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Article(id=1149780470784815970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403881, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716566400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-25, revisedDate=1736870400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058626123, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058626123, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058626123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058626123, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4300, endPage=4308, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780471132943204, articleId=1149780470784815970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Bearing Behavior of Cone-Shaped Hollow Foundation under Combined Loads, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cone-shaped hollow foundation is a new form of onshore wind power foundation, which has the advantages of low steel and concrete consumption and reduced waste soil generation during excavation of the foundation pit, compared with the traditional gravity foundation. In order to investigate the bearing characteristics of a cone-shaped hollow foundation under combined loads, a numerical simulation was carried out to investigate the influence of the ratio of the diameter of the top plate to the diameter of the bottom plate on the combined bearing capacity and damage mode of the foundation when the volume of the foundation is held constant. The results demonstrate that when the ratio of the diameter of the top plate to the diameter of the base plate is 6, the vertical ultimate bearing capacity of the cone-shaped hollow foundation is 100% higher than that of the same volume gravity circular foundation, and the moment ultimate bearing capacity is 60% higher. The failure envelopes of different diameter ratios of the cone-shaped hollow foundation can be described by a curve under different combination loads, and the expressions of the failure envelopes of different combination loads are proposed. The failure envelopes of gravity circular and cone-shaped hollow foundations under combined horizontal and bending moment loads show obvious asymmetry, with opposite directions of eccentricity. When the horizontal and bending moment loads are in different directions, the circular foundation has higher bearing capacity. When the horizontal and bending moment are in the same direction, the cone-shaped hollow foundation has higher bearing capacity. The cone-shaped hollow foundation shows a better combination of load-bearing capacity, which can be provided for the super-large single installed capacity wind turbine.

, correspAuthors=Da-yong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fu-xing SONG, Da-yong LI, Yu-kun ZHANG, Hao LIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780522060182071, articleId=1149780470784815970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=新型陆地风电空心锥形基础组合承载特性, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

空心锥形基础是一种新型陆地风电基础形式,相比于传统重力式基础,具有钢筋和混凝土用量低、减少基坑开挖产生废渣土等优点。为研究空心锥形基础在组合荷载下的承载特性,通过开展数值模拟,探究基础体积一定时,基础顶板直径与底板直径比对基础组合承载能力和破坏模式的影响。结果表明:当顶板与底板直径比为6时,空心锥形基础竖向极限承载力较同体积重力式圆形基础提高1倍,弯矩极限承载力提高60%。不同组合荷载下,不同直径比的空心锥形基础的破坏包络线可分别用一条曲线描述,提出不同组合荷载的破坏包络线表达式。水平与弯矩组合荷载下,重力式圆形基础和空心锥形基础的破坏包络线呈现明显的非对称性,偏心方向相反。圆形基础在水平与弯矩荷载异向时承载力较高,空心锥形基础在水平和弯矩同向时承载力较高。空心锥形基础有较好组合承载能力,可为超大单机装机容量风机提供保障。

, correspAuthors=李大勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李大勇(1971—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,教授。研究方向:土力学与地基基础。E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Q7TfeGkt6gTN1XH7lJSdPQ==, magXml=kEuUo2cBVniq0aHrYG2nJw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uPEeg0hQec47Si0wKWGNog==, pdfFileSize=11182726, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=N0Uj5fCHJ5IR2YQPWEOeTA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8QzwvFesqvEpqZxqc/iSvQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

宋福星(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电基础设计。E-mail:。

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宋福星(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电基础设计。E-mail:。

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宋福星(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电基础设计。E-mail:。

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DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000634., articleTitle=Vertical bearing behavior of monopod caisson foundation in sandy soils, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233839092102918613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, awardId=ZR2022QE029, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2022QE029), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233839083458457941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233839083466846550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, companyId=1233839083458457941, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233839083475235159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, companyId=1233839083458457941, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国石油大学储运与建筑工程学院, 青岛 266580)]), AuthorCompany(id=1233839083567509849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233839083580092762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, companyId=1233839083567509849, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science of Technology, Qingdao 266590, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233839083588481372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, companyId=1233839083567509849, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 山东科技大学山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点试验室, 青岛 266590)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233839087434658202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sketch of cone-shaped hollow foundation, figureFileSmall=04GavmXv9qdebL+/CWa53A==, figureFileBig=wDEF/sMNzakl81GjxMDIJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233839087531127194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, language=CN, label=图1, caption=空心锥形基础示意图, figureFileSmall=04GavmXv9qdebL+/CWa53A==, figureFileBig=wDEF/sMNzakl81GjxMDIJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233839087644373403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Finite element model, figureFileSmall=asPvrS4rmzBn6i+lbm2RKw==, figureFileBig=5tlh7OBIJR9aSjR5siH0ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233839087757619613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470784815970, language=CN, label=图2, caption=有限元模型

D1和D2为基础顶板和底板直径;H、V、M分别为水平、竖向和弯矩加载方向;向下的竖向位移为正,向右的水平位移为正,顺时针旋转角度为正

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新型陆地风电空心锥形基础组合承载特性
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宋福星 1 , 李大勇 1, * , 张雨坤 2 , 梁昊 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(10): 4300-4308
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(10): 4300-4308
新型陆地风电空心锥形基础组合承载特性
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宋福星1 , 李大勇1, * , 张雨坤2, 梁昊1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学储运与建筑工程学院, 青岛 266580
  • 2 山东科技大学山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点试验室, 青岛 266590

    • 宋福星(1999—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风电基础设计。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 李大勇(1971—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,教授。研究方向:土力学与地基基础。E-mail:。
Bearing Behavior of Cone-Shaped Hollow Foundation under Combined Loads
Fu-xing SONG1 , Da-yong LI1, * , Yu-kun ZHANG2, Hao LIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2 Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science of Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403881
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摘要
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空心锥形基础是一种新型陆地风电基础形式,相比于传统重力式基础,具有钢筋和混凝土用量低、减少基坑开挖产生废渣土等优点。为研究空心锥形基础在组合荷载下的承载特性,通过开展数值模拟,探究基础体积一定时,基础顶板直径与底板直径比对基础组合承载能力和破坏模式的影响。结果表明:当顶板与底板直径比为6时,空心锥形基础竖向极限承载力较同体积重力式圆形基础提高1倍,弯矩极限承载力提高60%。不同组合荷载下,不同直径比的空心锥形基础的破坏包络线可分别用一条曲线描述,提出不同组合荷载的破坏包络线表达式。水平与弯矩组合荷载下,重力式圆形基础和空心锥形基础的破坏包络线呈现明显的非对称性,偏心方向相反。圆形基础在水平与弯矩荷载异向时承载力较高,空心锥形基础在水平和弯矩同向时承载力较高。空心锥形基础有较好组合承载能力,可为超大单机装机容量风机提供保障。

空心锥形基础  /  组合加载  /  破坏包络线  /  数值模拟  /  承载力

Cone-shaped hollow foundation is a new form of onshore wind power foundation, which has the advantages of low steel and concrete consumption and reduced waste soil generation during excavation of the foundation pit, compared with the traditional gravity foundation. In order to investigate the bearing characteristics of a cone-shaped hollow foundation under combined loads, a numerical simulation was carried out to investigate the influence of the ratio of the diameter of the top plate to the diameter of the bottom plate on the combined bearing capacity and damage mode of the foundation when the volume of the foundation is held constant. The results demonstrate that when the ratio of the diameter of the top plate to the diameter of the base plate is 6, the vertical ultimate bearing capacity of the cone-shaped hollow foundation is 100% higher than that of the same volume gravity circular foundation, and the moment ultimate bearing capacity is 60% higher. The failure envelopes of different diameter ratios of the cone-shaped hollow foundation can be described by a curve under different combination loads, and the expressions of the failure envelopes of different combination loads are proposed. The failure envelopes of gravity circular and cone-shaped hollow foundations under combined horizontal and bending moment loads show obvious asymmetry, with opposite directions of eccentricity. When the horizontal and bending moment loads are in different directions, the circular foundation has higher bearing capacity. When the horizontal and bending moment are in the same direction, the cone-shaped hollow foundation has higher bearing capacity. The cone-shaped hollow foundation shows a better combination of load-bearing capacity, which can be provided for the super-large single installed capacity wind turbine.

cone-shaped hollow foundation  /  combined loads  /  failure envelope  /  numerical simulation  /  bearing capacity
宋福星, 李大勇, 张雨坤, 梁昊. 新型陆地风电空心锥形基础组合承载特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4300 -4308 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403881
Fu-xing SONG, Da-yong LI, Yu-kun ZHANG, Hao LIANG. Bearing Behavior of Cone-Shaped Hollow Foundation under Combined Loads[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4300 -4308 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403881
正文
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中国陆地风电装机总量已达到407 GW,占全球装机总量43%,位居全球首位[1]。随着陆地风电单机装机容量的增大,叶片尺寸逐渐增加,风荷载经叶片和塔架传递至下部基础,故增大装机容量对基础的承载能力提出更高的要求。风机基础服役期间,除承受自重荷载,还受到水平及弯矩荷载作用。因此,风电基础的设计需考虑组合荷载的作用。评价基础组合荷载承载力的一种重要方法是地基破坏包络线法。破坏包络线是不同载荷组合下,基础达到极限承载力的边界,当组合荷载位于包络线内部时,基础即处于承载力安全范围,反之,发生失稳破坏。研究人员针对风电基础的破坏包络线开展大量研究。Govoni等[2]通过离心机模型试验,探讨了中密砂土中基础埋深对破坏包络线的影响,研究表明基础承载力随埋深的增加而增加,且水平承载力较弯矩承载力增加更为明显。Alimoradi等[3]利用有限元分析了吸力基础破坏包络线的影响因素,结果表明垂直拉力对基础的破坏包络面影响显著。Sakellariadis等[4]对群桩的三维破坏包络线进行了有限元分析,提出了一种简化的组合荷载下群桩极限状态的设计方法。张雨坤等[5]通过三维有限元分析,研究了裙式吸力基础的组合承载力,得到了裙式吸力基础的破坏包络面表达式。Shao等[6]研究了海上刚性桩的组合承载力,分析表明土体抗剪强度对破坏包络线影响显著。Suryasentana等[7]通过详细的数值分析,研究了各种地基破坏包络线的加载方法在数值方法中的精度和计算效率,研究表明不同加载方法的破坏包络线结果基本一致。刘润等[8]对3 MW风机基础进行研究,提出了宽浅式筒形基础的破坏线方程,用于指导基础设计。李思琦等[9]研究了吸力基础在非共面组合荷载下的承载特性,提出了其破坏包络面方程,根据设计荷载与破坏包络线的位置关系,分析了某工程中吸力基础的安全性。由此可见,研究基础的破坏包络线对工程应用具有重要的指导价值。
陆地风电场多选址于偏远地区,交通不便提高了风电的建设费用。此外,基坑开挖后,废渣土的堆放会造成严重的环境污染。基于上述工程问题,李大勇[10]设计并开发了适用于山区的空心锥形基础。空心锥形基础形似倒置的锥体,其侧壁设有柔性橡胶层,可防止风电塔架因瞬时风荷载发生刚性断裂;建造过程中,将废渣土回填至基础内部空腔,不仅降低了混凝土的生产、运输成本,亦解决了山区废渣土的安置问题[11]。张玉等[12]通过模型试验研究了粗砂中空心锥形基础水平单承载特性,研究发现:基础的水平承载力与底板直径呈正相关,而随加载高度增加不断降低,基于土压力分布规律,提出了空心锥形基础脱空面积的计算方法。进一步研究发现,与传统圆形基础相比,空心锥形基础具有更高的水平承载力,且径高比和底板尺寸是影响极限承载力的主要因素[13]。Li等[14]基于极限平衡法,提出了估算空心锥形基础侧向承载力的计算公式。李大勇等[15]通过数值模拟分析了空心锥形基础在地震作用下的承载性能,与圆形基础相比,空心锥形基础显示出更好的抗震性能。梁昊等[16]通过进行循环加载模型试验,研究了空心锥形基础在水平循环荷载作用下的累积位移、转角和水平刚度的变化规律,提出了等幅值累积转角的计算公式,为预测循环荷载下基础的转动提供了理论依据。
作为一种新型陆地风电基础,空心锥形基础的组合承载特性尚需进一步研究。现针对相同体积的空心锥形基础开展组合加载数值模拟,探究顶板(D1)与底板直径(D2)比对基础组合承载能力和破坏模式的影响。在此基础上,建立竖向和水平组合荷载(V-H)、竖向和弯矩组合荷载(V-M)及水平与弯矩组合荷载(H-M)的破坏包络线,提出相关计算方程。
1 数值模拟
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1.1 有限元模型
采用有限元软件Plaxis 3D开展空心锥形基础组合加载数值模拟。图1为空心锥形基础示意图,空心锥形基础参照一山区3 MW风电机的重力式圆形基础等比例换算,体积为500 m3。为了探究基础尺寸对组合承载特性的影响,设计了不同顶板与底板直径的空心锥形基础,基础高度h均为2.5 m,D1/D2=1、2、3、4、5和6。以D1/D2=4的基础为例,顶板与底板直径分别24 m和6 m。基础采用混凝土材料模拟,重度γ=25 kN/m3,弹性模量E=32.5 GPa,泊松比v=0.2。
采用Mohr-Coulomb模型模拟中密砂土地基,砂土重度γs=18 kN/m3,内摩擦角φ=35°,黏聚力c=0.1 kPa,剪胀角ψ=5°,弹性模量E=35 MPa,泊松比v=0.3。基础与地基土采用库伦摩擦接触,混凝土与土体界面的摩擦系数f=0.7。
为了消除边界效应对计算结果的影响,地基模型的长度和宽度均超过4 D1,高度超2.5 D 1 [ 17 ]。为了使计算结果精确,将基础周围1.25 D1范围内土体进行网格加密。此外,模型顶部设置为自由约束,侧面约束水平运动,底部采用固定约束,有限元计算模型如图2所示[18]。基础底部嵌入土中,受到土层的支撑,这种支撑可以限制基础底部的位移,固定约束可以模拟基础底部的嵌固效应。基础侧面会受到复杂的土体应力状态影响,通过径向约束可以简化模型,同时保留土体对桩身的主要影响。顶面作为自由面,允许桩顶在水平方向上发生位移。通过上述边界条件的设置,可以更真实地模拟基础在实际环境中的受力和变形行为。
如图3所示,将有限元结果与Li等[11]的模型试验结果进行验证,采用Li等[11]的方法对弯矩进行无量纲化,弯矩-转角曲线变化趋势基本相同,弯矩极限承载力通过切线相交法获得,定义两条切线交点对应荷载为极限承载力。极限承载力误差在2.5%以内,计算结果可靠。
1.2 组合荷载加载方法
采用Swipe加载方法[7]与Probe型加载方法[7]获得地基破坏包络线。如图4所示,Swipe加载过程:①首先在基础上沿i方向施加位移并达到极限状态;②然后再沿j方向施加位移,达到极限状态。probe型加载方法:控制施加在基础上不同方向的位移比值,在指定加载路径上确定失效包络线上的一点,然后通过若干次的不同加载路径获得相应的点来获得失效包络线。
在砂土地基中,仅通过一条Swipe加载路径,不能获得完整的破坏包络线,本文研究采用Swipe和Probe法结合的方法获得破坏包络线,如图4所示,先通过Swipe法获得部分破坏包络线,再利用Probe法补全破坏包络线[19]。本文研究使用的荷载符号约定遵循Butterfield等[20]的建议,且设正向水平位移方向为基础前侧。
2 单向极限承载力研究
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在基础顶板中心施加位移或转角,获得基础在单调加载下的荷载-位移曲线。如图5所示,水平极限承载力采用与2.1节中弯矩极限承载力相同方法,竖向极限承载力取位移达到0.1 D1对应荷载值[21]。对荷载进行无量纲化处理,水平极限承载力H0(V=0,M=0)、竖向极限承载力V0(H=0,M=0)与弯矩极限承载力M0(H=0,V=0)的无量纲化分别为:H0/γsW、V0/γsW和M0/γshW,并分析极限承载力随基础尺寸的变化趋势,其中h为基础高度,W为基础体积。
2.1 竖向极限承载力
空心锥形基础的竖向极限承载力与基础尺寸关系如图6所示。研究发现:竖向极限承载力随D1/D2增加而增加,且随着D1/D2增加,增长速率逐渐减小。由图7可知,当D1/D2=1(圆形基础)时,被动土压力沿底板反向作用于基础,而随着D1/D2增加,土压力逐渐向侧壁转移,D1/D2为4、6时,被动土压力沿垂向作用于侧壁。与等体积圆形基础相比,空心锥形基础侧壁与土体的接触面积增大,且随着D1/D2的增大,侧壁与土体的接触面积进一步增加,进而调动更多土体参与抵抗竖向荷载。因此,空心锥形基础具有更好的竖向承载特性。
将数值模拟结果进行拟合,得到空心锥形基础竖向承载力V0/γsW与D1/D2的关系为
V 0 γ s W=0.6 D 1 D 2 3-10.2 D 1 D 2 2+68.1 D 1 D 2+14.6
2.2 水平极限承载力
如图8所示,空心锥形基础水平极限承载力与D1/D2减小而减小,即水平承载力随着D1/D2增大逐渐减小,并在D1/D2超过4后趋于稳定。由图9可知,当D1/D2=1(圆形基础)时,水平荷载作用下,基础沿底板发生滑移剪切破坏,主要由板-土界面摩擦提供抗力,而D1/D2为4或6时,空心锥形基础绕侧壁及底板转动失稳,破坏模式改变导致水平承载力变化。
将无量纲化水平承载力H0/γsW与D1/D2拟合,关系公式为
H 0 γ s W= -0.014 D 1 D 2 3+ 0.2 D 1 D 2 2-0.98 D 1 D 2+2.62
2.3 弯矩极限承载力
图10为抗弯极限承载力和基础顶板与底板直径比关系曲线,结果表明:随着D1/D2增加,弯矩承载力逐渐增大。由图11中土体位移矢量发现:弯矩荷载作用下,圆形和空心锥形基础均沿加载方向转动失稳破坏,锥形基础的旋转中心控制于顶板,且向加载方向偏移,圆形基础的旋转中心控制在底板,因此,圆形基础受弯更易于发生倾覆失稳破坏。
将无量纲化弯矩承载力M0/γshW与D1/D2拟合,关系公式为
M 0 γ s h W=0.015 D 1 D 2 3-0.25 D 1 D 2 2+1.57 D 1 D 2+2.16
3 二维组合荷载下地基破坏包络线
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3.1 V-H破坏包络线
图12(a)为空心锥形基础的无量纲化V-H破坏包络线,研究发现,V-H荷载平面内,随着D1/D2增大,无量纲化V-H破坏包络线的面积逐渐增大,由此可见,当空心锥形基础的体积W一定时,减小侧壁锥角可有效提高基础的水平与竖向组合荷载承载能力。
进一步将V-H破坏包络线进行归一化处理,即H/Hult和V/Vult,由图12(b)可以看出,对于不同D1/D2的空心锥形基础,无量纲化V-H破坏包络线基本重合。圆形基础与空心锥形基础的最大水平荷载Hult出现在V/Vult=0.5处。对于图12(b)中的破坏包络线,表达方程为
H H u l t=-3.8 V V u l t 2+3.7 V V u l t+0.09
图13为在V-H加载模式下的土体位移云图,研究发现:圆形基础前侧出现明显的变形,而空心锥形基础的塑性变形区均匀分布于基础前、后两侧,由此说明:水平与竖向荷载耦合作用下,空心锥形基础调动更多的后侧土体抵抗外部荷载。此外,相比于水平单调加载,随着竖向荷载增加,应力逐渐扩散至砂土地基内部,基础由界面滑移剪切破坏转变为勺型破坏。
3.2 V-M破坏包络线
空心锥形基础的无量纲化V-M破坏包络线如图14(a)所示。V-M荷载平面内,随着竖向荷载V逐渐增加,空心锥形基础的弯矩M先增大后减小。当D1/D2由1增加至5时,V-M破坏包络线面积扩大近3倍,由此说明:实际工程中,通过增加空心锥形基础的侧壁倾角可改善其承载特性。
采用Vult与Mult对竖向荷载V和弯矩M进行归一化处理,如图14(b)所示。研究发现:归一化处理后,不同D1/D2的空心锥形基础收敛于同一曲线,当V/Vult=0.5时,空心锥形基础抗弯承载力达到峰值,随着V/Vult继续增大,归一化弯矩M/Mult逐渐减小。
图15为V-M荷载作用下圆形和空心锥形基础的位移云图。竖向与弯矩荷载作用下,圆形基础转动中心向基础后侧偏移,而空心锥形基础转动中心位于中轴线附近,由此说明:圆形基础受荷更易于倾覆失稳。顶板与底板直径比为2~6时,V-M与V-H平面的地基破坏包络轨迹有同样的变化趋势,即不同D1/D2的破坏包络线基本重合。其V-M破坏包络线经归一化处理后,公式为
M M u l t=-3.75 V V u l t 2+3.61 V V u l t+0.12
3.3 H-M破坏包络线
采用固定位移比的Probe加载方法确定H-M破坏包络线。如图16(a)所示,H-M破坏包络线呈现明显非对称性,对于圆形基础,包络线向左侧偏心,表明弯矩M与水平荷载H异向可获得较高的承载力;而空心锥形基础H-M破坏包络线向右侧偏心,表明弯矩M和水平荷载H同向可达到较高的承载力。
图16(b)为归一化H-M破坏包络线,对于不同D1/D2的空心锥形基础,归一化H-M包络线亦收敛为一条外凸的曲线,其拟合关系为式(6)。如图17所示,拟合公式与数值计算结果较为吻合。
1.45 H H u l t 2-1.78 H H u l t M M u l t+1.45 M M u l t 2=1
如图18所示,对于圆形基础,当水平荷载H与弯矩M同向时,基础前侧产生较大的土体变形,而二者异向时,土体塑性变形集中于后侧底板处。不同于圆形基础,同向水平与弯矩荷载作用下,空心锥形基础前侧的顶板边缘发生较大土体变形,应变随基础转动扩散至地基内部,而异向水平与弯矩荷载作用下,土体变形集中于基础前侧顶板边缘和后侧趾部。
4 结论
收起
针对等体积空心锥形基础开展组合加载数值模拟,探究顶板与底板直径比D1/D2对基础承载力和破坏模式的影响,并获得了V-H、V-M和H-M破坏包络线以及包络线表达式,得出如下结论。
(1)较重力式圆形基础,相同体积的空心锥形基础的D1/D2为6时,竖向极限承载力提高1倍,弯矩极限承载力提高60%。当基础体积一定时,减小侧壁倾角可以提高基础的竖向承载力及抗倾覆能力。
(2)V-H破坏包络线的面积随D1/D2增大而增大,因此,当空心锥形基础的体积一定时,减小侧壁锥角能提高基础的V-H组合承载能力,当D1/D2为2~5时,V-M破坏包络线面积表现出相同趋势。H-M破坏包络线呈现非对称性,圆形基础在弯矩与水平荷载异向时承载力较高;而空心锥形基础在M和H同向时承载力较高。
(3)基础受复合加载时破坏模式与单向加载时不同。较单向水平加载,受竖向和水平组合荷载时,基础由滑移剪切破坏转变为勺型破坏。竖向与弯矩荷载作用下,基础转动中心向基础后侧偏移。
基金
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  • 山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2022QE029)
文献
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403881
  • 接收时间：2024-05-25
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-25
  • 修回日期：2025-01-15
基金
山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2022QE029)
作者信息
    1 中国石油大学储运与建筑工程学院, 青岛 266580
    2 山东科技大学山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点试验室, 青岛 266590

通讯作者:

* 李大勇(1971—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,教授。研究方向:土力学与地基基础。E-mail:。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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