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Article(id=1149780472802271648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403868, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716480000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-24, revisedDate=1736784000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058626604, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058626604, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058626604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058626604, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4256, endPage=4264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780473209119144, articleId=1149780472802271648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Experimental on Filling Degree of Horizontal Sleeve Grouting Based on Acoustic Emission Technology, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evaluation of grouting defects in precast beam grouting sleeves has long been a focal point of scholarly research, with the impact of horizontal defects on performance surpassing that of end and vertical defects. Aiming at the problem of horizontal grouting defect evaluation, the active excitation signal of AST (auto sensor test) and PLB (pencil-lead breakage) function built in acoustic emission instrument was studied, combined with horizontal sleeve grouting fullness test.Through parameter analysis and fast Fourier transform, changes in acoustic emission wave velocity, energy, count and waveform parameters are examined at filling degrees of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Furthermore, the correlation between acoustic emission energy, count parameters and main frequency amplitude with grouting fullness was established. The results show that when the excitation source is AST, the acoustic emission energy, count and the main frequency amplitude of its waveform show a good negative exponential correlation with the increase of grouting sleeve fullness, and the combination of the relational equations allows for quantitative acoustic emission analysis and evaluation of grouting fullness of horizontal grouting sleeves.

, correspAuthors=Xue-lian DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ai-ping YU, Jin-xu SHI, Xiu-xin LI, Xiang-hao LI, Xue-lian DENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780519455514884, articleId=1149780472802271648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于声发射技术的水平套筒灌浆饱满度试验, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

预制梁中灌浆套筒的灌浆缺陷评价一直是学者研究的焦点,水平灌浆缺陷对性能的影响要比端部灌浆缺陷和竖直灌浆缺陷更大,针对水平灌浆缺陷评价问题,分别利用声发射仪内置的自动传感器测试(auto sensor test,AST)功能和断铅法(pencil-lead breakage,PLB)主动激发信号,结合水平套筒灌浆饱满度测试试验,通过参数分析和快速傅里叶变换研究了水平灌浆饱满度分别为50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%的套筒中声发射波速、能量、振铃计数以及波形参数的变化规律,建立了声发射能量与振铃计数参数和主频幅值随灌浆饱满度变化的关联关系式。结果表明,当激励源为AST时,声发射能量、振铃计数和波形的主频幅值与灌浆套筒饱满度的增加呈现良好的负指数相关性,结合关系式,可以对水平套筒的灌浆饱满度进行声发射定量分析评价。

, correspAuthors=邓雪莲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 邓雪莲(1989—),女,汉族,湖北仙桃人,硕士,讲师。研究方向:混凝土及建筑材料。E-mail:。
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虞爱平(1981—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,博士,教授。研究方向:钢筋混凝土结构性能评价与监测。E-mail:。

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虞爱平(1981—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,博士,教授。研究方向:钢筋混凝土结构性能评价与监测。E-mail:。

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虞爱平(1981—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,博士,教授。研究方向:钢筋混凝土结构性能评价与监测。E-mail:。

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Big data analysis of acoustic emission characteristics of Laizhou granite rockburst experiment[J]. 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caption=主频幅值拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=IJK8R5rt1jWA6CIqP1fmRg==, figureFileBig=HZ/bX0WUJt2WsjSC8igBig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525115105591325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780472802271648, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Main technical index of specimen

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试件编号 灌浆饱满度/% 钢筋直径/mm 锚固长度/mm
SP100 100 20 160
SP90 90 20 160
SP80 80 20 160
SP70 70 20 160
SP60 60 20 160
SP50 50 20 160
), ArticleFig(id=1218525115214643233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780472802271648, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试件主要技术指标

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试件编号 灌浆饱满度/% 钢筋直径/mm 锚固长度/mm
SP100 100 20 160
SP90 90 20 160
SP80 80 20 160
SP70 70 20 160
SP60 60 20 160
SP50 50 20 160
), ArticleFig(id=1218525115344666668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780472802271648, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Acoustic emission acquisition parameter Settings

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前置增
益/dB		 门槛
值/dB		 采样
长度/点数		 预触
发/μs		 PDT/
μs		 HDT/
μs		 HLT/
μs
26 35 1000 256 100 200 300
), ArticleFig(id=1218525115470495796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780472802271648, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

声发射采集参数设置

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前置增
益/dB		 门槛
值/dB		 采样
长度/点数		 预触
发/μs		 PDT/
μs		 HDT/
μs		 HLT/
μs
26 35 1000 256 100 200 300
), ArticleFig(id=1218525115575353400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780472802271648, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Acoustic emission test parameters

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灌浆饱满度/% 能量/(mV·ms) 振铃计数 主频幅值/mV
50 663.37 608.94 28.12
80 349.06 393.21 11.59
), ArticleFig(id=1218525115709571137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780472802271648, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

声发射试验参数

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灌浆饱满度/% 能量/(mV·ms) 振铃计数 主频幅值/mV
50 663.37 608.94 28.12
80 349.06 393.21 11.59
), ArticleFig(id=1218525115772485704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780472802271648, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Test values of grouting fullness and corresponding absolute errors

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灌浆饱
满度/%		 能量参数 振铃计数 主频幅值
试验
值/%		 绝对误
差/%		 试验
值/%		 绝对误
差/%		 试验
值/%		 绝对误
差/%
50 54.18 4.18 48.43 -1.57 52.63 2.63
80 83.36 3.36 82.26 2.26 77.96 -2.04
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灌浆饱满度试验值及相应绝对误差

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灌浆饱
满度/%		 能量参数 振铃计数 主频幅值
试验
值/%		 绝对误
差/%		 试验
值/%		 绝对误
差/%		 试验
值/%		 绝对误
差/%
50 54.18 4.18 48.43 -1.57 52.63 2.63
80 83.36 3.36 82.26 2.26 77.96 -2.04
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基于声发射技术的水平套筒灌浆饱满度试验
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虞爱平 1, 2 , 石津旭 2 , 李秀鑫 2 , 李翔昊 2 , 邓雪莲 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(10): 4256-4264
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(10): 4256-4264
基于声发射技术的水平套筒灌浆饱满度试验
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虞爱平1, 2 , 石津旭2, 李秀鑫2, 李翔昊2, 邓雪莲1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 广西绿色建材与建筑工业化重点实验室, 桂林 541000
  • 2 桂林理工大学土木工程学院, 桂林 541000

    • 虞爱平(1981—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,博士,教授。研究方向:钢筋混凝土结构性能评价与监测。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 邓雪莲(1989—),女,汉族,湖北仙桃人,硕士,讲师。研究方向:混凝土及建筑材料。E-mail:。
Experimental on Filling Degree of Horizontal Sleeve Grouting Based on Acoustic Emission Technology
Ai-ping YU1, 2 , Jin-xu SHI2, Xiu-xin LI2, Xiang-hao LI2, Xue-lian DENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Building Materials and Construction Industrialization, Guilin 541000, China
  • 2 College of Civil Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403868
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摘要
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预制梁中灌浆套筒的灌浆缺陷评价一直是学者研究的焦点,水平灌浆缺陷对性能的影响要比端部灌浆缺陷和竖直灌浆缺陷更大,针对水平灌浆缺陷评价问题,分别利用声发射仪内置的自动传感器测试(auto sensor test,AST)功能和断铅法(pencil-lead breakage,PLB)主动激发信号,结合水平套筒灌浆饱满度测试试验,通过参数分析和快速傅里叶变换研究了水平灌浆饱满度分别为50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%的套筒中声发射波速、能量、振铃计数以及波形参数的变化规律,建立了声发射能量与振铃计数参数和主频幅值随灌浆饱满度变化的关联关系式。结果表明,当激励源为AST时,声发射能量、振铃计数和波形的主频幅值与灌浆套筒饱满度的增加呈现良好的负指数相关性,结合关系式,可以对水平套筒的灌浆饱满度进行声发射定量分析评价。

水平灌浆缺陷  /  声发射  /  自动传感器测试  /  断铅法  /  定量分析

The evaluation of grouting defects in precast beam grouting sleeves has long been a focal point of scholarly research, with the impact of horizontal defects on performance surpassing that of end and vertical defects. Aiming at the problem of horizontal grouting defect evaluation, the active excitation signal of AST (auto sensor test) and PLB (pencil-lead breakage) function built in acoustic emission instrument was studied, combined with horizontal sleeve grouting fullness test.Through parameter analysis and fast Fourier transform, changes in acoustic emission wave velocity, energy, count and waveform parameters are examined at filling degrees of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Furthermore, the correlation between acoustic emission energy, count parameters and main frequency amplitude with grouting fullness was established. The results show that when the excitation source is AST, the acoustic emission energy, count and the main frequency amplitude of its waveform show a good negative exponential correlation with the increase of grouting sleeve fullness, and the combination of the relational equations allows for quantitative acoustic emission analysis and evaluation of grouting fullness of horizontal grouting sleeves.

horizontal grouting defects  /  acoustic emission  /  auto sensor test  /  pencil-lead breakage  /  quantitative analysis
虞爱平, 石津旭, 李秀鑫, 李翔昊, 邓雪莲. 基于声发射技术的水平套筒灌浆饱满度试验. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4256 -4264 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403868
Ai-ping YU, Jin-xu SHI, Xiu-xin LI, Xiang-hao LI, Xue-lian DENG. Experimental on Filling Degree of Horizontal Sleeve Grouting Based on Acoustic Emission Technology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4256 -4264 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403868
正文
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在追求建筑工程的效率与质量并进的背景下,预制结构的应用至关重要。预制混凝土框架结构与传统的浇筑式施工相比,生产率更高、施工速度更快、对环境影响更小[1]。灌浆套筒由于成本低、性能高和操作方便等优点,已经成为预制结构中最常用的连接件[2]。然而,这些套筒具有复杂的内部结构和施工程序,在施工过程中经常发生各种灌浆缺陷。其中灌浆饱满度缺陷是灌浆套筒连接中的典型缺陷之一,此类缺陷会严重影响节点的力学性能,并最终影响整体结构的承载力和抗震性能[3]。在预制梁柱结构连接的节点处,既存在水平套筒也存在竖直套筒,通常分别应用于梁和柱中纵筋的连接。不同灌浆缺陷分布的套筒破坏机理不同,竖直连接套筒发生钢筋刮犁式拔出和钢筋拉断两类破坏,水平连接套筒则发生灌浆料劈裂破坏[4]。而且水平灌浆缺陷对性能的影响要比端部灌浆缺陷和竖直灌浆缺陷更大[5],故针对水平套筒灌浆饱满度的检测还需展开进一步研究。
装配式建筑节点处的灌浆套筒属于隐蔽式工程,常规检测方法难以量化灌浆套筒的真实质量,近些年中外学者针对灌浆套筒的无损检测做了很多创新和改进。Cao等[6]对冲击回波信号进行快速傅里叶变换分析了致密灌浆组合件与非致密灌浆组合件厚度频率的差异,可以对单套试件的灌浆缺陷进行有效的定性检测,但对于侧套和双套试件,灌浆缺陷检测存在不确定性;Liu等[7]提出了一种基于逆时偏移法(reverse time migration,RTM)成像的预应力混凝土结构套筒灌浆密实度检测方法,可轻易检测出套筒的灌浆缺陷,但RTM在图像重建的环节需要很多计算成本和时间;陈冬冬等[8]采用直接对接收信号进行时间反转处理的方法,对不同灌浆程度套筒的聚焦信号进行频谱及能量分析,发现基于归一化小波能量嫡的缺陷评价指标可以定量反映灌浆套筒内部缺陷程度。但以上检测套筒灌浆缺陷的方法操作难度较高,可能会因为现场施工等人员因素或技术要求等操作难度导致很难应用在具体实际工程中。因此,灌浆套筒的灌浆缺陷评价还需进一步研究。
声发射技术作为一种可靠、高效的无损检测技术,被广泛应用于混凝土、金属、玻璃纤维、陶瓷等多种材料的无损检测和损伤评估中,具有灵敏度高、简便、稳定性好等优点[9]。由于声发射是指试件在荷载的作用下发生破坏会变形时产生弹性波信号的现象[10],所以通常用作被动检测方法来实时获取试件内部的破坏情况。而声发射技术也可以采用主动激发信号的方式对试件进行监测,即对激发信号和接收信号进行对比分析以实现对试件内部破坏或缺陷情况的表征。文献[11]验证了声发射技术与信号发生器相结合的无损检测方法可用于预制剪力墙套筒灌浆密实度的检测,证明了声发射信号的频率对套筒材料和混凝土强度变化的表征非常有效。此外,文献[12]提出了一种声发射和超声检测相结合的方法,表征在拉伸载荷作用下具有不同程度内部缺陷的灌浆套管的损伤过程。
因此,本文研究分别使用声发射仪内置的自动传感器测试(auto sensor test,AST)功能和断铅法(pencil-lead breakage,PLB)主动激发信号,对不同水平缺陷套筒灌浆饱满度进行识别测试研究,分析试件中声发射信号的衰减变化以表征套筒的灌浆饱满度,旨在揭示声发射参数及波形与水平套筒灌浆饱满度之间的联系与规律,获取水平灌浆套筒饱满度声发射参数的评价方法。
1 试验设计
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1.1 试件制备
套筒在预制梁中的纵筋连接方向为水平,会存在未灌满或灌浆料从灌浆口漏出导致套筒中出现水平分布的空洞缺陷。试验根据《钢筋套筒灌浆连接应用技术规程》[13]沿套筒水平方向人工设置制备6种不同饱满度的水平灌浆套筒共12个,分为两组,主要技术指标如表1所示。选用这6种饱满度的原因是实际工程中易忽视灌浆饱满度超过50%却存在缺陷的套筒导致出现安全隐患,而灌浆饱满度少于50%的套筒在实际工程中很少出现且较易排查。
试验选用套筒类型为GTZQ4-20A,灌浆料为上海环宇建筑工程材料有限公司生产的 TT-100 型钢筋连接用套筒灌浆料,该灌浆料的用水量与干粉料的混合比约为 11%,搅拌时间为 4 min,然后静置 2 min排出气泡,在目测浆料表面无气泡涌出后即可进行灌浆操作。灌浆之前先将钢筋插入套筒两端,并通过钢筋塞进行固定以免发生漏浆及钢筋偏心,然后将套筒水平放置,在套筒注浆口处注入相应体积的灌浆料,灌浆套筒试验样本及剖面图如图1和图2所示。其饱满度F的计算公式为
F= V 1 V 2×100%
式(1)中:V1为实际灌浆的体积,m3;V2为未灌浆的套筒内总体积,m3;其数值通过在两端接上钢筋后由等效排水法测得。
1.2 试验设备与技术
声发射信号采集设备采用美国物理声学公司的第三代全数字化Sensor Highway-Ⅲ全天候结构健康监测系统,可以接收1 kHz~1 MHz频率范围内的信号;声发射传感器选用谐振频率为150 kHz的PK15I,采样率为1MSPS,宽带频率范围在80~200 kHz。设备采集参数如表2所示,试验现场如图3所示。
1.2.1 以AST为激励源的试验方法
声发射信号的主动激励方法一般有断铅法(PLB)和自动传感器测试(AST)两种,AST是一个内置的测试系统,主要用于模拟声发射信号,AE Win软件的AST功能便于控制所产生信号的脉冲个数、脉冲间隔时间和脉冲宽度,将声信号的发射器和接收器连接到同一个系统,大幅简化了数据的采集及导出过程[14]。
针对不同灌浆饱满度的套筒重复激发AST信号,参数设置为脉冲宽度10 μs,脉冲个数为3,发射脉冲间隔时间为100 ms。灌浆饱满度─声发射特征参数变化曲线取两个平行试件的3次重复试验的平均值,试验布置如图4所示。并计算不同水平灌浆饱满度下各特征参数的标准差以反映实验数据的离散性,标准差在声发射特征参数分析图中通过填充区域的误差带表征。试验结果表明以AST为激励源的接收信号误差带较小,说明数据较为稳定且离散性小,故采取直接对接收信号的参数进行分析的方法是合理有效的,并取参数的平均值进行函数拟合处理。
1.2.2 以PLB为激励源的试验方法
断铅法是利用铅笔芯折断产生的突发型信号作为声发射的主动激励信号,由于其成本低、操作简单被广泛应用于声发射检测中。试验采用铅芯为0.5 mm的HB铅笔,断铅时铅芯长度为2.5 mm,与试件表面的夹角保持在30°左右。用磨砂纸打磨掉钢筋表面的浮灰后用硅胶耦合剂将传感器固定稳固,然后于左侧传感器处进行断铅试验,试验设备布置如图5所示。
对每个试件按同样的方法,每隔10 s断铅1次,灌浆饱满度─声发射特征参数变化曲线取两个平行试件的3次重复试验共6次的平均值。试验结果表明以断铅信号为激励源测得的声发射信号误差带较大,说明数据相对不太稳定且离散性较高,无法保证激发信号的一致性,故采用传感器采集特征参数的变化率进行比较分析,声发射参数衰减率公式为
R=(p1-p2)×100%
式(2)中:R为声发射参数的衰减率,%;p2为断铅处传感器接收到的声发射参数数据;p1为另一端传感器接收到的声发射参数数据。
2 试验结果分析
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2.1 波速参数分析
在声发射参数分析中,波速是一个至关重要也是常用作分析的参数,对于声源定位、声发射波传播特性的理解以及声发射信号物理特性的分析都发挥着关键作用。现采用时差法对6种不同水平灌浆饱满度套筒的波速进行采集及对比,对平均波速展开分析。以传感器接收声发射系统激发的AST信号的时间作为声发射弹性波的发出时间,而断铅试验方法则以断铅处传感器接收到的时间为发出时间,然后记录信号到达另一端传感器的时间,分别计算不同饱满度套筒的平均波速。计算公式为
Vi= d t i + 1 - t i= d Δ t i
式(3)中:Vi为不同饱满度套筒的平均波速,m/s;d为传感器之间的距离,m;ti为声发射信号传播到传感器的时间,s;Δti为两个传感器接收到声发射信号的时间差,s。
图6和图7表明,无论是以AST信号还是断铅信号作为激励源,声发射弹性波在不同灌浆饱满度套筒中的波速分布在4 500~5 200 m/s,波速并没有随着灌浆套筒饱满度的变化而产生规律性变化。这是由于声发射波传播的介质对波速的影响很大,因为钢筋的套筒灌浆连接接头是一种由多种材料组合而成的复杂多层结构,弹性波在其结构中存在着相速度、群速度衰减等情况导致了弹性波在其传播过程中的无序性,所以波速的单参数变化在水平套筒灌浆饱满度试验研究中的规律性不太明显,难以获得其关联关系式,无法对水平套筒的灌浆饱满度进行定量评估。
2.2 能量参数分析
通过2.1节中对声发射波速的分析,发现波速的单参数变化很难反映水平套筒的灌浆饱满度,故对声发射能量参数进行研究分析。声发射能量由波形信号的振幅包络面积得出,同时考虑了幅值、持续时间等因素,具有表征声发射的波形强度、鉴别损伤类型的意义,是一个综合反映信号强度的物理量。
由于套筒灌浆连接接头的复杂性,声发射信号从激发传感器激发出来,然后通过钢筋,穿过中间的灌浆料部分后又通过钢筋被接收传感器接收到,其过程中,声发射波在传播介质中会发生吸收衰减、散射衰减和扩散衰减现象且吸收衰减和散射衰减主要与介质特性相关[15]。灌浆套筒中声发射波的散射衰减主要发生在钢筋与灌浆料交界面、灌浆料与金属套筒壁交界面等,不同材料的反射系数R以及传播系数T可分别由其声阻抗值求得[16]。声阻抗值可以用来度量材料抵抗弹性波传导的程度,公式为
W=ρc= ρ E
式(4)中:W为材料的声阻抗,kg/(m2·s);ρ为材料的密度,kg/m3;E为材料的弹性模量,Pa;c为弹性波在材料中传播的波速,m/s。
反射系数S及传播系数T的计算公式为
S = W 2 - W 1 W 1 + W 2 = ρ 2 C 2 - ρ 1 C 1 ρ 1 C 1 + ρ 2 C 2 T = 2 W 2 W 1 + W 2 = 2 ρ 2 C 2 ρ 1 C 1 + ρ 2 C 2
弹性波的反射和入射强度主要取决于两种材料声阻抗的差值。因此,若弹性波在传播过程中穿过两种声阻抗值差距较大的材料,则可认为弹性波被完全反射。声发射波在有缺陷灌浆套筒中的传播大致可分为两类:一是在灌浆缺陷部分的纯钢筋段上传播,二是在灌浆密实的套筒内传播。钢筋与空气声阻抗值差异远超钢筋与灌浆料声阻抗值,所以可认为弹性波的能量衰减仅发生在套筒灌浆密实段。此外,扩散衰减与距激励源的距离有关,与介质本身的性质无关,随着传播距离的增加,波传播的范围越来越大,波束截面也越来越大,从而使单位面积上的能量逐渐减小。
套筒中灌浆脱空部分将导致纯钢筋部分增加,而灌浆密实钢筋部分减少,从而导致声发射波能量衰减程度发生改变。因此可以根据声发射波衰减的程度大小来识别区分套筒的灌浆饱满度。从图8可知,当AST作为激励源时,声发射能量参数随着水平灌浆饱满度的增加呈现下降趋势。随着套筒中灌浆料的增多,声发射波的反射、折射现象增多,间接导致传播距离增加,其中发生的声发射能量的扩散衰减就越明显,而声发射能量参数在短距离范围内对距离的变化很敏感,而且随传播距离的增加会呈现良好的负指数相关性[17]。故利用指数函数y=A e - x / t 1+y0对接收的声发射信号能量平均值进行拟合,建立关联关系式y=3 038.79e-0.033x+154.97,其中x为灌浆饱满度,衰减系数为0.033,R2=0.92,吻合度较高,如图9所示。
图10表明当断铅信号作为激励源时,声发射能量参数衰减率的离散性较大,这是因为断铅试验产生的信号频率信息很复杂,对能量影响很大。此外,声发射能量衰减率的变化曲线并没有呈现出明显规律性,难以反映套筒的灌浆饱满度。而当AST信号作为激励源时,声发射能量与水平灌浆套筒饱满度的增加呈现良好的负指数相关性,基于试验样本所得规律,能量参数可以定量反映水平套筒灌浆的缺陷程度。
2.3 振铃计数分析
振铃计数是指声发射信号超过门槛值的振荡次数,可以看作超过阈值的参数输出脉冲[18]。一个信号撞击既可能产生少量计数,也可能有大量计数,这取决于信号的大小和形状。振铃计数参数既适用于突发信号也适用于连续信号,被广泛应用于分析声发射活动的总量和频度,常用于声发射活动性评价中[19]。图11表明当AST信号作为激励源时,声发射振铃计数随着水平灌浆饱满度的增加呈现下降趋势。其衰减原理与2.2中对能量参数衰减的原理类似,故利用指数函数y=A e - x / t 1+y0对振铃计数平均值进行拟合。建立关联关系式y=1 298.94e-0.026x+240.19,其中x为灌浆饱满度,衰减系数为0.026,R2=0.95,吻合度较高,如图12所示。
图13表明当断铅信号作为激励源时,其振铃计数的衰减率离散性较高,虽随着套筒的灌浆饱满度的增加大体为上升趋势但并没有呈现出明显规律性,故难以反映灌浆套筒的饱满度变化。而当AST信号作为激励源时,声发射振铃计数与水平灌浆套筒饱满度的增加呈现良好的负指数相关性,基于试验样本所得规律,声发射振铃计数可以在一定程度上反应水平套筒灌浆饱满度的变化。
2.4 声发射信号波形分析
前文对不同激励源、不同灌浆饱满度的套筒中波速、能量以及振铃计数参数随饱满度变化的规律做了分析。然而,声发射波速、能量等参数只包含了声发射信号的一部分特征,而且容易受试验样本和环境随机性的影响。相对地,声发射的波形信号蕴藏着大量特征信息[20]。通过对声发射信号的激发信号波形以及不同灌浆饱满度的套筒接收到的波形进行研究分析,可以更全面、准确地揭示声发射信号的特征规律。而当断铅信号作为激励源时,由于其波形变化很不稳定难以分析其规律,故针对AST信号作为激励源时接收的声发射信号展开分析。此外,同种工况套筒每次激发和接收信号的波形类似,故每种工况选取一个特征波形分析。然而,声发射信号的时域特征参数能反映的信息很有限,很难直观体现灌浆套筒饱满度与波形信息之间的关联性。
为获取更为准确和稳定的参数变化规律,对试验中激发信号的波形和不同水平灌浆饱满度套筒所接收到的波形进行快速傅里叶变换,得到相应频谱(图14和图15)。快速傅里叶变换是在离散傅里叶变换基础上利用其周期性和对称性改进的一种算法,极大提高了运算速度,是将时域信号转换为频域信号很高效的工具[21]。快速傅里叶变换的公式为
X(f)= ∫ - ∞ + ∞ x(t)e-2jπftdt
式(6)中:X(f)为声发射频域信号;X(t)为声发射时域信号;f为频域;t为时间。
图14表明,激发信号波形的频率在0~500 kHz内均有分布,其优势频率分布在125~170 kHz,在145.50 kHz频率处幅值达到极值141.44 mV,所以该信号主频为145.50 kHz,主频幅值为141.44 mV。图15表明,SP50~SP100的接收信号的波形频率均只在0~200 kHz内有分布,200~500 kHz的频率信号几乎已经不存在,主要是因为声发射波在传播过程中会遇到材料的改变、材料间的间隙等阻碍,而高频信号的波长较短,故传播的过程中发生的反射、折射更多,导致高频信号的散射和扩散衰减现象加剧。不同灌浆饱满度套筒的声发射接收信号优势频率分布在137~150 kHz,SP50~SP100波形信号的主频分别为141.60、142.57、139.64、140.63、139.64、137.69 kHz,与激发信号的主频近似但略有衰减。
对不同灌浆饱满度套筒接收信号的主频幅值进一步分析,SP50~SP100波形信号的主频幅值分别为31.22、22.35、13.15、13.06、8.01、5.65 mV,主频幅值随水平套筒灌浆饱满度的变化如图16所示。变化整体呈下降趋势且较激发信号的主频幅值大幅减小,但随着饱满度的增加其下降有变缓的趋势。这是因为随着套筒内灌浆料的增多,声发射波传播过程中反射、折射现象增多导致其沿着灌浆料传播的距离增加,导致其中发生的吸收衰减和散射衰减现象加剧,其原理与2.2节中能量的衰减很相似,利用指数函数y=A e - x / t 1+y0对其拟合。建立关联关系式y=212.95e-0.040x+2.18,其中x为灌浆饱满度,衰减系数为0.040,R2=0.96,说明当AST作为激励源时,声发射接收信号的主频幅值与水平灌浆套筒饱满度的增加呈现良好的负指数相关性。基于试验样本所得规律,接收信号的主频幅值可以定量反映水平套筒灌浆的缺陷程度。
3 试验验证
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为验证试验结果的正确性和可靠性以应用到实际工程中,按照1.2.1节所提到的试验方法进行检测试验,取饱满度为50%和80%的水平灌浆套筒为例进行分析。得到相应声发射试验参数如表3所示。
将试验参数分别代入对应的灌浆饱满度-声发射参数关系式:y=3 038.79e-0.033x+154.97、y=1 298.94e-0.026x+240.19、y=212.95e-0.040x+2.18中,其中y为声发射参数,x为灌浆饱满度。所得到灌浆饱满度试验值及相应绝对误差如表4所示。
由测得数据可知绝对误差均低于5%,具有良好一致性,说明声发射技术的AST主动激发信号功能可以对水平套筒的灌浆饱满度进行定量检测。在实际工程中,可根据现场施工工艺和材料要求,预制几组不同水平饱满度的标准灌浆套筒,然后根据1.2.1节所提方法对套筒进行测试。根据所测的声发射能量、振铃计数和主频幅值参数,分别绘制灌浆饱满度-声发射参数关系曲线,得到对应关系式。继而对施工现场的未知灌浆饱满度套筒试件进行检测,将待检测试件的声发射参数值代入灌浆饱满度-声发射参数关系式中,即可测得未知试件的饱满度。
在具体工程中通过声发射技术对水平灌浆套筒饱满度进行定量检测,可以确定套筒内灌浆料的密实度以便及时发现并排查灌浆不饱满的套筒,为后续补灌工作提供可靠依据,避免后期因返工导致人力物力和时间的损失,同时为工程质量评估提供了有力的数据支撑,保障整个建筑结构的安全性。
4 结论与讨论
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为解决工程中对水平套筒灌浆饱满度定量检测的问题,试验分别采用声发射AST和PLB主动激发信号功能对灌浆缺陷为水平分布形式下不同灌浆饱满度的套筒进行检测,获取了声发射参数随水平套筒的灌浆饱满度变化的规律和关系式,可以定量反映水平套筒的灌浆缺陷程度。得出如下结论。
(1)当以AST作为激励源时,声发射波速的单参数变化在水平套筒灌浆饱满度试验中的规律性并不明显,难以获得其关联关系式。而其声发射能量和振铃计数单参数与套筒灌浆饱满度的增加呈现良好的负指数相关性并分别建立其关联关系式y=3 038.79e-0.033x+154.97和y=1 298.94e-0.026x+240.19,拟合度均较高,可以定量反映水平套筒灌浆的缺陷程度。通过分析快速傅里叶变换后的频域信号,发现SP50~SP100波形信号的主频频率较激发信号有略微衰减但很不明显。结合主频幅值随灌浆饱满度的变化,建立主频幅值随灌浆饱满度变化的关联关系式y=212.95e-0.040x+2.18,拟合度较高,表明声发射波形的主频幅值与灌浆套筒饱满度的增加呈现良好的负指数相关性,可以定量反映水平套筒灌浆的缺陷程度。
(2)当以PLB作为激励源时,通过对声发射参数的单参数分析发现其并没有随着水平套筒的灌浆饱满度的变化而展现出明显规律性,其原因可能是灌浆套筒的构造较为复杂且两个传感器之间的距离较近,对断铅信号的不稳定性较为敏感。虽断铅法应用更为广泛,但断铅法很难反映出水平套筒灌浆的缺陷程度。在实际工程中可能会出现检测灌浆饱满度数据不稳定的情况,若未能准确检测出套筒灌浆的缺陷程度,则会导致无法保障施工建筑的质量,带来安全隐患。为避免和预防此类问题产生,可利用AST作为激励源对水平套筒灌浆的饱满度进行检测和全面评估,保障结构的安全性。
(3)声发射技术在实际工程中可利用AST主动激发信号功能对水平灌浆套筒饱满度的定量检测,以便发现并处理工程中存在缺陷的水平连接套筒,从而减少潜在的安全隐患,具有一定工程意义。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51968014)
  • 广西自然科学基金(2022GXNSFAA035553)
  • 广西研究生教育创新计划(YCSW2023367)
  • 广西高校中青年科研基础能力提升项目(2024KY0276)
  • 广西绿色建材与建筑工业化重点实验室(桂科能19-J-21-27)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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文章信息
doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403868
  • 接收时间：2024-05-24
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-24
  • 修回日期：2025-01-14
基金
国家自然科学基金(51968014)
广西自然科学基金(2022GXNSFAA035553)
广西研究生教育创新计划(YCSW2023367)
广西高校中青年科研基础能力提升项目(2024KY0276)
广西绿色建材与建筑工业化重点实验室(桂科能19-J-21-27)
作者信息
    1 广西绿色建材与建筑工业化重点实验室, 桂林 541000
    2 桂林理工大学土木工程学院, 桂林 541000

通讯作者:

* 邓雪莲(1989—),女,汉族,湖北仙桃人,硕士,讲师。研究方向:混凝土及建筑材料。E-mail:。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403868
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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