Article(id=1149781955308381084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403655, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=1735142400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058980061, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058980061, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058980061, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058980061, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3573, endPage=3583, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781955581010845, articleId=1149781955308381084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Genesis Analysis of Low Resistivity Reservoir in Guantao Formation of CFD6-4 Oilfield, Bohai Sea, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the current situation of unclear understanding of the genesis of the low resistivity oil layer in Guantao Formation of CFD6-4 oilfield in Bohai Sea, the microscopic and macroscopic genetic mechanism of the low resistivity oil layer was systematically analyzed by using clay mineral analysis, scanning electron microscope, particle size analysis, heavy mineral analysis, core nuclear magnetic resonance and other data combined with the study of sedimentary evolution. The research shows that the low resistivity oil layer is rich in clay minerals compared with the conventional resistivity oil layer. The illite mixed layer and illite layer are bridged to fill the pores to form a conductive network. The clay minerals distributed in the porous network fully contact with the formation water to produce cation exchange, forming the microgenesis of the low resistivity oil layer. The complex pore structure leads to high capillary bound water porosity, which also leads to lower oil saturation in low resistivity reservoirs, which constitutes another cause of formation of low resistivity reservoirs. Low-resistance oil reservoirs in the study area are mainly developed at the end of the half-cycle of the rise of the medium-term base level. On the whole, the river energy is weak, and the sand-carrying capacity is reduced. For example, the fine-grained sediment of clay minerals is gradually enriched, and the increase of the proportion of fine-grained sediment causes the complexity of the pore structure of the reservoir, and the increase of the bound water saturation, which constitutes the macro cause of the development of low-resistance oil reservoirs.

, correspAuthors=Xu-wei BIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xu-wei BIE, Bai-chuan LIU, Wen-yi ZHANG, Sheng-guo DANG, Shan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781995368177710, articleId=1149781955308381084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=渤海海域曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组低阻油层成因分析, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对渤海海域曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组低阻油层成因认识不清的现状,利用黏土矿物分析、扫描电镜、粒度分析、重矿物分析、岩心核磁共振等资料并结合沉积演化研究对低阻油层微观、宏观成因机理进行系统分析。研究表明,低阻油层与常规电阻率油层相比富含较多的黏土矿物,伊蒙混层、伊利石层呈搭桥状充填孔隙形成导电网络,多孔网状分布的黏土矿物与地层水充分接触产生阳离子交换作用,构成低阻油层的微观成因;复杂的孔隙结构导致了高毛管束缚水孔隙度,这也会使低阻油层具有更低的含油饱和度,构成低阻油层的另一成因;研究区低阻油层主要发育于中期基准面上升半旋回末期,整体上河水能量较弱,携砂能力降低,诸如黏土矿物细粒沉积物逐渐富集,细粒沉积物比重增加引起储层孔隙结构复杂化、束缚水饱和度增高,构成低阻油层发育的宏观成因。

, correspAuthors=别旭伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6eeSD+rCXvjIYHbBR3v2tQ==, magXml=48oIgDKr3jrAC28faVPivQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=x7p8YRt0bmAqT0rVFeTOqg==, pdfFileSize=27343180, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZpjO/gnBJ/9PZRg/FAau6w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IE4yYn1cZjkDvZhZGH61uQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

别旭伟(1982—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:沉积、储层及开发地质综合。E-mail:

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别旭伟(1982—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:沉积、储层及开发地质综合。E-mail:

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别旭伟(1982—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:沉积、储层及开发地质综合。E-mail:

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SP为自然电位;GR为自然伽马;RD、RS分别表示深、浅侧向电阻率;Tg为低阻油层气测全量;C1为甲烷体积含量;C2为乙烷体积含量;C3为丙烷体积含量

, figureFileSmall=lH4i8W9EOnKbhQfgvD/WWA==, figureFileBig=nstCacftrqq026c//sSYeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249371635987146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955308381084, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sedimentary microfacies types and logging facies characteristics of Guantao Formation in CFD6-4 oilfield, figureFileSmall=cY6QgEwbTpza6Ja0Qn0k6A==, figureFileBig=Ll8E4hm2lS4KDTnU7fVwKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249371715678932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955308381084, language=CN, label=图3, caption=曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组沉积微相类型与测井相特征, figureFileSmall=cY6QgEwbTpza6Ja0Qn0k6A==, figureFileBig=Ll8E4hm2lS4KDTnU7fVwKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249371828925146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955308381084, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sand-body stacking style and sedimentary evolution law of Guantao Formation in CFD6-4 oilfield, figureFileSmall=MCvBUlh1EsJATNNZbJsmqw==, figureFileBig=xS2qRYKgcLlmRIKBV8/PBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249371992503008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955308381084, language=CN, label=图4, caption=曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组砂体叠置样式与沉积演化规律

A/S表示可容纳空间和沉积物供给量比值

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CFD6-4-B1井,2 797.75 m,核磁束缚水饱和度40.4%

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Heavy mineral analysis statistics of typical samples of low resistivity oil layer and conventional resistivity oil layer in Guantao Formation of CFD6-4 oilfield

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
来源
含量/%
锆石













硬绿
泥石
石榴
子石
绿



绿




绿








常规
油层
5.0 0.0 0.0 84.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
低阻
油层
5.9 0.0 0.0 83.2 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1251249375045956468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955308381084, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组低阻油层与常规电阻率油层典型样品重矿物分析统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品
来源
含量/%
锆石













硬绿
泥石
石榴
子石
绿



绿




绿








常规
油层
5.0 0.0 0.0 84.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
低阻
油层
5.9 0.0 0.0 83.2 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1251249375167591297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955308381084, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis and test statistics of formation water in Guantao Formation of CFD6-4 oilfield

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
油组 (Na++K+)/
(mg·L-1)
Ca2+/
(mg·L-1)
Mg2+/
(mg·L-1)
Cl-/
(mg·L-1)
S${\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-}$/
(mg·L-1)
HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$/
(mg·L-1)
C${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{2-}$/
(mg·L-1)
总矿化度/
(mg·L-1)
1 596.84 55.54 10.82 1 986.27 20.75 757.32 0.00 4 427.54
1 339.25 50.00 6.51 1 649.38 9.16 701.25 39.74 3 795.29
1 790.35 84.21 20.36 2 400.31 31.25 860.35 35.36 5 222.19
1 410.21 63.36 15.45 1 700.25 18.65 630.59 0.00 3 838.51
1 600.31 50.15 35.12 1 869.39 20.36 730.28 15.69 4 321.30
1 356.75 50.90 6.04 1 640.86 4.59 717.63 46.08 3 822.85
1 598.63 60.13 8.54 1 710.35 10.53 695.46 0.00 4 083.64
2 000.36 48.56 36.36 2 569.63 28.47 830.56 35.56 5 549.50
), ArticleFig(id=1251249375264060293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781955308381084, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组地层水分析化验统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
油组 (Na++K+)/
(mg·L-1)
Ca2+/
(mg·L-1)
Mg2+/
(mg·L-1)
Cl-/
(mg·L-1)
S${\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-}$/
(mg·L-1)
HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$/
(mg·L-1)
C${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{2-}$/
(mg·L-1)
总矿化度/
(mg·L-1)
1 596.84 55.54 10.82 1 986.27 20.75 757.32 0.00 4 427.54
1 339.25 50.00 6.51 1 649.38 9.16 701.25 39.74 3 795.29
1 790.35 84.21 20.36 2 400.31 31.25 860.35 35.36 5 222.19
1 410.21 63.36 15.45 1 700.25 18.65 630.59 0.00 3 838.51
1 600.31 50.15 35.12 1 869.39 20.36 730.28 15.69 4 321.30
1 356.75 50.90 6.04 1 640.86 4.59 717.63 46.08 3 822.85
1 598.63 60.13 8.54 1 710.35 10.53 695.46 0.00 4 083.64
2 000.36 48.56 36.36 2 569.63 28.47 830.56 35.56 5 549.50
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渤海海域曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组低阻油层成因分析
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别旭伟 1, 2 , 刘百川 2 , 张文艺 3 , 党胜国 2 , 李珊 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(9): 3573-3583
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(9): 3573-3583
渤海海域曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组低阻油层成因分析
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别旭伟1, 2 , 刘百川2, 张文艺3, 党胜国2, 李珊2
作者信息
  • 1 油气地球化学与环境湖北省重点实验室(长江大学资源与环境学院), 武汉 430100
  • 2 中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司, 天津 300459
  • 3 长江大学地球物理与石油资源学院, 武汉 430100
  • 别旭伟(1982—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:沉积、储层及开发地质综合。E-mail:

Genesis Analysis of Low Resistivity Reservoir in Guantao Formation of CFD6-4 Oilfield, Bohai Sea
Xu-wei BIE1, 2 , Bai-chuan LIU2, Wen-yi ZHANG3, Sheng-guo DANG2, Shan LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment (Yangtze University), Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2 Tianjin Branch of Co., Ltd., CNOOC, Tianjin 300459, China
  • 3 Geophysics and Oil Resource Institute, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403655
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针对渤海海域曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组低阻油层成因认识不清的现状,利用黏土矿物分析、扫描电镜、粒度分析、重矿物分析、岩心核磁共振等资料并结合沉积演化研究对低阻油层微观、宏观成因机理进行系统分析。研究表明,低阻油层与常规电阻率油层相比富含较多的黏土矿物,伊蒙混层、伊利石层呈搭桥状充填孔隙形成导电网络,多孔网状分布的黏土矿物与地层水充分接触产生阳离子交换作用,构成低阻油层的微观成因;复杂的孔隙结构导致了高毛管束缚水孔隙度,这也会使低阻油层具有更低的含油饱和度,构成低阻油层的另一成因;研究区低阻油层主要发育于中期基准面上升半旋回末期,整体上河水能量较弱,携砂能力降低,诸如黏土矿物细粒沉积物逐渐富集,细粒沉积物比重增加引起储层孔隙结构复杂化、束缚水饱和度增高,构成低阻油层发育的宏观成因。

渤海海域  /  馆陶组  /  低阻油层  /  核磁共振  /  沉积演化

In view of the current situation of unclear understanding of the genesis of the low resistivity oil layer in Guantao Formation of CFD6-4 oilfield in Bohai Sea, the microscopic and macroscopic genetic mechanism of the low resistivity oil layer was systematically analyzed by using clay mineral analysis, scanning electron microscope, particle size analysis, heavy mineral analysis, core nuclear magnetic resonance and other data combined with the study of sedimentary evolution. The research shows that the low resistivity oil layer is rich in clay minerals compared with the conventional resistivity oil layer. The illite mixed layer and illite layer are bridged to fill the pores to form a conductive network. The clay minerals distributed in the porous network fully contact with the formation water to produce cation exchange, forming the microgenesis of the low resistivity oil layer. The complex pore structure leads to high capillary bound water porosity, which also leads to lower oil saturation in low resistivity reservoirs, which constitutes another cause of formation of low resistivity reservoirs. Low-resistance oil reservoirs in the study area are mainly developed at the end of the half-cycle of the rise of the medium-term base level. On the whole, the river energy is weak, and the sand-carrying capacity is reduced. For example, the fine-grained sediment of clay minerals is gradually enriched, and the increase of the proportion of fine-grained sediment causes the complexity of the pore structure of the reservoir, and the increase of the bound water saturation, which constitutes the macro cause of the development of low-resistance oil reservoirs.

Bohai Sea  /  Guantao Formation  /  low resistance oil reservoirs  /  nuclear magnetic resonance  /  sedimentary evolution
别旭伟, 刘百川, 张文艺, 党胜国, 李珊. 渤海海域曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组低阻油层成因分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3573 -3583 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403655
Xu-wei BIE, Bai-chuan LIU, Wen-yi ZHANG, Sheng-guo DANG, Shan LI. Genesis Analysis of Low Resistivity Reservoir in Guantao Formation of CFD6-4 Oilfield, Bohai Sea[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3573 -3583 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403655
随着储层流体识别技术与实验室岩心分析化验方法的不断丰富与完善,越来越多的低阻油层被发现并成为渤海油田重要的开发目标,蓬莱19-3油田、秦皇岛32-6油田、曹妃甸11-6油田等低阻储量相继投入开发,具有巨大的开发潜力[1-3]。近年来,国内外众多学者针对低阻油层识别、成因机理与分布预测展开研究,在思路与方法上主要立足于岩心分析化验资料,对比低阻油层与常规电阻率油层的岩性、地层水矿化度、束缚水饱和度等特征上的差异寻找成因[4-7]。肖圣东[4]从低阻油层特征分析出发,查明了沉积相带和黏土矿物类型、含量、分布形式共同控制了低阻油层的发育;印森林等[5]、许赛男等[6]通过对研究区样品孔隙网络与束缚水分析后认为孔隙结构复杂导致的高束缚水饱和度是普遍微观成因;胡向阳等[7]认为复杂孔隙结构、较细岩石粒度、高束缚水饱和度、高含量且条带状分布泥质是引起珠江口盆地文昌X-2油田低阻油层形成的主要微观成因。随着研究的深入,视角扩展到沉积环境差异与演变对低阻油层发育的影响与控制[8-10]。吴嘉鹏[8]认为低幅构造引起的低成藏高度是低阻油层发育的有利宏观背景;何启航[9]研究表明宏观上沉积环境控制了低阻油层的形成,沉积旋回顶部的物性较差部位是低阻油层优势发育位置;刘宗宾等[10]研究认为低阻油层的形成主要受低能沉积环境控制,另外低构造幅度也是低阻油层形成的次要因素。
曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组蕴含丰富的低阻油层储量,探明地质储量超1 000万t,但其成因研究尚未成体系,海上油田较少的取心资料在一定程度上也制约了研究的深入。现以实验室分析化验资料为基础并结合核磁共振测井数据连续性的优点深入研究低阻油层微观成因,通过沉积相与沉积环境演化分析查明低阻油层形成的宏观控制因素,为后续渤海低阻油层的地质评价提供指导。
曹妃甸6-4油田位于渤海湾盆地海域北部二级构造单元石臼坨凸起西段陡坡带,主力含油层系为东营组、馆陶组与明化镇组。渤海湾盆地馆陶组广泛发育河流相沉积[11],岩心及铸体薄片分析表明研究区馆陶组储层岩性为中-细粒长石岩屑砂岩与岩屑长石砂岩,自然伽马曲线呈箱形、钟形,粒度分析呈两段式,以跳跃、悬浮次总体为主,属于典型的辫状河储层,油田低阻油层发育于馆陶组Ⅳ油组顶部的辫状河储层,地质储量丰富,具有极大的开发潜力(图1)。
图2所示,研究区低阻油层发育于馆陶组Ⅳ油组8小层,共有6口井钻遇该套低阻油层,整体上看,低阻油层与常规电阻率油层相比具有电阻率绝对值低与对比度低的特点,气测录井和岩屑荧光显示与常规电阻率油层、水层区分度明显。低阻油层电阻率介于1.7~6.6 Ω·m,平均值3.8 Ω·m,与其处于同一沉积环境并储层连通的水层电阻率介于2.5~5.4 Ω·m,平均值3.6 Ω·m;而分布于馆陶组常规电阻率油层电阻率介于18.5~36.8 Ω·m,平均值30.2 Ω·m,与其处于同一沉积环境并储层连通的水层电阻率介于2.6~18.0 Ω·m,平均值9.0 Ω·m。气测录井显示低阻油层气测全量(Tg)介于3%~10%,岩屑荧光面积20%~40%,气测显示与岩屑荧光比常规油层差,与相邻水层区分度较高。
宏观沉积背景在一定程度上决定了含油气储层的物性、岩性、电性等特征,低阻油层的诸多微观成因与宏观沉积演化、差异具有密切联系,独特的宏观构造、沉积背景是低阻油层形成与发育的根本原因[11-12]。通过对研究区构造圈闭幅度、储层沉积演化与储层微量元素综合分析,查明馆陶组低阻油层宏观成因。
曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组圈闭构造形态为背斜、断背斜构造,各油组构造特征在纵向上有一定的继承性,构造闭合幅度介于15.5~19.3 m,平均为16.7 m。油层在圈闭内运移及聚集的过程就是毛管力与油水密度差影响油柱重力的平衡过程,在相同油水性质和孔隙结构下油藏构造幅度直接影响储层含油饱和度,引起油层电阻率的变化[13],所研究油田低阻油层与常规电阻率油层的构造幅度相差不大,表明二者在油气二次运移阶段成藏动力并无显著差异,所以研究区构造幅度特征不是引起低阻油层发育的主要因素。
曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组整体发育辫状河沉积,辫状河储层测井相可识别出“箱形”“钟形”“箱形-钟形组合”和“低幅齿形”4种类型(图3)。“箱形”测井相在馆陶组上部与下部普遍发育,为单期或多期心滩砂体相互叠置而成,自然伽马曲线贴近砂岩基线,平直稳定,心滩体(或复合体)厚度介于10~60 m,横向上广泛发育且连续性较好;“钟形”测井相在馆陶组局部发育,为单期次辫状河河道沉积,向上逐渐过渡为废弃河道与泛滥平原沉积,横向上常与心滩坝伴生;“箱形-钟形组合”为心滩与辫状河道叠置沉积,馆陶组局部发育;“低幅齿形”测井相在馆陶组广泛发育,岩性录井显示为厚层泥岩,为区域性洪泛作用形成的泛滥平原沉积。
研究区馆陶组辫状河砂体在层内与层间相互切叠、叠置,普遍存在单层厚度大的特征。通过对录井资料分析和测井曲线标定查明各油组砂体接触关系及界面级次,主要将砂体接触方式归纳为单独型、接触型、切叠型和多期叠置型(图4)。单独型与接触型为单一期次河道或心滩砂体稳定发育而成,测井曲线上可识别为完整的箱形、钟形测井相,单层砂体厚度相对较薄,介于5~10 m;切叠型与多期叠置型为后期水流将早期河道或心滩坝上部河漫细粒沉积几乎全部或部分冲刷带走,其中切叠型在测井曲线上可识别为箱形至钟形过渡测井相,多期叠置型在测井曲线上可识别为厚层、稳定的箱型测井相,切叠型砂体在测井曲线上可明显区分切叠界面,而多期叠置型砂体在测井曲线上难以区分,这种情况下储层流体具备垂向流动的条件,常可形成广泛发育的“泛连通体”[14]
基准面的升降变化决定了可容纳空间增加速率与沉积物供给速率的比值变化,对辫状河砂体分布规律与接触关系造成影响[15-17]。切叠型、多期叠置型主要分布在中期基准面的上升半旋回的中-下部,A/S值较小,沉积物补给充足,水动力能量最强,河道迁移迅速,砂体大面积连片分布,录井岩性指示河道砂体粒度变粗,普遍为中砂岩或中-细砂岩。随着湖平面上升,高A/S沉积地层中,河道砂体以单独型、接触型为主,这一阶段主要对应于中期基准面上升半旋回的上部。独立式分布的砂体主要在中期基准面旋回的下降半旋回,此时河水能量较弱,携砂砾量减小,录井岩性指示河道砂体粒度变细,普遍为细砂岩或粉砂岩,砂体间存在泥质隔夹层(图4)。
通过研究表明,研究区低阻油层主要发育于中期基准面上升半旋回的上部,整体上河水能量较弱,携砂能力降低,诸如黏土矿物的细粒沉积物逐渐富集,细粒沉积物比重增加引起储层孔隙结构复杂化、束缚水饱和度增高,为低阻油层的发育提供有利条件。
引起低阻油层绝对电阻率偏低或与水层区分度不高的微观成因诸多,如储层黏土矿物成分与含量的特殊性、导电矿物的存在、地层水矿化度差异等地质原因[5-10],或者钻井液侵入作用的工程原因[18]。通过对油田地质特征与实验室分析化验资料的分析,认为研究区低阻的成因表现在以下方面:黏土矿物含量高(特别是伊利石、伊蒙混层),储层孔隙结构复杂。
陆源碎屑沉积物中常携带诸如菱铁矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿等导电矿物,导电矿物会对油层电阻率降低起着积极的作用[19]。对研究区馆陶组Ⅰ~Ⅳ油组的310个样品重矿物分析结果表明,低阻油层与常规电阻率油层所富含的主要导电矿物(黄铁矿、磁铁矿、褐铁矿等)类型与相对含量差别不大,所以地层中导电矿物对研究区低阻油层电阻率的影响较小(表1)。
对曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组地层水化验资料分析表明,馆陶组Ⅰ~Ⅲ油组地层水总矿化度介于3 795.29~5 222.19 mg/L,馆陶组Ⅳ油组地层水总矿化度介于3 822.85~5 549.50 mg/L,由此可见,低阻油层所在油组的地层水总矿化度与常规电阻率油层所在油组地层水基本相当(表2)。因此,曹妃甸6-4油田馆陶组Ⅳ油组低阻油层电阻率与常规油层电阻率的差异并不是由地层水矿化度差异引起的,可排除该因素。
陆源碎屑岩储层中常含有黏土矿物成分,这些黏土矿物成分可对储层电阻率产生影响[1-2,4-6]。而准确判断黏土矿物对电阻率是否存在影响依赖于对各类油层的岩心(壁心)黏土矿物分析。研究油田仅在低阻油层取得岩心,其余层段并未进行取心,缺乏岩心分析数据。考虑到油田各开发井具备丰富的核磁共振测井资料,其中黏土束缚水饱和度分量与储层中黏土矿物含量存在直接关系[20],所以研究采用核磁共振测井黏土束缚水孔隙度定量反演黏土矿物含量。运用低阻油层岩心X衍射分析得到的黏土矿物含量与核磁共振黏土束缚水孔隙度进行交汇,二者存在良好线性正相关关系,相关系数达0.76(图5),利用核磁共振测井连续数据对未取心井段的黏土矿物含量进行反演,馆陶组Ⅳ油组8小层上部油层黏土束缚水孔隙度均值为4.79%,黏土矿物含量均值为6.73%;8小层下部油层黏土束缚水孔隙度均值为4.45%,核磁共振测井反算黏土矿物含量均值为6.14%,岩心实测黏土矿物含量均值为6.36%,反算值与实测值误差较小,9小层黏土束缚水孔隙度均值为1.98%,黏土矿物含量均值为1.85%。由此可见,8小层的两套低阻油层与9小层常规电阻率油层相比具有更高的黏土矿物含量,在外电场作用下,黏土矿物表面吸附的水合离子与地层水中的其他水合离子交换位置,这种阳离子交换现象使得黏土矿物产生附加导电性,低阻油层中相对多的黏土矿物引起更强的附加导电性是低阻油层的成因。
利用黏土矿物X衍射定量实验进一步分析不同类型黏土矿物的相对含量,低阻油层中不同类型黏土矿物相对含量存在差异。岩石粒间孔隙充填的黏土矿物中伊蒙混层含量占比最大,相对含量可达91.5%,伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石等黏土矿物占比相对较低,样品中不含蒙皂石;在伊蒙混层中,蒙皂石层相对含量可达90%。不同类型黏土矿物单位质量阳离子交换能力存在显著差异,其中蒙皂石阳离子交换能力最强,阳离子交换量(cation exchange capacity,CEC)可达80~150 mmol/100 g,伊利石与绿泥石阳离子交换能力居中,为10~40 mmol/100 g,高岭石阳离子交换能力最低,仅为3~15 mmol/100 g[21]。所以,黏土矿物中较高的伊蒙混层含量提高了阳离子交换量,这也是使黏土矿物产生附加导电效应的主要决定因素(图6)。
岩石样品扫描电镜分析表明黏土矿物可呈分散状、搭桥状、结网状等不同产状分散于岩石颗粒间。伊利石、伊蒙混层均匀地呈薄膜状分布颗粒表面,黏土矿物通常带有不饱和电荷,根据电中性原理必然会有等量的阳离子吸附在黏土矿物表面上以达到电性平衡,这种吸附过程是等电量的[22],伊蒙混层与绿蒙混层的多孔结构可以增大与地层水的接触面积,对地层水的束缚能力有较大的提升,产生更加充分的阳离子交换作用[图7(a)图7(b)]。也可见伊蒙混层呈“搭桥状”充填于岩石颗粒间构成网状结构,形成广泛分布的导电网络,进一步提升储层导电性能[图7(c)图7(d)]。
储层岩性细、孔喉分布不均一会使孔隙结构复杂化,孔隙结构复杂程度直接影响孔隙内不可动水的体积,这部分不可动水也会直接影响原油运移充注效率,影响储层含油饱和度和电阻率。对研究区低阻油层与常规电阻率油层的岩石颗粒粒度进行分析,低阻油层岩石颗粒的中细砂及以下粒级占比较高,普遍超过60%,而常规油层岩石颗粒相对更粗,以中砂、粗砂为主(图8)。因此,低阻油层与常规电阻率油层相比具有更细的岩石骨架颗粒,在相同储层体积的情况下细粒组分对多与地层流体的接触面积越大,对地层流体的束缚性越强,引起束缚水孔隙度增加。
利用岩心核磁共振实验、随钻核磁共振测井、岩心压汞实验对储层孔隙结构进行定性表征。对低阻油层岩心核磁共振T2弛豫时间谱的分析表明,其T2截止值介于1.8~5.6 ms,平均值3.2 ms,束缚水饱和度介于32.0%~74.0%,平均值43.8%,谱峰呈三峰分布特点,首峰面积较大,第二、第三峰较小,说明低阻油层大孔隙、小孔隙并存,流体主要分布在小孔隙中,孔隙结构存在非均质性,束缚水饱和度较高(图9)。另外,低阻油层核磁测井T2谱呈两峰、三峰分布特征,且谱的分布较为杂乱,偏向低T2弛豫时间部分;常规电阻率油层主要呈单峰分布特征,谱峰分布较为集中,偏向中高T2弛豫时间部分。整体上看,低阻油层与常规电阻率油层相比小孔隙占比较多,孔隙结构相对复杂,储层不可动流体体积较多(图10)。低阻油层的岩心毛管压力曲线分析表明进汞段曲线有明显波动,“平台”现象不明显,几乎无稳定毛管压力进汞段,歪度整体偏细,排驱压力介于0.021~0.096 MPa,平均孔喉半径介于9.366~10.756 μm,孔隙结构比较复杂(图11)。
根据双水模型理论,地下储层由岩石骨架、流体两部分组成,对于电阻率测井,在排除特殊导电重矿物的情况下,岩石骨架导电性极低,原油电阻率较高,地层水电阻率较低,所以储层流体性质的差异会对电阻率测井产生影响[23]。油藏的形成是原油对地层水驱替后充注进孔隙的结果,原油的电阻率远大于地层水电阻率,根据阿尔奇公式,岩石电阻率随着含油饱和度的增高而增高[24],而低阻油层由于孔隙被更多的束缚水占据,原油充注程度不及常规电阻率油层。对比馆陶组各常规电阻率油层与低阻油层的储层总孔隙度和含油孔隙度,常规电阻率油层孔隙度与低阻油层相近,这表明常规电阻率油层富含的流体体积与低阻油层大致相同[图12(a)]。将含油饱和度转化为含油孔隙度,图12(b)馆陶组Ⅳ油组8小层下部普遍发育低阻油层,其含油孔隙度明显相较其他油组更低,低阻油层含油孔隙度低于常规电阻率油层,表明低阻油层孔隙内的原油体积低于常规电阻率油层,这会直接导致储层电阻降低。
常见的低阻油层微观成因中导电重矿物地层水矿化度不是研究区低阻油层形成的原因,黏土矿物与复杂的孔隙结构是引起低阻现象的主要原因。一方面,黏土矿物在改造储层导电性方面起积极作用,对电法测井起到直接降低储层电阻率的效果,另一方面,复杂的孔隙结构引起的高束缚水饱和度对低阻现象的形成起间接作用,由于束缚水占据孔隙更多的体积而导致原油充注量相对减低,从而间接引起低阻油层电阻率降低。
(1)中期基准面上升半旋回末期辫状河水动力能量较弱,携砂能力降低,沉积环境适宜黏土矿物、粉砂岩等细粒沉积物富集,细粒沉积物比重增加引起储层黏土矿物含量增加与孔隙结构复杂化,为低阻油层的发育提供有利条件,是研究区低阻油层发育的宏观成因。
(2)较高的黏土矿物含量与其附加导电特性是引起低阻的重要因素。伊利石、伊蒙混层等黏土矿物呈搭桥状充填粒间孔隙,构建起发达的导电网络;呈多孔状附着于颗粒表面的黏土物与地层水更大面积接触,阳离子交换程度更充分,促进形成低阻油层。
(3)复杂的孔隙结构引起储层束缚水孔隙度较高以及由此导致的储层低含油饱和度是研究区低阻油层形成的另一原因。
  • 国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05058-001)
  • 中海石油(中国)有限公司重大科技专项(CNOOC-KJ135ZDXM36TJ01TJ-GD2020-02)
  • 中海石油(中国)有限公司综合科研项目(CNOOC-KJ125ZDXM07LTD01)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403655
  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
  • 修回日期:2024-12-26
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国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05058-001)
中海石油(中国)有限公司重大科技专项(CNOOC-KJ135ZDXM36TJ01TJ-GD2020-02)
中海石油(中国)有限公司综合科研项目(CNOOC-KJ125ZDXM07LTD01)
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    1 油气地球化学与环境湖北省重点实验室(长江大学资源与环境学院), 武汉 430100
    2 中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司, 天津 300459
    3 长江大学地球物理与石油资源学院, 武汉 430100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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