Article(id=1149781954305942419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403828, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=1735056000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058979821, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058979821, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058979821, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058979821, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3959, endPage=3967, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781954570183574, articleId=1149781954305942419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Calibration Method of Safe Takeoff Interval for Logistics UAVs Based on Speed Error, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to meet the large number of future unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operation requirements, the safe takeoff interval for UAVs was formulated on the basis of conforming to the safety target level and aiming at the highest efficiency. According to the operating speed error characteristics of UAVs, taking into account the operating characteristics of the climb phase and cruise phase, the takeoff safety problems in three scenarios of same route operation, cross route operation and route network operation were analyzed, a collision risk assessment model was established respectively, and a calibration method for the takeoff interval was proposed in combination with Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, taking the actual operation of logistics UAVs as an example, the 10-7 maximum collision probability was taken as the target safety level for verification, and the minimum safe takeoff interval in the three operation scenarios was analyzed and determined. The results show that the safe takeoff interval of the same route T is 122 s, the safe takeoff interval T of the cross route is related to the difference D between the distance of two takeoff points from the intersection point and satisfies T = (D±1 199.97)/14(T≥0), and the safe takeoff intervals between the four takeoff points of the airway network system are 158, 86, 0, and 0 s, respectively. The method can provide a reference for the UAV operation enterprises to carry out takeoff interval management.

, correspAuthors=Xing-jian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-yuan LIU, Xing-jian ZHANG, Zeng-xian GENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781993094865878, articleId=1149781954305942419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于速度误差的物流无人机安全放行间隔标定方法, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了满足未来无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)大量运行需求,在符合安全目标水平的基础上,以效率最高为目标,为无人机制定安全放行间隔。根据无人机的运行速度误差特征,综合考虑爬升阶段和巡航阶段的运行特征,分析了同航路运行、交叉航路运行和航路网运行3种场景中的放行安全问题,并分别建立了碰撞风险评估模型,结合蒙特卡洛仿真提出了一种放行间隔标定方法。最后以实际运行物流无人机为例,将10-7最大碰撞概率作为目标安全水平进行验证,分析确定了3种运行场景中的最小安全放行间隔。结果表明:同航路安全放行间隔T为122 s,交叉航路安全放行间隔T与两个起飞点距交叉点距离差值D相关,并满足T = (D±1 199.97)/14(T≥0),航路网系统4个起飞点之间的安全放行间隔分别为158、86、0和0 s。该方法可以为无人机运行企业进行放行间隔管理提供参考。

, correspAuthors=张兴俭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张兴俭(1986—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通安全、航空安全。E-mail:
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刘铭远(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空器运行安全评估。E-mail:

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刘铭远(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空器运行安全评估。E-mail:

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刘铭远(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空器运行安全评估。E-mail:

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H为航路高度,即爬升阶段高度;L为航路长度

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D1D2分别为无人机1和无人机2起飞点距交叉点的水平距离

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Parameters related to UAV and route

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参数 数值 参数 数值
${h}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}$/m 0.56 L/m 8 000
${l}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}$/m 0.93 ${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}}$/(m·${{\mathrm{s}}^{-}}^{1}$) 14
${a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}}$/(m·${{\mathrm{s}}^{-}}^{2}$) 0.56 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$ 1.235 8
${a}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/(m·${{\mathrm{s}}^{-}}^{2}$) 0.42 ${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$ 0.02
$\tau $/s 1 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}$ 13.981 7
H/m 80 ${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}$ 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1251249375020790643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954305942419, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

无人机和航路相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${h}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}$/m 0.56 L/m 8 000
${l}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}$/m 0.93 ${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}}$/(m·${{\mathrm{s}}^{-}}^{1}$) 14
${a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}}$/(m·${{\mathrm{s}}^{-}}^{2}$) 0.56 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$ 1.235 8
${a}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/(m·${{\mathrm{s}}^{-}}^{2}$) 0.42 ${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$ 0.02
$\tau $/s 1 ${\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}$ 13.981 7
H/m 80 ${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}$ 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1251249375121453946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954305942419, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Horizontal distance of the takeoff point from the intersection point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Dpq 数值/m Dpq 数值/m
D11 3 000 D33 4 000
D12 2 000 D34 5 000
D21 2 000 D42 5 000
D23 4 000 D44 3 000
), ArticleFig(id=1251249375230505858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954305942419, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

起飞点和交叉点的水平距离

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Dpq 数值/m Dpq 数值/m
D11 3 000 D33 4 000
D12 2 000 D34 5 000
D21 2 000 D42 5 000
D23 4 000 D44 3 000
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基于速度误差的物流无人机安全放行间隔标定方法
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刘铭远 , 张兴俭 * , 耿增显
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(9): 3959-3967
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(9): 3959-3967
基于速度误差的物流无人机安全放行间隔标定方法
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刘铭远 , 张兴俭* , 耿增显
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学空中交通管理学院, 天津 300300
  • 刘铭远(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空器运行安全评估。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张兴俭(1986—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通安全、航空安全。E-mail:
Calibration Method of Safe Takeoff Interval for Logistics UAVs Based on Speed Error
Ming-yuan LIU , Xing-jian ZHANG* , Zeng-xian GENG
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403828
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为了满足未来无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)大量运行需求,在符合安全目标水平的基础上,以效率最高为目标,为无人机制定安全放行间隔。根据无人机的运行速度误差特征,综合考虑爬升阶段和巡航阶段的运行特征,分析了同航路运行、交叉航路运行和航路网运行3种场景中的放行安全问题,并分别建立了碰撞风险评估模型,结合蒙特卡洛仿真提出了一种放行间隔标定方法。最后以实际运行物流无人机为例,将10-7最大碰撞概率作为目标安全水平进行验证,分析确定了3种运行场景中的最小安全放行间隔。结果表明:同航路安全放行间隔T为122 s,交叉航路安全放行间隔T与两个起飞点距交叉点距离差值D相关,并满足T = (D±1 199.97)/14(T≥0),航路网系统4个起飞点之间的安全放行间隔分别为158、86、0和0 s。该方法可以为无人机运行企业进行放行间隔管理提供参考。

物流无人机  /  速度误差  /  碰撞风险  /  蒙特卡洛仿真  /  安全放行间隔

In order to meet the large number of future unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operation requirements, the safe takeoff interval for UAVs was formulated on the basis of conforming to the safety target level and aiming at the highest efficiency. According to the operating speed error characteristics of UAVs, taking into account the operating characteristics of the climb phase and cruise phase, the takeoff safety problems in three scenarios of same route operation, cross route operation and route network operation were analyzed, a collision risk assessment model was established respectively, and a calibration method for the takeoff interval was proposed in combination with Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, taking the actual operation of logistics UAVs as an example, the 10-7 maximum collision probability was taken as the target safety level for verification, and the minimum safe takeoff interval in the three operation scenarios was analyzed and determined. The results show that the safe takeoff interval of the same route T is 122 s, the safe takeoff interval T of the cross route is related to the difference D between the distance of two takeoff points from the intersection point and satisfies T = (D±1 199.97)/14(T≥0), and the safe takeoff intervals between the four takeoff points of the airway network system are 158, 86, 0, and 0 s, respectively. The method can provide a reference for the UAV operation enterprises to carry out takeoff interval management.

logistics UAV  /  speed error  /  collision risk  /  Monte Carlo simulation  /  safe takeoff interval
刘铭远, 张兴俭, 耿增显. 基于速度误差的物流无人机安全放行间隔标定方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3959 -3967 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403828
Ming-yuan LIU, Xing-jian ZHANG, Zeng-xian GENG. Calibration Method of Safe Takeoff Interval for Logistics UAVs Based on Speed Error[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3959 -3967 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403828
近年来,无人机产业快速发展,在物流、测绘等多个领域发挥重要作用,面向各类业务的无人机运行企业纷纷成立。其中,利用旋翼无人机开展的城市物流业务发展迅速,且具有广阔的发展空间。随着城市物流运输量的快速增长,如果一大批无序飞行的民用无人机在繁忙的空域中运行,将对地面设施、公共安全和传统民航航空器等造成损害的安全隐患[1]。因此无人机运行企业将来势必面临着如何管理无人机有序放行的问题,典型的放行场景包括同起点同航路场景以及交叉航路场景下的放行间隔管理。目前,一些企业的放行间隔管理十分保守,在一条航路上仅允许一架无人机运行,这种策略虽提高了安全性,但也极大限制了组织效率,难以满足未来大量运行需求。为此,有必要针对无人机放行间隔进行安全性评估,以确定安全放行间隔的标定方法,为企业的放行管理提供支持,确保企业在足够安全情况下组织高效率的运行。
目前,由于物流无人机运输量不足且航路无交叉,较少涉及安全放行间隔问题。已有研究中,鲜有发现直接针对无人机安全放行间隔的相关研究,随着运输量的增加,无人机放行间隔则主要需要考虑密集放行可能带来的航路中碰撞问题。对此,碰撞模板、碰撞风险及安全间隔的研究成为基础。碰撞模板是一种用于近似飞机整体形状的简化几何模型。其主要研究目的是通过几何分析判断飞机之间是否存在潜在的碰撞风险,从而为后续的详细碰撞分析提供了坚实的基础。Reich等[2-4]首次提出以二倍航空器机身长、翼展宽度和机体高度构造的长方体碰撞模板;Brookers[5]首次提出Event模型,并将此模板命名为碰撞盒 (collision box),同时增加了更直观、可扩展的参数。之后,碰撞模板得到进一步优化,使用圆柱体[6]、椭球体[7-8]和圆球体[9]作为碰撞模板,使风险评估更加精确合理。无人机碰撞风险及安全间隔的研究主要用于评估与优化无人机在复杂空域中的飞行行为,确保航空器之间的安全距离,特别是在高密度的城市空域和其他拥挤航空环境下,具有显著的价值。Maki等[10]使用所提出的无人机轨迹的高斯概率分布和历史轨迹数据,有效评估了近半空碰撞概率;Weibel等[11]提出无人机的Well Clear应被视为一种间隔标准,并根据风险(例如,目标安全水平)进行定义;Lee等[12]开发了一个基于高斯的三维连续交通模型,并利用此模型对潜在任务进行了各种安全分析;Weinert等[13]开发了低空小型无人机轨迹模型,并进行了碰撞风险敏感度分析,得出水平和垂直间隔;Chen等[14]研究了配备ADS-B和low-C-SWAP的无人机的安全间隔,得到水平和垂直间隔;王莉莉等[15]基于位置误差概率建立了物流无人机碰撞风险模型,进而根据安全目标水平计算最小安全间隔;邹依原[16]提出了无人机安全间隔标定方法,并在自由空域和固化空域下进行了研究;潘卫军等[17]利用危险值分布预测发生冲突的概率,并使用速度平差法计算得到不同机型组合的安全间隔;谢春生等[18]研究配对飞机进近纵向定位误差的统计分布,计算得到配对飞机之间的纵向间隔。以上研究成果,对于安全放行间隔的研究在理论建模和评估验证方法等方面提供了重要参考,有助于针对空域运行中的无人机的安全管理,但对企业的安全放行间隔管理缺乏直接支持。
因此,现重点针对无人机放行管理,剖析其中存在的安全问题及关键影响要素,综合考虑无人机主要飞行阶段特征评估安全风险,基于无人机运行速度误差分析放行间隔与安全风险的关系,结合可接受安全水平要求确定安全放行间隔标定方法,以期为无人机运行企业进行安全放行间隔管理提供参考。
当物流无人机运行量足够高时,放行间隔是组织中必须考虑的问题,根据碰撞风险研究间隔是目前最常用的方式。碰撞风险受定位误差、速度误差、人为因素等多种因素影响,所研究的放行间隔从安全角度看,其主要需要考虑的问题可以分为两个方面,其一是多架无人机按照同一航路飞行时,飞行中后机会不会追上前机导致碰撞,以及使用同一着陆点情况下,后机到达时前机是否仍占用着陆点的问题;其二是如果存在同高度交叉航路,无人机会不会在航路交叉点碰撞的问题。前者需要控制在起飞点的放行间隔,后者则需要协同控制两个以上起飞点的放行间隔。
这两种间隔管理的核心在于对无人机运行纵向航迹的时刻控制,如果所有无人机的运行航迹均能按照预定时刻做到精确控制,那么这些间隔管理便成为一个十分简单的问题。然而,在无人机控制系统、质量、设备及环境等诸多因素影响下,其运行速度很难被精确控制,导致无人机的实际位置与预定位置存在一定的差距,进而导致了纵向航迹的不确定性,也使得放行间隔管理变得复杂化,速度的不稳定性也成为了分析放行安全性的关键。为此,研究以无人机速度不稳定性,即速度误差为切入点进行碰撞风险研究,并对同航路、交叉航路和航路网3种情景下的放行管理安全问题进行分析。
在同航路飞行时,无人机飞行过程主要经历4个阶段:爬升阶段、巡航加速阶段、巡航匀速阶段和减速降落阶段,如图1所示。在同航路运行的问题中,针对后机到达时前机是否仍占用着陆点的问题,无人机运行企业往往在减速降落阶段有着专门的运行判断策略,包括指令控制、视觉检测等方式,因此,暂不考虑减速降落阶段以及着陆点判断的问题,仅考虑在此阶段之前是否存在后机追上前机而碰撞的问题。其主要与无人机爬升阶段的垂直方向、巡航加速阶段和巡航匀速阶段水平方向的速度不稳定性,起飞放行间隔以及无人机大小等因素相关。追赶碰撞研究即在特定无人机速度和大小属性下分析放行间隔与碰撞风险的关系。
在交叉航路问题中,其运行结构如图2所示,无人机可能的碰撞主要发生在交叉点处。此处的碰撞主要与无人机的运行速度不稳定性、两个航路起飞点与交叉点的距离、无人机的大小以及两起飞点的放行间隔等因素有关。研究中,以典型的90°交叉航路为对象,考虑特定无人机的速度和大小特征下,分析两起飞点与交叉点距离、放行间隔两种要素与碰撞风险的关系。
无人机在不同运行区域的碰撞失效导致的严重性可能随着地面区域特征的不同而存在差异,其中城市区域由于高密度人群或重要设施的存在,必然对无人机碰撞有着更低的概率要求。为此,在无人机安全放行间隔的确定中,需要根据运行区域、无人机及运输物品价值等内容,制定碰撞概率的安全目标水平,进而确定最小安全放行间隔。
在无人机发展中,等效安全水平(equivalent level of safety, ELOS)原则被提出应用,该原则指无人机安全目标水平应至少不低于有人机的安全目标水平,以实现未来有人机/无人机融合运行时不会增大空域内有人机的安全风险[19-20]。在民航领域,整体安全目标水平定为10-7次事故/飞行小时[21]。参考该要求,以特定运行场景中,放行前后两机出现碰撞的概率10-7目标水平进行探讨。
第一阶段为爬升阶段,无人机爬升速度受控制系统、爬升程序等多方面因素影响导致不稳定性,考虑到爬升阶段是较短的一个过程,因此假设一款特定型号无人机在该阶段的平均爬升速度服从均值为${\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$、方差为${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$的正态分布,即其平均爬升速度${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$满足条件为
${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}} \sim N({\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}},{{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}})$
第二阶段为巡航加速阶段,相对于复杂的爬升阶段和整个巡航阶段,该阶段一般用时和距离都很短,假定这一阶段无人机的加速度${a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}}$稳定,仅将该阶段看作匀加速运动,作为前后两阶段的过渡阶段。
第三阶段为巡航匀速阶段,即按照无人机巡航设计为匀速运行,然而其实际运行速度往往受多种因素影响而不稳定。同样,假设该阶段的运行速度服从正态分布,即无人机在巡航匀速阶段的速度${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}$满足条件为
${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}} \sim N({\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}},{{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}})$
在无人机实际飞行中,速度的不稳定性应是连续变化的,速度变化特征应满足条件为
$\left|{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_m+1}\right.-\left.{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_m}\right|\le \tau {a}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},m=\mathrm{1,2},\dots $
式(3)中:$\tau $为速度变化周期;${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_m}$为前一时段速度;${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_m+1}$为后一时段速度;${a}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$为最大变化加速度。
原始的 Reich模型碰撞盒为长方体,该碰撞风险模型主要是基于航路系统、间隔向量、临近层、碰撞模板这4个概念进行建立的[22],因其棱角众多在计算碰撞概率时容易出现计算结果的不稳定。改进后的模型主要有圆柱体、椭球体和圆球体3种[23]。根据旋翼无人机每条旋翼轴长相等这一物理结构特点,以及飞行过程中的因颠簸等原因发生俯仰,选用圆球体作为碰撞模板更为合适。
假设无人机的机体高度为${h}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}^{}$,旋翼轴长的两倍为${l}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}$,根据无人机机体特性,即可模拟出无人机机体的最小外接球,最小外接球的半径R
$R=\sqrt{\frac{{l}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}^{2}}{4}+\frac{{h}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}}^{2}}{4}}$
当两架无人机的最小外接球发生接触或者重叠时,即视为两架无人机发生碰撞。假设无人机1和无人机2最小外接球半径分别为R1R2,为便于计算,可将两架无人机的最小外接球进行组合,得到一个半径为R1+R2的圆球体,将组合后的圆球体放置在某架无人机上,该圆球体即碰撞模板。本文以无人机1作为外接碰撞模板的无人机,碰撞模板的球心就是无人机1的质心,此时,另一架无人机可视为一个质点,称为无人机2,当该质点位于碰撞模板边缘或进入碰撞模板时,视为无人机1和2发生碰撞。
同航路中的碰撞形式主要为后机追赶上前机,由于无人机在爬升阶段和巡航阶段均存在速度不稳定性,因此同航路碰撞可以分为爬升阶段碰撞和巡航阶段碰撞。
假设在一次连续放行的两架无人机中,无人机1先放行,无人机2后放行,${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}1}$${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}2}$分别为无人机1和无人机2在爬升阶段的平均速度,且${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}1} \sim N({\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}1},{{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}1})$,${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}2} \sim N({\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}2},{{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}2})$。则有
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}=\frac{H}{{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}1}}-\frac{H-({R}_{1}+{R}_{2})}{{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}2}}$
式(5)中:${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}$为前机爬升登顶时后机刚好接触碰撞模板的时间与前机登顶时间之差,s;R1+R2为碰撞模板的半径,m。同航路两架无人机在爬升阶段产生追赶碰撞的判断结果${C}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& T>{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}\\ 1,& \mathrm{其}\mathrm{他}\end{array}\right., T\ge 0$
式(6)中:T为两机放行间隔,s。
无人机巡航加速阶段作为过渡阶段,其结束对巡航匀速阶段的开始有着重要影响。如果先后放行两架无人机在爬升阶段没有碰撞,则当无人机1到达巡航阶段时,无人机2仍处在爬升阶段,所以需要继续爬升,无人机2爬升登顶剩余需要的时间${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}$
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}=\frac{H}{{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}2}}-\frac{H}{{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}1}}+T$
当无人机2在${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}$时间内登顶时,要判断无人机1在该时间内是否达到了巡航目标速度${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}1}$,即
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_1}=\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}1}}{{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_1}}$
式(8)中:${a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_1}$为无人机1在巡航加速阶段的加速度,m/s2;${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_1}$为无人机1在巡航加速阶段所用的时间,s。如果${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_1}$>${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}$,说明当无人机2爬升登顶时,无人机1仍处在巡航加速阶段,反之无人机1则进入巡航匀速阶段。之后需要分为两种情形进行讨论。
第一种情形:无人机2登顶时,无人机1仍处在巡航加速阶段,此时无人机1在巡航阶段飞行的距离d1
${d}_{1}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}^{2}$
当无人机1达到巡航目标速度${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}1}$时,可得
${d}_{1}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}^{2}$
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}({t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}{)}^{2}$
式中:${a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$为无人机2在巡航加速阶段的加速度,m/s2;d1d2分别为当无人机1达到${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}1}$时,两机在巡航阶段飞行的距离,m。
当无人机2达到巡航目标速度${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}2}$时,可得
${d}_{1}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}^{2}+\stackrel{\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}}{\tau }}{\sum _{i=1}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_i}$
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}^{2}$
式中:${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$为无人机2在巡航加速阶段所用的时间,s;无人机1在巡航匀速阶段的速度${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_i} \sim N({\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}1},{{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}1})$
第二种情形:无人机2登顶时,无人机1已进入巡航匀速阶段,此时无人机1在巡航阶段飞行的距离d1
${d}_{1}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}^{2}+\stackrel{\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}}{\tau }}{\sum _{i=1}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_i}$
当无人机2达到巡航目标速度${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}2}$时,两无人机在巡航阶段飞行的距离d1d2分别为
${d}_{1}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}^{2}+\stackrel{\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}+{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}}{\tau }}{\sum _{i=1}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_i}$
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}^{2}$
之后两架无人机都进行“匀速”运动,两无人机在巡航阶段飞行的距离d1d2分别为
$\begin{array}{l}{d}_{1}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}^{2}+\stackrel{\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}+{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}}{\tau }}{\sum _{i=1}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_i}+\\ \stackrel{\infty }{\sum _{i=\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}2}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}+{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}}{\tau }}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_i}\end{array}$
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}^{2}+\stackrel{\infty }{\sum _{j=1}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_j}$
式中:无人机2在巡航匀速阶段的速度${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_j}$满足${v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_j} \sim N({\mu }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}2},{{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}2})$
则针对同航路两架无人机在巡航阶段产生追赶碰撞的判断为
${C}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& {d}_{1}-{d}_{2}>{R}_{1}+{R}_{2}\\ 1,& \mathrm{其}\mathrm{他}\end{array}\right.$
在巡航阶段,如果前机巡航结束时满足条件L-d2>R1+R2,则表明巡航阶段未产生追赶碰撞。
针对交叉航路运行,在爬升阶段,两机无需考虑碰撞问题,碰撞只有在交叉点附近才会发生。因此交叉航路与同航路的飞行情形略有差异,首先需要考虑两种情形。
第一种情形为无人机1先达到巡航阶段,此情形与同航路两机飞行情况基本一致,仅分属于不同航路,具体步骤如2.3节中式(5)、式(7) ~ 式(18)所示。
第二种情形为无人机2先达到巡航阶段,此时无人机1仍处在爬升阶段,需要继续爬升,假设无人机1爬升登顶剩余需要的时间为${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}$,可得
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}=\frac{H}{{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}1}}-\frac{H}{{v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}2}}-T$
当无人机1进入巡航阶段时,需要对无人机2所在阶段进行判定。
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}$<${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$时,无人机2处于巡航加速阶段,此时无人机2在巡航阶段飞行距离d2
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}{{t}^{2}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}$
式(21)中:${a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$为无人机2在巡航加速阶段的加速度,m/s2;${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$为无人机2在巡航加速阶段所用的时间,s。
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}$${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$时,无人机2处于巡航匀速阶段,此时无人机2在巡航阶段飞行距离d2
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}^{2}+\stackrel{\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}}{\tau }}{\sum _{j=1}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_j}$
当无人机1达到巡航目标速度${v}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}1}$时,无人机1在巡航阶段飞行的距离d1
${d}_{1}=\frac{1}{2}{a}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}^{2}$
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}+{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}<{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$,无人机2的巡航飞行距离d2
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}({t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}+{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}{)}^{2}$
${t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}+{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}\ge {t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}$,无人机2的巡航飞行距离d2
${d}_{2}=\frac{1}{2}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}^{2}+\stackrel{\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\_\mathrm{r}1}+{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}1}-{t}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}2}}{\tau }}{\sum _{j=1}}\tau {v}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\_j}$
对于上述两种情形,由于交叉航路的碰撞判定是发生在交叉点附近才会发生,因此需要将交叉点单独进行研究分析。两机在交叉点附近如图3所示。
假设无人机1和无人机2起飞点距交叉点的水平距离分别为D1D2,碰撞判定从无人机1在巡航阶段飞行D1-(R1+R2)时开始,到飞行D1+R1+R2时结束。判定过程中d1d2仍表示两机在巡航阶段飞行的距离,碰撞模板平面圆与无人机2所在航路的交线长的一半为s1,可得
${s}_{1}=\sqrt{({R}_{1}+{R}_{2}{)}^{2}-{\left|{D}_{1}-\left.{d}_{1}\right|\right.}^{2}}$
${C}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& {s}_{1}<\left|{D}_{2}-\left.{d}_{2}\right|\right.\\ 1,& \mathrm{其}\mathrm{他}\end{array}\right.$
最后,对于航路网络系统,可将航路网络分解为多条交叉航路,在确定系统最低安全等级的基础上,交叉航路满足系统最低安全水平,同航路运行也应当满足系统最低安全水平。此时,根据每条航路的起飞顺序,可以得到整个航路网络系统中每条航路的放行间隔。
假设有m条平行航路与其他n条航路垂直。对航路起飞点和交叉点进行编号,起飞点编号p(1≤pm + n) 和交叉点编号q(1≤qm + n) 均为整数,航路起飞点到交叉点的水平距离为Dpq。通过对m+n条航道的起飞点进行排序,并设定合适的安全等级,即可得到航道网络系统的安全起飞间隔。
安全放行间隔的标定,即根据设定的可接受碰撞概率水平而选取的放行时间间隔。其依赖于放行时间间隔和碰撞概率的关系。在上节碰撞判定方法基础上,蒙特卡洛仿真成为确定不同放行间隔与碰撞概率关系的重要方法[24-26],其思想是使用大数定律和统计推断方法多次重复实验(或使用足够长的模拟运行)以获得想要的结果[27]。结合理论判断和该仿真方法,安全放行间隔标定步骤如下。
步骤1 安全水平选定。设定可接受的最低放行碰撞概率水平。
步骤2 无人机性能参数分析。基于所用机型的历史测试和运行数据,确定无人机在各阶段的飞行速度性能特征。
步骤3 碰撞概率仿真计算。利用蒙特卡洛仿真方法,根据具体运行场景(包括同航路运行、同高度交叉航路运行)的高度、距离等参数,以及无人机运行性能特征参数,设置放行间隔T(在交叉航路中还需设置两机起飞点距交叉点距离),进行运行仿真,判断两架飞机是否发生碰撞。假设每种情况仿真次数为N,两机在N次仿真里发生碰撞的次数C,则对应放行间隔T下的碰撞概率P=C/N
步骤4 放行间隔与碰撞概率关系拟合。针对同航路运行,通过仿真分析得到多个放行间隔参数下的追赶碰撞概率,进而拟合放行间隔与碰撞概率函数曲线;针对交叉航路运行,通过设定不同放行间隔和起飞点距交叉点的距离参数,仿真分析得到不同情况下的交叉碰撞概率,进而拟合放行间隔、距离与碰撞概率函数关系。
步骤5 基于可接受安全水平的放行间隔选择。根据拟合得到的碰撞概率影响函数关系,考虑可接受碰撞概率水平,确定放行间隔,针对交叉航路,需要同时考虑具体的起飞点距交叉点的距离参数,最终确定安全放行间隔。
步骤6 针对航路网系统下各航路的安全放行间隔,可根据已知安全水平下的放行间隔与距离的函数关系,结合确定的放行顺序进行分析研究。
为验证方法的可行性,以某城市运行特定型号旋翼物流无人机为研究对象,选择高度为80 m,长度为8 000 m的航路进行算例分析,其中,以碰撞概率10-7为目标安全水平。
针对该型号无人机,共收集到135次飞行任务的历史飞行数据,其运行环境条件相似。针对其各个阶段运行特征进行参数分析,得到其性能参数如表1所示。其中,针对爬升阶段得到135个平均爬升速度,巡航匀速阶段的速度受限于数据收集技术,得到每秒一个速度数据,共计56 655条速度数据。利用柯尔莫戈洛夫-斯米诺夫检验(Kolmogorov-Smirnov,即K-S检验)[28]验证两个阶段的速度数据分布特征,结果显示其显著性分别为0.20、0.053,表明两个阶段的速度特征符合正态分布,符合针对速度不稳定性特征的假设。
基于表1中的参数,使用MATLAB R2021b进行蒙特卡洛仿真,分析该机型在同航路和交叉航路运行中,不同放行间隔下的碰撞概率特征。
仿真分析了同航路运行中不同放行时间间隔下的碰撞概率,并拟合结果趋势可得同航路两机碰撞概率与放行间隔关系。为便于观察,将普通坐标系转换为对数坐标系,如图4所示,虚线为碰撞概率为10-7时所对应的放行间隔。图4显示,随着放行间隔的增大,两机间的碰撞概率逐渐减小。当以122 s时间间隔放行两无人机时,两机的碰撞概率刚好满足ELOS要求。当放行间隔为122 s时,该条高80 m,长8 000 m航路的最大容量约为5架无人机,航路起飞点流量约为30架/h。
在交叉航路中,交叉点碰撞概率与两机起飞点距交叉点的距离和放行间隔均相关。首先分析两距离相同,即D1=D2时,通过仿真得到两机碰撞概率与放行间隔关系如图5所示。在此种情景下,为满足ELOS要求,两架无人机的安全放行间隔至少应为86 s。两条航路的总容量约为7架无人机,航路起飞点流量约为22架/h。
然而两机起飞点距交叉点的水平距离是不相同的,即D1D2间存在差值为D。通过对仿真结果拟合后发现,若两机同时放行起飞(T=0s),碰撞概率与D的关系如图6所示。
显然两机起飞点距交叉点距离会影响无人机之间安全放行间隔。为此,将放行间隔T和差值D同时作为变量进行仿真,得到TD和碰撞概率P三者之间的关系如图7所示。
图7显示,由TDP所形成的曲面近似于一个“高斯柱面”结构。高斯柱面是指一个平面上的高斯函数曲线沿该平面的法线方向平移所得到的曲面。虽然图7曲面上存在因仿真数据的离散性所产生的“高斯峰”,但TD之间存在近似线性关系,使得同一条直线上各点的碰撞概率相等。
为验证该特征,使用等概率面以一定间隔对该曲面进行截取,可得到与截面等概率的若干点。以碰撞概率为0.001、0.01和0.02为例,截取曲面后得到的截点如图8所示,可见其均呈现近似线性特征,拟合后得到的直线如图9所示(R2= 0.996)。
最后,运用此方法,将拟合而成的多条不同概率的直线拟合为高斯柱面结果如图10所示。在此结果下,以碰撞概率为10-7为结果在高斯柱面上截取结果,可得到刚好满足ELOS要求的TD之间的关系式为:$T=(D\pm 1\mathrm{ }199.97)/14(T\ge 0)$。即针对该无人机机型,安全放行间隔是起飞点距交叉点距离差的函数,可根据距离之差D确定放行间隔。
“井”字形航路网是最简单也是最基础的航路网系统,故将该航路网系统作为研究对象,如图11所示。
为了验证该方法的可行性,本节使用上节得到的同航路和交叉航路结果,同样使用ELOS作为航路网系统安全水平,取10-7。按照起飞点1、2、3、4、1、…的顺序进行放行并选择特定的航路参数进行了运算分析。
根据表2中的数据和安全等级为10-7的等概率线,可分别得出起飞点之间的安全放行间隔为:起飞点1和起飞点2之间的安全放行间隔需大于157.14 s,起飞点2和起飞点3之间的安全放行间隔需大于85.71 s,起飞点3和起飞点4之间的安全放行间隔需大于228.57 s或小于0.12 s,起飞点4和起飞点1之间的安全放行间隔需大于300 s或小于128.57 s。为确保最高效率,4个起飞点之间的放行间隔应分别设为158、86、0和0 s,即在0 s时放行起飞点1第一架飞机,在158 s时放行起飞点2第一架飞机,在244 s时放行起飞点3第一架飞机,在244 s时放行起飞点4第一架飞机,在244 s时放行起飞点1第二架飞机,循环进行。此时,同一航路的放行间隔为244 s,满足同航路122 s的安全放行间隔要求。“井”字形航路网总容量约为10架无人机,航路起飞点流量约为16架/h。
(1)首先针对同航路运行和交叉航路运行两种无人机基本运行场景,考虑无人机爬升和巡航阶段,基于速度不稳定性,建立了无人机碰撞风险评估模型,并给出了一种安全放行间隔标定方法。
(2)以实际运行的某物流无人机为算例进行验证分析,以ELOS作为系统安全水平,结果表明,同航路运行时,对应安全目标水平的放行间隔为122 s;交叉航路放行间隔应满足$T=(D\pm 1\mathrm{ }199.97)/14(T\ge 0)$。然后以上述结果为基础,设置一定的航路距离进行计算,得到在航路网系统中,为确保效率最佳,4个起飞点之间的放行间隔应分别设为158、86、0和0 s。
(3)下一步研究中,需要增加考虑降落过程,综合分析整个运行过程对放行间隔的影响。此外,可以采集多个机型的运行参数以分析不同机型混合运行下的放行间隔,进一步拓展和优化风险评估模型,使该研究方法能够适用于更加丰富的场景中。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4300904)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(XJ2023002201)
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403828
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
  • 修回日期:2024-12-25
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4300904)
中央高校基本科研业务费(XJ2023002201)
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    中国民航大学空中交通管理学院, 天津 300300

通讯作者:

* 张兴俭(1986—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士,副教授。研究方向:空中交通安全、航空安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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