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In order to accurately select the Copula function to simulate the mutual correlation between inclination and dip of jointed rock mass structural plane, the Copula function method to simulate the occurrence of jointed rock mass structural plane under different fitting indexes was proposed. The optimal Copula function was determined by using the least square Euclidian, AIC information criterion and BIC information criterion, and the optimal edge distribution type of the observed occurrence data of the structural plane was determined by Matlab software. At the same time, Monte Carlo sampling method was used to automatically generate simulation data, and the data was imported into Dips software for visualization processing, and the erP projection map of occurrence was obtained. The difference between the measured dip and inclination data and the simulated data determined by Copula function under different fitting indexes was compared. Finally, the validity of the method is tested based on engineering cases. The results show that different fitting indicators will produce different Copula functions, and there will be great differences in the effectiveness of simulation occurrence. Improper fitting indicators may lead to the selection of inaccurate Copula functions, so that the model can not accurately capture the relevant structure and features of the data. Inappropriate fitting indexes may lead to large errors between the fitting model and the real data, which will decrease the predictive ability and interpretation ability of the model. In this case, it is shown that the Gaussian Copula function selected under the fitting index of least square Euclidene values has the best fitting effect on the measured data. This research will help to select the appropriate fitting index when using Coupla function.

, correspAuthors=Qing-yang REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qing-yang REN, Jian SHI, Yan-ding WANG, Song-qiang XIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780489529156307, articleId=1149780469300027750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=不同拟合指标下模拟节理岩体结构面产状的Copula函数方法, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为准确选取模拟节理岩体结构面产状互相关性的Copula函数,提出了不同拟合指标下模拟节理岩体结构面产状的Copula函数方法,通过采用最小平方欧式、AIC(Akaike information criterion)信息准则、BIC(Bayesian information criterion)信息准则这3种拟合指标确定各自的最优Copula函数并通过MATLAB确定实测产状数据的最优边缘分布,建立倾角和倾向的二维联合分布函数。同时结合蒙特卡洛抽样法自动生成模拟数据,将数据导入Dips软件中进行可视化处理,得到产状的赤平投影图,对比实测的倾角和倾向数据和不同拟合指标下确定的Copula函数模拟数据间的差异。最后,基于工程案例检验方法的有效性。结果表明:不同的拟合指标会产生不同的Copula函数,对模拟产状的有效性也会有较大差异,若是选择不当的拟合指标可能导致选择不准确的Copula函数,从而使模型无法准确地捕捉数据的相关结构和特征;不适当的拟合指标可能导致拟合模型与真实数据之间存在较大的误差,使得模型的预测能力和解释能力下降,就本文案例表明在最小平方欧式值拟合指标下选择的Gaussian Copula函数拟合实测数据效果最好。此研究将有助在应用Coupla函数时选用恰当的拟合指标。

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任青阳(1975—),男,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土工程防灾减灾。E-mail:

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任青阳(1975—),男,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土工程防灾减灾。E-mail:

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任青阳(1975—),男,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土工程防灾减灾。E-mail:

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Theory and engineering application of 3D network modeling of discontinuities in rock mass[M]. 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figureFileBig=9Pt+MOWifrVHG7Ww6mqrbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525112358327048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Measured joint fracture data

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序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°) 序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°) 序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°) 序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°)
1 260 88 15 115 75 29 95 55 43 128 62
2 255 85 16 116 63 30 82 81 44 65 89
3 255 85 17 115 81 31 108 80 45 120 54
4 98 84 18 80 42 32 76 72 46 95 54
5 65 89 19 76 72 33 76 72 47 98 75
6 98 75 20 76 72 34 128 74 48 110 49
7 82 84 21 80 71 35 128 74 49 95 55
8 130 61 22 87 42 36 110 52 50 115 49
9 105 71 23 87 42 37 85 76 51 103 30
10 119 79 24 80 46 38 85 63 52 260 86
11 115 82 25 90 79 39 103 66 53 98 75
12 94 57 26 90 79 40 103 66
13 110 63 27 110 63 41 128 62
14 110 63 28 110 63 42 128 62
), ArticleFig(id=1218525112450601747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实测节理裂隙数据

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序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°) 序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°) 序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°) 序号 倾向/(°) 倾角/(°)
1 260 88 15 115 75 29 95 55 43 128 62
2 255 85 16 116 63 30 82 81 44 65 89
3 255 85 17 115 81 31 108 80 45 120 54
4 98 84 18 80 42 32 76 72 46 95 54
5 65 89 19 76 72 33 76 72 47 98 75
6 98 75 20 76 72 34 128 74 48 110 49
7 82 84 21 80 71 35 128 74 49 95 55
8 130 61 22 87 42 36 110 52 50 115 49
9 105 71 23 87 42 37 85 76 51 103 30
10 119 79 24 80 46 38 85 63 52 260 86
11 115 82 25 90 79 39 103 66 53 98 75
12 94 57 26 90 79 40 103 66
13 110 63 27 110 63 41 128 62
14 110 63 28 110 63 42 128 62
), ArticleFig(id=1218525112568042270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

AIC values of different edge distribution types of dip angle and dip direction

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参数 AIC值
正态分布 截尾分布 对数分布 截尾极值I型分布 伽马分布 威布尔分布 指数分布 瑞利分布
倾向 557.73 588.91 523.85 596.03 665.91 553.23 608.05 556.34
倾角 433.43 529.95 442.66 429.44 565.43 429.90 554.83 488.30
), ArticleFig(id=1218525112689677097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

倾角和倾向不同边缘分布类型的AIC值

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参数 AIC值
正态分布 截尾分布 对数分布 截尾极值I型分布 伽马分布 威布尔分布 指数分布 瑞利分布
倾向 557.73 588.91 523.85 596.03 665.91 553.23 608.05 556.34
倾角 433.43 529.95 442.66 429.44 565.43 429.90 554.83 488.30
), ArticleFig(id=1218525112794534706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Structural eigenvalue

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倾向/(°) 倾角/(°)
均值 方差 均值 方差
103 18.7 66 15
), ArticleFig(id=1218525112916169534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

结构面特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
倾向/(°) 倾角/(°)
均值 方差 均值 方差
103 18.7 66 15
), ArticleFig(id=1218525113067164491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

d2 values for differnet Copula functions

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Copula函数 最小平方欧氏距离值
Gaussian 0.026 2
Gumbel 0.037 9
Frank 0.026 9
Clayton 0.028 1
t-Copula 0.028 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218525113213965147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同Copula函数的最小平方欧氏距离值d2

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Copula函数 最小平方欧氏距离值
Gaussian 0.026 2
Gumbel 0.037 9
Frank 0.026 9
Clayton 0.028 1
t-Copula 0.028 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218525113331405669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

AIC values for differnet Copula functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Copula函数 AIC值
Gaussian 1.537 2
Gumbel -0.753 2
Frank 1.795 5
Clayton 2.000 0
t-Copula -1.901 6
), ArticleFig(id=1218525113453040499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同Copula函数的AIC值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Copula函数 AIC值
Gaussian 1.537 2
Gumbel -0.753 2
Frank 1.795 5
Clayton 2.000 0
t-Copula -1.901 6
), ArticleFig(id=1218525113566286715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

BIC values for differnet Copula functions

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Copula函数 BIC值
Gaussian 3.507 5
Gumbel 1.217 1
Frank 3.765 8
Clayton 3.970 3
t-Copula 2.039 0
), ArticleFig(id=1218525113717281673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469300027750, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同Copula函数的BIC值

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Copula函数 BIC值
Gaussian 3.507 5
Gumbel 1.217 1
Frank 3.765 8
Clayton 3.970 3
t-Copula 2.039 0
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不同拟合指标下模拟节理岩体结构面产状的Copula函数方法
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任青阳 1, 2 , 施俭 1, 2 , 王彦丁 1, 2 , 肖宋强 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(10): 4274-4283
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(10): 4274-4283
不同拟合指标下模拟节理岩体结构面产状的Copula函数方法
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任青阳1, 2 , 施俭1, 2, 王彦丁1, 2, 肖宋强1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学山区桥梁及隧道工程国家重点实验室, 重庆 400074
  • 2 重庆交通大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400074
  • 任青阳(1975—),男,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土工程防灾减灾。E-mail:

Copula Function Method for Simulating the Occurrence of Jointed Rock Mass Structural Plane under Different Fitting Indexes
Qing-yang REN1, 2 , Jian SHI1, 2, Yan-ding WANG1, 2, Song-qiang XIAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403837
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为准确选取模拟节理岩体结构面产状互相关性的Copula函数,提出了不同拟合指标下模拟节理岩体结构面产状的Copula函数方法,通过采用最小平方欧式、AIC(Akaike information criterion)信息准则、BIC(Bayesian information criterion)信息准则这3种拟合指标确定各自的最优Copula函数并通过MATLAB确定实测产状数据的最优边缘分布,建立倾角和倾向的二维联合分布函数。同时结合蒙特卡洛抽样法自动生成模拟数据,将数据导入Dips软件中进行可视化处理,得到产状的赤平投影图,对比实测的倾角和倾向数据和不同拟合指标下确定的Copula函数模拟数据间的差异。最后,基于工程案例检验方法的有效性。结果表明:不同的拟合指标会产生不同的Copula函数,对模拟产状的有效性也会有较大差异,若是选择不当的拟合指标可能导致选择不准确的Copula函数,从而使模型无法准确地捕捉数据的相关结构和特征;不适当的拟合指标可能导致拟合模型与真实数据之间存在较大的误差,使得模型的预测能力和解释能力下降,就本文案例表明在最小平方欧式值拟合指标下选择的Gaussian Copula函数拟合实测数据效果最好。此研究将有助在应用Coupla函数时选用恰当的拟合指标。

结构面  /  Copula函数  /  产状  /  拟合指标  /  互相关性  /  赤平投影

In order to accurately select the Copula function to simulate the mutual correlation between inclination and dip of jointed rock mass structural plane, the Copula function method to simulate the occurrence of jointed rock mass structural plane under different fitting indexes was proposed. The optimal Copula function was determined by using the least square Euclidian, AIC information criterion and BIC information criterion, and the optimal edge distribution type of the observed occurrence data of the structural plane was determined by Matlab software. At the same time, Monte Carlo sampling method was used to automatically generate simulation data, and the data was imported into Dips software for visualization processing, and the erP projection map of occurrence was obtained. The difference between the measured dip and inclination data and the simulated data determined by Copula function under different fitting indexes was compared. Finally, the validity of the method is tested based on engineering cases. The results show that different fitting indicators will produce different Copula functions, and there will be great differences in the effectiveness of simulation occurrence. Improper fitting indicators may lead to the selection of inaccurate Copula functions, so that the model can not accurately capture the relevant structure and features of the data. Inappropriate fitting indexes may lead to large errors between the fitting model and the real data, which will decrease the predictive ability and interpretation ability of the model. In this case, it is shown that the Gaussian Copula function selected under the fitting index of least square Euclidene values has the best fitting effect on the measured data. This research will help to select the appropriate fitting index when using Coupla function.

structural plane  /  copula function  /  attitude  /  fitting index  /  cross-correlation  /  equatorial projection
任青阳, 施俭, 王彦丁, 肖宋强. 不同拟合指标下模拟节理岩体结构面产状的Copula函数方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4274 -4283 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403837
Qing-yang REN, Jian SHI, Yan-ding WANG, Song-qiang XIAO. Copula Function Method for Simulating the Occurrence of Jointed Rock Mass Structural Plane under Different Fitting Indexes[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4274 -4283 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403837
在地质工程领域,结构面是岩石中具有特定走向和倾角的面状断裂或层理构造,结构面的产状参数(如倾向、倾角和间距)对于地质工程设计和岩石力学分析非常重要。准确模拟结构面互相关产状是提高地质工程设计和岩石力学分析的关键。传统的统计方法主要基于假设线性相关和独立分布,忽略了结构面之间的非线性和相依关系。因此,需要一种新的切实可行的方法来模拟结构面互相关产状。
众所周知,节理岩体产状主要包括3个要素:倾角、倾向以及走向,而走向是可以通过倾向换算出来,因此在表征产状中,一般通过倾角和倾向来表征产状,大量的文献以及工程实践结果表明倾角与倾向两个参数存在极高的互相关性[1-6],因此不能将这两个参数分开单独分析。但是在查阅相关资料时发现相当一部分学者通常将倾角和倾向两个参数单独考虑建立联合概率分布模型,以统计这两个参数的分布形式,然后在构建结构面网络模型时将之前所得到的两个参数的样本数据进行随机抽样组合。毋庸置疑,这种模拟方式可能会与实际工程产生较大差异[7-8]
由于岩体工程体量较大,工程技术手段有限,导致无法取得完全勘探资料。因此,唐小松[9]从统计分析角度出发从小样本数据中获得岩体参数概率分布信息和参数间互相关性信息。然而大量的工程实践表明,由于受到不完备概率信息的制约,想要高效拟合产状的联合概率分布模型存在一定困难。目前大家广泛使用Fisher 分布方法[10-12]、双平均密度分布方法[13]、双正态密度分布方法[13]、Bingham 分布[14-15]等方法来表征产状。但是地质构造经过几百年甚至几千上万年的板块运动,岩体不连续面产状变得相当复杂,所以以上概率分布方法无法准确表征有些岩体的产状特征。基于此,有关研究人员通过二维经验分布法来描述不连续面产状的统计特性。这种方法存在一个重要的弊端,就是需要研究人员手动划分网格,这样不可避免地带来了局限性和计算误差的问题。岩体不连续面的特征参数对岩体稳定性起决定性作用,但二维经验分布方法无法满足高维的需要。因此,二维经验分布方法难以扩展到多维情形。
Copula函数是近年来在岩土工程可靠度研究领域中广泛应用的一种方法,用于捕捉多个参数之间的相关性,并构建这些参数的联合概率分布函数,通过这种方法,可以处理多种不同的相关结构,从而更准确地描述随机量的参数特征和可靠度,如王晓磊等[16]通过Copula函数进行水平和竖向地震动强度参数相关性分析并建立参数间的联合概率模型。通过文献阅读可以发现目前将Copula函数应用于岩土工程领域的还不太多。Copula函数是一个用于描述多维随机变量之间相关关系的函数,它将各个边际分布函数联结起来,构建多维联合分布函数。Copula函数本身不包含边际分布信息,而是通过它们的累积分布函数来定义相互关系,相比于传统的产状相关性模拟方法,Copula函数能够更灵活地处理参数数据之间的相关性,并提供更准确的模拟和拟合能力,如蒋水华等[17]应用Copula理论模拟岩土不连续面产状互相关性。但是目前的学者在应用Copula函数时,对于最优Copula函数识别准则的选举各有差异,目前被广泛应用于Copula函数识别的主要有AIC识别准则、BIC识别准则和最小平方欧氏距离法。而文献[17]中则直接应用AIC识别准则,没有实际理论支持;Fan等[18]在对三峡库区香溪河流域多变量选择最合适的边际和联合分布形式时直接采用AIC信息准则,未具体说明缘由;陈建兵等[19]在进行混凝土受压本构全曲线相关性研究中直接选用AIC(Akaike information criterion)信息准则选用最优Copula函数;孙杰涛等[20]根据AIC信息准则和BIC信息准则识别最优Copula函数;Zhang等[21]对岩土问题的失效概率所采用的对称或非对称相关结构研究中同样直接采用AIC识别准则选择最优Copula函数;Charles等[22]在选择最优Copula函数生成基于Copula的旋转各向异性随机场,以表征土壤性质的空间变异性时,直接采用AIC信息识别准则。因此,有必要研究在3种不同识别准则下各Copula函数在模拟产状上的拟合度,比较最优识别准则。
本文研究对3种拟合指标拟合的Copula函数进行产状模拟,同时结合Dips软件对产状的倾角和倾向互相关性可视化处理,分析不同拟合指标下所得到的Copula函数在模拟倾角与倾向相关性差异。
Copula理论最早被运用于表征随机变量间的互相关性结构。而后Copula理论开始在股市、银行等领域被广泛用来描述变量间相关性问题[23]。当相关变量Xi为多维情况,其中i=1,2,···,n,Xi的边缘分布的累计概率密度Fi(X)i服从标准均匀分布,可得标准均匀分布变量Ui=Fi(Xi),定义[0,1]区间内则有
$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{Pr} & \left(X_{1} \leqslant x_{1}, X_{2} \leqslant x_{2}, \cdots, X_{n} \leqslant x_{n}\right) \\ & =\operatorname{Pr}\left[U_{1} \leqslant F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right), \cdots, U_{n} \leqslant F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right] \\ & =C\left[F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(x_{2}\right), \cdots, F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right] \end{aligned}$
式(1)中:xn为变量Xi在[0,1]n标准均匀空间内的的累计分布函数。
多维Copula函数即为C[F1(x1),F2(x2),···,Fn(xn)]定义在[0,1]n标准均匀空间内的累积分布函数。Sklar[24]提出了Sklar定理,使得人们在分析相关变量相关性中获得了更加高效且便利的联合分布模型,推动了Copula函数在联合分布模型邻域的发展。其主要内容为:若已知n维相关变量Xi的边缘累积分布函数F1(X1),F2(X2),···,Fi(Xi)和其联合分布函数F1,2,···,n(X1,X2,···,Xn),有且仅有一个Copula函数,满足:
$\begin{array}{l} F_{1,2, \cdots, n}\left(X_{1}, X_{2}, \cdots, X_{n}\right) \\ \quad=C_{1,2, \cdots, n}\left[F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(x_{2}\right), \cdots, F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right] \\ \quad=C_{1,2, \cdots, n}\left(u_{1}, u_{2}, \cdots, u_{n}\right) \end{array}$
式(2)中:Fi(xi)=ui为随机变量边缘分布函数。
Copula函数的概率密度函数D1,2,···,n(u1,u2,···,un)与联合分布模型的概率密度函数f1,2,···,n(X1,X2,···,Xn)的关系[24]
$\begin{array}{l} f_{1,2, \cdots, n}\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots, x_{n}\right)= \\ \prod_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\partial F_{i}\left(x_{i}\right)}{\partial x_{i}} \frac{\partial^{n} C_{1,2, \cdots, n}\left[F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(x_{2}\right), \cdots, F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right]}{\partial F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right) \partial F_{2}\left(x_{2}\right) \cdots \partial F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)} \\ \quad=\prod_{i=1}^{n} f_{i}\left(x_{i}\right) D_{1,2, \cdots, n}\left[F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(x_{2}\right), \cdots, F_{n}\left(x_{n}\right)\right] \\ \quad=D_{1,2, \cdots, n}\left(u_{1}, u_{2}, \cdots, u_{n}\right) \prod_{i=1}^{n} f_{i}\left(x_{i}\right) \end{array}$
由式(3)可知,多维联合分布模型的概率密度函数f1,2,···,n(X1,X2,···,Xn)等效于Copula函数的概率密度函数D1,2,···,n(u1,u2,···,un)。从中可以发现,与其他联合分布模型不同的是此方法将联合分布模型一分为二,由各随机变量边缘分布函数和各随机变量间的Copula函数共同组合,两个函数的构造可以分开进行互不干扰,相对传统的多维联合分布避免在整体以及各分布类型和不同Copula函数上的弊端,促进多种随机变量联合分布模型的高效构建。
对于二维情况,Copula函数是定义为[0,1]区间内均匀分布的二维联合分布函数[24],是以Copula函数将两个随机变量的边缘分布耦合起来。
$\begin{aligned} F\left(x_{1}, x_{2}\right) & =C\left[F\left(x_{1}\right), F\left(x_{2}\right) ; \theta\right] \\ & =C\left(u_{1}, u_{2} ; \theta\right) \end{aligned}$
式(4)中:θ为Copula函数参数。
当随机变量Xi的概率密度函数fi(xi)存在且连续,其中i=1,2,那么对式(4)两边同时求导就能够得到随机变量Xi的联合概率密度函数f(x1,x2)为
$f\left(x_{1}, x_{2}\right)=f_{1}\left(x_{1}\right) f_{2}\left(x_{2}\right) D\left[F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(x_{2}\right) ; \theta\right]$
式(5)中:D[F1(x1),F2(x2);θ]=D(u1,u2;θ)为Copula函数的密度函数。
综上所述,如果随机变量Xi的边缘分布函数和Copula函数确定,就可以通过式(4)和式(5)分别构建随机变量Xi的联合分布函数和联合概率密度函数[24]。Copula函数的相关参数θ[25]可以通过变量Xi间的线性相关系数或秩相关系数等求出。如 Pearson线性相关系数、Kendall秩相关系数等方法。
Pearson线性相关系数r的公式为
r= i = 1 n ( x 1 i - x 1 ) ( x 2 i - x 2 ) i = 1 n ( x 1 i - x 1 ) 2 i = 1 n ( x 2 i - x 2 ) 2
式(6)中:(x1i,x2i)为(X1,X2)的样本,其中i=1,2,···,n; x 1 x 2为随机变量Xi的样本均值,其中i=1,2。
Copula函数相关参数θ可由变量Xi间的Pearson相关系数ρ求得。由相关系数的定义,可得ρθ间的关系[25]
$\begin{aligned} \rho= & \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{x_{1}-\mu_{1}}{\sigma_{1}} \frac{x_{2}-\mu_{2}}{\sigma_{2}} f_{1}\left(x_{1}\right) f_{2}\left(x_{2}\right) \times \\ & D\left[F_{1}\left(x_{1}\right), F_{2}\left(x_{2}\right) ; \theta\right] \mathrm{d} x_{1} \mathrm{~d} x_{1} \end{aligned}$
式(7)中:μ1,2为变量Xi的均值;σ1,2为变量Xi的标准差。
若已知变量Xi间的Pearson线性相关系数ρ,解析式(7)就可以解出参数θρ的取值区间为[-1,1]且ρ的绝对值越大则变量间的线性相关性越显著。
Kendall秩相关系数τ的计算公式为
$\tau=\left(C_{n}^{2}\right)^{-1} \sum_{i<j} \operatorname{sign}\left[\left(x_{1 i}-x_{1 j}\right)\left(x_{2 i}-x_{2 j}\right)\right]$
式(8)中:(xi,yi)为观测点值,其中i,j=1,2,···,n;sign为符号函数。
$\begin{array}{l} \operatorname{sign}\left[\left(x_{1 i}-x_{1 j}\right)\left(x_{2 i}-x_{2 j}\right)\right]= \\ \left\{\begin{array}{cc} 0, & \left(x_{1 i}-x_{1 j}\right)\left(x_{2 i}-x_{2 j}\right)>0 \\ 1, & \left(x_{1 i}-x_{1 j}\right)\left(x_{2 i}-x_{2 j}\right)=0 \\ -1, & \left(x_{1 i}-x_{1 j}\right)\left(x_{2 i}-x_{2 j}\right)<0 \end{array}\right. \end{array}$
同样,τ越大则变量间的相关性越显著。在进行线性或者非线性的变换时Kendall秩相关系数与Pearson线性相关系数存在一个主要的差异为在变换时Kendall秩相关系数都保持不变。分析其主要原因为:Kendall秩相关系数衡量的是两个变量之间的等级相关性,而不受数据的线性或非线性变换的影响。因此,在进行线性或非线性变换时,Kendall秩相关系数保持不变。这是因为Kendall秩相关系数是基于排名而不是原始数据的数值计算得出的,所以它不受数据的缩放或变换的影响。Pearson线性相关系数衡量的是两个变量之间的线性相关性,它对数据的线性变换敏感。当进行线性变换时,Pearson线性相关系数的特征也会发生相应的变化。在进行简单线性变换(Y=aX+b)时,Pearson线性相关系数的值会保持不变,但其解释可能会有所改变。例如,如果对XY进行平移或缩放变换,则相关系数的值不会改变,但线性关系的斜率和截距可能会发生变化。而在进行非线性变换时,Pearson线性相关系数的性质会发生较大改变。非线性变换可能会导致变量之间的线性关系变得非线性,从而影响Pearson相关系数的解释能力。因此,在进行非线性变换时,Pearson线性相关系数的特征可能会发生明显的变化。
在二维情况下,Copula函数的参数θ[25]可以通过Kendall秩相关系数与Copula函数C(u1,u2;θ)的关系式求出,即
τ=4 0 1 0 1 C(u1,u2;θ)dC(u1,u2;θ)-1
从式(10)可以得出,若使用式(10)求解Copula函数参数θ,其值只与变量间的相关结构有关,而与变量的边缘分布无关。可以独立地建模变量的相关性和边缘分布,通过Kendall秩相关系数来量化它们之间的关系。
通过对比可以得到,Pearson相关系数只能表征随即参数变量间的线性关系,而节理岩体的参数大多是非线性的,由此可以得出该相关系数无法表征节理岩体倾角和倾向的非线性关系。但是在数学中为了减少Pearson相关系数带来的弊端,提出了秩相关系数τ,本文所应用的Kendall秩相关系数τ能够有力地表征参数间的非线性相关性[9]
AIC准则和BIC准则被广泛应用于最优边缘参数的识别,AIC准则[26]是由日本统计学家Akaike提出的检验统计模型拟合优良性的标准。其计算公式[16]
AIC=-2 i = 1 Nlnf(xi;p,q)+2k1
式(11)中:xi为倾角和倾向两个参数的第i组试验数据,N为样本数目;pq为分布参数;f(xi;p,q)为倾角和倾向的边缘概率密度函数;k1为倾角和倾向的边缘分布函数的参数数目。对于常见的边缘分布类型,如对数正态分布、正态分布等类型,k1=2[16]
文献[27]在AIC准则的基础上提出了BIC准则又称贝叶斯信息准则,与AIC准则相同,用于检验统计模型拟合度。其计算公式[16]
BIC=-2 i = 1 Nlnf(xi;p,q)+k1lnN
因此,当已知随机参数变量的实测数据时,可以通过AIC和BIC准则方法快速有效地确定最优边缘分布类型,如果所有备选边缘分布函数的参数数目相等,则由AIC和BIC准则确定的最优边缘分布相同[16]。在本文研究中选用AIC信息准则来识别参数的最优边缘分布,所求AIC值最小值对应的分布类型为最优边缘分布。
最优Copula函数是指在给定数据集情况下,能够最准确地描述随机变量之间相关性结构的Copula函数。由Copula函数定义可知,Copula函数理论包括不同的Copula函数类型,它们所表征的随机变量间的相关性是不同的,使用不同的Copula函数会有不同的相关结构。因此,在实际研究过程中,仅仅知道节理岩体的实测数据是不够的,关键一步是要选取最佳拟合实测数据互相关结构的Copula函数。AIC准则[26]、BIC准则[27]以及最小平方欧式[28]常用于选择最优Copula函数,各准则计算出的最小值对应的Copula函数为最优Copula函数。本文研究对比分析3种方法下所选取的Copula函数在模拟节理岩体产状的差异性。以下为3种拟合指标的基本介绍。
平方欧氏距离d2[28]是指所构造的理论累积分布函数与经验累积概率分布函数在变量观测值中差值的平方和。平方欧氏距离d2计算公式为
$\begin{aligned} d^{2} & =\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left(d_{i}-\tilde{d}_{i}\right)^{2} \\ & =\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left[C\left(u_{1 i}, u_{2 i}\right)-\tilde{C}\left(u_{1 i}, u_{2 i}\right)\right]^{2} \end{aligned}$
式(13)中:di为理论累积分布函数值; d ~ i为经验累积分布函数值;C(·,·)为二维分布模型的理论累积分布函数; C ~(·,·)为经验累积分布函数。
在实际工程以及研究中,由于考虑到计算成本和操作难度等原因,最小平方欧氏距离d2更多地应用在二维Copula的选择中[29-30]
AIC考虑了模型的拟合程度和复杂度,并通过权衡两者来选择最佳模型。二维情况下的计算公式[26]
AIC=-2 i = 1 NlnD(u1i,u2i,θ)+2k
式(14)中:k为相关参数的个数。
与AIC相似,只是在训练模型时,增加参数基数,即增加模型复杂度,会增大似然函数,但是也会导致过拟合现象。针对该问题,AIC和BIC均引入了与模型参数个数相关的惩罚项,BIC的惩罚项比AIC的大,考虑了样本数量,样本数量过多时,可有效防止模型精度过高造成的模型复杂度过高。二维情况下其计算公式[27]
BIC=-2 i = 1 NlnD(u1i,u2i,θ)+klnN
Copula函数应用基本流程包括:①根据实际研究需要选择研究的随机变量参数;②确定各随机变量的边缘分布;③计算相关系数及显著性检验;④确定各备选Copula函数的参数;⑤Copula函数的拟合度检验与优选;⑥推求联合概率分布和条件概率分布;⑦结合实际问题展开相关后续研究。
(1)节理岩体倾角和倾向的互相关性乃至其他参数间的相关性都可以由多种度量指标度量,只是需要注意的是不同度量指标需要在不同的环境下使用,有些参数间存在上下尾相关性、正负相关性等等,在研究以及工程中常用的度量指标主要有最小平方欧式系数、Spearman秩相关系数、Kendall秩相关系数等等。因此在考虑实际问题时应合理选择度量指标。
(2)在应用Copula函数时,椭圆型Copula函数族和阿基米德Copula函数族是应用频率最高的。椭圆型Copula函数族中的Normal Copula尾部相关性系数为零,t-Copula尾部系数相同。阿基米德Copula函数族中的Clayton Copula、Frank Copula和Gumbel Copula的尾部相关性有所不同。由此可知,不同的Copula函数在分析参数间的依赖结构和尾部相关性方面存在差异。因此,在应用Copula函数计算参数间相关性时需要恰当使用Copula函数,才能更加精确地分析数据间相互相关性。
(3)根据研究发现,已知的Copula函数在描述正负相关性问题上存在较大差异,多数的Copula函数只能表征随机变量间的正互相关性和较弱的负互相关性,不能同时表征随机变量间的正负互相关性。
(1)Copula函数最具优势的方面就是它可以将联合分布函数分成Copula函数结构和变量的边缘分布两个各自独立,互补干扰的独立部分,不受随机变量边缘分布的限制。
(2)由Copula函数理论可以推出,不管是二维还是多维自相关,还是互相关变量,都可以采用Copula函数表征参数间的相关结构,使其可以拓展到多维领域。
(3)对于非线性相关关系问题,Kendall秩相关系数τ可以有效代替用Pearson相关系数ρ来度量非线性相关性问题。
(4)在选择最优边缘分布以及最优Copula函数时,可以采用信息准则,快速有效地实现最优Copula函数的选择。
为分析在不同Copula函数识别准则下各Copula函数模拟结构面产状拟合度的差异性,本文研究基于以上理论分析,以京珠高速公路鄂北某路段岩质边坡参数数据为例,该路段位于大别山南麓,为丘陵地带大地构造上位置上位于大磊山斜背的次级褶皱黑土沟倒转斜背的北翼[31]。贾洪彪等[31]将该路段研究区分为6个不同的结构均匀区,每个区代表一个路段,共布置测线26条,测量结构面3 826条,以第6均质区为例,采用了动态类聚的方法把结构面样本分为5组,得到其优势产状,以第4组结构面产状实测数据为例测数据为例,如表1所示倾角和倾向数据,基于不同的方法进行模拟。图1为倾角和倾向的频率直方图,图2(a)图2(b)为53条倾角与倾向实测数据的极点赤平投影图及其3D图,其互相关系数τ=0.02。
应用MATLAB程序计算出表1中倾角与倾向的AIC值及其均值和方差,具体数据如表2表3所示。
由最小平方欧式值定理与表4可以得出,最小平方欧式值所得到的拟合最好的Copula函数是Gaussian Copula函数,基于表2图1得出倾角和倾向实测数据最优的边缘分布分别为截尾极型I分布和对数正态分布。那么根据计算得到的结果,利用蒙特卡洛模拟产状数据,再通过Dips软件绘制节理产状极点赤平投影图,如图3(a)图3(b)所示即Gaussian Copula函数模拟得到的。
与此类推,基于表5可以得出最小AIC值所得到的拟合最好的Copula函数是t-Copula函数,边缘分布同上,图4(a)图4(b)产状极点赤平投影图是AIC值所得到的拟合最好的Copula函数t-Copula函数模拟得到的。
基于表6可以得出最小BIC所得到的拟合最好的Copula函数是Gumbel Copula函数,边缘分布同上,图5(a)图5(b)产状极点赤平投影图是BIC所得到的拟合最好的Copula函数Gumbel Copula函数模拟得到。
需要说明的是图2~图5中所示颜色越深代表结构面密度越大,裂隙产状越集中,反之,裂隙产状越分散。
倾角和倾向数据通过MATLAB编程生成数据的直方图以及自动化计算其AIC值。表4~表6分别列出了上述5种Copula函数的对应的d2、AIC和BIC值,表2列出了8种不同边缘分布类型的AIC值。如AIC值基本准则可得所选案例的倾角考虑到与实际工程相契合,模拟的参数样本数量应该远多余实测数量,所以在本文的工程案例里设置模拟样本数量为300,但是在模拟过程中会存在不符合要求的目标产状,分析其主要原因可能是数据质量问题,在对产状数据进行动态类聚的工程中产生误差;以及随机性问题,产状模拟方法包含随机性因素,结果可能会有一定的随机波动,如果模拟次数较少或随机性影响较大,也可能导致不符合目标的产状。因此在四舍五入后数量可能不足300。
将3种拟合指标下模拟得到的产状赤平投影图分别与实测数据下的赤平投影图,可以得出Gaussian Copula函数模拟得到的产状数据与实测数据最为吻合,对比t-Copula函数以及Gumbel Copula函数模拟的数据,Gaussian Copula函数模拟的数据更加集中,离散性更小。因此,就本文中案例而言,基于最小平方欧式值得到的Gaussian Copula函数更能合理地表征倾角与倾向间的相关性。
相反,选择不当的拟合指标可能导致选择不准确的Copula函数,从而使模型无法准确地捕捉数据的相关结构和特征;不适当的拟合指标可能导致拟合模型与真实数据之间存在较大的误差,使得模型的预测能力和解释能力下降。
提出了选取最优Copula函数模拟结构面产状的3种拟合指标,并给出了应用Copula函数模拟结构面互相关产状的基本流程,通过工程案例,比较了不同拟合指标所选的Copula函数在模拟结构面产状的有效性,得出如下结论。
(1)最小平方欧式、AIC和BIC信息准则3种拟合指标所选取的最优Copula函数均可以模拟结构面产状,但是Gaussian Copula、t-Copula、Gumbel Copula 3种函数下建立的产状模型对比实测数据的模型可以发现,只有基于最小平方欧氏距离值得到的Gaussian Copula函数拟合的二维联合概率分布函数可以较好地反映岩体结构面产状互相关统计特性,并且与原始产状实测数据对比比较吻合。因此在应用Copula函数分析相关性问题时需要合理选择Copula函数的识别准则,精确表征参数间相关性。在本文研究中采用Dips软件绘制产状赤平投影图,Dips不仅提供了基本的产状赤平绘制功能,还丰富的统计和分析工具,如频数分析、密度等值线分析等,提供高质量的三维和二维的可视化效果图。
(2)若结构面倾角和倾向之间存在负相关时,Copula函数仍可以较好地模拟产状,如上文中的t-Copula函数。而Gaussian Copula、Gumbel Copula这两个Copula函数在描述倾角和倾向相关性上为正相关,因此Copula函数可以有效模拟参数间的正负相关性。
(3)通过本文工程案例可以得出,在不同的拟合指标下对Copula函数模拟产状的效果产生较大影响。不同的拟合指标不仅会对参数边缘分布类型产生影响,同时对Copula函数的选择也产生较大差异,并且在用于AIC或BIC选择边缘分布类型时,其边缘分布同样影响Copula选择。因此在选用Copula函数时,应选择恰当的拟合指标。Copula函数方法可以摆脱传统联合分布模型的限制,不需要随机变量具有相同的边缘分布类型,构造更加灵活。
(4)考虑到应用Copula函数上升二维以上时难以解决复杂的数学问题,因此,本文研究仅考虑了两个参数的互相关性,而节理岩体不连续面还存在迹长、间距等其他参数,它们之间都存在一定的互相关性。Copula函数方法在表征参数间相关性上具有显著优势,如可选类型多、Vine Copula函数能够有效表征高维参数等,因此,基于Copula函数方法模拟结构面几何参数的互相关性还有待深入研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008304-4)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U20A20314)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41472262)
  • 重庆市高校创新研究群体项目(CXQT19021)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金重点项目(cstc2020jcyj-zdxmX0012)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403837
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
  • 修回日期:2025-01-14
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008304-4)
国家自然科学基金(U20A20314)
国家自然科学基金(41472262)
重庆市高校创新研究群体项目(CXQT19021)
重庆市自然科学基金重点项目(cstc2020jcyj-zdxmX0012)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学山区桥梁及隧道工程国家重点实验室, 重庆 400074
    2 重庆交通大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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