Article(id=1149781953534194302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404590, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718726400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-19, revisedDate=1735056000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058979638, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058979638, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058979638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058979638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149781952959574654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='9', pageStart='3529', pageEnd='3967', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058979501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776333392421, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251596220226027614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149781952959574654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3529, endPage=3544, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149781953873932928, articleId=1149781953534194302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Present Status and Development Trends of Key Technologies for Offshore Floating Photovoltaic, columnId=1251203859532694360, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Survey·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The utilization of offshore floating photovoltaic has became a hotspot in major coastal countries in complex marine environment. Offshore floating photovoltaic is currently in the phase of the experimental and pilot test. In order to explore the main components and current technological status of offshore floating photovoltaic technology, and to assist in the large-scale and commercial development of offshore floating photovoltaic in China, by sorting out the main components of offshore floating photovoltaic, based on the research and application status of offshore floating photovoltaic at home and abroad, focusing on the structural types of floating platforms, and analyzing the characteristics of various types of floating platforms. The results reveal that the maturity level of zero-gap and non-zero-gap floating platform concepts is not high, and the novel body materials should be considered to reduce engineering costs. The electrical equipment that is suitable for the complex marine environment needs to be further improved. The business modes of integrating floating solar power with other marine scenarios should be actively developed. The strategy, security, and means of operation and maintenance need to be given special attention. The research aims to provide the current status and challenges of key technologies, and offer reference experience and research directions for the development and design of offshore floating photovoltaic.

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海上漂浮式光伏在复杂海洋环境中的应用成为各沿海主要国家的研究热点,海上漂浮式光伏目前处于试验和试点阶段。为了探索海上漂浮式光伏技术的主要组成和当前技术现状,助力中国海上漂浮式光伏规模化、商业化发展,通过梳理海上漂浮式光伏的主要组成部分,基于国内外海上漂浮式光伏的研究和应用现状,聚焦浮体平台结构型式,分析了各类浮体平台的特点。结果表明:零气隙和非零气隙型浮体平台技术成熟度均不高,需考虑新型浮体材料的应用以降低工程成本;适应于海上复杂环境的电气设备亟待进一步突破;海上漂浮式光伏与其他海洋应用场景融合互补的商业模式应积极探索;运行和维护的策略、安全及手段需着重关注。研究旨在给出关键技术现状和挑战,为海上漂浮式光伏的开发和设计人员提供参考经验和研究方向。

, correspAuthors=赵子帅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵子帅(1997—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:波浪爬升、浮式结构物及水动力响应。E-mail:
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黄勇(1982—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,高级工程师。研究方向:海上光伏开发利用技术。E-mail:

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Launch of study on new flexible solar energy systems for offshore application[EB/OL].(2021-11-29)[2024-06-19].https://www.tno.nl/en/newsroom/2021/11/launch-study-new-flexible-solar-energy/., articleTitle=Launch of study on new flexible solar energy systems for offshore application, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249380460806971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sinn-power-demonstrates-ocean-hybrid-platform-in-greece/, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=81, authorNames=Amir G, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Amir G. SINN Power demonstrates ocean hybrid platform in Greece[EB/OL]. (2021-01-22)[2024-06-19]. https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sinn-power-demonstrates-ocean-hybrid-platform-in-greece/., articleTitle=SINN Power demonstrates ocean hybrid platform in Greece, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249380532110140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.sinnpower.com/products, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=82, authorNames=SINN Power, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SINN Power. Products[EB/OL]. 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(2023-09-25)[2024-06-19].https://www.offshore-energy.biz/seavolt-launches-first-of-a-kind-offshore-solar-platform/., articleTitle=SeaVolt launches first of a kind offshore solar platform, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249380766991170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/spanish-researchers-unveil-promising-solution-for-offshore-solar-energy-based-on-dual-axis-tracker-and-tlp/, language=null, rfNumber=[67], rfOrder=85, authorNames=Nadja S, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nadja S. Spanish researchers unveil ‘promising solution for offshore solar energy’ based on dual-axis tracker and TLP[EB/OL].(2024-02-20)[2024-06-19].https://www.offshore-energy.biz/spanish-researchers-unveil-promising-solution-for-offshore-solar-energy-based-on-dual-axis-tracker-and-tlp/., articleTitle=Spanish researchers unveil ‘promising solution for offshore solar energy’ based on dual-axis tracker and TLP, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249380867654468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://bluenewables.com/, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=86, authorNames=BlueNewables, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BlueNewables. 1MW PV-bos hits milestones in valencia:design optimized, suppliers on board, construction set for 2024[EB/OL].(2024-01-18)[2024-06-19].https://bluenewables.com/., articleTitle=1MW PV-bos hits milestones in valencia:design optimized, suppliers on board, construction set for 2024, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249380947346246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_23709216, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=87, authorNames=华夏能源网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=华夏能源网. 海上光伏“集结号”: 躁动的野望和待解的难题[EB/OL].(2023-07-02)[2024-06-19].https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_23709216., articleTitle=海上光伏“集结号”: 躁动的野望和待解的难题, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381052203848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_23709216, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=88, authorNames=GreenergyDaily. com, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GreenergyDaily. com. Ocean photovoltaic ‘cluster’: restless wild hopes and problems to be solved[EB/OL].(2023-07-02)[2024-06-19]. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_23709216., articleTitle=Ocean photovoltaic ‘cluster’: restless wild hopes and problems to be solved, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381115118409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://news.solarbe.com/202112/16/348525.html, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=89, authorNames=国家能源集团, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家能源集团. 全国首个近海漂浮光伏试验方阵在浙江公司下水[EB/OL].(2021-12-16)[2024-06-19].https://news.solarbe.com/202112/16/348525.html., articleTitle=全国首个近海漂浮光伏试验方阵在浙江公司下水, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381199004492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://news.solarbe.com/202112/16/348525.html, language=null, rfNumber=[70], rfOrder=90, authorNames=China Energy Investment Group(CHN Energy), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Energy Investment Group(CHN Energy). The China’s first offshore floating photovoltaic test array launched in Zhejiang company[EB/OL].(2021-12-16)[2024-06-19].https://news.solarbe.com/202112/16/348525.html., articleTitle=The China’s first offshore floating photovoltaic test array launched in Zhejiang company, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381274501965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://pro742522-pic13.websiteonline.cn/upload/0fgt.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=91, authorNames=一道新能, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=一道新能. 一道新能海上漂浮式光伏系统兆瓦级海试方阵总体设计方案[EB/OL].(2022-03-22)[2024-06-19].https://pro742522-pic13.websiteonline.cn/upload/0fgt.pdf., articleTitle=一道新能海上漂浮式光伏系统兆瓦级海试方阵总体设计方案, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381349999439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://pro742522-pic13.websiteonline.cn/upload/0fgt.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=92, authorNames=DAS Solar, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAS Solar. The overall design scheme with installed capacity of multi-megawatt array in real sea[EB/OL].(2022-03-22)[2024-06-19].https://pro742522-pic13.websiteonline.cn/upload/0fgt.pdf., articleTitle=The overall design scheme with installed capacity of multi-megawatt array in real sea, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381433885519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.eworldship.com/html/2023/NewShipUnderConstrunction_0406/191264.html, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=93, authorNames=国际船舶网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国际船舶网. 中集来福士建造国内首个半潜式海上光伏发电平台交付[EB/OL].(2023-04-06)[2024-06-19].https://www.eworldship.com/html/2023/NewShipUnderConstrunction_0406/191264.html., articleTitle=中集来福士建造国内首个半潜式海上光伏发电平台交付, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381505188689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.eworldship.com/html/2023/NewShipUnderConstrunction_0406/191264.html, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=94, authorNames=eworldship. com, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=eworldship. com. The first semi-submersible platform for offshore floating photovoltaic power was delivered which built by Yantai CIMC Raffles Ocean Technology Group in China[EB/OL].(2023-04-06)[2024-06-19].https://www.eworldship.com/html/2023/NewShipUnderConstrunction_0406/191264.html., articleTitle=The first semi-submersible platform for offshore floating photovoltaic power was delivered which built by Yantai CIMC Raffles Ocean Technology Group in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381568103250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://news.solarbe.com/202309/04/371412.html, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=95, authorNames=索比光伏网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=索比光伏网. 国家电投山东院自主研发的海上漂浮式光伏实证平台成功运行[EB/OL].(2023-09-04)[2024-06-19].https://news.solarbe.com/202309/04/371412.html., articleTitle=国家电投山东院自主研发的海上漂浮式光伏实证平台成功运行, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381656183634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://news.solarbe.com/202309/04/371412.html, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=96, authorNames=solarbe. com, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=solarbe. com. The demonstrated platform for offshore floating photovoltaic independently developed by Shandong Electric Power Engineering Consulting Institute of State Power Investment Corporation Limited (SPIC) has been successfully operated[EB/OL]. (2023-09-04)[2024-06-19].https://news.solarbe.com/202309/04/371412.html., articleTitle=The demonstrated platform for offshore floating photovoltaic independently developed by Shandong Electric Power Engineering Consulting Institute of State Power Investment Corporation Limited (SPIC) has been successfully operated, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381735875412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://tianjinwe.enorth.com.cn/system/2023/10/31/054579424.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=97, authorNames=天津北方网讯, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=天津北方网讯. 国家电投海上漂浮光伏项目今天运行[EB/OL].(2023-10-31)[2024-06-19].http://tianjinwe.enorth.com.cn/system/2023/10/31/054579424.shtml., articleTitle=国家电投海上漂浮光伏项目今天运行, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381802984278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://tianjinwe.enorth.com.cn/system/2023/10/31/054579424.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=98, authorNames=tianjinwe, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=tianjinwe. The offshore floating photovoltaic project of SPIC is running today[EB/OL].(2023-10-31)[2024-06-19].http://tianjinwe.enorth.com.cn/system/2023/10/31/054579424.shtml., articleTitle=The offshore floating photovoltaic project of SPIC is running today, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381870093144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=99, authorNames=天津大学, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=天津大学. 一种适用于海上漂浮式光伏系统的浮式平台结构: 中国, 114385140[P]. 2024-01-30., articleTitle=一种适用于海上漂浮式光伏系统的浮式平台结构: 中国, 114385140, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249381941396314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=100, authorNames=Tianjin University, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tianjin University. A floating platform structure suitable for offshore floating photovoltaic systems: China, 114385140[P]. 2024-01-30., articleTitle=A floating platform structure suitable for offshore floating photovoltaic systems: China, 114385140, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249382012699484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cfgc.cn/g4430/s9681/t32517.aspx, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=101, authorNames=中林集团, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中林集团. 中林集团合作研发的竹基海上光伏平台正式发布[EB/OL].(2023-08-31)[2024-06-19]. https://www.cfgc.cn/g4430/s9681/t32517.aspx., articleTitle=中林集团合作研发的竹基海上光伏平台正式发布, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249382084002654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cfgc.cn/g4430/s9681/t32517.aspx, language=null, rfNumber=[76], rfOrder=102, authorNames=China Forestry Group Corporation(CFGC), journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Forestry Group Corporation(CFGC). The bamboo-based offshore photovoltaic platform jointly developed by CFGC was officially released[EB/OL].(2023-08-31)[2024-06-19]. https://www.cfgc.cn/g4430/s9681/t32517.aspx., articleTitle=The bamboo-based offshore photovoltaic platform jointly developed by CFGC was officially released, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249382146917216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.nicenergy.com/dtyww/dtxw/202404/ea0c67d7e09b4973a57767f39a5bd354.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=103, authorNames=国家能源北京低碳清洁能源研究院, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家能源北京低碳清洁能源研究院. 低碳院新材料浮筒在国家能源集团首个海上漂浮式光伏实证项目中成功应用[EB/OL].(2024-04-17)[2024-06-19]. https://www.nicenergy.com/dtyww/dtxw/202404/ea0c67d7e09b4973a57767f39a5bd354.shtml., articleTitle=低碳院新材料浮筒在国家能源集团首个海上漂浮式光伏实证项目中成功应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249382239191906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.nicenergy.com/dtyww/dtxw/202404/ea0c67d7e09b4973a57767f39a5bd354.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[77], rfOrder=104, authorNames=National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE) of CHN Energy, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy(NICE) of CHN Energy. 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Gain distribution of water-wind-solar multi-energy complementary operation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(10): 3991-3997., articleTitle=Gain distribution of water-wind-solar multi-energy complementary operation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249385229730738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[114], rfOrder=146, authorNames=Lopez M, Claus R, Soto F, journalName=Developments in the analysis and design of marine structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lopez M, Claus R, Soto F, et al. Developments in the analysis and design of marine structures[M]. London: CRC Press, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1251249385292645300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=8, issue=2, pageStart=95, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[115], rfOrder=147, authorNames=Amin I, Ali M E A, Bayoumi S, journalName=Journal of Marine and Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Amin I, Ali M E A, Bayoumi S, et al. Conceptual design and numerical analysis of a novel floating desalination plant powered by marine renewable energy for Egypt[J]. 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=CN, label=图6, caption=OFPV浮体平台初步设计流程图, figureFileSmall=tHa7RHFYI7TQO+kVVLbHqw==, figureFileBig=WJe+5aXWKJtz5JN7NronAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251249366082732145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Solar cells and modules at home and abroad[19,29-34]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术分类` 产品 实验室最高
效率/%
优势 限制因素
晶体硅 发射极背钝化
(PERC)
24.03 制作工艺简单,成本最低,弱光响应低 降本增效空间有限,已接近理论电池效率
隧穿氧化层钝化
接触(TOPCon)
25.80 PERC的升级技术,低衰减性,弱光响应高 生产流程较长、工艺相对复杂
异质结(HJT) 26.60 制备时间较短,工艺步骤最少,弱光响应高 与现有产线不兼容,工艺难度较大,投资成本偏高
背接触(BC) 26.70 生产工艺较成熟,弱光响应高 工艺复杂,技术难度大,商业化量产研发
薄膜 碲化镉 22.10 弱光响应高,制备成本低 含有毒重金属元素镉,碲元素稀缺,无法批量生产
铜铟镓硒 23.35 可直接沉积在各种基材上,低衰减性 铟、硒元素稀缺,制备成本偏高,对设备工艺要求较高,无法批量生产
砷化镓 39.50 耐高温,抗辐照性能好,可靠性好 无法形成规模生产,仅针对特定应用市场
新型 钙钛矿 29.80 转化效率高,可与晶硅电池等其他电池
结合,不使用稀缺元素
小规模批量生产,铅毒性,稳定性较差
有机薄膜 21.04 成本较低,质量轻,制作工艺简单,具备
柔性等
转换效率较低,稳定性待解决
量子点 18.90 吸光强度高,低成本溶液加工等 转换效率较低,稳定性待解决
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366237921408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内外太阳电池及组件[19,29-34]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术分类` 产品 实验室最高
效率/%
优势 限制因素
晶体硅 发射极背钝化
(PERC)
24.03 制作工艺简单,成本最低,弱光响应低 降本增效空间有限,已接近理论电池效率
隧穿氧化层钝化
接触(TOPCon)
25.80 PERC的升级技术,低衰减性,弱光响应高 生产流程较长、工艺相对复杂
异质结(HJT) 26.60 制备时间较短,工艺步骤最少,弱光响应高 与现有产线不兼容,工艺难度较大,投资成本偏高
背接触(BC) 26.70 生产工艺较成熟,弱光响应高 工艺复杂,技术难度大,商业化量产研发
薄膜 碲化镉 22.10 弱光响应高,制备成本低 含有毒重金属元素镉,碲元素稀缺,无法批量生产
铜铟镓硒 23.35 可直接沉积在各种基材上,低衰减性 铟、硒元素稀缺,制备成本偏高,对设备工艺要求较高,无法批量生产
砷化镓 39.50 耐高温,抗辐照性能好,可靠性好 无法形成规模生产,仅针对特定应用市场
新型 钙钛矿 29.80 转化效率高,可与晶硅电池等其他电池
结合,不使用稀缺元素
小规模批量生产,铅毒性,稳定性较差
有机薄膜 21.04 成本较低,质量轻,制作工艺简单,具备
柔性等
转换效率较低,稳定性待解决
量子点 18.90 吸光强度高,低成本溶液加工等 转换效率较低,稳定性待解决
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366397304971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of common anchor types and scope of application[41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 原理 缺点 适用范围
拖曳
埋置锚
部分或全部嵌入海底,主要靠前部结构与土壤的摩擦力抵抗外力,能承受较大的水平力 无法承受垂向拉力 最为广泛,常与悬链式系泊搭配使用
桩锚 空心圆柱结构,通过向海床打入桩基,通过桩基与土壤之间的作用力来提供系泊线的水平张力和垂向张力 安装时需导向支架和水下打桩锤,安装费用很高,特别是深水条件打桩或钻孔十分困难 坚硬的海床地质
吸力桩/
沉箱
一般为钢制圆柱形结构,顶部封闭并带有闸门,底部敞开。通过水泵制造内外压力差,承受系泊线很高的水平和垂向载荷 施工复杂,安装费用高,安装和拆卸均需潜水员或深潜器协助 主要用于黏土型底质,也可用于细砂或颗粒层,适用于深水系泊系统
重力锚 由混凝土块或钢块、碎金属或其他高密度材料制成。主要通过锚与海床表面的摩擦力来抵抗系泊线的水平张力,通过压载重量来抵抗系泊线的垂向张力 水平张力通常难以单纯通过压载和海床之间的摩擦力平衡,垂向张力越大,需设计更大的压载体积。其性能与海床强相关,限制了适用范围 适用于小型系泊系统
板锚 置于具有较高底质强度的海床深处,可承受较大的垂向荷载 安装位置、深度和系泊线定位方向等安装精确性要求高 适用于系泊线以大倾斜角与海床相交的张紧式系泊系统
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366539911319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常见锚类型优缺点及适用范围[41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 原理 缺点 适用范围
拖曳
埋置锚
部分或全部嵌入海底,主要靠前部结构与土壤的摩擦力抵抗外力,能承受较大的水平力 无法承受垂向拉力 最为广泛,常与悬链式系泊搭配使用
桩锚 空心圆柱结构,通过向海床打入桩基,通过桩基与土壤之间的作用力来提供系泊线的水平张力和垂向张力 安装时需导向支架和水下打桩锤,安装费用很高,特别是深水条件打桩或钻孔十分困难 坚硬的海床地质
吸力桩/
沉箱
一般为钢制圆柱形结构,顶部封闭并带有闸门,底部敞开。通过水泵制造内外压力差,承受系泊线很高的水平和垂向载荷 施工复杂,安装费用高,安装和拆卸均需潜水员或深潜器协助 主要用于黏土型底质,也可用于细砂或颗粒层,适用于深水系泊系统
重力锚 由混凝土块或钢块、碎金属或其他高密度材料制成。主要通过锚与海床表面的摩擦力来抵抗系泊线的水平张力,通过压载重量来抵抗系泊线的垂向张力 水平张力通常难以单纯通过压载和海床之间的摩擦力平衡,垂向张力越大,需设计更大的压载体积。其性能与海床强相关,限制了适用范围 适用于小型系泊系统
板锚 置于具有较高底质强度的海床深处,可承受较大的垂向荷载 安装位置、深度和系泊线定位方向等安装精确性要求高 适用于系泊线以大倾斜角与海床相交的张紧式系泊系统
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366648963239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Grabbing characteristics of common drag embedded anchor with weight of 10 t[41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级别 锚的名称 抓力系数 特性
A 史蒂芙帕瑞斯锚、史蒂芙夏克锚、布鲁斯FFTS锚 33~55 具有极大的穿透底质的能力
B 布鲁斯铸钢锚、布鲁斯TS锚、霍克锚 17~25 锚柄如弯曲的胳臂,有利于穿透底质
C 史蒂汶锚、史蒂芙菲克斯锚、史蒂芙莫特锚、阔鳍型德尔泰锚 14~26 具有开敞的锚冠及相对较短的锚柄和稳定杆,锚爪转动的枢轴接近重心处
D 丹福斯锚、轻量型锚、斯达托锚、穆尔法斯特/近海钻井II型锚、博世锚 8~15 在锚爪后部设置较长的稳定杆兼作锚爪转动的枢轴,并具有相对较长的锚柄
E AC-14锚、斯托克斯锚、Snugstow锚、Weldhold锚 8~11 具有很短的稳定器(锚冠部分),锚爪转动的枢轴在后部,并具有相对较短横截面为矩形的锚柄
F 美国海军无杆锚、Beyers锚、Union锚、斯贝克锚 4~6 锚柄截面为矩形,无稳定杆,锚的稳定依靠锚冠
G 单爪锚、海军锚、Dreger锚、Moorihg锚 <6 锚爪面积小,稳定杆设在锚柄端部
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366758015154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

重量10 t的常见拖曳埋置锚抓持特性[41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
级别 锚的名称 抓力系数 特性
A 史蒂芙帕瑞斯锚、史蒂芙夏克锚、布鲁斯FFTS锚 33~55 具有极大的穿透底质的能力
B 布鲁斯铸钢锚、布鲁斯TS锚、霍克锚 17~25 锚柄如弯曲的胳臂,有利于穿透底质
C 史蒂汶锚、史蒂芙菲克斯锚、史蒂芙莫特锚、阔鳍型德尔泰锚 14~26 具有开敞的锚冠及相对较短的锚柄和稳定杆,锚爪转动的枢轴接近重心处
D 丹福斯锚、轻量型锚、斯达托锚、穆尔法斯特/近海钻井II型锚、博世锚 8~15 在锚爪后部设置较长的稳定杆兼作锚爪转动的枢轴,并具有相对较长的锚柄
E AC-14锚、斯托克斯锚、Snugstow锚、Weldhold锚 8~11 具有很短的稳定器(锚冠部分),锚爪转动的枢轴在后部,并具有相对较短横截面为矩形的锚柄
F 美国海军无杆锚、Beyers锚、Union锚、斯贝克锚 4~6 锚柄截面为矩形,无稳定杆,锚的稳定依靠锚冠
G 单爪锚、海军锚、Dreger锚、Moorihg锚 <6 锚爪面积小,稳定杆设在锚柄端部
), ArticleFig(id=1251249366976118982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Representative projects of sea test and demonstration for OFPV at home and abroad[56,60,62,65-66,72-74,76-77]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 项目名称 年度 区域 容量/kW 水深/m 离岸距离/km
半潜式钢框架+浮筒 国家能源海上漂浮式光伏“风光同场”科技实证项目 2024 中国 100 约10 42
竹基复合桁架式 中集来福士“集林一号” 2023 中国 7
张弦浮岛式 天津近海水面漂浮式光伏电站科研项目(“渤海1号”2 MW实证试验) 2023 中国 254 3~5 0.4
浮管+浮筒框架 国家电投山东院海上光伏实证平台 2023 中国 15 约20 3.5
半潜式 中集来福士海上光伏发电平台 2023 中国 400 7
可回收塑料浮筒+
柔性连接
Brest Port 25 kW漂浮式光伏电站(HelioRec) 2023 法国 25
钢框架+HDPE浮筒 Sun’Sète项目 2023 法国 约20 1.5
碳纤维框架+浮筒 SeaVolt平台实测项目 2023 比利时
薄膜式 山东半岛南3号海上风电场20 MW深远海漂浮式光伏500 kW项目 2022 中国 500 30 30
刚性薄膜式 North Sea Ⅰ项目(Oceans of Energy) 2020 荷兰 50 15 <1
薄膜式 Solar@Sea II项目 2021 荷兰 20
), ArticleFig(id=1251249367127113940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

国内外具有代表性的OFPV实海测试和示范项目[56,60,62,65-66,72-74,76-77]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 项目名称 年度 区域 容量/kW 水深/m 离岸距离/km
半潜式钢框架+浮筒 国家能源海上漂浮式光伏“风光同场”科技实证项目 2024 中国 100 约10 42
竹基复合桁架式 中集来福士“集林一号” 2023 中国 7
张弦浮岛式 天津近海水面漂浮式光伏电站科研项目(“渤海1号”2 MW实证试验) 2023 中国 254 3~5 0.4
浮管+浮筒框架 国家电投山东院海上光伏实证平台 2023 中国 15 约20 3.5
半潜式 中集来福士海上光伏发电平台 2023 中国 400 7
可回收塑料浮筒+
柔性连接
Brest Port 25 kW漂浮式光伏电站(HelioRec) 2023 法国 25
钢框架+HDPE浮筒 Sun’Sète项目 2023 法国 约20 1.5
碳纤维框架+浮筒 SeaVolt平台实测项目 2023 比利时
薄膜式 山东半岛南3号海上风电场20 MW深远海漂浮式光伏500 kW项目 2022 中国 500 30 30
刚性薄膜式 North Sea Ⅰ项目(Oceans of Energy) 2020 荷兰 50 15 <1
薄膜式 Solar@Sea II项目 2021 荷兰 20
), ArticleFig(id=1251249367265525985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of floating platform with zero air gap and non-zero air gap

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浮体平台 零气隙 非零气隙
代表性
项目/概念
薄膜式(Ocean Sun)、Solar@Sea II、Oceans of Energy、一道新能等 中集来福士海上光伏发电平台、张弦浮岛式、Solar Duck等
原理/特点 浮体平台与水面紧贴,顺随入射波移动、弯曲 浮体平台抬高至水面以上,尽可能远离海浪
优点 节省材料、造价相对较低、光伏组件的水冷却程度高、易于扩展 设计相对简单、安全性较高、运维相对方便、承载能力相对较高
缺点 光伏组件安全特性要求高、运维相对困难 耗材较高、造价相对昂贵、不易于大面积扩展
), ArticleFig(id=1251249367399743722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149781953534194302, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

零气隙和非零气隙型浮体平台优缺点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浮体平台 零气隙 非零气隙
代表性
项目/概念
薄膜式(Ocean Sun)、Solar@Sea II、Oceans of Energy、一道新能等 中集来福士海上光伏发电平台、张弦浮岛式、Solar Duck等
原理/特点 浮体平台与水面紧贴,顺随入射波移动、弯曲 浮体平台抬高至水面以上,尽可能远离海浪
优点 节省材料、造价相对较低、光伏组件的水冷却程度高、易于扩展 设计相对简单、安全性较高、运维相对方便、承载能力相对较高
缺点 光伏组件安全特性要求高、运维相对困难 耗材较高、造价相对昂贵、不易于大面积扩展
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海上漂浮式光伏关键技术的研究现状与发展趋势
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黄勇 , 赵子帅 * , 文锋
科学技术与工程 | 综述·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(9): 3529-3544
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(9): 3529-3544
海上漂浮式光伏关键技术的研究现状与发展趋势
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黄勇 , 赵子帅* , 文锋
作者信息
  • 上海能源科技发展有限公司国家电投集团风电产业创新中心, 上海 200233
  • 黄勇(1982—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,高级工程师。研究方向:海上光伏开发利用技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵子帅(1997—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:波浪爬升、浮式结构物及水动力响应。E-mail:
Present Status and Development Trends of Key Technologies for Offshore Floating Photovoltaic
Yong HUANG , Zi-shuai ZHAO* , Feng WEN
Affiliations
  • SPIC Wind Power Innovation Center, Shanghai Energy Technology Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404590
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海上漂浮式光伏在复杂海洋环境中的应用成为各沿海主要国家的研究热点,海上漂浮式光伏目前处于试验和试点阶段。为了探索海上漂浮式光伏技术的主要组成和当前技术现状,助力中国海上漂浮式光伏规模化、商业化发展,通过梳理海上漂浮式光伏的主要组成部分,基于国内外海上漂浮式光伏的研究和应用现状,聚焦浮体平台结构型式,分析了各类浮体平台的特点。结果表明:零气隙和非零气隙型浮体平台技术成熟度均不高,需考虑新型浮体材料的应用以降低工程成本;适应于海上复杂环境的电气设备亟待进一步突破;海上漂浮式光伏与其他海洋应用场景融合互补的商业模式应积极探索;运行和维护的策略、安全及手段需着重关注。研究旨在给出关键技术现状和挑战,为海上漂浮式光伏的开发和设计人员提供参考经验和研究方向。

海上漂浮式光伏  /  OFPV  /  浮体平台  /  融合发展

The utilization of offshore floating photovoltaic has became a hotspot in major coastal countries in complex marine environment. Offshore floating photovoltaic is currently in the phase of the experimental and pilot test. In order to explore the main components and current technological status of offshore floating photovoltaic technology, and to assist in the large-scale and commercial development of offshore floating photovoltaic in China, by sorting out the main components of offshore floating photovoltaic, based on the research and application status of offshore floating photovoltaic at home and abroad, focusing on the structural types of floating platforms, and analyzing the characteristics of various types of floating platforms. The results reveal that the maturity level of zero-gap and non-zero-gap floating platform concepts is not high, and the novel body materials should be considered to reduce engineering costs. The electrical equipment that is suitable for the complex marine environment needs to be further improved. The business modes of integrating floating solar power with other marine scenarios should be actively developed. The strategy, security, and means of operation and maintenance need to be given special attention. The research aims to provide the current status and challenges of key technologies, and offer reference experience and research directions for the development and design of offshore floating photovoltaic.

offshore floating photovoltaic  /  OFPV  /  floating platform  /  integral development
黄勇, 赵子帅, 文锋. 海上漂浮式光伏关键技术的研究现状与发展趋势. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3529 -3544 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404590
Yong HUANG, Zi-shuai ZHAO, Feng WEN. Present Status and Development Trends of Key Technologies for Offshore Floating Photovoltaic[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (9) : 3529 -3544 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404590
在大规模脱碳行动环境中,太阳能成为各国可再生能源体系发展的主力。根据国际能源机构(International Energy Agency,IEA)报告,2023年全球新增光伏系统装机容量约446 GW,累计总装机容量约1.6 TW,其中,中国光伏累计总装机达到662 GW,稳居全球首位[1]。但随着光伏电站对土地、屋顶资源的不断利用,其发展动力受到一定限制,水面光伏成为各国关注的潜在开发资源,尤其对于土地受限而水域利用面积广的国家和地区,如新加坡、韩国、日本和新西兰等。水面光伏是指在内河、水塘、湖泊、水库、煤矿沉陷区、沿海滩涂以及近远海域等可开发水面上建设的光伏电站,主要分为固定式和漂浮式两类。一般地,当海上光伏项目建设水深超过3~5 m,采用海上漂浮式光伏(offshore floating photovoltaic,OFPV)结构进行设计。
根据新加坡太阳能研究所(Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore,SERIS)数据,仅利用全球所有水库10%的表面积估计,FPV装机容量可达到23 TW,潜能产出近25 000 TW·h/年,相当于2022年全球电力需求总量。截至2022年底,全球FPV累计装机容量突破6 GW,主要建设在亚洲和欧洲地区,这意味着其未来发展的巨大潜力[2]。然而,由于海洋中更加恶劣的风、浪、流及海水腐蚀等环境,FPV项目还未真正扩展到海域中。目前,全球OFPV技术的研究,处于“由0到1”的探索发展阶段。海上光伏相较于其他水面光伏所具有的明显优势[3]:①可利用海洋空间广阔,不受任何地形、建筑遮蔽;②由于海水、海风的环境,具有更高的光伏发电效率,可提高5%以下[4-10]或5%~15%[11-17];③与海上风电、波浪能、潮流能等其他海洋能以及海洋牧场、制氢产业融合发展,实现多能互补的海洋资源综合利用。
FPV技术在过去10年中以133%/年的速度迅速发展[18]。中国在湖面、河面等FPV系统技术进入规模化发展[19],为促进海上光伏产业健康和持续发展作出了不同的政策规定。在2022年加强河湖水域岸线空间的管控,指出光伏电站项目不得在河道、湖泊、水库内建设,海上漂浮式光伏迎来了重大发展契机。在2024年,中国海上光伏用海主要支持核电温排水区、盐田盐池、围海养殖区、海上风光同场四类用海方式,离岸距离2 km外。截至目前,全球首个深远海“风光同场”500 kW OFPV实证项目2022年在中国山东省海阳市南侧海域投入使用,该项目离岸30 km,水深30 m。
Oliveira-Pint等[20]对FPV在海洋环境中的相关应用和潜力进行了探讨。Claus等[21]聚焦OFPV应用设计,对OFPV主要组成成分及海洋环境适应性、结构类别、通用设计流程等方面进行了综述。Zhang等[22]基于新加坡伍德兰兹海岸附近的5 MW漂浮式光伏项目,提出了设计和验证漂浮式光伏场站的方法学,但表明其浮体平台是通过Tengeh水库FPV的经验进行改善以适应近海的海洋环境所提出的。严炜等[23]提出了一种轻量化单层框架式漂浮式海上光伏支撑结构,探究了不同系泊参数对模块阵列运动响应和系泊缆受力等的影响。耿宝磊等[24]聚焦OFPV结构水动力问题,分析了国内外学者已提出的结构型式的设计可行性。岳云峰等[25]总结了OFPV技术的优劣势,并从经济性角度指出了OFPV场址的选择建议。陈继平等[26]瞄准柔性支撑结构海上光伏平台,在柔性膜结构及其水动力设计理论和方法依据、系泊系统设计等进行了阐述。
一般性的FPV设计概念和方法,如在内河、湖泊和水库等所开发的光伏项目,无法适应海洋恶劣的环境条件。目前,世界范围内尚无可以指导OFPV设计的成熟规范和标准。挪威船级社(Det Norske Veritas,DNV)发布了漂浮式光伏电站推荐作法DNVGL-RP-0584[27],为FPV的设计、开发、运行和退役提供了建议和指南,但重点关注的是内陆和近岸水域的FPV项目,并不包括OFPV技术。中国《水上光伏发电系统设计规范》(T/CPIA 0017—2019)[28]指出FPV的选址不宜在远海域,同样不涉及OFPV的规范要求。
OFPV技术已成为世界主要沿海国家的热点发展方向,目前正处于概念设计、物理模型试验、数值计算分析和示范、验证阶段,距离实现真正商业化和规模发展还需要一定的技术创新。旨在为OFPV浮体平台的关键设计提供见解,因此,现通过对当前国内外OFPV技术的研究现状进行梳理,阐述OFPV的组成部分,以确定其在海洋环境中的适应性及局限性,重点分析海上漂浮式光伏浮体平台的结构型式和设计方法及理论,探索与其他海洋应用场景的融合发展模式,给出未来OFPV的发展方向和挑战,为OFPV项目和关键技术的发展和突破提供参考。
通常地,OFPV系统的主要组成为:光伏组件、浮体平台结构、系泊和锚固部分以及电气送出部分,如图1所示。
光伏组件是太阳能发电系统的核心部件,由太阳能电池构成,通过吸光层和光生伏特效应产生自由电子。中国光伏组件技术成熟度较高、运行较为可靠,结合海洋特殊的环境,应合理选择行业内光伏组件类型。目前光伏组件所采用的太阳能电池主要分为晶体硅、薄膜和新型太阳电池,如表1所示,其中,PERC电池是光伏电池市场绝对主流技术。非晶体硅组件,如薄膜、新型太阳电池,在弱光响应性能上具有一定优势,但是在海上大面积、无遮蔽应用区域,弱光响应性并不突出。
基于生产规模、转化效率、投资成本以及技术工艺,PERC电池仍会在中短期内占据市场主流。商业化光伏组件的产品功率为370~670 Wp,根据太阳电池片尺寸和数量,组件功率档级不同,适用多种应用场景,其中375~500 Wp功率组件主要适用于户用、工商业等屋顶分布式光伏场景;540 Wp功率以上组件主要适用于大型陆上集中式电站、大型工商业分布式光伏场景。其中,Wp(Wpeak)表示太阳能电池峰值功率,每天随着太阳照射的角度不同,输出的功率也不相同,Wp表示的是最大输出功率。
相较于陆上水域FPV,海洋环境中的光伏组件可能会遭遇到更高的波浪荷载、盐性腐蚀等。在海洋环境中,太阳电池的衰减速度可能会加快,影响太阳能电站的发电可靠性[35]。波浪的传播会使得光伏组件产生更明显的机械振荡,振荡频率和振荡角度对其最大输出功率也有直接影响[36]。太阳电池表面可能会受到上浪、腐蚀等造成的破损或隐裂,降低光谱透过率。此外,由于海洋环境存在较高盐度,在光伏组件表面析出沉淀形成的盐粒层,影响对光吸收率,可能抑制太阳电池的工作。
浮体是提供浮力并承载光伏组件、电气设备及附属结构的平台。陆上FPV的浮体平台通常使用高抗拉强度、耐紫外线、轻质化、危害性低和免维护的塑性材料,如最常采用的高密度聚乙烯材料(HDPE)。此外,更高密度的材料,如混凝土[37]或钢铁[38]同样可以采用。浮体材料在其他方面需要考虑的关键特性为耐火性、耐腐蚀性和防穿刺。
浮体平台的类型按照上浪特征可基本上分为零气隙和高气隙型。零气隙型浮体平台与海水表面紧贴,具有随波运动的特性,可以较好地传递波浪荷载,允许少部分上浪现象,如水弹性薄膜、轻质浮箱等,这种典型概念在工程造价上有竞争力,但对光伏组件的技术参数要求较高,往往需要定制化安装光伏组件。高气隙型浮体平台使得光伏组件相较于自由波面具有安全超高,防止波浪在光伏组件表面发生上浪,这种典型概念通常选择钢结构为主体,造价偏高,如立柱式、桁架式,易于适应场址要求。
在离岸海域中,浮体平台在全生命周期内需要能够承受更大的波浪力、海水腐蚀以及海生物附着。尽管陆上FPV所常用的HDPE材料具有轻质化、耐腐蚀、耐紫外线等特性,然而,在海洋环境中,HDPE很难承受波浪力的循环作用,此外,还可能会成为碎屑、碎渣的来源并污染海洋环境。为保证浮体与环境的友好性,OFPV的浮体平台材料可以选择绿色环保和可持续利用的高抗拉强度塑料[39],另一方面,可以选择混凝土[40]、钢铁、铝合金或复合材料进行合理设计,满足海洋应用的环境条件。
系泊和锚固系统,用于浮体平台的定位,限制浮体的自由偏移距离,以避免自身或与其他浮体间干涉碰撞发生损坏。由于离岸距离和水深的变化,系泊和锚固的方案会变得更加复杂和昂贵。针对海洋环境中的浮体结构,锚泊系统的回复力由系泊缆索的张力提供,系泊缆索通常选择钢锚链或钢丝绳进行设计。
系泊类型按照设计寿命一般可以分为移动式系泊和永久性系泊系统。移动式系泊系统经常在海上某位置上短期停留,适用于海上作业时间较短的工程船舶或浮式装置[41]。永久性系泊系统通常设计使用寿命在10年以上,而OFPV发电场一般设计寿命为25年,需考虑永久性系泊系统进行浮体定位。在遭遇恶劣海况时,OFPV不能偏移场址位置,在设计时需要考虑更严谨的动力分析和疲劳分析。对于示范、验证的海上浮式光伏平台,其设计寿命可适当予以减少,但应在设计文件中予以明确并得到开发商的认可。OFPV系泊系统设计的难题在于极浅水深条件下系泊型式选择和分析,尤其是对于柔性膜结构的系泊方案,属于OFPV亟待解决的技术难题。
海洋工程锚是通过系泊线系固在海底并借其保持定位的关键设备。锚类型可分为拖曳埋置锚、桩锚、吸力桩/沉箱、重力锚以及板锚,其优缺点可简单总结如表2所示。对于永久性系泊系统,系泊型式选择较多,如图2所示,大致可以分为悬链式和张紧式结构。
悬链式系泊系统通常采用大抓力拖曳埋置锚,拖曳埋置锚通常以抓力与自重的比值(即抓重比或抓力系数)表征锚的抓持特性,其重量10 t级的级别和在海床底质中的抓持特性如表3所示。张紧式系泊系统可采用桩锚、吸力桩和板锚等。常见锚固基础类型如图3所示。
OFPV发电场所产生的绿电需要通过海缆和电气设备及附属部件送出至电网。海缆的布线可以在海水表面或者敷设在水下,即选择海底电缆或动态海缆技术路线。对于多数海缆,由于会遭受高紫外线辐射和较大的温度变化,需要在海缆设计时进行考虑[42]。电气设备,如汇流箱、逆变器等,其安装位置基本在自由波面以上,以减轻波浪砰击和海水腐蚀的危害,但是并不能完全满足不浸水或保持干燥的需要。这些电气设备安装在陆地上是更好的选择,但对于大中型OFPV发电场而言,其可以安装在浮体平台上。
对于开发者和设计者而言,OFPV所转化的绿电传输至电网是个严峻的挑战,可能会产生高昂的海缆用量成本。由于OFPV发电具有间歇性或用户侧负荷变化的特性,其输出电压不能直接接入交流电网[43]。通过汇流箱、逆变器等电气设备可以满足与交流电网接入时输出电压和电流的要求。这些问题也可能通过储能系统来解决[44]。现行用于可再生能源的储能技术包括电化学储能、压缩空气储能、抽水蓄能、飞轮储能和制氢(氢能)等。
太阳能主要使用的储能技术限于电化学储能[45]。然而,当前电化学储能所用到的电池,如锂离子电池、液流电池等,其价格昂贵,使用寿命有限,一旦达到产品报废条件,就可能会产生有害废弃物。压缩空气储能作为一种新兴的储能技术,被用于清洁能源,如海上风力发电[46]。部分学者提出利用浮筒结构作为储能的压力容器以结合压缩空气储能技术和OFPV[38],但对于大型储气室存在地形条件依赖问题[47],在海上恶劣环境中,其体积和安装位置是明显的限制。抽水蓄能是适用于大规模容量的储能技术,抽海水蓄能和OFPV的组合可行性也被经过分析[48],对于拥有漫长海岸线和淡水资源宝贵的国家是可选择的方向。制氢(氢能)是绿电转化的前沿热点方向,具有较好的发展潜力。陆上/海上风电制氢、陆上光伏制氢等已成为重点关注的储能方式,此外,已有开展FPV与制氢技术组合的设计和分析研究[49-50],未来也可能向OFPV方向拓展。
OFPV发电场的运行和维护是项目投运后极其重要的工作部分,为OFPV系统的长期运行安全提供保障。OFPV发电场是无人值守平台,远程监测系统的建设对于运维策略至关重要。监测对象一般分为海洋环境(风、浪、流等)、浮体平台(姿态、振动、应力/应变、系泊张力等)、光伏组件(外观、光照、温度等)。监测系统的电源供应一般是OFPV发电场提供,其监测系统的完善程度,直接影响了OFPV项目的发电量。海洋生物如藻类、贝类等不可避免地会附着到平台或水下监测设备上面繁殖,严重影响平台的运行效果和使用寿命。
目前,针对OFPV发电场的运维研究很少,OFPV系统浮体平台的摇荡及近海面特性,导致传统海上运维船舶的停靠、登陆均有较大安全风险,此外,不同于陆上固定式光伏,运维人员在平台进行光伏组件的清洗及检修作业也较为困难。海上“风光同场”项目的运维策略易于确定,一般以风电场的运维频次为主,在开展海上风机的运维工作时,同步进行OFPV系统的运维工作。然而,对于独立开发的OFPV发电场,其运维频次和装备需求直接影响了OFPV项目的全生命周期的收益率,也是影响着OFPV能够迈入产业化、商业化发展的关键因素。无人机、无人巡逻艇、水下机器人等动态监测设备已在部分海洋牧场中得到使用[51-52],光纤传感技术在海底电缆运行状态的预测和评估中被较多的学者[53]应用。然而,无人巡检设备也面临传输路径有限、离岸距离受限、供电功耗高等问题。因此,未来OFPV的规模化发展,无人运维作业技术必将是关键一环,通过无人机巡检并适时调动运维船执行维护作业是可行的方向之一。
OFPV技术仍处于起步探索阶段,在浮体支撑、光伏组件、系泊锚固和海缆敷设系统等方面,考虑整体系统的安全、稳定和经济性,面临着重大的挑战。OFPV浮体平台结构是整个系统的基础,为海上光伏电站的生产提供可抵抗长时序的环境载荷(风、浪、流)的能力、减轻腐蚀和疲劳及运维等因素的影响。
目前OFPV浮体结构多数是基于陆上FPV的型式进行改进。澳大利亚Vienna University of Technology(TU Wien)[54-55]在2016年设计了一种独特的浮体平台概念,被命名为Heliofloat,浮体由一个轻质细长的浮台组成,尺寸为60 m×60 m,4个由柔性材料制成的开底圆柱体作为支撑,直径为25 m。开底圆柱体的上部存有空气而下部与海水接触,使得所存在的空气具备主要的冲击吸收功能,但是,由柔性材料制成的边壁只能吸收少量的水平荷载,其承载环境能力较差。
挪威Ocean Sun公司[24]在2017年基于海域三文鱼养殖的方法创新性提出具有水弹性的薄膜式光伏,浮体平台为圆形浮力环拉紧特殊材料形成高强度柔性薄膜,光伏组件安装在薄膜上,有利于散热,已在多地(如菲律宾、阿尔巴尼亚、中国等)进行示范应用。薄膜式光伏属于典型的零气隙型浮体平台,因此,在Ocean Sun柔性薄膜的设计中,为了减少薄膜累积的上浪体积,均须搭载排水装置,即抽水泵,进行及时排水以保障薄膜所提供的浮力。
荷兰Oceans of Energy(OOE)公司[56]于2019年在北海海域(North Sea 1)离岸1 km处部署了8.5 kW容量的OFPV系统进行实测,在2020年增容至50 kW并移至离岸12 km的海域,也是国外唯一公海项目,其模块与模块之间采用铰链连接。截至目前,浮体平台的具体结构型式尚未公开。根据OOE介绍,浮体平台从自然界(水莲)和人体结构(脊柱)中得到启发,由刚性的浮筒组成,支撑光伏组件,浮筒之间设有柔性的连接部件,就像脊柱一样,刚性和柔性部分得到组合,可以随波进行适当弯曲。North Sea 1项目在风暴潮中得到生存(恶波高达到9~10 m,飓风风速大于30.56 m/s)。OOE预计在2025年实现0.5 MW规模“风光同场”的应用。
意大利Saipem旗下的Moss Maritime公司[58-59]结合海洋油气平台和渔场的项目建设经验,提出了新型OPFV系统概念,包括方形浮体及其连接并支撑一个10 m×10 m的平台,均为钢制结构。2024年进行了第一代概念原型实海测试,并基于第一代概念的经验,通过增加气隙和更稳定的支撑框架,进一步发展了第二代概念。该概念适用于近岸及沿海的区域,第二代概念有可能承受16 m波高的环境。
法国HelioRec[60]基于“液压锁”的特性,即保持水在浮体内部以提供额外的稳定性,开发了一种浮式平台概念,并主要用于近岸海域,其浮体采用可回收塑料制成浮筒并通过转动连接器组合成阵列。该概念通过若干个浮体模块组成浮体平台,模块间的连接在长期循环荷载中所产生的疲劳问题不容忽视。在2021年Ecole Centrale de Nantes内开展了波浪水池全尺寸试验,并在布雷斯特港口2023年安装了25 kW漂浮式光伏电站。
荷兰Solar Duck公司[61]在2021年提出一种海上光伏解决方案King Eider,浮体平台为立柱式结构,由4个三角形浮体模块组成更大的浮体平台,将OFPV超高安置在海面以上,以尽可能地避免波浪上浪现象,其将借助于Nautical Sunrise项目,计划2027年在荷兰Oranje Wind(Hollandse Kust West VII,800 MW)风电场,离岸53 km处安装5 MW的漂浮式光伏电站进行风光联合。
荷兰应用科学研究组织(TNO)[62]牵头开展Solar@Sea II研究计划项目,Solar@Sea II项目所采用的浮体平台也属于零气隙型,由2个7 m×13 m的浮体承载20 kW的光伏组件,2021年在荷兰西海岸的东福恩斯湖内开展测试,浮体和光伏面板均采用TNO开发的柔性材料,其计划2025年在荷兰Hollandse Kust Noord海上风电场应用该OFPV装置。
德国SINN Power[63-64]在希腊于2021年进行80 kW混合多用途浮体平台的海况测试,可以集合捕捉波浪能、风能和太阳能。其概念是典型的模块化桁架式钢结构,可以在尺度、浮力和布置方面定制设计。浮体平台最小的尺寸可能在12 m×12 m并可装机30 kW的容量,最大的尺寸可能在120 m×120 m并可装机5 MW的容量。基于所提出的概念,SINN Power提出了额外的浮体平台变化型式,即仅安装光伏组件,以适应很小的波浪甚至无波的水域环境。同样地,桁架式钢结构面临着在开放海域结构安全性及大面积扩展的主要问题,其主要问题的处理方式(提高材料用量等)会不可避免地直接导致工程造价成本大幅度提升。
Sunseap公司[22]2022年在新加坡柔佛海峡近岸处(遮蔽海域)开发了5 MW漂浮式光伏电站,占海面积达500 m×100 m,浮体平台为矩形HDPE结构。因为是在遮蔽海域,环境条件较好,浮体平台选择了陆上FPV的设计概念,但其大规模、大面积的组合所产生的连接强度、干涉等问题有待进一步验证。
法国SolarinBlue公司[65]在2023年于地中海某商业港口测试了2个OFPV浮体单元,该单元的浮体平台采用HDPE浮筒和钢框架型式,浮体平台呈现十字交叉的平面形式,光伏组件被抬高至一定安全高度,避免与波浪接触,总功率约10 kW。该概念通过各浮体单元的连接易于扩展,目前也仅处于开展海况测试阶段。
比利时SeaVolt组织[66]在2023年提出了一种浮式平台,结构型式与Moss Maritim概念类似,并在奥斯坦德港附近的Blue Accelerator test场区进行测试,该浮体平台在本次试验中采用了轻质碳纤维材料并将根据运行结果探索未来大规模发展可选择的经济性材料。
西班牙Oviedo大学[67]2024年首次结合张力腿平台(TLP)和双轴追踪系统提出了一种新型OFPV浮体平台概念,即HelioSea,其TIP平台由1个桅杆或撑杆和4个浮筒组成,并通过张紧系泊线与海底相连接,虽然可通过双轴追踪系统最大化发电能力,采用TLP可降低在较深水区的成本,但仍具有很高的初期成本、水下部分成本、张力疲劳以及水下运维的缺点,其技术就绪度为2~3。
西班牙BlueNewables公司[68]基于浮式风机平台开发的经验,提出了一种浮式平台解决方案(PV-bos),该浮体由浮管+桁架式钢结构组成,拟在瓦伦西亚港口附近安装1 MW实证项目,在2024年第2季度末启动建设。由于浮体下部为浮管,上部为钢结构桁架,对于上浪现象比较敏感,在保证光伏组件安全超高的情况下,钢结构桁架需进行增大尺寸和局部加强设计,同样会导致成本提高。因此,其海域环境适应能力可能较弱。
国外提出或进行海况测试的OFPV系统概念如图4所示。
国内的桩基式海上光伏建设和开发规模发展较快,但OFPV目前基本处于理论分析、试验仿真及单浮体实证论证阶段。中国的研究学者在结构型式和新材料方面提出了多种浮体平台概念。
在2021年,中能众诚联合南京水科院及中交上航院[69]海南万宁开展了近海光伏实证试验,即国内首个近海漂浮式光伏电站,但仅运行了十几天,因相关规定进行了拆除;另外,国家能源集团下属浙江公司联合多家单位在浙江舟山市白沙岛[70]附近也开展了近海漂浮式光伏试验,以上两者虽然得到了部分试验成果,但实质上是将陆上FPV的概念直接应用在海洋环境中,抵抗海洋环境的能力很低。
一道新能[71]在2022年明确提出OFPV系统兆瓦级海试方阵总体设计方案,面向潮下带的海域(水深大于6 m),提出了一种箱形浮体结构,多个箱形浮体通过柔性缆绳连接并形成矩形阵列,浮体结构由轻质高强混凝土材料构成,单块浮体长4.6 m、宽2.4 m、高0.75 m,目前已进入实证阶段。2022年,国家电投在山东半岛南3号风电场应用 Ocean Sun 公司的浮力环+水弹性薄膜进行了 500 kW 漂浮式海上光伏实证项目,浮力环由高密度聚乙烯管材预制,水弹性薄膜材料为Ocean Sun自身研发的产品,该实证项目以期实现OFPV装机20 MW的风光联合发电模式,但由于施工或其他原因未能使得搭载在薄膜上的排水泵发挥正常功能,在明显恶劣的烟台海域环境条件下,薄膜上海水不断积累以致稳性失效,发生倾覆。2023年,中集来福士[72]研发了中国首个自主知识产权半潜式海上漂浮式光伏发电平台,在烟台高新区海域完成性能验证,该平台设有4个单浮体且设有约5%的倾角,总装机容量达400 kW,浮体结构为桁架式+浮力块,可满足在浪高6.5 m、风速34 m/s、4.6 m潮差的开阔性海域安全运行。国家电投山东院[73]在2023年,提出了一种海上光伏实证平台,其平台由“田”字浮管和锥型浮筒框架组成,布放在山东乳山南侧海域,主要目的是获取平台运能性能的数据。
2023年,天津近海水面漂浮式光伏电站科研项目(2 MW实证试验)位于天津港保税区临港防波堤外海域上(项目西北侧距防波堤400 m位置),浮体平台[74-75],也被称为张弦式浮岛,由HDPE浮力环、薄膜和钢索(索膜组件)、缓冲和防护组件、清洗装置等组成,其中钢索设置于薄膜的对角线和边界处形成六边形索网,从而将薄膜平均划分为6个三角形区域,通过HDPE浮力环和索膜组件形成六边形浮岛结构。中集来福士联合中林绿碳[76],利用中林绿碳的复合新材料,在2023年首次研发出国内首个生物基(竹基)海上光伏平台“集林一号”,平台总重约4 t(7.0 m×7.0 m×2.4 m),与传统钢结构相比,具备重量更轻、成本更低、耐腐蚀、绿色环保等优势。国家能源集团首个离岸型海上漂浮式光伏“风光同场”科技实证项目[77]近期在国华投资东台四期海上风电场的海上升压站东侧成功开展了试验,该实证项目设有2个浮体平台,结构型式与中集来福士所研发的半潜式OFPV平台类似,由半潜式钢框架与浮筒组成,但研发并使用了高分子浮筒新材料,每平台装机容量为50 kW,离岸距离已达到42 km,场区水深超过10 m。
国内外具有代表性的OFPV实海测试和示范项目如表4所示,国内OFPV系统浮体平台概念示例如图5所示。
总的来说,国内外的OFPV技术就绪度均较低,面向离岸式、深水式的海洋应用场景,内外环境对系统在全生命周期内安全运行都是巨大的技术挑战。当前,虽然已有OFPV项目进行实海测试、实证运行,以开展海上适应性、可行性评价和数据收集,不断优化升级浮体材料和结构型式,提供更多的技术支撑和经验积累,但工程综合成本很高,不具备经济性,多数是以小容量或离网型的单浮体平台开展试验和实证,零气隙和非零气隙型浮体平台优缺点如表5所示。在未来商业化项目的前提下,能否规模性、经济性、安全性及高效性是最大的难题,包括光伏组件可靠性、多浮体连接、海生物附着、极浅水系泊、运行维护等方面,目前也无实质性的解决方案。
近岸式和离岸式海上光伏发电场的设计目的包含了太阳能资源的捕获,抵抗海洋风、浪、流等环境,并使其与环境友好可持续性地运行。为了能够在海洋环境中正常运行,装置的构造必须满足多种设计约束条件,如变形、断裂、重量、尺寸和运动姿态等。海上光伏发电场平台的设计载荷应考虑其在运输、安装、运行和维护阶段可能遇到的实际载荷情况。海上浮式光伏平台的设计载荷一般包括:固定载荷、可变载荷、环境载荷、意外载荷和其他载荷等。环境载荷是主要的设计载荷。Ikhennicheu 等[78]基于小型湖泊、大型湖泊、近岸3张典型浮式光伏电站应用场景,通过风洞试验、数值模型和文献中的风流系数,计算响应的风、浪、流荷载,分析比较了环境荷载的组成成分和占比。结果表明离岸条件下波浪荷载对总荷载的贡献最大(约50%),其他情况下环境荷载是以风荷载为主导。
模型试验或数值计算可以确定海上浮式光伏平台在环境荷载下的总体响应,主要对以下内容进行预报。
(1)海上浮式光伏平台的六自由运动响应。
(2)极限波峰与平台底部之间的气隙,对于零气隙浮体平台要考虑上浪特性。
(3)系泊索张力,包括最大和最小张力响应以及用于设计的疲劳载荷。
(4)用于结构分析的水动力载荷。
(5)用于确定惯性载荷的加速度。
总体响应须由时域分析方法得到,但在前期方案的比选中可以使用频域分析方法[79]。根据海洋油气平台、浮式生产储油船等浮式构筑物设计经验,OFPV浮体平台的初步设计流程如图6所示。
OFPV浮式平台的设计问题多数是海洋工程浮体分析领域通用问题,除物理模型试验外,还需通过CFD软件完成绝大多数的设计工作,完成一项设计工作可能涉及多种软件组合执行计算。目前,海洋工程分析软件可以分为五大类:水动力分析软件(AQWA、WAMIT、Hydrostar、MOSES、Waveload等)、系泊分析软件(AQWA、Simo、OrcaFlex、Flexcom、MOSES、Ariane等、立管分析软件(OrcaFlex、Flexcom、DeepC、Abaqus、AQWA等)、结构分析软件(Sesam、SACS、Abaqus、ANSYS等)、安装分析软件(MOSES、Sima、AQWA、OrcaFlex、Flexcom等)[80],以及有稳定性验算的COMPASS、NAPA、Maxsurf等软件。不同软件具有各自的优势和不足之处,需在设计时根据项目需求和阶段进行合理选择。
不同结构型式的OFPV浮式平台,会产生不同的水动力学问题。Zhang 等[81]对3种常用于评估海上铰接漂浮结构水动力性能的数值方法,包括基于三维势流理论多体辐射-绕射分析的两步法、水弹性的广义模态法以及基于经验公式的 Morison 方程法,进行了总结和评价。其基于柔佛海峡项目所使用的海上浮式光伏平台分别使用3种方法进行了数值模拟,结果发现 Morison 方程方法因为没有考虑多体系统之间流场的耦合作用,在短波下的动态响应计算结果会偏大。Onsrud[82]基于Moss Maritime的设计概念研究了单个和两个铰接模块的规则波试验,以探索铰接结构对平台运动性能的影响,并与推导的多体理论模型进行了比较。研究表明,波浪的陡度对浮体的影响比较大;高频波浪会产生快速的纵摇谐波运动,表明存在较大的铰链载荷和疲劳危险。
特别地,针对零气隙型浮体平台结构,即水弹性薄膜结构和水平尺寸相对结构厚度非常大的超大型平台(very large floating structures, VLFSs),整体的弹性变形不能忽略,会面临着水弹性力学问题,需要计算惯性力、水动力和弹性力三者相互耦合作用所产生的水弹性响应。陈继平等[26]指出目前国内外主要有3种方法求解这一类耦合问题:模态叠加法、直接法和离散模块梁单元法。模态叠加法利用广义(柔性)模态的概念,将水弹性问题分解为每个模态的绕射和辐射问题(类似于刚体运动的传统水动力分析),主要分为三步:①对结构进行有限元划分,分析结构的固有振动频率(干[83-84]、湿[85-87]模态),确定参振模态组合;②对每个参振模态进行水动力分析,求解附加质量、辐射阻尼和波浪激励力等水动力系数;③叠加所有模态得到最终的水弹性响应。对于VLFSs的水弹性响应研究,已有较多的学者[88-90]采用了模态叠加法。Zhang等[91]对挪威Ocean Sun的薄膜式浮式平台,提出了一种简化的频域分析方法,其采用了基于模态的水弹性分析方法分析结构响应,给出了浮体和薄膜在面内外的模态分析准则,值得注意的是,所提出的模型没有考虑平台面内外运动的水动力耦合。明显地,模态叠加法通常易用于简单形式的大尺度浮式结构, 但对于较为复杂的几何形状属性和内部连接特征时,模态分析较为困难;仅选取有限个模态,无法精确评估结构的应力响应;在进行模态分析时,学术界尚未确定统一的标准或原则。直接法是非常耗时的全局三维有限元结构模拟方法[92-93],通过对结构本身进行有限元离散,对流体进行边界元离散,将水动力外载荷和结构自身变形进行直接耦合,理论上考虑了全非线性因素,求解包含了结构所有的振动模态,但明显在处理OFPV这类大尺度构筑物的水弹性问题时会耗费大量时间和计算机资源。不同于传统的模态叠加法和直接法,离散模块梁单元法是采用线性梁单元或板单元对连续的柔性结构离散为若干个子模块,每个子模块被视为刚体,各子模块的水动力通过采用多体水动力分析进行确定,如WAMIT[94]、Hydrostar[95]。假定所有外力包括惯性力、水静力和水动力作用在每个子模块的重心上,然后将每个子模块简化为在重心处的广义集中质量,每两个相邻的集中质量间用等效欧拉-伯努利梁连接。通过多刚体水动力分析求解相关水动力系数矩阵。基于梁弯曲理论,根据节点受力平衡构建频域运动方程。在处理复杂的VLFSs的问题上,该方法进一步深入探究并得以采用[96-100]。这对于具有一定刚度的结构物来说是合理的,但是在膜结构上是否适用依然值得商榷。
基于成功运行的陆上FPV发电场所累积的知识和经验,相关的规范、标准或指南[28]逐渐成熟和完善,但是,针对无人值守的OFPV与海上风电场,其技术仍处于起步阶段、商业化运行项目极少,缺少特定的设计标准或规范。DNV已发布关于FPV系统在设计、开发和运行的推荐指南[27],然而指南是聚焦遮蔽水域、陆上和近岸水体的FPV项目,不包括适用于OFPV场址的通用导则或要求。目前,标准和规范通常是船级社和政府组织建立的,OFPV项目一般是参考较成熟的海洋油气或移动平台的标准和技术要求,如源于美国石油协会API[101],船级社DNV[102-104]、ABS[105]、CCS[106-107]等,其可以满足示范验证、小规模运行的OFPV项目的开发和建设。值得注意的是,OFPV与海洋油气或移动平台在功能需求、安全等级和环境载荷均有不同,特别是OFPV所受到的气动载荷一般要远小于石油平台。因此,需要针对OFPV开展并制定相应的设计标准或规范,重点研究合理的环境载荷、多体连接、安全评估、设计寿命、运行维护等问题。
在中国积极推进海洋空间综合利用的环境下,OFPV可以与海洋电力业、海洋渔业和海洋化工业等融合发展。OFPV与海上风电[108]、油气平台[109-110]、海洋牧场[111]、海水淡化[112]以及港口作业[113]的有机融合已有初步研究。光伏发电在水风光多能互补联合运行的倾向程度和接受程度都高于风电场、水电站[113]。海洋可再生能源与OFPV的结合为提高发电量或改善出力提供可能性,同时,其所形成的立体开发模式能帮助节省用海成本和运维成本,具有经济效益。
海洋油气田的生产和运行具有高能耗的需求,传统的方法是通过燃烧液化天然气或柴油满足油气平台的运转。然而,在双碳目标的背景下,传统的海洋油气开发模式显然不能实现绿色低碳的目标,基于海洋可再生能源所产生的绿色电力,为海洋油气田输送绿电逐渐吸引了行业的关注。中国首座深远海浮式风电平台“海油观澜号”成功并入文昌油田群电网,正式开启了为海上油气田输送绿电的新里程。波浪能与OFPV的多能组合为海洋油气田输出更多的绿电,并降低电力输出的年际波动和间歇性[114]
海洋牧场所配置的自动化养殖系统消耗大量的电力,而海洋牧场与海上风电、光伏融合的产业模式尚处于探索阶段。国内典型的深水网箱“耕海1号”由3个养殖网箱组合而成,构成直径80 m的“海上花”概念,其集成了海水淡化、太阳能和风能发电、水下环境监测等技术,与集约用海的新型产业模式相吻合。
海水淡化解决沿岸城市和居民岛屿用水需求的问题,但高耗能是海水淡化发展的制约因素之一。近岸式FPV与海水淡化的结合可以满足用能和用水的需求。在世界不同地区,面临水资源短缺的沿岸国家,也可能具有丰富的太阳能资源。针对埃及面临极度缺水的现状,已有研究提出了一种用于海水淡化的风光互补漂浮式平台[115]
港口作业的自动化、规模化水平不断提高,也对能源供应提出了更高的需求。通过近岸式FPV或OFPV与港口的融合联动,可以解决港口作业的部分用能需求,同时促进形成富有竞争力的新旧动能转换。虽然港口可提供遮蔽水域、基础设施等优势条件,但要考虑电缆、系泊和浮体结构与船舶作业、码头作业等之间的干涉碰撞。因此,在港口所衔接面积较小的水域安装光伏发电站,需突破更高的技术挑战,甚至难以实现。
当前阶段,OFPV系统仍处于技术积累和探索阶段,浮式平台结构是浮式光伏系统的关键部分,其他组成部分对OFPV场站的规模化、商业化应用也起到了不可忽略的作用。面临高盐雾、强降水、强雷电、强台风等环境,如何从技术和经济层面推动OFPV由近及远、由浅及深方向发展,还需要更多的理论、试验等研究探索。
为推动OFPV真正实现商业化,亟须突破以下挑战和难点。
(1)OFPV拥有空间和多能融合发展的优势,但鉴于海洋环境的复杂多变性,不同水深和距离所需要的技术方案都不同,需充分评估其与海上风电、海洋牧场、旅游、港口等应用场景的优势融合、技术合理、经济可行,并定制化开发,可加速商业化进程。
(2)光伏组件在海洋环境中的负荷问题比陆上FPV明显更严峻,在目前设计寿命长达25年的期限内,复杂海洋环境所带来的上浪、砰击、腐蚀、海生物附着等影响不可避免,定制化设计可靠性高的新型光伏组件是必然发展之路。
(3)OFPV浮体平台作为系统的最重要基础,其选型、用材、多体连接等问题均影响其他组成部分(如组件、系泊、电气设备等),直接影响工程造价,对未来规模化发展至关重要,需积极探索新型结构型式、新/复合材料在OFPV浮体平台的技术应用,提高浮体平台的经济性和安全性。
(4)OFPV的主要目标是作为发电生产平台,电力送出也是OFPV系统闭环的关键。在风光同场或其他应用场景中,如何考虑海缆、防雷、消防等设计,对电气部分的造价影响非常明显,尤其是在风光同场应用场景时,与海上风电场的规划容量相契合,涉及前期规划、主机厂商、政府部门的协同和确定。
(5)OFPV的运行维护是开发、设计和建设之后面临的严峻问题,当前海上风电的运维成本仍然较高,OFPV的从近岸到离岸发展中,应提前考虑运行维护策略,降低出海和人力成本,实现OFPV的高质量发展。
(6)OFPV的开发应遵循海洋开发的相关法律规定。海洋管理权、生态红线、用海属性、军事管理等均需当地和国家的政策支持和明确,对开发和建设都有一定风险性,需及时关注政策的调整和趋势。
概述了OFPV系统的组成,对国内外OFPV 浮式平台结构型式和发展做了详细介绍,较为充分地对OFPV浮体平台的设计进行了阐述,此外,结合现有研究基础,对OFPV与其他海洋应用场景的融合发展总结了可行性,并进一步对未来OFPV规模化、商业化发展,提出了OFPV所面临的挑战和展望,得出以下结论。
(1)OFPV浮体平台采用纯钢结构的建造经验成熟,但是其大面积扩展、防腐及运维成本问题将是阻碍其规模化的关键因素。基于合成材料的柔性浮体优点是经济性相对较好,但是很难保证光伏组件及其他设备的使用安全及耐久性。寻求可替代钢材的新型浮体材料将是浮体平台发展的关键路线之一。
(2)OFPV的系泊及锚固系统完全借鉴于海洋油气平台的锚泊方式,系泊链采用合成纤维、钢丝绳或钢锚链的组合,锚的选型基本在桩锚、吸力锚、重力锚等之间,仍需针对轻质、大面积浮体的新型系泊方案及锚固系统组成材料开展技术探索。
(3)面向复杂海洋环境,对于OFPV系统中关键的光伏组件、逆变器及汇流箱等设备仍缺乏海洋环境适应性产品,市场上可选择产品较少,在提高设备集成度及海洋环境耐受性方面需开展进一步创新。
(4)OFPV系统的发电收益远低于海上风电,与海上风电场结合的共享送出系统可以大幅节省海上送出工程的成本,海上风光互补模式将成为未来海上风电提质增效的有效路径之一,但是OFPV系统成本、集电系统接入安全性、用海政策将是影响其发展的重要因素。
(5)OFPV系统浮体的漂浮特性以及近海面特性导致传统海上运维船舶的停靠、登陆均有较大风险且人员维检工作困难,未来OFPV的创新运维策略及无人运维作业技术将是关键一环,这包括了无人运维船、无人机等关键技术装备的创新发展,以综合降低全生命周期内OFPV的成本。
  • 国家电投集团B类2021年科技研发项目(KYTC2021FD02)
  • 国家电投集团2023年C类科技研发项目(SETD-KJXM-2023-004)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404590
  • 接收时间:2024-06-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-19
  • 修回日期:2024-12-25
基金
国家电投集团B类2021年科技研发项目(KYTC2021FD02)
国家电投集团2023年C类科技研发项目(SETD-KJXM-2023-004)
作者信息
    上海能源科技发展有限公司国家电投集团风电产业创新中心, 上海 200233

通讯作者:

* 赵子帅(1997—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:波浪爬升、浮式结构物及水动力响应。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404590
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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