Article(id=1149780470998720884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=1736956800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058626174, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058626174, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058626174, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058626174, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4361, endPage=4370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780471241990518, articleId=1149780470998720884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Temperature Field Predictive Control Method of Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Based on Phase Space Reconstructed and SVR, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The precision of temperature field control in the hypersonic wind tunnel directly affects the accuracy of wind tunnel test data. In view of the control problems of hypersonic wind tunnel temperature field control, such as large delay, nonlinear and multi-variable coupling, phase space reconstruction of data affecting temperature was carried out and support vector regression was applied to the hypersonic wind tunnel temperature field predictive control to improve the accuracy and efficiency of hypersonic wind tunnel temperature field control. At the same time, considering that the selection of kernel function in support vector regression machine and the optimization of kernel function parameters affect the accuracy of prediction results, the support vector machine model was established based on different kernel functions, and the optimal kernel function was selected through comparative verification and analysis, and the corresponding PSR-SVR model was established to predict the temperature field of the hypersonic wind tunnel, so as to improve the temperature prediction accuracy. The analysis of actual temperature field data shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.

, correspAuthors=Qiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-hua SHEN, Xu CUI, Wei-guo LU, Qiang LI, Xin ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780518696345791, articleId=1149780470998720884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于相空间重构和SVR的高超风洞温度场预测控制方法, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高超风洞温度场控制精度直接影响到风洞试验数据的准确性,针对高超风洞温度场控制大延迟、非线性、多变量耦合等控制难题,对影响温度的数据进行相空间重构并将支持向量回归应用到高超风洞温度场预测控制中,提高高超风洞温度场控制的精度和效率。同时考虑到支持向量回归机中核函数的选取以及核函数参数的优化影响预测结果的精度,基于不同的核函数对支持向量机建立预测模型,对比验证分析选择最优的核函数,建立PSR-SVR模型对高超风洞温度场进行预测,提高温度预测精度,实际温度场数据分析表明了所提方法的有效性。

, correspAuthors=李强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李强(1985—),男,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:风洞测控系统设计、先进测试与校准技术、智能流场控制方法。E-mail:
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沈力华(1984—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:智能优化算法与及复杂系统建模与预测。E-mail:

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沈力华(1984—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:智能优化算法与及复杂系统建模与预测。E-mail:

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沈力华(1984—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:智能优化算法与及复杂系统建模与预测。E-mail:

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Maximum lyapunov index

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维数 数据1 数据2
1 0.015 8 0.022 3
2 -0.005 8 0.003 2
3 -0.025 1 0.001 0
4 -0.073 9 -0.008 4
5 -0.079 5 -0.022 1
6 -0.021 2 -0.022 6
7 0.007 6 -0.027 9
8 0.008 4 0.036 7
9 0.066 9 0.007 2
10 0.001 8 -0.003 7
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最大lyapunov指数

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维数 数据1 数据2
1 0.015 8 0.022 3
2 -0.005 8 0.003 2
3 -0.025 1 0.001 0
4 -0.073 9 -0.008 4
5 -0.079 5 -0.022 1
6 -0.021 2 -0.022 6
7 0.007 6 -0.027 9
8 0.008 4 0.036 7
9 0.066 9 0.007 2
10 0.001 8 -0.003 7
), ArticleFig(id=1218525120155537654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470998720884, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Data 1 and data 2 forecast data evaluation indicators

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数据 评价指标 PSR-SVR PSR-PSO-SVR PSR-BP PSR-BY
1 RM 0.143 2 1.652 0 1.648 6 2.881 0
MA 0.001 3 0.015 7 0.014 5 0.028 4
NR 1.302 5 15.027 8 14.996 8 26.206 9
MD 0.129 3 1.577 5 1.450 2 2.848 6
2 RM 0.085 1 10.180 1 4.753 9 6.969 4
MA 0.000 7 0.086 0 0.039 2 0.062 5
NR 0.085 6 1.023 5 47.789 0 7.000 6
MD 0.076 7 9.024 3 4.116 3 6.554 3
), ArticleFig(id=1218525120268783868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470998720884, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数据1和数据2预测数据评价指标

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数据 评价指标 PSR-SVR PSR-PSO-SVR PSR-BP PSR-BY
1 RM 0.143 2 1.652 0 1.648 6 2.881 0
MA 0.001 3 0.015 7 0.014 5 0.028 4
NR 1.302 5 15.027 8 14.996 8 26.206 9
MD 0.129 3 1.577 5 1.450 2 2.848 6
2 RM 0.085 1 10.180 1 4.753 9 6.969 4
MA 0.000 7 0.086 0 0.039 2 0.062 5
NR 0.085 6 1.023 5 47.789 0 7.000 6
MD 0.076 7 9.024 3 4.116 3 6.554 3
), ArticleFig(id=1218525120373641476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470998720884, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Data 1 forecast data evaluation index

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评价指标 预测模型
PSR-SVR PSR-PSO-SVR PSR-BP PSR-BY
RM 1.903 1 0.229 0 0.972 2 0.251 7
MA 0.001 5 2.05×10-4 0.005 1 0.002 4
NR 0.085 9 1.548 6 0.329 5 1.835 3
MD 1.453 0 0.185 6 0.516 1 0.239 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218525120491081992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470998720884, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

数据1预测数据评价指标

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评价指标 预测模型
PSR-SVR PSR-PSO-SVR PSR-BP PSR-BY
RM 1.903 1 0.229 0 0.972 2 0.251 7
MA 0.001 5 2.05×10-4 0.005 1 0.002 4
NR 0.085 9 1.548 6 0.329 5 1.835 3
MD 1.453 0 0.185 6 0.516 1 0.239 2
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基于相空间重构和SVR的高超风洞温度场预测控制方法
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沈力华 1 , 崔旭 1 , 卢伟国 2 , 李强 3, 4, * , 赵鑫 3, 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(10): 4361-4370
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(10): 4361-4370
基于相空间重构和SVR的高超风洞温度场预测控制方法
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沈力华1 , 崔旭1, 卢伟国2, 李强3, 4, * , 赵鑫3, 4
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳航空航天大学机电工程学院, 沈阳 110136
  • 2 沈阳飞机工业(集团)有限公司, 沈阳 110000
  • 3 中国航空工业空气动力研究院, 沈阳 110034
  • 4 中国航空工业空气动力研究院高超声速气动力/热技术重点实验室, 沈阳 110034
  • 沈力华(1984—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,讲师。研究方向:智能优化算法与及复杂系统建模与预测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李强(1985—),男,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:风洞测控系统设计、先进测试与校准技术、智能流场控制方法。E-mail:
Temperature Field Predictive Control Method of Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Based on Phase Space Reconstructed and SVR
Li-hua SHEN1 , Xu CUI1, Wei-guo LU2, Qiang LI3, 4, * , Xin ZHAO3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechatronics Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
  • 2 Shenyang Aircraft Industry (Group) Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110000, China
  • 3 AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute, Shenyang 110034, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Hypersonic Aerodynamic Force and Heat Technology, AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110034, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404195
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高超风洞温度场控制精度直接影响到风洞试验数据的准确性,针对高超风洞温度场控制大延迟、非线性、多变量耦合等控制难题,对影响温度的数据进行相空间重构并将支持向量回归应用到高超风洞温度场预测控制中,提高高超风洞温度场控制的精度和效率。同时考虑到支持向量回归机中核函数的选取以及核函数参数的优化影响预测结果的精度,基于不同的核函数对支持向量机建立预测模型,对比验证分析选择最优的核函数,建立PSR-SVR模型对高超风洞温度场进行预测,提高温度预测精度,实际温度场数据分析表明了所提方法的有效性。

高超风洞  /  温度预测  /  相空间重构  /  核函数选择  /  支持向量回归

The precision of temperature field control in the hypersonic wind tunnel directly affects the accuracy of wind tunnel test data. In view of the control problems of hypersonic wind tunnel temperature field control, such as large delay, nonlinear and multi-variable coupling, phase space reconstruction of data affecting temperature was carried out and support vector regression was applied to the hypersonic wind tunnel temperature field predictive control to improve the accuracy and efficiency of hypersonic wind tunnel temperature field control. At the same time, considering that the selection of kernel function in support vector regression machine and the optimization of kernel function parameters affect the accuracy of prediction results, the support vector machine model was established based on different kernel functions, and the optimal kernel function was selected through comparative verification and analysis, and the corresponding PSR-SVR model was established to predict the temperature field of the hypersonic wind tunnel, so as to improve the temperature prediction accuracy. The analysis of actual temperature field data shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.

hypersonic wind tunnel  /  temperature field control  /  phase space reconstruction  /  kernel function selection  /  support vector regression
沈力华, 崔旭, 卢伟国, 李强, 赵鑫. 基于相空间重构和SVR的高超风洞温度场预测控制方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4361 -4370 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404195
Li-hua SHEN, Xu CUI, Wei-guo LU, Qiang LI, Xin ZHAO. Temperature Field Predictive Control Method of Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Based on Phase Space Reconstructed and SVR[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4361 -4370 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404195
在航空航天领域中,风洞是一种重要的实验设备,通过风洞试验可以评估飞行器的气动布局、气动性能等关键指标,为设计优化提供技术支持。文献[1]中指出风洞是指一个按一定要求设计的管道系统内,使用动力装置驱动一般可控制的气流,根据运动的相对性和相似性原理进行各种气动力实验的设备。高超风洞一般指马赫数大于5的风洞,主要采用暂冲自由射流形式,为了复现高超飞行总温或实现高超声速气流不冷凝,高超风洞一般在稳定段前设置加热器,来实现风洞内气流的加热。对于高超风洞来说,试验区流场与温度场的精确控制会直接影响到高超风洞试验数据的准确性。
影响高超风洞温度场控制的因素很多,包括气源压力、加热器温度、洞体结构传热、风洞运行总压等等,再加上温度控制本身的延迟特性和风洞试验的短时特性,造成高超风洞温度场控制面临着大延迟、非线性和多变量耦合等控制难题。高超风洞温度场控制运行工况多、控制目标范围广,然而传统比例微分积分控制器(proportional integral derivative, PID)的参数调整主要依赖于人工经验,调试效率差,且当温度误差变化延迟时,传统PID控制通过误差修正的方式,无法满足高超风洞温度场控制实时性的要求。同时,风洞试验段试验的短时性导致温度、压力数据样本少,传统的温度预测方法不能满足预测精度。因此,根据不同的温度与压力数据建立基于支持向量回归机的出口温度预测模型尤为重要,可以提前预知不同模块温度设置下的出口温度值,实现高超风洞温度场的准确预测,节省试验过程中资源的消耗,提高风洞流场温度控制的准确性。
温度的是典型的非线性时间序列,对温度的预测属于非线性时间序列的处理问题,自Yule[2]发明了自回归方法,标志着现代时间序列预测的开始,在时间序列的现代预测方法中,针对单变量的预测模型主要包括:自回归(autoregressive, AR)方法[3],滑动平均(moving average, MA)方法[4],结合了自回归方法和滑动平均方法得到的自回归滑动平均(autoregressive moving average, ARMA)方法[3]等。针对多变量的预测模型主要有向量自回归(vector autoregressive, VAR)方法[5],向量滑动平均(vector moving average, VMA)方法[6],向量自回归滑动平均(vector autoregressive moving average, VARMA)方法[7]以及线性滤波(linear filter, LF)方法[8]等。上述方法中大多数为线性方法,而在实际应用过程中,时间序列往往呈现非线性特性,使上述模型的应用受到限制。针对非线性时间序列预测,研究者们提出了门限自回归(threshold autoregressive, TAR)方法[9],自回归条件异方差(autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity, ARCH)方法及其改进方法[10]等。上述非线性预测方法虽然解决了传统线性预测方法的局限性,但是它们与传统线性方法类似,均是根据专家的先验知识预先设置或构造模型结构,属于参数化模型,由于实际应用中,复杂系统由多种因素共同作用,从而产生所观测到的时间序列,根据先验知识假设的模型结构不具有自适应性,往往不能很好的反应系统的真实特性,导致模型预测性能大大降低。
相比于上述模型驱动的预测方法,神经网络属于数据驱动的预测方法,它不需要根据先验知识假设特定模型结构,通过获取的数据建立适应于该数据集的预测模型,根据观测到的非线性时间序列自适应调整网络权值,弥补了上达单变量、多变量以及线性、非线性时间序列预测模型的局限性,具有较强的非线性逼近能力,因此,其在非线性时间序列预测中得到了较好的预测效果,文献[11]采用改进松鼠搜索算法对神经网络进行优化,提出的预测模型可实现数控机床进给系统热误差的准确预测。文献[12]利用神经网络预测羊舍非线性特征温度数据的未来温度趋势,递归神经网络预测模型具有更高的精度和更好的拟合效果。上述神经网络及其改进算法被广泛应用于温度、流量、故障预测、工业控制等领域的非线性时间序列预测中,并得到了比传统方法更好的预测性能。
但神经网络及其相应的算法中,训练结果不稳定,需要大样本,神经网络结构简单,但学习过程收敛慢,网络学习速率不稳定,预测精度不理想,容易陷入局部最优解,支持向量回归方法简单,有严格的理论和数学基础,不需要大样本数据,鲁棒性强,因此支持向量回归相比于神经网络在工程上的应用更为广泛。文献[13]提出一种基于麻雀搜索算法优化支持向量机的航空电弧故障检测方法,提高对电弧故障的检测准确率。文献[14]提出基于相空间重构提取振动信号的有效特征,用差分进化算法和烟花算法优化支持向量机核函数参数的分类器实现对机械故障的准确识别。文献[15]建立了基于贝叶斯优化的支持向量回归的温度预测算法。文献[16]利用粒子群算法与支持向量回归结合,对支持向量回归的惩罚因子C和核函数因子g进行优化,使模型具有更好的泛化性。文献[17]提出一种基于相空间重构与聚类模型结合的方法对具有非线性等内在特性的球磨机负荷状态振动信号进行识别。
综上,现将风洞数据进行相空间重构,建立风洞温度的支持向量回归预测模型、神经网络预测模型、贝叶斯回归预测模型和基于粒子群算法优化的支持向量回归预测模型,并进行训练验证,本文提出的基于相空间重构支持向量回归预测模型预测误差最低,预测结果最准确,并具有良好的泛化性。
温度预测是典型的非线性时间序列问题,可以看成是一个由非线性机制确定的输入输出系统,温度数据不规则的运动现象是一种混沌现象[18]。相空间重构是处理混沌时间序列重要的步骤。相空间重构将时间序列维度提升的同时提取更多信息,根据1981年Tskens[19]提出的嵌入定理,对于d维的时间序列{T(n)},总可以找到维数为m≥2d+1的嵌入相空间,就能重构出一个与原系统具有相同拓扑性质的动力学系统。在风洞试验过程中,风洞试验段出口平均温度受多种因素影响,对于原始数据的非线性时间序列相空间重构可以表示为
$\begin{aligned} T_{\mathrm{M}}(n)= & \{t(n), t(n+\tau), \cdots, t[n+ (m-1) \tau]\} \end{aligned}$
$t(k)=y(t+k \Delta t), \quad k=1,2, \cdots, N$
T M ( 1 ) = { t ( 1 ) , t ( 1 + t ) , ··· , t [ 1 + ( m - 1 ) τ ] } T M ( 2 ) = { t ( 2 ) , t ( 2 + t ) , ··· , t [ 2 + ( m - 1 ) τ ] } T M ( q ) = { t ( q ) , t ( q + t ) , ··· , t [ q + ( m - 1 ) τ ] }
式中:M=1,2,···,d;t(k)为k时刻离散化的系统值;τ为延时时间;m为嵌入维数;t为采样开始时刻;Δt为采样间隔;N为时间序列的长度;q为相空间中相点数即为m维嵌入后的点数。
q=N-(m-1)τ
在本文中采取C-C法同时确定嵌入维数m与延迟时间τ,C-C法认为mτ是相互依赖的,在进行相空间重构时只需保证时间窗τw不变即可[20]。C-C方法由Kim等[21]于1999年提出,主要步骤如下。
步骤1 定义重构相空间中嵌入时间序列Y(i)的关联积分C(m,N,r,τ)。
$C(m, N, r, \tau)=\frac{2}{q(q-1)} \sum_{1 \leqslant i \leqslant j \leqslant q} \theta\left(r-d_{i j}\right)$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} d_{i j}=\left\|Y_{i}-Y_{j}\right\|_{\infty} \\ \theta(z)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0, & z<0 \\ 1, & z \geqslant 0 \end{array}\right. \end{array}\right.$
式中:dij为∞函数;r为搜索半径,r>0,取小于maxdij的任意值;θ(x)为Heaviside函数。
步骤2 将时间序列拆分成τ个长度为N/τ的不相交子序列,定义检测统计量S(m,N,r,τ)。
$\begin{array}{l} S(m, N, r, \tau)=\frac{1}{\tau} \sum_{s=1}^{t}\left[C_{s}\left(m, \frac{N}{t}, r, \tau\right)-\right. \\ \left.\quad C_{s}^{m}\left(1, \frac{N}{t}, r, \tau\right)\right] \end{array}$
步骤3 选择检测统计量最大和最小的半径r,定义差量ΔS(m,τ)[22]
$\begin{aligned} \Delta S(m, \tau)= & \max \left\{S\left(m, r_{j}, \tau, N\right)\right\}- \\ & \min \left\{S\left(m, r_{j}, \tau, N\right)\right\} \end{aligned}$
步骤4 计算检验统计序列 S -(τ)和最大偏差Δ S -(τ)以及指标Scor(τ)。
S -(τ)= 1 n m n k m = 2 n m + 1 k = 1 n kS(m,N,r,τ)
Δ S -(τ)= 1 n m m = 2 n m + 1ΔS(m,N,r,τ)
$S_{\mathrm{cor}}(\tau)=\Delta \bar{S}(\tau)+|\bar{S}(\tau)|$
式(10)中:nm=2,3,4,5;nk=1,2,3,4。
步骤5 绘制 S -(τ)、Δ S -(τ)、Scor(τ)曲线。并取Δ S -(τ)的第一个极小值作为最优时间延迟τd,取Scor(τ)的全局最小值作为时间序列的时间窗口长度τw
τw=(m-1)τd
最大Lyapunov指数目前广泛应用在时间序列混沌性的判别中,通过Wolf方法计算最大Lyapunov指数可以判断时间序列是否具有混沌特性[23]
通过Wolf方法计算Lyapunov指数λ的公式为
λ= 1 t P - t 0 i = 0 qln X ( t i ) - X ( t i - 1 ) X ( t i ) - X i ( t i )
式(13)中:t0为初始时刻值;ti为当前时刻值;tP为终点时刻值;X(ti)为相空间重构序列ti时刻的值;Xi(ti)为重构的相空间中X(ti)的最邻近点;q为相空间中相点数;当λ>0时,认为时间序列具有混沌特性。
支持向量机(support vector machines, SVM)是机器学习的一种算法,支持向量回归(support vector regression, SVR)是SVM中的典型应用之一。
SVM的本质是运用对给定的样本集(xi,yi)(i=1,2,···,H)寻找超平面S(x,y)=0对数据集进行广义线性的分类,其中,xi为第iH维输入向量,yi为第i个标量输出,H为样本数[24]
考虑到温度数据是非线性的,需要将输入样本空间的非线性变换到一个高维的线性特征空间,并在此高维空间中解决非线性问题,在SVR算法中,函数模型[25]
f(x)=wTφ(x)+b
式(14)中:f(x)为决策函数;w为权重向量;b为模型的偏置;φ(·)为从低维特征映射到高维特征的映射函数。
图1所示,引入不敏感损失函数ε(g)衍生出的SVR算法中模型具备了一定的误差容忍度,即在f(x)周围建立起宽度为2e的间隔带,其中e为容忍偏差,间隔带外的样本点称之为支持向量(support vector, SV),帮助决策函数进行决策,当模型输出与真实输出的绝对距离小于e时,损失函数的值始终为0,损失函数的模型[26]
ε(xi,yi)= 0 , y i - f ( x i ) e y i - f ( x i ) - e , y i - f ( x i ) > e
通过寻找最优的wb,得到的最优化问题为
min 1 2‖w‖2+C i = 1 Hε[f(xi)-yi]
当约束条件无法实现时,通过引入松弛变量ξ ξ ^ i将最优化问题转换为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \min _{\xi_{i}, \hat{\xi}_{i, b, w}} L=\min \frac{1}{2}\|\boldsymbol{w}\|^{2}+C \sum_{i=1}^{H}\left(\xi_{i}+\hat{\xi}_{i}\right) \\ \text { s.t. }\left\{\begin{array}{l} f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}\right)-y_{i} \leqslant e+\xi_{i} \\ f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}\right)-y_{i} \geqslant e+\hat{\xi}_{i} \\ \xi_{i} \geqslant 0, \hat{\xi}_{i} \geqslant 0 \\ i=1,2, \cdots, H \end{array}\right. \end{array}\right.$
式(17)中:L为目标函数;C为惩罚系数,是机器算法的正则化项中的一个参数,其作用是控制正则化过程对误差的调整程度。
式(17)可以通过结构风险最小化准则求得wb,利用拉格朗日乘子法求解凸二次规划问题,并将目标函数L转化为对偶问题,所得结果为
m a x α ^ i , α L = i = 1 H [ y i ( α i - α ^ i ) - e ( α i + α ^ i ) ] -       1 2 i = 1 H j = 1 H ( α i - α ^ i ) ( α j - α ^ j ) K ( x i , x j ) s . t . i = 1 H ( α i - α ^ i ) = 0 0 α i , α ^ i C
式(18)中:K(xi,xj)=φ ( x i ) Tφ(xj)为核函数;αi α ^ i为拉格朗日乘子,其中只有部分参数不为0,它们就是问题中的SV,从而学习得到的回归估计函数为
$f(\boldsymbol{x})=\sum_{\boldsymbol{x}_{i} \in \mathrm{SV}}\left(\alpha_{i}-\hat{\alpha}_{i}\right) K\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}, \boldsymbol{x}\right)+\boldsymbol{b}$
w = i = 1 H ( α i - α ^ i ) φ ( x i ) b = 1 N s v 0 < α i < C [ y i - x j S V ( α j - α ^ j ) K ( x j , x i ) - e ] +     1 N s v 0 < α ^ i < C [ y i - x j S V ( α j - α ^ j ) K ( x j , x i ) + e ]
在利用SVR解决回归问题时,需要采用合理的核函数进行运算,本文采取两种核函数进行选择对比。
(1)线性核函数。
$K\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}, \boldsymbol{x}\right)=\boldsymbol{x} \boldsymbol{x}_{i}$
线性核函数主要用于线性可分的情况,在原始空间内寻找最优的线性分类器,参数少,速度快。
(2)径向基核函数(gaussian radial basis kernel function,RBF)。
$\begin{aligned} K\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}, \boldsymbol{x}\right) & =\exp \left(-\frac{\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{x}\right\|^{2}}{2 \sigma^{2}}\right) \\ & =\exp \left(-g\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{x}\right\|^{2}\right) \end{aligned}$
g= 1 2 σ 2
式中:g为核函数的带宽,g越大,高斯核函数变化越平滑,泛化能力差,容易过拟合,g越小,高斯核函数变化越剧烈,模型对样本的噪声比较敏感。
RBF核函数在支持向量回归中超参数多,逼近性强,支持向量回归的精度依赖于惩罚因子C和核函数参数g的选择,所以在采用RBF核函数时,采用粒子群算法对其参数进行优化比较。
RM= 1 M - 1 i = 1 M ( p i - o i ) 2 1 / 2
式(24)中:M为样本数量;pi为预测值;oi为真实值;RM范围[0,+∞),当预测值与真实值完全吻合时等于0,即完美模型;误差越大,该值越大。
$M_{\mathrm{A}}=\frac{100 \%}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M}\left|\frac{o_{i}-p_{i}}{o_{i}}\right|$
MA的范围[0,+∞),MA=0表示完美模型,MA>1则表示劣质模型。
NR= i = 1 M ( p i - o i ) 2 i = 1 M ( o i - o - ) 2 1 2
式(26)中: o -为真实值平均值;NR的取值范围为[0,1],值越小表示模型预测越准确;当NR的值为0时,表示预测模型完全准确。
MD= 1 M i = 1 M o i - p i
平均绝对偏差是绝对方差的简单扩展。它对绝对方差求和并使用得到的结果除以记录数。平均绝对偏差是误差统计值,它计算每对实际数据点与拟合数据点之间距离的平均值。
本次实验的数据来源于中国航空工业空气动力研究院(沈阳)采集的两组高超风洞试验场温度与压力数据,具体数据如图1~图5所示。
两组数据大小各为1 400,包括进口温度、出口平均温度、8个模块区平均温度、进口压力。其中出口平均温度为待预测的数据。
将每组数据按8∶2的比例划分训练集与测试集,归一化处理实验数据,将数据大小映射到[-1,1]。
按照上文提到的步骤进行相空间重构,其中将数据分解成200个不相交的时间序列,嵌入维数取2,3,4,5,半径r=jsigma/2,其中j=1,2,3,4,sigma是每列的平均值。利用MATLAB得到数据1与数据2的 S -(τ)、Δ S -(τ)、Scor(τ)曲线分别如图6所示。
取Δ S -(τ)的第一个极小值作为最优时间延迟τd=9,取Scor(τ)的全局最小值作为时间序列的时间窗口长度τw=189:根据τw=(m-1)τd,求得m=22,超出了设定的范围,则取m=5。
取Δ S -(τ)的第一个极小值作为最优时间延迟τd=13,取Scor(τ)的全局最小值作为时间序列的时间窗口长度τw=170:根据τw=(m-1)τd求得m=14,超出了设定的范围,则取m=5。
得到延迟时间和嵌入维数后,进行最大Lyapunov指数的计算,数据1与数据2每一列的最大Lyapunov指数如表1所示。
在表中可以看出,数据1与数据2每一维的最大Lyapunov指数有的大于零,有的小于零,由此可见,非线性时间序列具有混沌性。
构建模型时,由于本次试验数据量小,按照8∶2的比例划分训练集与测试集。最后进行交叉验证,评估模型的性能。
(1)构建基于相空间重构的支持向量回归模型(phase space reconstruction-support vector regression, PSR-SVR)。PSR-SVR中支持向量回归的核函数选择线性核函数,其惩罚因子C设定为1。
(2)构建基于相空间重构与粒子群优化径向基核函数支持向量回归模型(phase space reconstruction-particle swarm optimization-support vector regression, PSR-PSO-SVR)。PSR-PSO-SVR中支持向量回归的核函数选择径向基核函数,惩罚因子C和核函数参数g通过粒子群算法进行参数寻优,在粒子群算法中,种群数量为20,最大迭代次数为50,局部搜索能力为1.5,全局搜索能力为1.7,选择数据1作为模型输入,将实际值与预测值的均方根误差作为适应度函数,选取惩罚因子最小的一组参数进行模型构建,惩罚因子越大,可能会导致模型过拟合,适应度函数值迭代图像如下图所示,故选取参数C=7.761 3,g=0.001 8构建预测模型。
(3)构建神经网络预测模型(phase space reconstruction-back propagation neural network, PSR-BP)。PSR-BP中选取神经网络隐藏点个数为5,迭代次数为1 000,误差阈值为0.000 001,学习率为0.01。
(4)构建贝叶斯回归预测模型(phase space reconstruction-bayesian regression, PSR-BY)。PSR-BY中,最大迭代次数为60。
采用蒙特卡罗交叉验证的方法,用数据二的数据对所选取的模型进行交叉验证,蒙特卡罗是一种用于时间序列的验证方法,由于数据长度有限,我们选取200个数据一组进行蒙特卡洛验证,数据的训练集和测试集的划分如图13所示。
本次实验环境为Windows 11操作系统,16 GB内存,软件MATLAB R2018a。通过上述建立的4个模型,对数据1中出口平均温度进行预测,4种模型的预测值与实际值的差值如图14所示,4种模型的误差评价指标如表2表3所示。
图14表2中可以看出,PSR-SVR模型预测精度最高,且各项误差评价指标均为最低。选取PSR-SVR模型为温度预测模型进行交叉验证。
将数据1按照蒙特卡罗交叉验证方法划分训练集与测试集,采用PSR-SVR模型进行预测,预测值与实际值的偏差与误差评价指标如图15所示。
图15表3可以看出蒙特卡罗交叉验证法对PSR-SVR模型的验证表明了本文方法的有效性,实际数据的分析验证了PSR-SVR模型的精度。
通过建立4种温度预测模型对风洞试验段出口平均温度进行预测,对比分析发现,基于相空间重构的支持向量回归模型(PSR-SVR)精度最高,选取的线性核函数能准确预测温度变化,支持向量回归选取径向基核函数时采用粒子群算法优化参数建立预测模型,粒子群适应度函数迭代曲线可以表明粒子群算法有助于提高支持向量回归预测温度的准确性,但不如线性核函数预测精度高。PSR-SVR模型可以准确地预测风洞出口温度,在对风洞温度及压力的控制中,单纯依靠PID控制温度与压力会存在时间问题,结合PSR-SVR预测温度,可以提前进行温度的调节,使风洞的试验结果达到最优。
(1)利用相空间重构与支持向量回归结合可以有效地减少温度预测误差,使预测结果更加准确。
(2)结果误差越小,温度预测的越准确,可以提前进行试验温度的控制,提高风洞试验的准确性。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404195
  • 接收时间:2024-06-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-01-16
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    1 沈阳航空航天大学机电工程学院, 沈阳 110136
    2 沈阳飞机工业(集团)有限公司, 沈阳 110000
    3 中国航空工业空气动力研究院, 沈阳 110034
    4 中国航空工业空气动力研究院高超声速气动力/热技术重点实验室, 沈阳 110034

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* 李强(1985—),男,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:风洞测控系统设计、先进测试与校准技术、智能流场控制方法。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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