿轮箱数据集。该数据集是基于动力传动故障诊断试验台(drivetrain dynamic simulator,DDS)收集的齿轮箱故障数据集[26]
该数据集包含5种类型的齿轮数据,包括1种健康类型和4种故障类型。故障种类有缺陷(Chipped,齿轮上有裂纹)、断齿(Miss,齿轮上有断齿)、齿根磨损(Root,齿根上有裂纹)和齿面磨损(Surface,齿轮表面有磨损),故障类型如表2所示。
在该数据集中,包括两种工况,分别为速度20 Hz(1 200 r/min)-空载0 V(0 N·m)和速度30 Hz(1 800 r/min)-负载2 V(7.32 N·m)[27],用于验证故障诊断模型在不同工况下的泛化能力。
对于每一个工况取2 048个采样点作为一个采样样本,每个工况采集5 000个独立样本,其中每个工况下每一种类型的齿轮采集1 000个独立样本。此数据集的齿轮故障诊断是一个五分类任务,对于采集的每个工况下5 000个独立样本,将时域数据利用希尔伯特变换[28]转换为包络谱数据,突出故障频率、减少噪声干扰、增强故障特征以及简化故障诊断分析过程。将4 000个样本用作训练集,1 000个样本用作测试集,进行100轮迭代训练。
将本文模型(CBAM-STCN)与卷积神经网络(CNN)、深度残差网络(residual network,ResNet)、深度学习模型(LeNet)以及改进卷积神经网络(deep convolutional neural network,DCNN)进行对比。由实验结果可以得到,本文模型在识别分类准确率方面高于其他4种方法。在速度20 Hz(1 200 r/min)-空载0 V (0 N·m)的工况下,本文模型比CNN和DCNN分别提高了5.1%和8%,比ResNet和LeNet分别提高了2.6%和8.7%。在速度30 Hz(1 800 r/min)-负载2 V(7.32 N·m)的工况下,本文模型比CNN和DCNN提高了分别2.9%和2.6%,比ResNet和LeNet分别提高了0.3%和2.9%。两种工况下本文模型比CNN和DCNN平均提高了4%和5.3%,比ResNet和LeNet平均提高了1.45%和5.8%。实验结果如表3所示。
通过本文模型与CNN、ResNet、LeNet和DCNN在两种工况下齿轮故障分类准确率的对比,可以得出本文模型与上述4种诊断模型相比具有更好的自适应性和泛化能力。
本文模型与CNN、ResNet、LeNet和DCNN在两种工况下测试集的分类准确率如图9图10所示。
图9图10可以看出,在20 Hz-0 V工况下,相比于其他4种诊断模型,本文模型在第16次迭代,测试集的准确率就达到了91.4%,并且在第50次迭代,测试集的准确率达到98.7%并趋于平稳。
在30 Hz-2 V工况下,本文模型在第14次迭代,测试集的准确率就达到了92.4%,并且在第60次迭代,测试集的准确率达到99.2%并趋于平稳。在两种工况下,本文模型与CNN、ResNet、LeNet和DCNN相比收敛速度更快,并且拥有更好的泛化能力以及更高的故障识别分类准确率。
本文模型与CNN、ResNet、LeNet和DCNN在两种工况下测试集的平均损失如图11图12所示。
图11图12可以看出,在20 Hz-0 V工况下,相比于其他四种诊断模型,本文模型在第22次迭代,测试集的平均损失达到了12.1%,并且在第48次迭代,测试集的平均损失降低至2.3%并趋于平稳。在30 Hz-2 V工况下,本文模型在第24次迭代,测试集的平均损失达到了5.5%,并且在第58次迭代,测试集的平均损失降低至2.8%并趋于平稳。本文模型在两种工况下相比于CNN、ResNet、LeNet和DCNN测试集的平均损失下降速率明显更快,而且最终测试集的平均损失明显低于上述4种故障诊断模型。
通过特征提取、降维与可视化,能够从原始数据中提取出关键特征、降低数据维度,并且实现对数据的有效可视化。利用t-SNE对原始数据和经过模型训练特征进行可视化处理,其中未训练特征可视化和训练后特征可视化如图13图14所示。图中蓝色表示Health(齿轮健康),绿色表示Chipped(齿轮上有裂纹),青色表示Miss(齿轮上有断齿),紫色表示Root(齿根上有裂纹),橙色表示Surface(齿轮表面有磨损)。
图13图14可以看出,未经训练的5种类型齿轮数据分布混乱,经过本文模型训练之后,齿轮的五种类型分类整洁,几乎无分类错误。说明本文模型能够成功捕捉两种工况下齿轮在正常与故障状态下的差异,能够准确地将相似的样本聚集在一起,具有较好的泛化能力,并且拥有较高的齿轮箱故障识别准确率。
为了更准确地评估齿轮在两种不同工况下故障的分类准确率,引入混淆矩阵进一步量化和可视化故障诊断模型的性能。两种工况下故障诊断模型五分类输出的混淆矩阵如图15图16所示。
其中,横坐标与纵坐标的Health(齿轮健康)、Chipped(齿轮上有裂纹)、Miss(齿轮上有断齿)、Root(齿根上有裂纹)、Surface(齿轮表面有磨损)表示齿轮的5种类型,色标刻度轴0~1表示类别识别准确率为0%~100%。由图15图16可以看出,本文模型在两种工况5种齿轮类型的分类中,对于齿轮健康状态与齿轮上有裂纹类型的分类准确率为100%,对于其余3种齿轮类型分类的准确率几乎为100%,因此本文模型具有良好的故障诊断性能。
针对齿轮箱在多种工况下故障特征存在差异,故障诊断受噪声干扰,导致故障诊断模型泛化性差和识别准确率低的问题。提出了一种具有混合注意力机制和软阈值化特点的时间卷积神经网络(CBAM-STCN)齿轮箱故障诊断模型。通过理论与实验研究得出如下结论。
(1)利用本文模型对齿轮箱进行故障特征提取与智能故障诊断,实现了齿轮箱端到端的智能诊断。
(2)利用本文模型进行齿轮箱故障诊断,故障诊断平均准确率达到了98.95%,相比于其他诊断模型,本文模型诊断准确率和效率最高。
(3)本文模型在齿轮箱不同工况下展现出了良好的适用性和泛化能力,为齿轮箱故障诊断提供了可靠的解决方案。
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JQ-412)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402367
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
  • 修回日期:2024-12-06
基金
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2022JQ-412)
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    西安石油大学机械工程学院, 西安 710000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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