Article(id=1149781954154947473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403807, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716307200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-22, revisedDate=1735574400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058979785, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058979785, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058979785, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058979785, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3698, endPage=3703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781954452743060, articleId=1149781954154947473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization of Spider Web-shaped Microchannel Structure Based on Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to enhance the overall performance of the heat sink, a novel meshed microchannel heat sink structure was introduced, and its geometric parameters were optimized by performing a multi-objective optimization. The Box-Behnken design method was utilized to conduct response surface analysis on the design variables of channel width, fin thickness, and channel depth. The resulting temperature and pressure drop functions of the spider-shaped microchannel were then fitted as objective functions. The Pareto solution set was derived by applying a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm, followed by utilizing the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS) method for selection from the Pareto solution set. It is concluded that the Pareto solution set is the optimal choice across various conditions. The multivariate statistical coefficients R2 for temperature and pressure drop functions are 0.999 6 and 0.998 4, respectively, suggesting a high level of accuracy in the fitting function. The optimized structure not only reduces the average temperature by 3 K compared with the original design, but also decreases the pressure drop by 1 514 Pa. This significant improvement in comprehensive performance demonstrates that a well-designed channel structure can further enhance the heat sink performance of the microchannel.

, correspAuthors=Hong-mei WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-mei WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149781972932845641, articleId=1149781954154947473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于多目标遗传算法的蛛网形微通道结构优化, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决现有微通道散热技术存在的不足和电子散热需求多元化的发展趋势,提出一种蛛网型微通道热沉结构,并对其几何结构参数进行了多目标优化来提升蛛网形微通道热沉的综合性能。采用Box-Behnken设计方法,对热沉的槽宽、翅宽、槽深设计变量进行响应曲面分析,拟合出蛛网形微通道的温度与压降函数;以拟合后的两函数为目标函数,用多目标粒子群寻优算法得到Pareto解集,并使用逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)从Pareto解集中进行选择。结果表明,Pareto解集为不同状况下的最优解,温度与压降函数的多元统计系数R2分别为0.999 6和0.998 4,表明拟合函数的精确度高。优化后的结构与原设计相比,不仅平均温度降低了3 K,压降也降低了1 514 Pa,综合性能显著提升,表明合理的通道结构设计可以进一步提高微通道热沉的综合性能。

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卫红梅(1981—),女,汉族,山西运城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:微电子器件散热及强化。E-mail:

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卫红梅(1981—),女,汉族,山西运城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:微电子器件散热及强化。E-mail:

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卫红梅(1981—),女,汉族,山西运城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:微电子器件散热及强化。E-mail:

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2020, 149: 119217., articleTitle=Optimization of a double-layered microchannel heat sink with semi-porous-ribs by multi-objective genetic algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249369949876789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=3, pageStart=1085, pageEnd=1090, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=陆辉山, 王宁, 卫红梅, journalName=科学技术与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陆辉山, 王宁, 卫红梅, . 基于多目标粒子群算法的矩形微通道结构优化[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2022, 22(3): 1085-1090., articleTitle=基于多目标粒子群算法的矩形微通道结构优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249370071511618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=3, pageStart=1085, pageEnd=1090, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Lu Huishan, Wang Ning, Wei Hongmei, journalName=Science Technology and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu Huishan, Wang Ning, Wei Hongmei, et al. Structure optimization of rectangular microchannel based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(3): 1085-1090., articleTitle=Structure optimization of rectangular microchannel based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1251249365269033206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, awardId=XJZZ202307, language=CN, fundingSource=先进制造技术山西省重点实验室开放基金(XJZZ202307), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251249357484405587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249357492794197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, companyId=1251249357484405587, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251249357501182806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, companyId=1251249357484405587, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中北大学先进制造技术山西省重点实验室, 太原 030051)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251249360906957802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spider web-shaped microchannel heat sink structure, figureFileSmall=JXAATe0wyHAFtm1snKpvEA==, figureFileBig=9OyB7Fm6kw1FPSQL96zFtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249361016009720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蛛网形微通道热沉结构

L为通道边长;L1为外伸长;Wc为槽道的宽度;Wb为翅片的宽度;Hc为槽道的深度;t为热沉的基底厚度

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Four meshing schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
划分方案 节点数/个 单元数/个 加热面均温/K
1 193 897 216 772 331.68
2 435 308 822 236 333.67
3 743 438 1 639 152 334.61
4 1 089 986 2 377 699 334.98
), ArticleFig(id=1251249362748256405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种网格划分方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
划分方案 节点数/个 单元数/个 加热面均温/K
1 193 897 216 772 331.68
2 435 308 822 236 333.67
3 743 438 1 639 152 334.61
4 1 089 986 2 377 699 334.98
), ArticleFig(id=1251249362861502627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design of Box-Behnken

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 Wc/mm Wb/mm Hc/mm 温度T/K 压降P/Pa
1 0.1 0.25 0.3 342.382 9 746.127
2 0.3 0.25 0.5 339.932 5 778.972
3 0.2 0.30 0.3 355.589 7 742.550
4 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
5 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
6 0.3 0.25 0.3 362.526 7 152.043
7 0.1 0.30 0.4 334.621 9 232.400
8 0.2 0.30 0.5 335.942 6 222.431
9 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
10 0.2 0.20 0.3 350.439 7 201.169
11 0.2 0.20 0.5 331.718 5 792.199
12 0.3 0.30 0.4 350.175 6 490.600
13 0.1 0.20 0.4 329.181 8 266.860
14 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
15 0.1 0.25 0.5 325.396 8 052.930
16 0.3 0.20 0.4 346.653 5 997.150
17 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
), ArticleFig(id=1251249362974748845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BOX-Behnken试验设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 Wc/mm Wb/mm Hc/mm 温度T/K 压降P/Pa
1 0.1 0.25 0.3 342.382 9 746.127
2 0.3 0.25 0.5 339.932 5 778.972
3 0.2 0.30 0.3 355.589 7 742.550
4 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
5 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
6 0.3 0.25 0.3 362.526 7 152.043
7 0.1 0.30 0.4 334.621 9 232.400
8 0.2 0.30 0.5 335.942 6 222.431
9 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
10 0.2 0.20 0.3 350.439 7 201.169
11 0.2 0.20 0.5 331.718 5 792.199
12 0.3 0.30 0.4 350.175 6 490.600
13 0.1 0.20 0.4 329.181 8 266.860
14 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
15 0.1 0.25 0.5 325.396 8 052.930
16 0.3 0.20 0.4 346.653 5 997.150
17 0.2 0.25 0.4 340.990 6 585.000
), ArticleFig(id=1251249363113160888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Model reliability test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 R2 ${R}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}$
温度 0.999 6 0.999 1
压降 0.998 4 0.996 3
), ArticleFig(id=1251249364660859075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型可信度检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 R2 ${R}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}$
温度 0.999 6 0.999 1
压降 0.998 4 0.996 3
), ArticleFig(id=1251249364832825554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Simulation values of temperature and pressure drop at the optimization point and reference point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Wc/mm Wb/mm Hc/m 仿真平均
温度/K
仿真平均
压降/Pa
优化点 0.132 0.2 0.5 326.24 6 752
参考点 0.1 0.2 0.4 329.36 8 266.9
), ArticleFig(id=1251249365013180641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781954154947473, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化点与参考点的温度、压降仿真值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Wc/mm Wb/mm Hc/m 仿真平均
温度/K
仿真平均
压降/Pa
优化点 0.132 0.2 0.5 326.24 6 752
参考点 0.1 0.2 0.4 329.36 8 266.9
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基于多目标遗传算法的蛛网形微通道结构优化
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作者信息
  • 中北大学先进制造技术山西省重点实验室, 太原 030051
  • 卫红梅(1981—),女,汉族,山西运城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:微电子器件散热及强化。E-mail:

Optimization of Spider Web-shaped Microchannel Structure Based on Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm
Hong-mei WEI
Affiliations
  • Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403807
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为解决现有微通道散热技术存在的不足和电子散热需求多元化的发展趋势,提出一种蛛网型微通道热沉结构,并对其几何结构参数进行了多目标优化来提升蛛网形微通道热沉的综合性能。采用Box-Behnken设计方法,对热沉的槽宽、翅宽、槽深设计变量进行响应曲面分析,拟合出蛛网形微通道的温度与压降函数;以拟合后的两函数为目标函数,用多目标粒子群寻优算法得到Pareto解集,并使用逼近理想解排序法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)从Pareto解集中进行选择。结果表明,Pareto解集为不同状况下的最优解,温度与压降函数的多元统计系数R2分别为0.999 6和0.998 4,表明拟合函数的精确度高。优化后的结构与原设计相比,不仅平均温度降低了3 K,压降也降低了1 514 Pa,综合性能显著提升,表明合理的通道结构设计可以进一步提高微通道热沉的综合性能。

微通道热沉  /  响应面拟合  /  粒子群优化算法  /  热阻函数  /  压降函数

In order to enhance the overall performance of the heat sink, a novel meshed microchannel heat sink structure was introduced, and its geometric parameters were optimized by performing a multi-objective optimization. The Box-Behnken design method was utilized to conduct response surface analysis on the design variables of channel width, fin thickness, and channel depth. The resulting temperature and pressure drop functions of the spider-shaped microchannel were then fitted as objective functions. The Pareto solution set was derived by applying a multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm, followed by utilizing the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS) method for selection from the Pareto solution set. It is concluded that the Pareto solution set is the optimal choice across various conditions. The multivariate statistical coefficients R2 for temperature and pressure drop functions are 0.999 6 and 0.998 4, respectively, suggesting a high level of accuracy in the fitting function. The optimized structure not only reduces the average temperature by 3 K compared with the original design, but also decreases the pressure drop by 1 514 Pa. This significant improvement in comprehensive performance demonstrates that a well-designed channel structure can further enhance the heat sink performance of the microchannel.

microchannel heat sink  /  response surface fitting  /  particle swarm optimization algorithm  /  thermal resistance function  /  pressure drop function
卫红梅. 基于多目标遗传算法的蛛网形微通道结构优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3698 -3703 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403807
Hong-mei WEI. Optimization of Spider Web-shaped Microchannel Structure Based on Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3698 -3703 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403807
随着芯片上的电子元件密度的激增,其热流密度越来越大,为保证组件正常运行,有效的热管理技术非常重要[1-4],自1981年Tuckerman等[5]首先提出了微通道散热器概念以来,微通道热沉成为一种在微电子领域非常有前途的热交换方案,因其优越的换热性能,国内外学者展开了大量研究。
仿生微通道结构灵感来源于自然运输系统,最早提出于20世纪90年代。通过借鉴自然界中的设计,例如植物的营养系统根部和哺乳动物的呼吸系统[6]。研究表明,与传统换热器相比,仿生微通道可以实现更小的压降和更大的换热性能。Chen等[7]从动物呼吸系统的分形结构出发,设计了一种分形分支通道网络用于电子芯片的冷却。研究结果表明,分形树状微通道网络的换热效率远大于常规微通道网络。Wang等[8]设计了一种交叉树形微通道结构,并利用仿真软件进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明树形通道网络克服了传统矩形微通道散热器温度分布不均匀、功耗高、散热量较小等缺点。在蛛网微通道研究方面,吴龙文等[9]参照自然结构设计了仿河流、昆虫翅脉、叶脉、蜂窝、肺部气管、蛛网等微通道结构,并通过仿真分析对比了这些微通道结构的综合性能,结果表明不同结构的性能存在差异,在高热流密度的状况下差异明显,此外在众多结构中,仿蛛网结构性能最为优越,其降温及泵功损耗能力较平直矩形结构均有明显提升。Qiu等[10]提出了两种不同形状的蛛网型微通道,分别是水平出入口和倾斜出入口结构,并进行了流动沸腾模拟实验。研究结果显示,这两种微通道结构都可以通过流动扰动和增加传热面积来提高传热系数和降低壁温。此研究对于微通道设计和传热性能的优化具有重要的指导意义。Wang等[11]提出了一种蜘蛛网通道的新型液冷板,研究了其对锂离子电池的冷却性能和热平衡性能。模拟结果发现,通道宽度对液冷板冷却性能影响最大,通道角度影响最小。通道宽度的增加并不能无限地提高液冷板的冷却性能。当通道角为120°时,锂离子电池可以实现最佳的热平衡。Rong等[12]研究了蛛网微通道热沉的结构和流动参数对微通道流动特性和传热性能的影响,并拟合出适用的传热方程,进而研究参数的耦合特性,该预测方程适用于类似蛛网微通道热沉结构的设计。
合理的微通道结构设计可以进一步改善传热效果[13-15],Luo等[16]用非支配排序遗传算法,以凹穴微通道的翅高、凹穴宽度及凹穴数量等结构参数为变量,努塞尔数Nu和阻力系数f为目标函数进行优化。Rao等[17]提出一种Java优化算法,以微通道宽度、翅片宽度为变量、热阻和抽运功率为目标函数进行优化,应用此算法的结果优于其他方法的结果。Wang等[18]使用多目标遗传算法对双层微通道进行优化得到Pareto解集,再使用TOPSIS法进行折中选择,结果表明优化结构相比于原设计不仅冷却性能提高14.06%,而且泵功降低16.40%,综合性能显著提升。
综上所述,大多数微通道结构的数值优化的文献报道多针对矩形微通道结构[19],而鲜见文献报道其他仿生微通道结构的数值优化,尤其对于性能较为优良的蛛网形结构也少有报道。现采用参数化设计、试验设计、近似模型、多目标粒子群算法相结合的方法对蛛网形微通道进行优化设计。以期为蛛网形微通道换热器结构的研究提供一定的理论基础,也有助于其他仿生微通道结构的优化研究。
以仿生蛛网形微通道为参考通道,对其结构进行参数优化,图1为蛛网形微通道结构示意图,盖板为绝热材料,通道主体材料为铝,流体进出口设置如图1(a)所示。通道边长L=3.1 mm,进出口宽0.25 mm,外伸长L1=1 mm。热沉底部为恒定热源,功率为100 W/cm2,模拟芯片发热,加热面积为25 mm2
使用Fluent19.2进行数值模拟,做出如下假设:①流体流动状态为层流且流体不可压缩;②通道壁面绝对光滑,均匀的热流密度;③忽略重力的影响。控制方程如下。
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \nabla \cdot V=0 \\ \rho_{\mathrm{f}}(V \cdot \nabla) V=-\nabla P+\mu_{\mathrm{f}} \nabla^{2} V \\ \rho_{\mathrm{f}} C_{\mathrm{p}}(V \cdot \nabla) T_{\mathrm{f}}=K_{\mathrm{f}} \nabla^{2} T_{\mathrm{f}} \end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:V为流体流速;m/s;ρf为流体密度,kg/m3;P为压力,Pa;μf为流体动力黏度,Pa·s;Cp为流体比热容,J/(kg·K);Kf为流体热导率,W/(m·K);Tf为流体温度,K。
流体工质设为水,入口温度为293 K,入口流速为2 m/s,热流密度q=106 W/m2流体入口端设为流体速度入口,出口端设为压力出口。计算方式设为稳态,压力速度耦合使用SIMPLE算法求解,能量和动量方程使用二阶迎风格式求解。
在数值模拟前,要先进行网格无关性检验,选取翅宽Wb=0.1 mm,槽宽Wc=0.3 mm,槽深Hc=0.4 mm的微通道进行网格无关性验证,采用了4种密度的网格方案进行划分,方案如表1所示。
表1可知,对比方案2和方案4,温度误差为0.3%,压降误差为6.3%,方案3和方案4温度误差为0.13%,压降误差为2.8%,方案3的误差最大不超3%,说明当网格为74万时,结果已经很精确了,方案3既满足计算精度又节省计算时间,故选用方案3来划分网格。
响应面近似法(RSM)是一种可以用来拟合多项式函数的方法,通过合理的实验设计与数理统计可以从数值计算中获得离散响应,使用响应曲面法来拟合矩形微通道的温度与压降函数。
表2所示,采用Box-Behnken设计方法,对蛛网形微通道的槽宽、翅宽、槽高进行响应面分析,其中槽宽取值范围为0.1~0.3 mm,翅宽取值范围为0.1~0.3 mm,槽高取值范围为0.3~0.5 mm,使用Design Expert软件进行试验设计,得到17组试验点。
根据表2中的数据,通过Design Expert软件来拟合方程,得到蛛网形微通道结构的温度和压降函数其表达式分别如下。
T=366.595+198.597Wc+80.49Wb-251.16Hc-95.9WcWb-140.2WcHc-46.3WbHc-84.775${W}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}$+6.1${W}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}$+241.675${H}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}$
P=15 480.2-46 743.2Wc+16 138.2Wb-21 319.6Hc-23 604.5WcWb+8 003.15WcHc-5 557.48WbHc+92 734.2${W}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}$-6 235.62${W}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}$+17 017.6${H}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}$
拟合后得到的预测值与仿真数据分布对比如图2所示。决定系数R2和调整决定系数${R}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}$可以用来判断拟合模型的可信度,R2${R}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}$越接近1说明拟合程度越好,拟合的R2${R}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}$结果如表3所示,其值均大于0.95,证明模型准确度较高,可将此模型用于下一步的结构参数优化。
对于微通道换热器而言,温度和压降是评价其性能优劣的两个重要因素,但这两个因素是相互制约的,温度的降低会使压降增大,压降的减小会使温度升高,为了使微通道热沉的综合性能达到最优,需要使热阻与压降同时达到最小,这是多目标问题,使用多目标粒子群算法来解决。
取槽道的宽度Wc、翅片的宽度Wb、槽道的深度Hc作为设计变量,以温度和压降作为目标函数分别记为F1F2,设定槽道各参数变量的边界,以微通道热沉的宽度作为约束条件,建立的以微通道结构参数为变量的多目标粒子群算法的数学模型如式(4)所示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}({W}_{\mathrm{c}},{W}_{\mathrm{b}},{H}_{\mathrm{c}})\\ \mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left[F\right(x\left)\right]=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left\{{F}_{1}\right({W}_{\mathrm{c}},{W}_{\mathrm{b}},{H}_{\mathrm{c}}),\\       {F}_{2}({W}_{\mathrm{c}},{W}_{\mathrm{b}},{H}_{\mathrm{c}})\}\\ \mathrm{s}.\mathrm{t}.N({W}_{\mathrm{c}}+{W}_{\mathrm{b}})<\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}L\\   1\times {10}^{-4}\le {W}_{\mathrm{c}}\le 3\times {10}^{-4}\\   2\times {10}^{-4}\le {W}_{\mathrm{b}}\le 3\times {10}^{-4}\\   3\times {10}^{-4}\le {H}_{\mathrm{c}}\le 5\times {10}^{-4}\end{array}\right.$
多目标粒子群算法是在粒子群的基础上提出来的,将原来只能应用在单目标优化上的粒子群算法应用于多目标优化上,该算法通过非劣解集来存储已找到的支配解,并随机从非劣解集中选取一个解作为导向解,来指导其他粒子的飞行,从而得到Pareto解集,使用MATLAB进行求解,设置迭代次数200,种群数100,为提升算法搜索性能设置惯性因子w随迭代次数从0.9到0.4变化,学习因子c1c2均设为2,经过迭代计算,得到Pareto解集,如图3所示,给出了温度区间在320~340 K范围内,对应压降函数的最优值。
Pareto解集是非劣解的集合,每个解都是某种工况下的最优解,因此每个解相互之间不能比较,但相较于实际应用来说,从众多方案中选取最佳解决方案是十分重要的,设计人员可根据需求自行选取,为便于分析,使用TOPSIS法进行选择,温度权重占60%,压降权重占40%。该方法通过对每个解与理想解的接近度进行评价,进而选出最接近理想解的方案。TOPSIS法在MATLAB中实现,结果如图4所示。可以看出,随着个体数的增加,接近度先单调增加,在个体数22时的接近度达到最大,然后随着个体数的进一步增加,个体的接近度逐渐降低,因此选择个体数22作为最理想解,如图4中红色圆点所示。
最终优化结果如图5所示,红色圆点为最优解,该点的设计变量及目标函数值如表4所示。
图5为由多目标粒子群算法得到的温度及压降的Pareto解集,其中黑色点为Pareto优化解集,红点为由TOPSIS法得到的代表解。图5表示在相同压降下,位于Pareto解集上的值为该结构下对应的最优结构,并且在压降为7 637.4 Pa,温度达到最低323.4 K,在温度为335.5 K,压降可达最低值5 424.3 Pa,选择的代表解温度为326.2 K,压降为6 752 Pa。
图6对比了优化前后蛛网形微通道结构温度场内部温度分布情况及压力分布情况,表4是微通道优化前后温度与压降的仿真值,从表4图6可以看出优化后微通道加热面的温度比优化前的最高温度降低3 K,优化后的微通道的温度分布也更加均匀,并且优化后的微通道的压降比优化前降低了1 514 Pa,说明通过多目标粒子群算法优化后的微通道换热效果更好,压降更低,进而提升了蛛网形微通道结构的综合性能。
使用响应曲面法与多目标粒子群优化算法相结合的方法对蛛网形微通道换热器进行优化,优化后,微通道的温度与压降值均有所降低。研究的主要结论如下。
采用响应曲面法来对蛛网形微通道热沉的温度和压降函数进行拟合,得到两个函数的相关系数R2分别为0.999 6和0.998 4,调整后的相关系数${R}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{j}}^{2}$分别为0.999 1和0.996 1,均非常接近1,说明该模型准确度较高。
迭代次数设置为2 000,种群数200,惯性因子w随迭代次数从0.9到0.4变化,学习因子c1c2设为2,运行算法得到Pareto解集,解集中的每个解都对应某种工况下的最优解。
使用TOPSIS法,以温度占60%,压降占40%的权重从Pareto解集进行选择,选择的代表点与参考点仿真结果相比,温度与压降均有所下降,温度降低3 K,压降降低1 514 Pa,并且优化后的温度分布与压力分布更加均匀,说明合理的通道结构设计可以提升微通道换热器的综合性能。
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2025年第25卷第9期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403807
  • 接收时间:2024-05-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-22
  • 修回日期:2024-12-31
基金
先进制造技术山西省重点实验室开放基金(XJZZ202307)
作者信息
    中北大学先进制造技术山西省重点实验室, 太原 030051
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403807
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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