Article(id=1149780470466048863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309398, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701187200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-29, revisedDate=1735488000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058626047, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058626047, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058626047, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058626047, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4334, endPage=4346, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780470692541281, articleId=1149780470466048863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization of Grouting Forms and Grouting Circle Parameters for Railway Tunnels Passing through Rich Water Fault Fractured Zone, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem that the tunnel crosses the water-rich fault fracture zone, the construction risk is large, and the problems of surrounding rock instability and water inrush are very likely to occur. Based on the engineering background of the Xiaocaoba tunnel of the Chongqing-Kunming high-speed railway crossing the water-rich fault fracture zone, the fluid-structure interaction numerical model was established by using FLAC3D to study whether to consider the influence of groundwater action, different grouting forms, grouting ring thickness and the force of the supporting structure under the influence of groundwater. The results show that the stability of the surrounding rock is poor under the consideration of groundwater, and after the tunnel excavation, the groundwater is distributed in a “funnel-shaped” manner around the tunnel after the seepage reaches a steady state, and the stability of the surrounding rock is enhanced after the advanced grouting reinforcement, and the grouting reinforcement form of the whole perimeter is better than that of the grouting around the arch wall. On the basis of selecting the grouting form, the parameters of the grouting ring were continuously optimized, and it was concluded that with the increase of the ratio of grouting ring thickness and permeability coefficient, it can effectively reduce the displacement of surrounding rock, limit the development of plastic zone, and reduce the pore water pressure of the primary branch, and the increase of the thickness of the grouting ring can significantly change the distribution range of the pore water pressure of the primary branch. After the construction of the appropriate grouting scheme on site, the feasibility of the grouting scheme and the rationality of the selection of grouting parameters were verified by comparing the monitoring values around the tunnel with the simulated values, and the stability of the surrounding rock was effectively controlled. The research results can provide reference value for the design and construction of similar tunnel projects in the future.

, correspAuthors=Shu-qi MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-zheng CHEN, Shu-qi MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780515005362322, articleId=1149780470466048863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=铁路隧道穿越富水断层破碎带注浆形式与注浆圈参数优化, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决隧道穿越富水断层破碎带施工时风险较大,极易发生围岩失稳、突涌水等问题。依托渝昆高铁小草坝隧道穿越富水断层破碎带为工程背景,通过采用FLAC3D建立流固耦合数值模型,研究了是否考虑地下水作用、不同注浆形式、注浆圈厚度和渗透系数下隧道围岩变形和支护结构受力的影响规律。结果表明:在考虑地下水作用下围岩稳定性较差,隧道开挖后,渗流达到稳态后地下水在隧道周边呈“漏斗状”分布,在超前注浆加固后,围岩稳定性增强,全周边注浆加固形式优于拱墙周边注浆。在选择注浆形式的基础上,对注浆圈参数继续优化,得出随着注浆圈厚度和渗透系数比的增大,可有效起到减小围岩位移、限制塑性区发展、降低初支孔隙水压力的作用,并且注浆圈厚度的增加可明显改变初支孔隙水压力的分布范围。综合优化比选,建议选择8 m的注浆圈厚度和注浆渗透系数比ng=100较为合适,经现场采用合适的注浆方案施工后,通过隧道周边监测值与模拟值对比,验证注浆方案的可行性和注浆参数选取的合理性,围岩稳定性得到有效控制。研究结果可为今后类似隧道工程设计、施工提供参考价值。

, correspAuthors=马述起, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 马述起(1984—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道地下工程。E-mail:
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陈家征(1998—),男,汉族,安徽芜湖人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道地下工程。E-mail:

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陈家征(1998—),男,汉族,安徽芜湖人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道地下工程。E-mail:

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陈家征(1998—),男,汉族,安徽芜湖人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道地下工程。E-mail:

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Keyword(id=1218525107681673662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470466048863, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=注浆圈厚度), Keyword(id=1218525107790725575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470466048863, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=渗透系数)], refs=[Reference(id=1218525112412849000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470466048863, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=308, pageEnd=325, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=田四明, 王伟, 巩江峰, journalName=隧道建设(中英文), refType=null, unstructuredReference=田四明, 王伟, 巩江峰. 中国铁路隧道发展与展望(含截至2020年年底中国铁路隧道统计数据)[J]. 隧道建设(中英文), 2021, 41(2): 308-325., articleTitle=中国铁路隧道发展与展望(含截至2020年年底中国铁路隧道统计数据), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218525112530289523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470466048863, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, 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figureFileSmall=4BF85nUoQxhpRTeSM48MWg==, figureFileBig=s/YQO/zURYq6toW7ZELV2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525111347495710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470466048863, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of surrounding rock and grouting materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 重度/
(kN·
m-3)
弹性
模量/
GPa
泊松
黏聚
力/
MPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
渗透系数/
(m·s-1)
孔隙
围岩 23.0 15.0 0.21 0.42 45 4.7×10-11 0.3.0
断层破碎带 22.0 2.5 0.32 0.1.0 25 3.8×10-10 0.45
注浆圈 25.7 24.6 0.18 1.5.0 48 2.4×10-12 0.22
初期支护 25.0 28.0 0.21 5.3×10-12 0.1.0
锚杆 78.0 210.0 0.3.0
二次衬砌 30.0 30.0 0.19 1.2×10-12 0.19
), ArticleFig(id=1218525111464936227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780470466048863, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围岩及注浆材料物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 重度/
(kN·
m-3)
弹性
模量/
GPa
泊松
黏聚
力/
MPa
内摩
擦角/
(°)
渗透系数/
(m·s-1)
孔隙
围岩 23.0 15.0 0.21 0.42 45 4.7×10-11 0.3.0
断层破碎带 22.0 2.5 0.32 0.1.0 25 3.8×10-10 0.45
注浆圈 25.7 24.6 0.18 1.5.0 48 2.4×10-12 0.22
初期支护 25.0 28.0 0.21 5.3×10-12 0.1.0
锚杆 78.0 210.0 0.3.0
二次衬砌 30.0 30.0 0.19 1.2×10-12 0.19
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铁路隧道穿越富水断层破碎带注浆形式与注浆圈参数优化
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陈家征 , 马述起 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(10): 4334-4346
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(10): 4334-4346
铁路隧道穿越富水断层破碎带注浆形式与注浆圈参数优化
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陈家征 , 马述起*
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室, 成都 610031
  • 陈家征(1998—),男,汉族,安徽芜湖人,博士研究生。研究方向:隧道地下工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 马述起(1984—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道地下工程。E-mail:
Optimization of Grouting Forms and Grouting Circle Parameters for Railway Tunnels Passing through Rich Water Fault Fractured Zone
Jia-zheng CHEN , Shu-qi MA*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309398
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为解决隧道穿越富水断层破碎带施工时风险较大,极易发生围岩失稳、突涌水等问题。依托渝昆高铁小草坝隧道穿越富水断层破碎带为工程背景,通过采用FLAC3D建立流固耦合数值模型,研究了是否考虑地下水作用、不同注浆形式、注浆圈厚度和渗透系数下隧道围岩变形和支护结构受力的影响规律。结果表明:在考虑地下水作用下围岩稳定性较差,隧道开挖后,渗流达到稳态后地下水在隧道周边呈“漏斗状”分布,在超前注浆加固后,围岩稳定性增强,全周边注浆加固形式优于拱墙周边注浆。在选择注浆形式的基础上,对注浆圈参数继续优化,得出随着注浆圈厚度和渗透系数比的增大,可有效起到减小围岩位移、限制塑性区发展、降低初支孔隙水压力的作用,并且注浆圈厚度的增加可明显改变初支孔隙水压力的分布范围。综合优化比选,建议选择8 m的注浆圈厚度和注浆渗透系数比ng=100较为合适,经现场采用合适的注浆方案施工后,通过隧道周边监测值与模拟值对比,验证注浆方案的可行性和注浆参数选取的合理性,围岩稳定性得到有效控制。研究结果可为今后类似隧道工程设计、施工提供参考价值。

铁路隧道  /  富水断层破碎带  /  流固耦合  /  注浆形式  /  注浆圈厚度  /  渗透系数

In order to solve the problem that the tunnel crosses the water-rich fault fracture zone, the construction risk is large, and the problems of surrounding rock instability and water inrush are very likely to occur. Based on the engineering background of the Xiaocaoba tunnel of the Chongqing-Kunming high-speed railway crossing the water-rich fault fracture zone, the fluid-structure interaction numerical model was established by using FLAC3D to study whether to consider the influence of groundwater action, different grouting forms, grouting ring thickness and the force of the supporting structure under the influence of groundwater. The results show that the stability of the surrounding rock is poor under the consideration of groundwater, and after the tunnel excavation, the groundwater is distributed in a “funnel-shaped” manner around the tunnel after the seepage reaches a steady state, and the stability of the surrounding rock is enhanced after the advanced grouting reinforcement, and the grouting reinforcement form of the whole perimeter is better than that of the grouting around the arch wall. On the basis of selecting the grouting form, the parameters of the grouting ring were continuously optimized, and it was concluded that with the increase of the ratio of grouting ring thickness and permeability coefficient, it can effectively reduce the displacement of surrounding rock, limit the development of plastic zone, and reduce the pore water pressure of the primary branch, and the increase of the thickness of the grouting ring can significantly change the distribution range of the pore water pressure of the primary branch. After the construction of the appropriate grouting scheme on site, the feasibility of the grouting scheme and the rationality of the selection of grouting parameters were verified by comparing the monitoring values around the tunnel with the simulated values, and the stability of the surrounding rock was effectively controlled. The research results can provide reference value for the design and construction of similar tunnel projects in the future.

railway tunnels  /  rich water fault fracture zone  /  fluid-structure interaction  /  grouting form  /  thickness of grouting ring  /  permeability coefficient
陈家征, 马述起. 铁路隧道穿越富水断层破碎带注浆形式与注浆圈参数优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4334 -4346 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309398
Jia-zheng CHEN, Shu-qi MA. Optimization of Grouting Forms and Grouting Circle Parameters for Railway Tunnels Passing through Rich Water Fault Fractured Zone[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4334 -4346 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309398
随着基础设施建设飞速发展,隧道建设需求的不断增大[1],在隧道开挖过程中难免遇到断层破碎带,岩溶等不良地质。而当隧道穿越富水断层破碎带时,由于断层破碎带内部岩体松散破碎、强度低、易变形且赋存高压裂隙水,使其严重影响隧道稳定性[2],因此施工时需选择合适的开挖工法、支护措施等对隧道整体结构安全至关重要[3-4]
截至目前,针对隧道穿越富水断层破碎带的主要设计理论依然是“以堵为主,限量排放”,因此需采取各种支护措施保证隧道开挖安全同时减小后期运营的二次影响[5]。其中超前注浆加固是其主要支护措施之一,其可以通过改变注浆材料性能,从而改善围岩物理参数,降低地下水对围岩的渗透,减缓和阻隔岩体内部的地下水流失,增强围岩的稳定性[6-8]
目前,关于隧道注浆措施及参数方面已有众多专家学者进行了深入研究,取得了丰富性成果。吴松锋等[9]通过建立隧道注浆帷幕力学模型,推导出围岩位移与有效应力的解析式,并模拟分析了围岩剪切模量和弹性系数对位移场与应力场的影响。祝俊等[10]研究了富水全强风化花岗岩隧道突水突泥灾害机制与帷幕注浆技术。舒恒等[11]提出了以最小安全距离主要因素为分段计算准则的地表注浆加固范围确定方法。在注浆技术参数方面,大量学者分别针对注浆圈厚度[12-13]、抗渗系数[14-16]、注浆缓冲层厚度[17]和注浆段长度[18]等影响因素对围岩和支护结构的位移和应力进行了研究。
从以上研究可以看出,虽然已有大量专家学者在注浆加固机理、注浆技术和注浆参数优化等方面做了相关研究,但是较少对穿越富水断层破碎带处的围岩帷幕注浆形式、注浆后衬砌孔隙水压等方面进行对比分析,同时未考虑地下水与断层破碎带对隧道的耦合影响。鉴于此,现以小草坝隧道穿越富水大坪子1#断层破碎带为工程依托,对是否考虑地下水作用下的围岩稳定性进行分析,并建立考虑地下水作用下的不同隧道注浆形式和注浆参数方案,分析各工况下的隧道变形和支护受力特征,优化比选出合适的施工方案,以期为今后类似的工程设计、施工提供参考价值。
渝昆高铁小草坝隧道位于彝良北~昭通东区间,为双洞单线隧道,隧道沿洛泽河右岸斜坡行进,为傍山隧道。斜坡地带基岩大片裸露,覆土薄,缓坡地带及沟槽覆土相对较厚,坡面灌木丛生,林地、耕地较少。隧道洞身于DK344+180~DK344+230、YDK344+210~YDK344+260段穿越大坪子1#断层,该断层为正断层,走向约为北偏东50°,全长约3.5 km,地层主要为二叠系上统峨眉山组玄武岩与二叠系下统矛口组,断层面倾向北西,倾角约60°,隧址区地表断层上盘(北西盘)出露二叠系玄武岩,下盘(南东盘)地表出露地层二叠系灰岩夹页岩,断层破碎带宽度约为30 m,破碎带物质以断层角砾为主,胶结一般。
根据现场钻孔揭露,隧址区DK344+220~DK346+150 段为二叠系下统茅口组(P1m)灰岩,地表可见溶沟、溶槽、溶蚀洼地等岩溶形态,岩溶发育强,灰岩为灰白色,微晶结构,中厚~厚层状构造,岩质较硬,岩溶中等~强烈发育;页岩多呈透镜状分布在灰岩中,岩质较软,遇水易软化。所穿越的富水断层破碎带主要为断层角砾,呈角砾或者碎石土状,石质成分主要为灰岩、玄武岩等硬质岩,灰色、褐灰色、中密~密实,潮湿,主要分布在断层破碎带内,胶结物多为粉质粘土,胶结一般,含水量较高,属于Ⅳ级软石。
该隧址区主要水系为洛泽河水系,地表水主要为隧道进口端钱家河沟水,出口段洛泽河水及地表冲沟流水。地表水主要受大气降水补给,部分为基岩裂隙水补给,受降雨控制明显。地下水以第四系土层孔隙水和基岩裂隙水、构造裂隙水、岩溶水为主。其中构造裂隙水在断层破碎带及褶曲的向斜核部中,多呈脉线状产出,受区域构造作用影响,在裂隙发育部位地形切割强烈,构成地下水运营通道,储存量较大,为隧道突涌水主要来源。
以小草坝隧道穿越大坪子1#断层为研究对象,根据圣维南原理,为减小模型边界效应影响,在隧道轮廓线左右、上下各取3~5倍洞径建立模型,模型左右跨度为140 m,上下高度为140 m,将断层破碎带考虑在内,纵向取80 m。左右洞间距为27 m,由于小草坝为小净距隧道,为减小左右洞开挖造成的相互扰动,采用左右洞错距开挖,左洞为先行洞,右洞为后行洞,纵向开挖间距为40 m。选择三台阶临时仰拱法施工,其中上中下台阶错距长度均为8 m,开挖进尺为2 m,如图1所示。
围岩和断层破碎带均采用M-C本构模型,初期支护和二次衬砌均用实体单元模拟,为弹性本构模型,锚杆采用cable结构单元模拟,断层破碎带与围岩接触面通过interface单元建立。在考虑流固耦合时,围岩、断层破碎带、初期支护和二次衬砌均采用各向同性渗流模型。
根据研究工程所在区域的工程地质勘查报告并结合TB 10003—2016《铁路隧道设计规范》[19],确定围岩各物理力学参数,同时考虑到工程实际特点,将喷射混凝土、钢拱架和钢筋网的支护性能依据参数等效原则[20]折算到初期支护中,具体物理力学参数如表1所示。
渗流场边界条件:模型上表面为自由水面,设置0 Pa,模型左右、前后以及底部均设为不透水边界,注浆圈、初期支护和二次衬砌均为透水边界。位移场边界条件:模型左右侧面x方向、前后侧面y方向及底面z方向均设置为固定约束。
因小草坝隧道穿越的富水大坪子1#断层为导水构造,岩体较为破碎,断层内存在大量未胶结的角砾和粉质黏土,含水量较高,同时所在区域岩溶水较为发育,衬砌表面多见裂缝,渗水较为严重。因此需采用FLAC3D建立相应的数值模型,模拟研究对比该隧道在开挖过程中是否考虑地下水作用对围岩稳定性产生的影响,将工况a-1作为不考虑地下水作用,工况a-2作为考虑地下水作用,如图2所示。
图2可知,在未考虑地下水作用下,隧道在开挖并施作支护后,围岩产生的位移较小,分别为拱顶沉降14.869 mm,仰拱隆起11.629 mm,左、右拱腰水平收敛12.316 mm和12.038 mm,围岩并未产生处于剪切-现在和拉伸-现在状态的塑性区域,稳定性较好。而在考虑地下水作用后,围岩位移和塑性区均存在大幅度增大,其中拱顶沉降增加42.678 mm,仰拱隆起增加20.073 mm,左、右拱腰水平收敛增加33.227 mm和50.731 mm。围岩周边也出现大范围处于正在剪切-现在和拉伸-现在状态的塑性区域,其中围岩整体剪切-现在塑性区体积增加35 874.80 m3,拉伸-现在增加了53 409.96 m3,围岩稳定性急剧降低,在目前支护作用下易发生坍塌等风险,主要因为隧道开挖后,地下水朝隧道中心急速流动,地下水的大量流失会导致地表水位下降,孔隙水压力减小,围岩有效应力增大,使得围岩所受应力增加,从而说明当岩体中赋存大量地下水时,对隧道工程的建设存在很大影响,因此在隧道设计过程中考虑地下水对隧道的影响是至关重要的。
从3.1节可知,有必要考虑地下水对隧道稳定性的影响。因仅初期和二衬支护作用下围岩位移和塑性区影响较大。因此需对其采取超前注浆加固措施,可起到有效固结围岩和堵水的作用。研究对比未注浆(工况a-2)、拱墙周边注浆(工况b-1)、全周边注浆(工况b-2),三种不同围岩注浆形式的效果对围岩稳定性的影响,如图3所示。
图3可知,在进行超前注浆后,围岩位移和塑性区得到较大限制,相对于开挖未支护(工况a-2)而言,工况b-1、工况b-2拱顶沉降分别降低32.336、41.842 mm,而因工况b-1未对拱底进行超前注浆支护,因此仰拱略有隆起,增加2.273 mm,工况b-2则降低14.594 mm,左拱腰分别降低9.823、27.128 mm,右拱腰分别降低17.642、42.669 mm,围岩整体剪切-现在状态的塑性区体积分别降低3 455.5、7 961.1 m3,因此得出:对未开挖隧道掌子面前方施作超前注浆支护,可有效限制围岩位移场和塑性区的发展,避免拱顶围岩塌块、仰拱隆起等现象。
图4所示,隧道未开挖时地下水压力处于静水压状态,其分布形式仅与埋深有关,即整体围岩孔隙水压力呈现随深度的增加而增大;而当隧道开挖后,因开挖降水作用,地下水朝着隧道中心快速涌入隧道,其产生的压力差引起围岩渗流场的改变,当渗流达到稳定状态后,孔隙水压力整体呈现以隧洞为中心“漏斗状”分布,地下水的大量流失,使得地下水位快速下降,同时当隧道周边进行超前注浆后,围岩渗透系数降低,孔压曲线逐渐趋于平缓,注浆区域封闭成环对水位降低控制效果明显。
根据不同注浆形式对围岩的注浆效果来看,当进行开挖超前注浆后,隧道周边的孔隙水压力会因注浆加固作用而发生应力重分布,在隧道周围注浆圈的孔隙水压力均存在不同程度的降低,表现为在隧道拱顶注浆圈2 m范围内围岩孔隙水压力急剧下降,而2 m至模型顶部范围内孔隙水压力会因注浆作用而增大,其中工况 b-1、工况b-2孔隙水压力分别降低8.9、36.5 kPa,可以发现工况b-2降低幅度较大,主要因为工况b-2对仰拱下方围岩进行注浆加固,因此在拱底以下注浆圈2 m范围内孔隙水压力会显著减小,而工况b-1未对拱底附近围岩进行加固,故围岩强度相对较低,孔隙水压力较高。因此工况b-2的全周边注浆效果更佳。
图5所示,在开挖未注浆时,初支所受的最大孔隙水压力为890.5 kPa,而当开挖进行超前注浆后,初支孔隙水压力明显减小,其中工况b-1初支孔隙水压力为770.4 MPa,较未注浆时降低13.49%,工况b-2初支孔隙水压力为426.82 kPa,较未注浆时降低52.07%,可以看出全周边注浆对降低初支孔隙水压力效果更为明显。
从初支的孔隙水压力分布范围来看,未注浆时,孔隙水压力主要分布在左、右拱腰,拱底和左、右拱脚处,在拱腰(工况b-1)注浆形成注浆圈后,左右拱腰处所受的孔隙水压力明显减小,但由于拱底未进行超前注浆,因此初支孔隙水压力主要分布在左右拱脚和拱底处。当采用全周边注浆后(工况b-2),仰拱处的围岩性能得到改善,初支孔隙水压力降低,主要部分集中分布在右拱脚处,但其孔压值较小,说明超前注浆确实可以起到很好的保护作用,而工况b-2比工况 b-1注浆效果更加明显,更具有优越性。
在注浆形式上,小草坝隧道在穿越富水大坪子1#断层破碎带时选择全周边超前注浆方式进行施工。在此基础上,对注浆圈参数进行优化比选,其中最主要的影响因素为注浆圈厚度,在实际施工过程中,注浆圈厚度的增大对抑制围岩位移和塑性区的发展具有明显效果,但也并未是注浆圈厚度越大,注浆量越多,对富水围岩的止水堵水效果就越好,其中也受到开挖方法,注浆时间,支护材料性能等诸多因素的影响。因此应综合围岩稳定性和堵水效果选取相对合理的注浆圈厚度,分别设置注浆圈厚度为2、4、6、8、10 m的工况进行模拟对比分析,对应工况分别为c-1、c-2、c-3、c-4、c-5。
图6所示:随着注浆圈厚度的增大,围岩竖向位移不断减小,其中拱顶位移减小量最为明显,对比未注浆时,分别减小72.71%、76.10%、78.14%、79.52%、80.29%,仰拱位移减小量则相对较小,对比未注浆时,分别减小46.03%、47.72%、50.50%、52.61%、54.20%,主要因为三台阶临时仰拱法开挖时,由于受台阶长度和支护封闭时间的影响,支护结构未能及时封闭成环,使得围岩位移不断发展,得不到相应的限制。
随着注浆圈厚度的增大,围岩水平位移不断减小,右拱腰位移减小量略大于左拱腰,注浆圈厚度从0增至10 m时,左、右拱腰分别减小了30.859 mm、46.713 mm。主要因为注浆圈厚度的增大,改善周边围岩性能,使得左右洞开挖相互扰动减小,降低围岩应力重分布所造成的影响。
随着注浆圈厚度的增大,整体围岩处于shear-n塑性区体积不断减小,相对未注浆时,分别减小21.87%、33.43%、42.28%、43.33%、47.43%,主要因为注浆后隧道周边围岩性能得到大幅度改善,提高围岩的稳定性。
因此考虑到降低围岩位移、限制塑性区发展、注浆材料的可利用性以及施工的经济合理性等,应选择合适的注浆圈厚度,综合对比可选择8 m较为合适。
图7所示,隧道开挖前,未超前注浆时,围岩孔隙水压力整体呈现以隧洞为中心“漏斗状”分布,当进行超前注浆后,隧道周边围岩渗透系数降低,围岩孔隙水压力曲线逐渐趋于平缓,说明注浆区域封闭成环对水位降深有着明显的控制效果。但由于断层破碎带处围岩渗透系数和孔隙率较大,因此在该处孔隙水压力曲线仍呈较大凹形分布。
同时随着注浆圈厚度的不断增大,围岩最大孔隙水压力不断减小,相对比未注浆支护时,分别减小4.58%、4.71%、4.82%、5.02%、5.05%,且由于注浆后隧道周边一定范围内围岩性能得到改善,如围岩渗透系数得到降低,使得地下水难以通过注浆圈渗透进入隧道,因而隧道周边孔隙水压力相对于未注浆支护时明显得到降低,降低区域也随注浆圈厚度的增大而增加。
图8所示,随着注浆圈厚度的增加,初支结构所受的最大孔隙水压力呈现不断减少的趋势。在隧道开挖前未超前注浆加固时,初支所受的孔隙水压力较大,为890.50 kPa,当进行超前注浆加固后,初支所受的孔隙水压力明显大幅度减小,相对于未注浆时,分别减小52.07%、60.07%、63.67%、65.91%、66.80%,说明注浆可使得支护结构所承受的孔隙水压力显著减小,同时可以看出初支所受的孔隙水压力最大值在注浆圈厚度小于8 m时降幅较大,而大于8 m后降幅不再明显。
在初支孔隙水压力的分布情况上,初支结构内侧比外侧的孔隙水压力明显要小,主要因为初支结构的渗透系数较小,使得地下水难以渗透。在未注浆时,初支孔隙水压力主要集中分布在左右拱腰、左右拱脚和拱底处,而进行注浆加固后,初支孔隙水压力主要集中分布在右拱脚处,同时相对于未注浆时,初支拱顶处孔隙水压力也得到大幅度降低,并且随着注浆圈厚度增大,初支拱顶处孔隙水压力降低范围和数值不断增大,由拱顶向拱腰发展。
因不同的注浆材料,其渗透系数各不相同,虽然在注浆加固时,选择注浆材料的渗透系数越小,对注浆效果越好,但其对应的注浆技术难度也越大,施工成本越高,因此选择合理的注浆材料渗透系数同样十分有必要。
为探究注浆材料渗透系数的变化对围岩稳定性影响,经3.3节分析,取注浆圈厚度为8 m,同时引入参数渗透系数比ng,其为围岩与注浆材料的渗透系数之比,围岩的渗透系数假设一定,设置ng分别为1、5、50、100、500和1 000。
图9所示:随着注浆渗透系数比的不断增大,围岩竖向位移呈现不断减小趋势,对于拱顶沉降来说,与未注浆时相比,分别减小79.64%、79.95%、80.19%、80.46%、80.62%、80.79%。而对于仰拱隆起来说,与未注浆时相比,分别减小50.61%、52.30%、54.32%、55.88%、57.61%、58.81%,可以看出拱顶位移减小量大于拱底,主要因为拱底未能够及时施作支护措施,使得围岩位移得不到限制。
随着注浆渗透系数比的增大,围岩水平位移不断减小,左拱腰位移减小量略大于右拱腰,渗透系数比ng从1增加至1 000时,左、右拱腰分别减小2.39 mm、3.315 mm。主要因为注浆圈渗透系数的增大,使得地下水难以渗透至初支结构和隧道周边,改善了围岩性能。
随着注浆渗透系数比的增大,整体围岩处于shear-n塑性区体积不断减小,相对未注浆时,分别减小30.46%、32.25%、37.48%、38.17%、38.41%、38.54%,主要因为注浆渗透系数减小,提高围岩防渗水的性能。
综合注浆圈不同渗透系数情况下围岩位移和塑性区分析可知,注浆圈渗透系数的增大能够减小围岩位移和塑性区,但减幅并不明显。在渗透系数比ng为100后,围岩位移和塑性区降幅逐渐趋于稳定,因此注浆渗透系数ng为100较为合理,ng过小不仅对减小围岩位移和限制塑性区发展没有明显的效果,同时会提高造价,造成人力物力的浪费。
图10所示,随着注浆渗透系数比的不断增大,初支所受的最大孔隙水压力不断减小,相对于未支护时,分别减小31.36%、42.64%、56.36%、59.75%、62.99%、63.42%,说明降低注浆材料渗透系数可使得支护结构所承受的孔隙水压力减小,同时可以看出初支所受的孔隙水压力最大值在注浆渗透系数ng<100时降幅较大,而ng>100后降幅不再明显。
在初支孔隙水压力的分布情况上,初支结构内侧比外侧的孔隙水压力明显要小,主要因为初支结构的渗透系数较小,使得地下水难以渗透。在ng=1时,初支孔隙水压力主要集中分布在左右拱腰、左右拱脚和拱底处,而随着ng的不断增大,初支孔隙水压力集中分布区域并未发生变化,仅数值发生改变,说明降低注浆材料的渗透系数并不会使得初支孔隙水压力分布区域发生改变,但以初支拱腰为分界线,其下部分的孔隙水压力明显大于上部分。
小草坝隧道穿越大坪子1#断层处围岩破碎,稳定性差,且富水性好存在极大的可能发生突涌水灾害。因此,现场施工遵照以堵为主,限量排放的原则,通过注浆进行堵水,并控制地下水的流入量。根据隧道施工安全、质量、进度、环保等各方面的要求,针对该隧道涌水段采用超前全周边注浆形式,旨在利用注浆措施将开挖断面以外的破碎围岩进行固结,形成超前隔水环后再开挖该高富水隧道段。
超前全周边注浆施作方案如下:每循环施做长度为30 m,并预留5 m止浆岩盘作为搭接。全周边注浆孔口管作为止浆和孔口保护措施,采用长5 m焊接钢管(直径108 mm,壁厚5 mm)。注浆孔按浆液扩散半径2 m,孔间距3 m布设,每一循环共设置5环注浆孔。根据围岩破碎程度,全周边注浆范围为隧道开挖轮廓线外5 m,为保证注浆效果的均匀性,钻孔和注浆顺序由外向内,同一圈孔间隔施工,采用后退式注浆。
超前周边注浆参数如下:①每循环施工段长30 m,保留5 m的止浆岩盘作为搭接长度,根据现场实际情况,必要时可考虑设置止浆墙;②采用多功能液压钻机施钻,注浆孔开孔直径为110 mm,终孔直径不小于90 mm;③浆液扩散半径2 m,孔底间距3 m,注浆终压为1.5~2.0 MPa;④注浆速率为10~30 L/min,施工中可根据实际情况进行调整;⑤注浆浆液采用水泥水玻璃双液浆,注浆材料为水泥浆。水泥采用42.5号普通硅酸盐水泥,水玻璃的波美度为40,水泥浆水灰比为0.8∶1.1,水泥浆∶水玻璃浆液=1∶0.8,现场注浆效果如图11所示。
在隧道掘进过程中,通过使用全站仪和收敛仪对隧洞周边围岩进行动态变形监测,结合拱顶和拱腰处的监测数据对注浆效果进行合理性评价,监测数据如图12所示。
图12可知,现场实测值无论是拱顶沉降还是拱腰水平收敛都呈现上下的波动式,但是大体上的趋势与指数函数拟合程度较好,呈现“厂”字形。分析原因:开始时由于隧道开挖扰动,监测位移变形速率较快,掘进期间可能存在因隧道爆破等原因扰动导致的变形突然增加或减小,当采用全周边注浆措施后,浆液扩散使得各破碎、松散围岩间相互固结,共同受力,围岩逐渐稳定,变形速率逐渐减小。监测45 d后变形速率基本趋于稳定,变形速率均小于0.2 mm/d,说明全周边注浆的方案具有可行性。
根据小草坝隧道穿越大坪子1#断层富水段采用的注浆方案,建立相应的三维数值模型,在模型上选取与现场监控量测位置相同的监测点,提取各监测位置的位移进行分析,如图13所示,以验证现场注浆方案的合理性和可行性。
图13可知,数值模拟与现场监测的曲线变形规律基本一致,基本符合现场围岩位移的实际规律,最终围岩的变形都达到稳定状态,说明现场全周边注浆具有可行的。但相比监测值来说,存在一定的误差,模拟值小于实测值,原因可能有以下方面:岩土体内部存在节理裂隙以及破碎带等不均质结构;在现场实际工程中,支护结构并不一定比模拟及时且支护施作后需一定时间发挥作用。
(1)在隧道穿越富水断层破碎带时,是否考虑地下水对围岩稳定性影响较大,具体表现在围岩竖向、水平位移增大、塑性区不断发展,支护结构受到较大孔隙水压力的作用,因此考虑流固耦合作用下的围岩稳定性至关重要。
(2)相较于无注浆时,对围岩进行超前注浆支护,可有效起到减小围岩位移、限制塑性区发展、降低围岩和初支孔隙水压力、改变初支孔隙水压力集中分布范围等作用,但针对注浆形式而言,全周边注浆效果对改善隧道变形和支护结构受力优于拱墙周边注浆。因此建议选择全周边超前注浆形式。
(3)在考虑地下水作用下,隧道未开挖时,地下水处于静水压力状态,此时渗流场仅于隧道埋深有关;当隧道开挖未超前支护时,因开挖降水作用,地下水朝着隧道中心快速涌入隧道,其产生的压力差引起围岩渗流场的改变,当渗流达到稳定状态后,孔隙水压力整体呈现以隧洞为中心“漏斗状”分布,地下水的大量流失,使得地下水位快速下降。
(4)注浆渗透系数比一定时,随着注浆圈厚度的增大,围岩稳定性不断增强,表现在:围岩位移不断减小,塑性区发展得到限制,支护结构所受的最大孔隙水压力不断降低,但注浆圈厚度并未越大,注浆效果越明显,当注浆圈厚度超过8 m时,继续增加注浆圈厚度,注浆效果提升并不明显。因此注浆圈厚度应选择8 m左右较为适宜。
(5)注浆圈厚度一定时,随着注浆渗透系数比的增大,围岩稳定性得到增强,但增强效果并不如注浆圈厚度明显,当ng>100后,对围岩位移、塑性区和初支孔隙水压力改善效果较小,因此注浆渗透系数比ng应选择100较为合适,即注浆圈渗透系数为4.7×10-13 m/s。
(6)对比不同注浆圈厚度和注浆渗透系数比下初支孔隙水压力分布可以发现,初支结构内侧比外侧的孔隙水压力明显要小,主要因为初支结构的渗透系数较小,使得地下水难以渗透。注浆圈厚度的增加,可明显改变初支孔隙水压力的分布范围和数值,由左右拱腰、左右拱脚和拱底向右拱脚分布,而相对于增加注浆渗透系数比而言,仅改变初支孔隙水压力的数值,对其分布范围的改变影响不大。
(7)通过监控量测数据拟合分析,得出位移与时间曲线呈现“厂”形,属于正常变化曲线。在监测刚开始时,位移变化较大,但随着注浆效果逐渐发挥作用,在监测达到45 d后,位移变形速率逐渐趋于稳定,最后小于 0.2 mm/d,说明此时围岩已趋于稳定。通过将监测值与模拟值对比分析,发现围岩变化规律基本一致,说明现场注浆方案具有可行性,注浆设计参数选择的合理性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52378417)
  • 四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2024NSFSC0174)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021CX003)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021ZTPY049)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309398
  • 接收时间:2023-11-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-29
  • 修回日期:2024-12-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(52378417)
四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2024NSFSC0174)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021CX003)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2682021ZTPY049)
作者信息
    西南交通大学交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室, 成都 610031

通讯作者:

* 马述起(1984—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,教授。研究方向:隧道地下工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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