Article(id=1149780471434928503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403896, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716652800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-26, revisedDate=1736870400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058626277, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058626277, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058626277, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058626277, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4109, endPage=4117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780471766278531, articleId=1149780471434928503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Modal Change Mechanism and Variable Interval Dynamic Sensitivity Analysis of Planetary Gear Transmission System, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of determining the effective design range of parameters during the optimization design of planetary gear transmission system, the dynamic sensitivity of two-stage planetary gear transmission system parameters was studied. Taking the two-stage planetary gear transmission system of vehicle as the research object, the natural vibration model of the system was established by Lagrange, the vibration modal characteristics of the two-stage planetary system were summarized, the expression of the vibration energy of the planetary system was deduced, the distribution state and the law of the vibration energy transfer in the same order were studied, and the mode change mechanism of the natural frequency of the system was further explored. The vibration energy transfer essential of the system natural frequency mode transition triggered by parameter change was analyzed. The parameter sensitivity equation of the natural frequency of the system is derived, the influence law of the modal transition phenomenon on the parameter sensitivity was studied, and the dynamic change law of the natural frequency sensitivity with the change of the parameter value was revealed. The method of dividing the parameter sensitivity interval based on the modal transition phenomenon was proposed, which realizes the effective guidance for the selection of the variable value range in the optimization design stage.

, correspAuthors=Ya-ning LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peng-fei YAN, Ya-ning LI, Qiang GAO, Fang-yu JIANG, Xiao-lei ZAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780513315054447, articleId=1149780471434928503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=行星齿轮传动系统模态变化机理及变区间动态灵敏度分析, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对行星齿轮传动系统优化设计过程中确定参数有效设计范围的问题,开展两级行星齿轮传动系统参数动态灵敏度研究。以车用两级行星齿轮传动系统为研究对象,采用拉格朗日方程构建系统的固有振动模型,对两级行星排的振型特点进行归纳总结,推导行星系统的振动能量的表达式,揭示了振动能量的分布状态及能量只在同一阶次振动传递的规律。进一步探究了系统固有频率的模态变化机理,阐述参数变化引发系统固有频率模态跃迁的振动能量传递本质。采用求导法推导系统固有频率的参数灵敏度方程,研究模态跃迁现象对参数灵敏度的影响规律,揭示固有频率灵敏度随参数取值改变的动态变化规律,提出了基于模态跃迁现象划分参数灵敏度区间的方法,实现对优化设计阶段变量取值范围选择工作的有效指导。

, correspAuthors=李亚宁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李亚宁(1999—),男,汉族,山西大同人,硕士研究生。研究方向:精密齿轮传动与动力学分析。E-mail:
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严鹏飞(1989—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,博士,讲师。研究方向:车辆传动系统与动力学分析。E-mail:

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严鹏飞(1989—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,博士,讲师。研究方向:车辆传动系统与动力学分析。E-mail:

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严鹏飞(1989—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,博士,讲师。研究方向:车辆传动系统与动力学分析。E-mail:

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行星齿轮传动系统模态变化机理及变区间动态灵敏度分析
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严鹏飞 1, 2 , 李亚宁 1, 2, * , 高强 1, 2 , 蒋方宇 1, 2 , 昝晓磊 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(10): 4109-4117
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(10): 4109-4117
行星齿轮传动系统模态变化机理及变区间动态灵敏度分析
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严鹏飞1, 2 , 李亚宁1, 2, * , 高强1, 2, 蒋方宇1, 2, 昝晓磊1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中北大学机械工程学院, 太原 030051
  • 2 中北大学先进制造技术山西省重点实验室, 太原 030051
  • 严鹏飞(1989—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,博士,讲师。研究方向:车辆传动系统与动力学分析。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李亚宁(1999—),男,汉族,山西大同人,硕士研究生。研究方向:精密齿轮传动与动力学分析。E-mail:
Modal Change Mechanism and Variable Interval Dynamic Sensitivity Analysis of Planetary Gear Transmission System
Peng-fei YAN1, 2 , Ya-ning LI1, 2, * , Qiang GAO1, 2, Fang-yu JIANG1, 2, Xiao-lei ZAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
  • 2 Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403896
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针对行星齿轮传动系统优化设计过程中确定参数有效设计范围的问题,开展两级行星齿轮传动系统参数动态灵敏度研究。以车用两级行星齿轮传动系统为研究对象,采用拉格朗日方程构建系统的固有振动模型,对两级行星排的振型特点进行归纳总结,推导行星系统的振动能量的表达式,揭示了振动能量的分布状态及能量只在同一阶次振动传递的规律。进一步探究了系统固有频率的模态变化机理,阐述参数变化引发系统固有频率模态跃迁的振动能量传递本质。采用求导法推导系统固有频率的参数灵敏度方程,研究模态跃迁现象对参数灵敏度的影响规律,揭示固有频率灵敏度随参数取值改变的动态变化规律,提出了基于模态跃迁现象划分参数灵敏度区间的方法,实现对优化设计阶段变量取值范围选择工作的有效指导。

行星齿轮传动系统  /  模态跃迁  /  参数灵敏度  /  模态能量

Aiming at the problem of determining the effective design range of parameters during the optimization design of planetary gear transmission system, the dynamic sensitivity of two-stage planetary gear transmission system parameters was studied. Taking the two-stage planetary gear transmission system of vehicle as the research object, the natural vibration model of the system was established by Lagrange, the vibration modal characteristics of the two-stage planetary system were summarized, the expression of the vibration energy of the planetary system was deduced, the distribution state and the law of the vibration energy transfer in the same order were studied, and the mode change mechanism of the natural frequency of the system was further explored. The vibration energy transfer essential of the system natural frequency mode transition triggered by parameter change was analyzed. The parameter sensitivity equation of the natural frequency of the system is derived, the influence law of the modal transition phenomenon on the parameter sensitivity was studied, and the dynamic change law of the natural frequency sensitivity with the change of the parameter value was revealed. The method of dividing the parameter sensitivity interval based on the modal transition phenomenon was proposed, which realizes the effective guidance for the selection of the variable value range in the optimization design stage.

planetary gear transmission system  /  mode transition  /  parametric sensitivity  /  energy of mode
严鹏飞, 李亚宁, 高强, 蒋方宇, 昝晓磊. 行星齿轮传动系统模态变化机理及变区间动态灵敏度分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4109 -4117 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403896
Peng-fei YAN, Ya-ning LI, Qiang GAO, Fang-yu JIANG, Xiao-lei ZAN. Modal Change Mechanism and Variable Interval Dynamic Sensitivity Analysis of Planetary Gear Transmission System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4109 -4117 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403896
行星齿轮传动系统因其强大的承载能力、高效的传递效率、较大传动比以及功率分流汇流等优势,广泛地应用于车辆传动系统中。而且,随着车辆性能不断向高速重载方向发展,以及混合动力车辆的大量普及,行星齿轮系统作为主要的动力传递和功率耦合机构,对行星传动系统振动特性的合理改善能够有效提高传动系统的可靠性。在行星齿轮传动系统振动分析中,共振是一个不可避免的问题,当系统发生共振时,容易使系统产生破坏,大大降低其使用寿命,在进行减振优化设计的过程中研究系统固有特性及其参数灵敏度能够有效指导优化设计。固有特性分析主要是通过研究系统的固有频率以及振型特点,明确系统的振动模式,为后期动力学振动分析及系统共振研究奠定基础。Kahraman[1]针对单级行星系统详细分析了其固有特性。Lin等[2-3]研究了行星轮分布特征对行星系统固有振型的影响,总结出平移振动、扭转振动和行星轮振动3种系统振型模式。Guo等[4]构建了纯扭转复合行星齿轮传动系统的固有振动模型,并分析了各振动模式的特点。Eritenel等[5-6]建立了单级斜齿行星齿轮传动的3-D集中质量模型,并分析了其模态特性。Mo等[7]研究了太阳轮柔性支撑对系统固有特性的影响。Dong等[8]提出了基于群论的振动分析方法,以确定对称系统的高度结构化,及对称的模态特性。
在中国,张策[9]对国内行星齿轮传动固有特性的研究进行了系统全面的总结。王世宇等[10-11]对行星齿轮传动纯扭转模型的振动模式进行了分析,并总结了系统参数与固有特性之间的关系。Liu等[12]将两级行星系统的中间连接轴视为Timoshenko梁,并利用模态能量分析法研究了轴系参数对系统固有特性的影响。王均刚等[13]为了优化风电增速箱性能,采用齿轮修形的方式对啮合刚度参数进行了设计。Xiao等[14]研究了齿轮故障对系统模态特性的影响。蔡仲昌等[15]研究了包含三级行星排的车辆动力传动系统在不同挡位下固有特性的变化规律。Yang等[16]研究了齿轮副间变刚度条件下的系统模态特征。郝慧荣等[17]为提高车辆转向性能,设计了一种行星齿轮转向桥,并应用Ansys研究了系统可靠性,采用MATLAB分析了其动态性能。陈林凯[18]建立了行星齿轮系统的Adams动力学模型,对系统模态特性与结构参数关系进行了详细分析。郭昊维等[19]通过建立行星齿轮减速器的有限元模型,进行了静力学分析和模态分析,结果表明传动系统与箱体的振动形式主要是扭转振动。龙海洋等[20]采用Adams动力学软件构建了变速箱行星轮系机构的动力学模型,并进行了动力学仿真,验证了理论模型及分析结果的正确性。
固有振动特性及其参数影响规律分析是行星齿轮传动动力学研究的基础。固有振动特性的研究能够初步确定系统的振动模式及其共振频率,在指导系统结构设计时避开共振频率以及筛选优化设计敏感参数提供理论依据。但是在参数优化过程中,对模态跃迁引起的参数灵敏度有效区间变化这一现象考虑较少,部分参数灵敏度分析结果及优化区间失效,导致对系统固有特性的优化效果降低。针对固有频率灵敏度随参数动态变化的特性,现推导固有频率对系统参数的模态灵敏度方程,探究模态跃迁现象对参数灵敏度的影响规律,实现对固有特性优化设计阶段变量筛选和取值范围选择工作的有效指导。
本文的研究对象是车辆两级行星齿轮传动系统,其结构简图如图1所示,系统有两个普通行星排,一级齿圈与箱体固连,各构件的参数:太阳轮s,齿圈r,行星架c,行星轮p, n=1,2,···,N作为行星轮编号,i=1,2作为行星排编号。一级太阳轮与二级太阳轮连接,一排行星架与二级齿圈连接。动力从一级太阳轮轴输入,从二级行星架输出,在输出端施加扭矩作为负载。
在两级行星齿轮传动系统非线性振动模型基础上得到其相应的特征值问题,即
- ω q 2 M φ q + K φ q = 0
式(1)中:M为系统质量矩阵; K = K b + K m + K j,其中 K b K m K j分别为轴承支承刚度矩阵、啮合刚度矩阵和级间连接轴的弯曲和扭转刚度矩阵; ω q φ q为系统第q阶固有频率和振型矩阵, φ q = [ φ 1 , φ 2 , ··· φ i , ··· φ n ] T; φ i为第i级行星排振型向量, φ i = [ φ s i , φ r i , φ c i , φ p i 1 , ··· , φ p i j ] T, φ s i φ r i φ c i φ p i j为太阳轮、齿圈、行星架、行星轮振型, φ s i = [ x s i , y s i , θ s i ] T , φ r i = [ x r i , y r i , θ r i ] T , φ c i = [ x c i , y c i , θ c i ] T , φ p i j = [ x p i j , y p i j , θ p i j ] T
对两级行星齿轮传动系统进行模态分析,根据振型的特点进行归纳和总结,得出两级行星齿轮传动的4种振动模式:两级中心旋转部件扭转振动模式、两级中心旋转部件平移振动模式、一级行星轮振动模式、二级行星轮振动模式。
1)两级中心部件扭转振动模式
图2所示,该模式各阶固有频率都是单根,振型矢量中,一、二级行星排中心部件只产生扭转振动而不产生平移振动。其振型向量特征为
φ s i = [ 0,0 , θ s i ] T φ r i = [ 0,0 , θ r i ] T φ c i = [ 0,0 , θ c i ] T φ p i j = [ x p i j , y p i j , θ p i j ] T
同一级行星排的4个行星轮同一自由度的振型元素对应相等,即
x p 11 = x p 12 = x p 13 = x p 14 y p 11 = y p 12 = y p 13 = y p 14 θ p 11 = θ p 12 = θ p 13 = θ p 14 x p 21 = x p 22 = x p 23 = x p 24 y p 21 = y p 22 = y p 23 = y p 24 θ p 21 = θ p 22 = θ p 23 = θ p 24
2)两级中心部件平移振动模式
图3所示,该模式各阶固有频率都是二重根,振型矢量中一、二级行星排中心部件只产生平移振动而不产生扭转振动,其振型向量特征为
φ s i = [ x s i , y s i , 0 ] T φ r i = [ x r i , y r i , 0 ] T , φ c i = [ x c i , y c i , 0 ] T φ p i j = [ x p i j , y p i j , θ p i j ] T
同一级行星排在同一直径方向上的两个行星轮的同一自由度的振型元素对应相等,即:xp11=-xp13,yp11=-yp13,θp11=-θp13,xp12=-xp14,yp12=-yp14,θp12=-θp14,xp21=-xp23,yp21=-yp23,θp21=-θp23,xp22=-xp24,yp22=-yp24,θp22=-θp24
3)一级行星轮振动模式
图4所示,该模式各阶固有频率都是单根,振型矢量中一、二级行星排中心部件平移振动和扭转振动都为零,所有中心部件和二级行星轮都不产生振动,只有一级行星轮在振动,其振型向量特征为
φ s i = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T φ r i = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T φ c i = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T φ p 1 j = [ x p 1 j , y p 1 j , θ p 1 j ] T φ p 2 j = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T
一级四个行星轮同一自由度的振型元素对应相等,即
x p 11 = - x p 12 = x p 13 = - x p 14 y p 11 = - y p 12 = y p 13 = - y p 14 θ p 11 = - θ p 12 = θ p 13 = - θ p 14
4)二级行星轮振动模式
图5所示,该模式各阶固有频率都是单根,振型矢量中一、二级行星排中心部件平移振动和扭转振动都为零,所有中心部件和一级行星轮都不产生振动,只有二级行星轮在振动。
φ s i = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T φ r i = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T φ c i = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T φ p 2 j = [ x p 2 j , y p 2 j , θ p 2 j ] T φ p 1 j = [ 0,0 , 0 ] T
二级4个行星轮同一自由度的振型元素对应相等,即
x p 21 = - x p 22 = x p 23 = - x p 24 y p 21 = - y p 22 = y p 23 = - y p 24 θ p 21 = - θ p 22 = θ p 23 = - θ p 24
行星齿轮系统的振动能量包括振动势能和振动动能两部分,在固有频率及其振型分析的基础上,结合式(1)得到行星齿轮系统的振动动能E和振动势能U的表达式为
E = 1 2 ω q 2 φ T q M φ q
U = 1 2 φ T q K φ q
通过式(9)和式(10)可得各部件第q阶的振动动能和振动势能的计算式分别为
E i j = 1 2 m i j ω q 2 [ ( x i j q ) 2 + ( y i j q ) 2 ] E p i n = 1 2 m p i n ω q 2 [ ( x p i n q ) 2 + ( y p i n q ) 2 ] E i j θ = 1 2 r i j 2 I i j ω q 2 ( θ i j q ) 2 E p i n θ = 1 2 r p i n 2 I p i n ω q 2 ( θ p i n q ) 2
U i j = 1 2 k i j [ ( x i j q ) 2 + ( y i j q ) 2 ] U p i n = 1 2 k p i n [ ( δ p i n r q ) 2 + ( δ p i n t q ) 2 ] U i j θ = 1 2 k i j θ ( θ i j q ) 2 U s p i n = 1 2 k s p i ( δ s p i n q ) 2 U r p i n = 1 2 k r p i ( δ s p i n q ) 2
其中,啮合线变形量及行星轮位移量表示为
δ s p i n q = - x s i q s i n ( ψ n - α s ) + y s i q c o s ( ψ n - α s ) -       x p i n q s i n α s - y p i n q c o s α s + u s i q + u p i n q δ r p i n q = - x r i q s i n ( ψ n - α r ) + y r i q c o s ( ψ n - α r ) +       x p i n q s i n α r - y p i n q c o s α r + u r i q - u p i n q δ p i n r q = y c i q s i n ψ n + x c i q c o s ψ n - x p i n q δ p i n t q = y c i q c o s ψ n - x c i q s i n ψ n - y p i n q + u c i q
式中:i=1,2表示行星排的级数; n = 1,2 , ··· , N代表行星轮编号;N为行星轮个数; m i j I i j k i j k i j θ( i = 1,2 ; j = s , r , c)分别代表第i级行星排中部件j的质量、惯量、轴承支撑刚度和轴系扭转刚度; r i j r p i n分别代表第i级行星排中部件j的半径和第n个行星轮半径。
通过对式(11)和式(12)分析可以得出,系统振动能量的分布与振型特征密切相关,确定系统质量、惯量、刚度的参数就基本可以明确系统的能量分布状态及其影响关系。系统扭转振动模式下振动能量与中心部件的质量及其轴承支撑刚度无关;系统平移振动模式下振动能量与中心部件惯量和轴系扭转刚度无关;系统行星轮振动模式下振动能量与中心部件的质量、惯量、轴承支撑刚度、轴系刚度无关。
在振动能量分布状态及参数影响规律分析的基础上,不考虑系统阻尼和摩擦的情况下进一步分析振动能量的传递规律。对式(1)左乘 φ T s可得
ω q 2 φ T s M φ q = φ T s K φ q
同理,对第s阶模态可得
ω s 2 φ T q M φ s = φ T q K φ s
式中:qs分别为固有频率阶数;由于矩阵MK具有对称性,因此将式(15)通过转置可得
ω s 2 φ T s M φ q = φ T s K φ q
将式(16)与式(14)求差可得
( ω s 2 - ω q 2 ) φ T s M φ q = 0
式(17)对任意qs的取值都成立,因此存在 s = q s q两种情况。当 s q时,则系统存在关系 φ T s M φ q = 0 φ T s K φ q = 0,此时系统的第q阶模态惯性力和模态弹性力对第s阶模态振动位移做功都为零,说明不同振动阶次之间的振动势能和振动动能没有发生转移;当 s = q时,系统的第q阶模态惯性力和模态弹性力对第s阶模态振动位移做功都不为零,因此同一振动阶次之间的振动势能和振动动能发生了转移。
以两级行星齿轮传动系统为研究对象,且在前期研究过程中发现,连接轴弯曲刚度对系统模态能量分布影响较为显著,因此以连接轴弯曲刚度为例进行详细分析。两级行星齿轮传动系统的42阶固有频率随一、二排太阳轮连接轴弯曲刚度变化的轨迹如图6所示。由图6(a)可以看出,随着连接轴弯曲刚度的增加,系统1~13阶固有频率基本保持不变,且没有发生模态跃迁及轨迹相交现象;当刚度值小于2×109 N/m,对14~27阶固有频率影响较大,当刚度值大于3×109 N/m,则对28~42阶固有频率影响较大,且在这两个范围内都发生了明显的模态跃迁及轨迹相交现象。图6(b)为第28、29、30阶固有频率的轨迹变化图,在A点处发生了模态跃迁及轨迹相交。 ω 28沿着AEC变化, ω 29沿着AED变化, ω 30沿着BED变化。在E点之前, ω 30为单根,为二排行星轮振动模式, ω 28 ω 29为同一固有频率的二重根,为中心部件平移模式;在E点之后, ω 28为单根,为二排行星轮振动模式, ω 30 ω 29为同一固有频率的二重根,为中心部件平移模式。 ω 28 ω 29E点处发生分离, ω 30 ω 29E点发生相交, ω 30 ω 28发生模态跃迁。
系统28~30阶固有频率在发生模态跃迁和模态相交前后的振动势能分布情况如图7所示,其对应的轨迹线上位置如图6(b)所示。图7(a)为发生模态跃迁前 ω 28图6(b)中A点对应的振动势能,可以看出一、二排太阳轮轴的弹性势能Ubs1s2最大,而后依次为二排行星轮轴承支撑的弹性势能U2pn、二排太阳轮-行星轮啮合势能 U s 2 p n、一排齿圈-行星轮啮合势能 U r 1 p n,其中n=2,4, ω 29 ω 28是频率值相等的二重根,其振动势能与 ω 28基本相同,只是含有行星轮的势能序号n不同,此时n=1,3。图7(b)为发生模态跃迁前 ω 30图6(b)中B点对应的振动势能, ω 30为二排行星轮振动模式,因此其势能主要集中在有二排行星轮参与的过程中,从大到小依次为 U 2 p n U s 2 p n U r 2 p n,其中n=1,2,3,4。
发生模态跃迁后 ω 28图6(b)中C点对应的振动势能如图8(a)所示,可以看出其分布状态与模态跃迁前 ω 30的振动势能分布基本相同,此时 ω 28为二排行星轮模式;图8(b)为发生模态跃迁后 ω 30图6(b)中D点对应的振动势能,此时 ω 30为中心部件平移模式,其振动势能从大到小依次为 U 2 p n U s 2 p n U r 2 p n,其中n=1,3。 ω 29 ω 30是频率相等的二重根,其振动势能的分布状态与 ω 30基本相同,只是含有行星轮的势能序号n不同,此时n=2,4。
经过对图7图8的对比分析,随着一、二排太阳轮轴弯曲刚度的增加,在模态跃迁和模态相交发生前后,单根固有频率对应的振动势能保持不变,重根对应的中心部件平移模式中的一、二排太阳轮轴的弹性势能 U b s 1 s 2降低,二排势能 U 2 p n U s 2 p n U r 2 p n增加。
整体来看,随着太阳轮连接轴弯曲刚度的增加,一、二排太阳轮的相对振动位移逐渐减小,连接轴弯曲势能逐渐降低,而二排内、外啮合势能和二排行星轮的轴承支撑势能大幅增加,说明太阳轮连接轴的弯曲势能逐渐转化为与二排行星轮振动相关的势能。随着连接轴弯曲刚度数值的不断增加和振动势能的逐渐转换,导致两排太阳轮的相对平移振动减弱,二排行星轮振动增加,当到达模态跃迁的临界刚度值后,第28阶和第30阶固有频率的振型及其模态势能分布状态完全发生改变;而后随着连接轴弯曲刚度数值的继续增加,第28阶模态势能趋于稳定不再变化,即系统28阶模态势能状态不再受太阳轮连接轴弯曲刚度的影响。
假定 ω i为第i阶固有频率, φ i为第i阶固有频率对应的特征向量,则根据式(1)可得
( K - λ i M ) φ i = 0
当特征值为单根时,对式(11)左乘 φ T i,并对其进行求导可得
( φ T i ) ' ( K - λ i M ) φ i + φ T i ( K - λ i M ) ' φ i + φ T i ( K - λ i M ) φ ' i = 0
由于 K - λ i M为对称矩阵并且结合式(18)可得
φ T i ( K - λ i M ) ' φ i = 0
归一化后可得
λ ' i = φ T i ( K ' - λ i M ' ) φ i
φ ' i = - 1 2 ( φ T i M ' φ i ) φ i + k = 1 , k i L φ T k ( K ' - λ i M ' ) φ i λ i - λ k φ k
λ i = 2 φ T i ( K ' - λ i M ' ) φ i + φ T i ( K - 2 λ ' i M ' - λ i M ) φ i
当特征值为重根时,设λ1=λ2=···=λm,m为重根数。对式(21)求导可得
( K - λ i M ) φ ' i = ( - K ' + λ i M ' + λ ' i M ) φ i
可以求得 λ i
λ i = 2 φ T i ( K ' - λ i M ' ) v i - φ T i ( - K + λ i M + 2 λ ' i M ' ) φ
式中:i=1,2,···,m; v i为除单根外其他主模态对重根特征向量的敏感度贡献量。
v i = k = m + 1 L φ T k ( λ i M ' - K ' ) φ i λ k - λ i φ k
以系统外啮合刚度为例,对系统的敏感度进行分析。对于系统参数矩阵MK,只有包含目标参数时其导数才不为0,因此,对于啮合刚度应有 M ' = 0 , K = 0,求特征值和特征向量的灵敏度关键在于求解 K '。假设特征向量为
φ i = ( φ s i , φ r i , φ c i , φ 1 i , φ 2 i ··· φ N i ) φ j i = ( φ j x i , φ j y i , φ j u i ) ,   j = s , r , c
行星系统中心构建扭转振动模式和行星轮振动模式的特征值为单根,将式(27)代入式(18)~式(21)可得
λ i k s p = n = 1 N ( δ s n i ) 2
φ i k s p = k = 1 , k i L n = 1 N δ s n i δ s n k λ i - λ k φ k
式中: k s p为太阳轮和行星轮的啮合刚度; δ s n i为第i阶振型对应的第n个行星轮与太阳轮的啮合线变形量。
δ s n i = y s c o s ( ψ n - α s ) - x s s i n ( ψ n - α s ) - η n c o s α s - ζ n s i n α s + u s + u n
式(30)中: y s为太阳轮 y方向上的振型; ψ n为第 n个行星轮的初始相位角; α s为外啮合压力角; x s为太阳轮 x方向上振型; η n为第 n个行星齿轮沿径向方向的振型; u s为第 n个行星齿轮沿切向方向的振型; u n为第 n个行星齿轮扭转方向的振型。
系统中心构件的平移振动模式具有二重特征值,即 λ 1 = λ 2,其特征向量可以写为φ=[φ1,φ2],并且满足 φ T M φ = I 2 × 2,由式(28)和式(29)可以计算 λ ' 1,2
D = φ T K φ = n = 1 N ( δ s n 1 ) 2 δ s n 1 δ s n 2 δ s n 1 δ s n 2 ( δ s n 2 ) 2
由于存在关系,即
n = 1 N s i n φ n = 0 n = 1 N c o s φ n = 0 n = 1 N ( c o s 2 φ n - s i n 2 φ n ) = 0 n = 1 N ( c o s φ n s i n φ n ) = 0
则有
n = 1 N ( δ s n 1 ) 2 = n = 1 N ( δ s n 2 ) 2 , n = 1 N δ s n 1 δ s n 2 = 0
因此 λ 1,2关于啮合刚度的灵敏度具有与式(28)相同的形式。
λ 1,2 k s p = n = 1 N ( δ s n i ) 2
由于存在 λ i = ω i 2 , λ ' i = 2 ω i ω ' i关系,经过分析整理,得到系统固有频率对刚度参数、质量和惯量参数的敏感度为
ω i ρ = 1 2 ω i n = 1 N ( δ j n i ) 2 , ρ = k s p ,   j = s ρ = k r p ,   j = r 1 2 ω i n = 1 N [ ( δ p n r i ) 2 + ( δ p n t i ) 2 ] , ρ = k p 1 2 ω i ( x j 2 + y j 2 ) , ρ = k j ,   j = s , r , c 1 2 ω i u j 2 , ρ = k j u ,   j = s , r , c
ω i ρ = - ω i 2 n = 1 N ( u n ) 2 r p 2 , ρ = I p - ω i 2 n = 1 N [ ( ζ n ) 2 + ( η n ) 2 ] , ρ = m p - ω i 2 [ ( x j ) 2 + ( y j ) 2 ] , ρ = m j , j = s , r , c - ω i 2 ( u j ) 2 r j 2 , ρ = I j , j = s , r , c
式(36)中:
δ s n i = - x s i s i n ( ψ n - α s ) + y s i c o s ( ψ n - α s ) -       ζ n i s i n α s - η n i c o s α s + u s i + u n i δ r n i = - x r i s i n ( ψ n - α r ) + y r i c o s ( ψ n - α r ) +       ζ n i s i n α r - η n i c o s α r + u r i - u n i δ p n r i = y c i s i n ψ n + x c i c o s ψ n - ζ n i δ p n t i = y c i c o s ψ n - x c i s i n ψ n - η n i + u c i
式(35)和式(36)为行星齿轮传动系统固有频率关于质量、刚度参数的灵敏度计算式。通过分析可以看出,行星轮振动模式的固有频率受各排行星齿轮自身轴承支撑刚度、质量和啮合刚度的影响,与其他部件的参数无关;中心部件的扭转振动模式的固有频率仅受中心部件得惯量、扭转刚度及啮合刚度影响;中心部件平移振动模式的固有频率只与中心部件质量和径向支撑刚度及啮合刚度有关。可以看出,齿轮啮合刚度作为计算啮合力的关键参数,对整个系统的固有特性都有着重要作用。
参数在一定范围内的变化会导致固有频率的振型及模态能量分布状态发生改变,而参数灵敏度又与模态振型存在联系。因此,本节主要研究随参数变化出现的与模态跃迁现象相对应的动态灵敏度变化特性,以及参数取值范围与固有频率灵敏度之间的关系,为参数优化时选定合理的取值范围提供理论指导。
以一排太阳轮轴承支撑刚度 k b s 1为例来说明参数灵敏度的动态变化现象。图9(a)图9(b)分别为系统固有频率及其灵敏度随参数 k b s 1改变的变化趋势示意图。从图9(a)可以看出,刚度参数 k b s 1在1.9×108 N/m左右的范围内变化导致第7~9阶固有频率发生了模态跃迁现象;同时,由图9(b)可以看到,在参数变化引发系统固有频率发生模态跃迁现象的同时,刚度参数 k b s 1在区间1.9×108~2×108 N/m对系统7、8、9阶固有频率的灵敏度也发生了跃迁现象。在刚度值为1.9×108 N/m处第7阶固有频率灵敏度瞬间下降,说明在刚度值大于1.9×108 N/m后,刚度参数的变化不再对其产生影响;同时,在1.9×108 N/m处第9阶固有频率灵敏度瞬间增加,说明在刚度值大于1.9×108 N/m后,刚度参数的变化开始对其产生影响;一排太阳轮轴承支撑刚度只在区间1×107~1.9×108 N/m对系统第7阶固有频率能够起到显著且有效的调节作用。
与刚度参数变化引起固有频率灵敏度跃迁的作用相同,质量参数的变化也可以引起相应阶固有频率的灵敏度发生明显的变化及跃迁现象。图10中随着一排太阳轮质量的增加,参数对24~26阶固有频率的灵敏度发生显著变化,在5.9 kg处第26阶固有频率灵敏度下降,质量大于6 kg后灵敏度基本为零,说明在质量值大于6 kg后,参数的变化不再对其产生影响;同时,在5.9 kg处第24阶固有频率灵敏度增加,说明在质量值大于5.9 kg后,参数的变化会对其产生影响;一排太阳轮质量只在区间5~5.9 kg对系统第26阶固有频率能够起到有效调节作用。
通过以上分析可知,在行星齿轮传动系统中,固有频率对参数的灵敏度受模态跃迁影响的,在参数优化设计过程中其取值应避开模态跃迁点,因此提出基于模态跃迁现象划分参数灵敏度区间的方法,其流程如图11所示。
通过推导系统固有频率的参数灵敏度方程,研究模态跃迁现象对参数灵敏度的影响规律,揭示固有频率灵敏度随参数取值改变的动态变化规律,提出基于模态跃迁现象划分参数灵敏度区间的方法,并得到以下结论。
(1)行星齿轮系统的质量、刚度、惯量参数对系统的固有频率、振型特征和能量分布状态起关键作用。在中心部件扭转振动模式下,系统振动能量主要聚集在中心部件扭转动能;在中心部件平移振动模式下,系统振动能量主要聚集在中心部件平移势能;在行星轮振动模式下,系统振动能量主要聚集在内、外啮合势能和行星齿轮的平移势能上。
(2)确定两级行星齿轮传动系统中质量、惯量和刚度等振动参数即可决定系统的振动能量分布状态,能量只能在同一阶模态的各部件之间相互转换。
(3)参数变化引起的模态跃迁现象,会导致系统某阶模态的振型发生改变,使相应固有频率对参数的灵敏度发生变化。因此,在工程设计过程中需要预先分析参数与系统固有特性及灵敏度之间的关系,避免在设计参数的取值范围内出现跃迁现象。
  • 山西省基础研究计划(202203021222053)
  • 中北大学先进制造技术山西省重点实验室开放课题研究基金(XJZZ202207)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403896
  • 接收时间:2024-05-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-26
  • 修回日期:2025-01-15
基金
山西省基础研究计划(202203021222053)
中北大学先进制造技术山西省重点实验室开放课题研究基金(XJZZ202207)
作者信息
    1 中北大学机械工程学院, 太原 030051
    2 中北大学先进制造技术山西省重点实验室, 太原 030051

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* 李亚宁(1999—),男,汉族,山西大同人,硕士研究生。研究方向:精密齿轮传动与动力学分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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