Article(id=1149780469065146722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402996, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=1735488000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058625712, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058625712, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058625712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058625712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3969, endPage=3985, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780469237113188, articleId=1149780469065146722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Remediation Technology of Feavy Metal Cd Pollution in Farmland Soil, columnId=1217472627908727643, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Survey·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, the situation of Cd pollution in farmland soil is severe. Cd pollution in farmland will directly or indirectly have adverse effects on soil ecological security, crop growth and human health development. Cd has received extensive attention due to its strong biological toxicity and easy migration and accumulation, and effective management and control of Cd pollution in farmland is urgently needed. At present, the remediation technology of Cd pollution in farmland soil has been gradually developed and enriched, but the summary analysis of the remediation technology is relatively lacking. The characteristics and hazards of farmland soil Cd contamination were analyzed, focusing on the current status and sources of farmland Cd pollution. Based on this analysis, the principles, characteristics, and applicable scopes of remediation technologies for Cd-contaminated farmland soil were summarized. Case studies were used to compare the practical application effects of these remediation technologies. Additionally, the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of various remediation approaches were examined, providing theoretical references for the prevention and remediation of farmland soil Cd pollution and promoting high-quality development of agriculture.

, correspAuthors=Wei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian XIONG, Zeng-rui GU, Dan GE, Meng-yan CHEN, Yue ZHANG, Chao YANG, Qi-chao QU, Wei LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780484063978007, articleId=1149780469065146722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=农田土壤重金属Cd污染修复技术研究进展, columnId=1175113754757972339, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着工农业的迅速发展,农田土壤Cd污染形势严峻。农田Cd污染将直接或间接地对土壤生态安全、农作物生长以及人类健康发展造成不良影响。Cd由于生物毒性强、易迁移蓄积而受到广泛关注,农田Cd污染亟需有效治理与控制。目前,农田土壤Cd污染修复技术逐渐发展和丰富,但针对修复技术的总结性分析相对欠缺。从农田土壤Cd污染的特点与危害出发,分析了农田Cd污染现状及其来源,在此基础上总结了农田土壤Cd污染修复技术的原理、特点及适用范围等,通过案例分析对比了修复技术的实际应用效果,并分析了各种修复技术的优缺点和应用局限性,以期为农田土壤Cd污染的防治与修复、农业高质量发展等提供一定的理论参考和借鉴。

, correspAuthors=李伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李伟(1986—),男,汉族,湖北汉川人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:土壤环境化学。E-mail:
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熊健(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:有机固废资源化利用和环境污染防治。E-mail:

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熊健(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:有机固废资源化利用和环境污染防治。E-mail:

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熊健(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:有机固废资源化利用和环境污染防治。E-mail:

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Journal of Wheat Crops, 2017, 37(12): 1627-1633., articleTitle=Research on the joint remediation of cadmium pollution in farmland by wheat varieties and bio-organic fertilizer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218525127185187156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=12, issue=3, pageStart=904, pageEnd=913, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[105], rfOrder=172, authorNames=李明, 程寒飞, 安忠义, journalName=环境工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李明, 程寒飞, 安忠义, 等. 化学淋洗与生物质炭稳定化联合修复镉污染土壤[J]. 环境工程学报, 2018, 12(3): 904-913., articleTitle=化学淋洗与生物质炭稳定化联合修复镉污染土壤, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218525127243907413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=12, issue=3, pageStart=904, pageEnd=913, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[105], rfOrder=173, authorNames=Li Ming, Cheng Hanfei, An Zhongyi, journalName=Journal of Environmental Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Ming, Cheng Hanfei, An Zhongyi, et al. 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agricultural soils, figureFileSmall=1YuH8743VVWEkJ83ATJWXg==, figureFileBig=0p0p1PGHyEjd/yxatA4DRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525108310819329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=CN, label=图1, caption=农田土壤Cd迁移图示, figureFileSmall=1YuH8743VVWEkJ83ATJWXg==, figureFileBig=0p0p1PGHyEjd/yxatA4DRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525108491174422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Remediation technology of Cd pollution in agricultural soil, figureFileSmall=YP1+EZaSI2RZJPSCHRAmCQ==, figureFileBig=wzCwolCcmZT+AxXJesDLfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525108612809249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=CN, label=图2, caption=农田土壤Cd污染修复技术, figureFileSmall=YP1+EZaSI2RZJPSCHRAmCQ==, figureFileBig=wzCwolCcmZT+AxXJesDLfg==, tableContent=null), 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Comparison of physical remediation techniques for Cd contamination of agricultural soils

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修复技术 技术原理 适用条件 特点 局限性 修复案例 案例参考文献
翻土 将污染土壤进行上下翻动并进行混匀,使其表层土壤中Cd浓度降低,同时添加肥料补充深翻后所减少的土壤养分 适用于小范围土层厚的轻度Cd污染土壤 可操作性强、修复速度快、经济、有助于缓解轻度Cd污染问题 治标不治本,不能有效修复Cd污染;易影响土壤肥力保持和土壤生物群落稳定性;可能造成二次污染,需长期关注土壤修复情况 20世纪90年代中国台湾桃园地区采用翻土法进行土壤Cd污染治理,将0~40 cm的表层和里层土壤混合均匀,处理后的土壤Cd含量下降至原来的1/3 [47]
客土 采用外取的无污染的土壤覆盖于耕层污染土壤上方,从而降低原来的Cd污染程度 适用于Cd污染相对较轻的土壤、方便取土的地区 修复速度快、成本低、易操作、治理效果良好 需进行土壤养分补给、满足耕地质量要求;不宜修复大面积污染土壤;处理不佳可能造成二次危害 1980年,日本对神通川流域646 hm2的Cd污染土壤采用填埋和客土的方法修复,治理后的土壤Cd浓度为0.07~0.18 mg/kg,使污染区域43%的土壤得到有效治理 [48]
填埋 将受污染土壤作为一般固体废物对待,采取卫生填埋方式使其中污染物与外界隔离 适用于小范围Cd污染严重的土壤 处理速度快、技术相对成熟、修复效果良好 机械工作量大、费时费力、成本较高;按一般固废处理,操作繁琐,可能引发二次污染,需长期监测、评估与管理
电动修复 向受污染土壤中置入直流电极,在电场作用下使土壤中的镉离子向两极发生定向移动并集中于两极,后期通过沉淀/吸附等反应去除土壤Cd 适用于小范围、Cd含量较高的土壤,如淤泥土、黏土等 操作方便、修复效率高、时间短、相对经济、可原位修复、可治理重金属复合污染 修复效果受土壤环境条件制约;修复过程容易导致农田土壤营养成分流失、肥力下降、功能受损 对重金属污染农田土壤进行电动修复,研究表明修复后土壤Cd的去除率达78.7% [49]
热处理
技术
利用蒸汽、微波、红外辐射等方式直接或间接地加热污染土壤,使Cd从土壤中挥发出来并收集处理 适用于修复工程量较大的Cd污染土壤,并且土壤中其他污染物种类及其含量较少 修复速度快、高效、能耗大、技术较为成熟 技术费用高、仪器昂贵;挥发成分收集及其无害化处理较为复杂、操作繁琐;高温处理易导致土壤有机质分解、易挥发性养分散失,具有潜在的二次污染风险 分别在200、400、600 ℃温度下处理土壤15 min,分析热处理对土壤Cd赋存形态的影响和生物可给性变化,结果表明热处理后Cd酸可提取态减少且残渣态增加,有利于土壤Cd的稳定,生物可给性降低 [50]
玻璃化
技术
在高温高压条件下熔化镉污染土壤中含有的矿物质,待其冷却后形成玻璃体并实现Cd固定于其中而去除 适用于Cd污染程度高、污染面积小的场地 修复效率高、可实现Cd长久固定、稳定性高、能耗大 技术成本高;土壤结构和功能易受到影响;处理后的土壤较难满足耕地质量需求,技术水平有待提高 在微波-辅助Fe/ATP体系中,土壤中Cd的稳定率达到80%,部分Fe/ATP表面稳定的Cd在微波辐照下可转化为铁氧体或包裹于玻璃化过程中 [51]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525109355201135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

农田土壤Cd污染的物理修复技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修复技术 技术原理 适用条件 特点 局限性 修复案例 案例参考文献
翻土 将污染土壤进行上下翻动并进行混匀,使其表层土壤中Cd浓度降低,同时添加肥料补充深翻后所减少的土壤养分 适用于小范围土层厚的轻度Cd污染土壤 可操作性强、修复速度快、经济、有助于缓解轻度Cd污染问题 治标不治本,不能有效修复Cd污染;易影响土壤肥力保持和土壤生物群落稳定性;可能造成二次污染,需长期关注土壤修复情况 20世纪90年代中国台湾桃园地区采用翻土法进行土壤Cd污染治理,将0~40 cm的表层和里层土壤混合均匀,处理后的土壤Cd含量下降至原来的1/3 [47]
客土 采用外取的无污染的土壤覆盖于耕层污染土壤上方,从而降低原来的Cd污染程度 适用于Cd污染相对较轻的土壤、方便取土的地区 修复速度快、成本低、易操作、治理效果良好 需进行土壤养分补给、满足耕地质量要求;不宜修复大面积污染土壤;处理不佳可能造成二次危害 1980年,日本对神通川流域646 hm2的Cd污染土壤采用填埋和客土的方法修复,治理后的土壤Cd浓度为0.07~0.18 mg/kg,使污染区域43%的土壤得到有效治理 [48]
填埋 将受污染土壤作为一般固体废物对待,采取卫生填埋方式使其中污染物与外界隔离 适用于小范围Cd污染严重的土壤 处理速度快、技术相对成熟、修复效果良好 机械工作量大、费时费力、成本较高;按一般固废处理,操作繁琐,可能引发二次污染,需长期监测、评估与管理
电动修复 向受污染土壤中置入直流电极,在电场作用下使土壤中的镉离子向两极发生定向移动并集中于两极,后期通过沉淀/吸附等反应去除土壤Cd 适用于小范围、Cd含量较高的土壤,如淤泥土、黏土等 操作方便、修复效率高、时间短、相对经济、可原位修复、可治理重金属复合污染 修复效果受土壤环境条件制约;修复过程容易导致农田土壤营养成分流失、肥力下降、功能受损 对重金属污染农田土壤进行电动修复,研究表明修复后土壤Cd的去除率达78.7% [49]
热处理
技术
利用蒸汽、微波、红外辐射等方式直接或间接地加热污染土壤,使Cd从土壤中挥发出来并收集处理 适用于修复工程量较大的Cd污染土壤,并且土壤中其他污染物种类及其含量较少 修复速度快、高效、能耗大、技术较为成熟 技术费用高、仪器昂贵;挥发成分收集及其无害化处理较为复杂、操作繁琐;高温处理易导致土壤有机质分解、易挥发性养分散失,具有潜在的二次污染风险 分别在200、400、600 ℃温度下处理土壤15 min,分析热处理对土壤Cd赋存形态的影响和生物可给性变化,结果表明热处理后Cd酸可提取态减少且残渣态增加,有利于土壤Cd的稳定,生物可给性降低 [50]
玻璃化
技术
在高温高压条件下熔化镉污染土壤中含有的矿物质,待其冷却后形成玻璃体并实现Cd固定于其中而去除 适用于Cd污染程度高、污染面积小的场地 修复效率高、可实现Cd长久固定、稳定性高、能耗大 技术成本高;土壤结构和功能易受到影响;处理后的土壤较难满足耕地质量需求,技术水平有待提高 在微波-辅助Fe/ATP体系中,土壤中Cd的稳定率达到80%,部分Fe/ATP表面稳定的Cd在微波辐照下可转化为铁氧体或包裹于玻璃化过程中 [51]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525109485224575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of chemical remediation technologies for Cd contaminated soil in farmland

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修复技术 适用条件 特点 局限性 修复案例 案例参考文献
固化/稳定化 适用于大面积中轻度Cd污染农田土壤修复 可原位修复、修复成本低、修复效率高、容易操作、可靠性强、稳定性高、对土壤结构和质量影响小、二次污染小、技术成熟 不能从根本上将Cd由土壤中去除;修复Cd效果受到土壤水分、pH等因素限制,Cd可能随环境因子变化而被再度活化;增加土壤体积 向重金属污染农田土壤中施加海泡石和生物炭,发现海泡石显著提高了pH,降低了土壤可交换态Cd含量,增加了玉米地上部分的生物量,使玉米植株和籽粒的Cd含量降低了25.6%~47.5%;生物炭提高了土壤中速效养分含量,使玉米茎秆和籽粒中Cd含量分别降低了26.7%和24.6%;海泡石和生物炭均能降低玉米植株和籽粒中Cd的含量和转移系数,适用于Cd污染农田的固定化修复 [53]
化学钝化 适用于大面积Cd污染农田土壤修复 生态环保、修复快速、操作简便、高效经济、安全可靠、实用性强、发展前景广阔 不改变土壤中Cd的总量;对Cd的钝化效果受土壤环境变化影响;对Cd的持久钝化效果需长期监测与环境风险评估 钝化剂可以提高稻田土壤的pH,并改变土壤镉的赋存形态。各处理土壤可交换态镉含量较对照下降4.6%~44.8%,残渣态镉的比例呈现上升趋势;钝化效果较好的是生石灰、羊粪有机肥和猪粪有机肥处理 [54]
土壤淋洗 适用于小面积Cd污染农田土壤修复 见效快、可操作性强、修复相对彻底、修复速度快、经济效益高 使用的淋洗液可能引发地下水、土壤的二次污染,生态效益低;影响土壤结构、养分保持和理化性质,致使耕地质量降低 利用EDTA作为淋洗剂,进行重金属污染农田土壤的淋洗修复,实验室规模柱式淋溶试验表明土壤Cd含量下降90%,而中试规模的田间淋溶试验表明土壤中的Cd含量下降80%;经过淋洗处理的土壤陈化1年后,第一季小白菜生长受到抑制,但第二季小白菜生长良好并且可食用部分Cd浓度未超标 [55]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525109611053706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

农田Cd污染土壤化学修复技术比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修复技术 适用条件 特点 局限性 修复案例 案例参考文献
固化/稳定化 适用于大面积中轻度Cd污染农田土壤修复 可原位修复、修复成本低、修复效率高、容易操作、可靠性强、稳定性高、对土壤结构和质量影响小、二次污染小、技术成熟 不能从根本上将Cd由土壤中去除;修复Cd效果受到土壤水分、pH等因素限制,Cd可能随环境因子变化而被再度活化;增加土壤体积 向重金属污染农田土壤中施加海泡石和生物炭,发现海泡石显著提高了pH,降低了土壤可交换态Cd含量,增加了玉米地上部分的生物量,使玉米植株和籽粒的Cd含量降低了25.6%~47.5%;生物炭提高了土壤中速效养分含量,使玉米茎秆和籽粒中Cd含量分别降低了26.7%和24.6%;海泡石和生物炭均能降低玉米植株和籽粒中Cd的含量和转移系数,适用于Cd污染农田的固定化修复 [53]
化学钝化 适用于大面积Cd污染农田土壤修复 生态环保、修复快速、操作简便、高效经济、安全可靠、实用性强、发展前景广阔 不改变土壤中Cd的总量;对Cd的钝化效果受土壤环境变化影响;对Cd的持久钝化效果需长期监测与环境风险评估 钝化剂可以提高稻田土壤的pH,并改变土壤镉的赋存形态。各处理土壤可交换态镉含量较对照下降4.6%~44.8%,残渣态镉的比例呈现上升趋势;钝化效果较好的是生石灰、羊粪有机肥和猪粪有机肥处理 [54]
土壤淋洗 适用于小面积Cd污染农田土壤修复 见效快、可操作性强、修复相对彻底、修复速度快、经济效益高 使用的淋洗液可能引发地下水、土壤的二次污染,生态效益低;影响土壤结构、养分保持和理化性质,致使耕地质量降低 利用EDTA作为淋洗剂,进行重金属污染农田土壤的淋洗修复,实验室规模柱式淋溶试验表明土壤Cd含量下降90%,而中试规模的田间淋溶试验表明土壤中的Cd含量下降80%;经过淋洗处理的土壤陈化1年后,第一季小白菜生长受到抑制,但第二季小白菜生长良好并且可食用部分Cd浓度未超标 [55]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525109715911318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effectiveness of different curing/stabilizing agents for remediation of Cd pollution in agricultural soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固化/稳定化剂 修复对象 修复效果 参考文献
石灰、生物炭 酸性农田土壤Cd,玉米植株 石灰、生物炭单施和配施均能显著降低土壤有效态Cd和玉米植株Cd含量,同时增加玉米生物量、养分含量和产量;研究表明石灰和生物炭配施效果最佳,其中4 500 kg/hm石灰和45 000 kg/hm生物炭配施处理效果最好 [62]
海泡石、钙基膨润土、钠基膨润土、汉白玉和石灰 水稻土壤Cd,小白菜植株 添加几种矿物材料后的土壤pH提高0.1~0.7个单位,有效态Cd含量降低9.19%~18.92%;小白菜地上部和根部Cd含量随材料投加量增加而降低,分别降低16.03%~42.95%和20.69%~50.34%,其中海泡石、钠基膨润土和石灰的降低效果更好 [63]
巯基修饰海泡石 农田土壤Cd和Pb,油菜植株 油菜可食部分Cd含量降低至0.07 mg/kg,Pb含量降低至0.66 mg/kg [64]
改性椰壳炭 某受污染土壤 改性椰壳炭可显著提高土壤镉、铅的稳定性,当用量>20 g/kg时,钝化培养12周,土壤中镉、铅以残渣态为主;钝化培养15~18周,土壤镉、铅有效态含量均低于安全阈值,且种植蔬菜未检测到重金属超标,不存在生态风险。 [65]
铁基改性生物炭 某农田土壤Cd 施加1%的铁基生物炭,土壤有效Cd的降低率为52.16%;持续3年向大田施用1%添加量的生物炭,对土壤有效Cd降低率始终保持在45%以上 [66]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525109829157539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同固化/稳定化剂修复农田土壤Cd污染效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
固化/稳定化剂 修复对象 修复效果 参考文献
石灰、生物炭 酸性农田土壤Cd,玉米植株 石灰、生物炭单施和配施均能显著降低土壤有效态Cd和玉米植株Cd含量,同时增加玉米生物量、养分含量和产量;研究表明石灰和生物炭配施效果最佳,其中4 500 kg/hm石灰和45 000 kg/hm生物炭配施处理效果最好 [62]
海泡石、钙基膨润土、钠基膨润土、汉白玉和石灰 水稻土壤Cd,小白菜植株 添加几种矿物材料后的土壤pH提高0.1~0.7个单位,有效态Cd含量降低9.19%~18.92%;小白菜地上部和根部Cd含量随材料投加量增加而降低,分别降低16.03%~42.95%和20.69%~50.34%,其中海泡石、钠基膨润土和石灰的降低效果更好 [63]
巯基修饰海泡石 农田土壤Cd和Pb,油菜植株 油菜可食部分Cd含量降低至0.07 mg/kg,Pb含量降低至0.66 mg/kg [64]
改性椰壳炭 某受污染土壤 改性椰壳炭可显著提高土壤镉、铅的稳定性,当用量>20 g/kg时,钝化培养12周,土壤中镉、铅以残渣态为主;钝化培养15~18周,土壤镉、铅有效态含量均低于安全阈值,且种植蔬菜未检测到重金属超标,不存在生态风险。 [65]
铁基改性生物炭 某农田土壤Cd 施加1%的铁基生物炭,土壤有效Cd的降低率为52.16%;持续3年向大田施用1%添加量的生物炭,对土壤有效Cd降低率始终保持在45%以上 [66]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525109971763888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of soil bioremediation technologies in Cd-contaminated farmland

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修复技术 适用条件 特点 局限性 修复案例 参考文献
植物修复 适用于中低程度Cd污染农田土壤修复 经济效益高、清洁环保、效果良好、可原位修复、安全可靠、可富集回收重金属、可推广性强、技术应用广泛 修复时间长、见效慢;需定期回收植株,工作烦琐 以Cd污染农田为研究对象开展象草的田间种植实验并通过施加酒石酸强化植物修复效果,研究表明施加酒石酸可以提高象草茎和叶的Cd含量,且在低剂量酒石酸处理下植物Cd提取量最大;在酒石酸施用浓度为1.25 mmol/kg时有助于提升象草植物修复土壤Cd的效果 [83]
动物修复 适用于中低程度Cd污染农田并可满足修复动物活动的土壤修复 修复效益高、修复成本低、技术发展成熟、可原位修复、不影响土壤结构、有助于改善土壤质量、无污染 修复时间长、见效慢、修复效果有限、修复效果受土壤环境因素影响 蚯蚓对Cd的生物富集因子(bioconcentration factor,BCF)为5.64~15.52;蚯蚓的添加使Cd的总提取量提高了29.01%;单独添加蚯蚓可有效提高籼稻对Cd污染土壤的修复潜力 [84]
微生物修复 适用于大面积、不同程度Cd污染农田土壤修复 环境友好、修复成本低、修复效果好、适应性强、操作简单、安全性高 修复周期相对较长;受土壤环境pH、温度等条件影响大,宜采取保护措施或联合修复技术 研究了沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudanonas palustris)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)联合作用对修复农田土壤重金属镉污染盆栽种植小白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis Makino)的效果,结果表明沼泽红假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌单独作用以及联合作用均能使农田土壤Cd固定态含量增加,降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性,并且联合菌处理组Cd的生物有效性降低最显著,为32.70%;均显著降低了小白菜根、茎中的Cd含量,联合菌处理组小白菜根、茎中Cd的去除率分别达到58.06%~71.37%和73.66%~76.70% [85]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525110085010108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Cd污染农田土壤生物修复技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
修复技术 适用条件 特点 局限性 修复案例 参考文献
植物修复 适用于中低程度Cd污染农田土壤修复 经济效益高、清洁环保、效果良好、可原位修复、安全可靠、可富集回收重金属、可推广性强、技术应用广泛 修复时间长、见效慢;需定期回收植株,工作烦琐 以Cd污染农田为研究对象开展象草的田间种植实验并通过施加酒石酸强化植物修复效果,研究表明施加酒石酸可以提高象草茎和叶的Cd含量,且在低剂量酒石酸处理下植物Cd提取量最大;在酒石酸施用浓度为1.25 mmol/kg时有助于提升象草植物修复土壤Cd的效果 [83]
动物修复 适用于中低程度Cd污染农田并可满足修复动物活动的土壤修复 修复效益高、修复成本低、技术发展成熟、可原位修复、不影响土壤结构、有助于改善土壤质量、无污染 修复时间长、见效慢、修复效果有限、修复效果受土壤环境因素影响 蚯蚓对Cd的生物富集因子(bioconcentration factor,BCF)为5.64~15.52;蚯蚓的添加使Cd的总提取量提高了29.01%;单独添加蚯蚓可有效提高籼稻对Cd污染土壤的修复潜力 [84]
微生物修复 适用于大面积、不同程度Cd污染农田土壤修复 环境友好、修复成本低、修复效果好、适应性强、操作简单、安全性高 修复周期相对较长;受土壤环境pH、温度等条件影响大,宜采取保护措施或联合修复技术 研究了沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudanonas palustris)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)联合作用对修复农田土壤重金属镉污染盆栽种植小白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp.chinensis Makino)的效果,结果表明沼泽红假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌单独作用以及联合作用均能使农田土壤Cd固定态含量增加,降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性,并且联合菌处理组Cd的生物有效性降低最显著,为32.70%;均显著降低了小白菜根、茎中的Cd含量,联合菌处理组小白菜根、茎中Cd的去除率分别达到58.06%~71.37%和73.66%~76.70% [85]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525110231810762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cases of joint remediation of Cd pollution in farmland soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型 修复材料 修复效果 参考文献
化学修复、植物修复、微生物修复 生物炭,植物生长促进菌(PGPR),香根草(Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) 整个修复系统中超富集植物Cd含量较CK组显著提高了412.35%,植物鲜重和干重分别提高了227.27%和178.33%;修复系统显著提高了土壤酸可提取态Cd含量 [96]
植物修复、微生物修复 摩西球囊霉菌(GM),野生龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.) 与CK处理相比,GM处理后龙葵的根、茎、叶生物量显著增加35.67%、41.35%和65.38%,提高了龙葵各部位的Cd含量,其中龙葵茎和叶Cd累积量显著提高47.51%和89.58%,GM提高了龙葵对农田土壤Cd的富集能力 [97]
化学修复、植物修复 水稻秸秆生物炭,超富集植物 水稻秸秆生物炭施加比例为1%时能够显著提高植物对Cd的富集作用,且与黑龙葵联合时对农田土壤Cd的修复效果最佳,对Cd的富集量比黑龙葵单施提高了26.74%,修复后复种作物Cd含量也显著降低 [98]
植物修复、动物修复 吊兰,蚯蚓 在50 mg/kg Cd胁迫条件下,吊兰-蚯蚓联合组修复土壤Cd的效率达到27.8%,与CK组相比显著降低了Cd含量,优于吊兰组修复效率(24.2%)和蚯蚓组修复效率(13.8%) [99]
植物修复、微生物修复 植物生长促进菌(PGPB),巨菌草(Pennisetum giganteum) 将3种菌株Enterobacter cloacae RCB980 (A3),Klebsiella pneumonia kpa(A4)和Klebsiella sp XT-2 (A7)与Pennisetum giganteum植物联合修复Cd污染土壤,结果表明土壤Cd浓度为25、50 mg/kg的细菌菌株根冠生物蓄积(BAF)值均在1.0以上,而易位因子(translocation factor,TF)值仅在25 mg/kg Cd浓度下大于1.0;与单株菌株相比,三菌株联合体的应用显著提高了植物修复Cd的能力和效率 [100]
植物修复、化学修复 Bidens pilosa L. (B.pilosa)为受试植物,两种粒径的玉米秸秆生物炭和小麦秸秆生物炭 施用5%小麦秸秆细粒生物炭、小麦秸秆粗粒生物炭、玉米秸秆细粒生物炭和玉米秸秆粗粒生物炭分别使B.pilosa的Cd总积累量增加到251.57%、217.41%、321.64%和349.66%。生物炭改良剂通过改善土壤物理性质、养分水平(速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质)和微生物活性,并改变养分,促进了植物的生长和增加了Cd的积累。细颗粒在增加B.pilosa地上生物量、有机质和土壤微生物活性方面优于粗颗粒。结果表明,秸秆生物炭与超富集植物的组合具有协同增效作用 [101]
土壤淋洗、植物修复 EDTA、柠檬酸、盐酸、醋酸,油葵 土壤Cd浓度分别为20 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,盆栽种植油葵对Cd的去除率分别为25%和65%;在此基础上采用0.04 mol/L的EDTA和0.05 mol/L的EDTA进行淋洗,对土壤中剩余Cd的去除率分别达到83.33%和91.67%;而采用0.04 mol/L的EDTA+柠檬酸与0.05 mol/L的EDTA+盐酸复合淋洗剂对土壤Cd的净化效率最佳,分别为95.92%和92.7% [102]
), ArticleFig(id=1218525110349251284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780469065146722, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

农田土壤Cd污染联合修复案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类型 修复材料 修复效果 参考文献
化学修复、植物修复、微生物修复 生物炭,植物生长促进菌(PGPR),香根草(Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) 整个修复系统中超富集植物Cd含量较CK组显著提高了412.35%,植物鲜重和干重分别提高了227.27%和178.33%;修复系统显著提高了土壤酸可提取态Cd含量 [96]
植物修复、微生物修复 摩西球囊霉菌(GM),野生龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.) 与CK处理相比,GM处理后龙葵的根、茎、叶生物量显著增加35.67%、41.35%和65.38%,提高了龙葵各部位的Cd含量,其中龙葵茎和叶Cd累积量显著提高47.51%和89.58%,GM提高了龙葵对农田土壤Cd的富集能力 [97]
化学修复、植物修复 水稻秸秆生物炭,超富集植物 水稻秸秆生物炭施加比例为1%时能够显著提高植物对Cd的富集作用,且与黑龙葵联合时对农田土壤Cd的修复效果最佳,对Cd的富集量比黑龙葵单施提高了26.74%,修复后复种作物Cd含量也显著降低 [98]
植物修复、动物修复 吊兰,蚯蚓 在50 mg/kg Cd胁迫条件下,吊兰-蚯蚓联合组修复土壤Cd的效率达到27.8%,与CK组相比显著降低了Cd含量,优于吊兰组修复效率(24.2%)和蚯蚓组修复效率(13.8%) [99]
植物修复、微生物修复 植物生长促进菌(PGPB),巨菌草(Pennisetum giganteum) 将3种菌株Enterobacter cloacae RCB980 (A3),Klebsiella pneumonia kpa(A4)和Klebsiella sp XT-2 (A7)与Pennisetum giganteum植物联合修复Cd污染土壤,结果表明土壤Cd浓度为25、50 mg/kg的细菌菌株根冠生物蓄积(BAF)值均在1.0以上,而易位因子(translocation factor,TF)值仅在25 mg/kg Cd浓度下大于1.0;与单株菌株相比,三菌株联合体的应用显著提高了植物修复Cd的能力和效率 [100]
植物修复、化学修复 Bidens pilosa L. (B.pilosa)为受试植物,两种粒径的玉米秸秆生物炭和小麦秸秆生物炭 施用5%小麦秸秆细粒生物炭、小麦秸秆粗粒生物炭、玉米秸秆细粒生物炭和玉米秸秆粗粒生物炭分别使B.pilosa的Cd总积累量增加到251.57%、217.41%、321.64%和349.66%。生物炭改良剂通过改善土壤物理性质、养分水平(速效氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质)和微生物活性,并改变养分,促进了植物的生长和增加了Cd的积累。细颗粒在增加B.pilosa地上生物量、有机质和土壤微生物活性方面优于粗颗粒。结果表明,秸秆生物炭与超富集植物的组合具有协同增效作用 [101]
土壤淋洗、植物修复 EDTA、柠檬酸、盐酸、醋酸,油葵 土壤Cd浓度分别为20 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,盆栽种植油葵对Cd的去除率分别为25%和65%;在此基础上采用0.04 mol/L的EDTA和0.05 mol/L的EDTA进行淋洗,对土壤中剩余Cd的去除率分别达到83.33%和91.67%;而采用0.04 mol/L的EDTA+柠檬酸与0.05 mol/L的EDTA+盐酸复合淋洗剂对土壤Cd的净化效率最佳,分别为95.92%和92.7% [102]
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农田土壤重金属Cd污染修复技术研究进展
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熊健 1 , 古增瑞 1 , 格旦 2 , 陈孟焱 1 , 张越 1 , 杨超 1 , 屈启超 1 , 李伟 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 综述·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(10): 3969-3985
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(10): 3969-3985
农田土壤重金属Cd污染修复技术研究进展
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熊健1 , 古增瑞1, 格旦2, 陈孟焱1, 张越1, 杨超1, 屈启超1, 李伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1 西藏大学生态环境学院, 拉萨 850000
  • 2 西藏泽邦环境工程咨询有限公司, 日喀则 857000
  • 熊健(1987—),女,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:有机固废资源化利用和环境污染防治。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李伟(1986—),男,汉族,湖北汉川人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:土壤环境化学。E-mail:
Research Progress on Remediation Technology of Feavy Metal Cd Pollution in Farmland Soil
Jian XIONG1 , Zeng-rui GU1, Dan GE2, Meng-yan CHEN1, Yue ZHANG1, Chao YANG1, Qi-chao QU1, Wei LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Eco-Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
  • 2 Tibet Zebang Environmental Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Shigatse 857000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402996
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随着工农业的迅速发展,农田土壤Cd污染形势严峻。农田Cd污染将直接或间接地对土壤生态安全、农作物生长以及人类健康发展造成不良影响。Cd由于生物毒性强、易迁移蓄积而受到广泛关注,农田Cd污染亟需有效治理与控制。目前,农田土壤Cd污染修复技术逐渐发展和丰富,但针对修复技术的总结性分析相对欠缺。从农田土壤Cd污染的特点与危害出发,分析了农田Cd污染现状及其来源,在此基础上总结了农田土壤Cd污染修复技术的原理、特点及适用范围等,通过案例分析对比了修复技术的实际应用效果,并分析了各种修复技术的优缺点和应用局限性,以期为农田土壤Cd污染的防治与修复、农业高质量发展等提供一定的理论参考和借鉴。

农田土壤  /  重金属  /  Cd污染  /  防治  /  修复技术

With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, the situation of Cd pollution in farmland soil is severe. Cd pollution in farmland will directly or indirectly have adverse effects on soil ecological security, crop growth and human health development. Cd has received extensive attention due to its strong biological toxicity and easy migration and accumulation, and effective management and control of Cd pollution in farmland is urgently needed. At present, the remediation technology of Cd pollution in farmland soil has been gradually developed and enriched, but the summary analysis of the remediation technology is relatively lacking. The characteristics and hazards of farmland soil Cd contamination were analyzed, focusing on the current status and sources of farmland Cd pollution. Based on this analysis, the principles, characteristics, and applicable scopes of remediation technologies for Cd-contaminated farmland soil were summarized. Case studies were used to compare the practical application effects of these remediation technologies. Additionally, the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of various remediation approaches were examined, providing theoretical references for the prevention and remediation of farmland soil Cd pollution and promoting high-quality development of agriculture.

agricultural soil  /  heavy metal  /  Cd pollution  /  prevention  /  remediation technology
熊健, 古增瑞, 格旦, 陈孟焱, 张越, 杨超, 屈启超, 李伟. 农田土壤重金属Cd污染修复技术研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 3969 -3985 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402996
Jian XIONG, Zeng-rui GU, Dan GE, Meng-yan CHEN, Yue ZHANG, Chao YANG, Qi-chao QU, Wei LI. Research Progress on Remediation Technology of Feavy Metal Cd Pollution in Farmland Soil[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 3969 -3985 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402996
随着工农业发展和城镇化进程的加快,各类化学农药、肥料制品的使用以及“三废”排放有所增加,其中含有的含镉(Cd)化学废物若处理不当而流入农田,则易对农田土壤、地下水、大气等生态环境产生环境风险。与其他重金属相比,Cd的生物活性高、迁移能力强且更易被植物根系吸收[1]。Cd一旦进入农田土壤,难以被生物降解而进入农作物体内,并能通过食物链对人体、动物体产生极大危害[2]。Cd在土壤中积累到一定程度时会通过生物富集作用对大多数植物和其他生物产生毒害,严重干扰植物的生长发育过程,而且相较于其他重金属很容易富集于农作物籽粒中[3]
农田土壤Cd污染具有隐蔽性、潜伏性、累积性和长期性等特点[4]。根据《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》[5],中国西南、中南地区土壤重金属超标范围较大,其中土壤Cd的点位超标率为7%,高于其他重金属污染物,而且Cd是耕地土壤的主要无机污染物。研究表明,中国Cd污染农田范围较广且主要为轻中度污染,整体上呈现“东高西低、南高北低”的分布特点[6]。农田Cd污染不但会对土壤生态结构和功能造成影响,制约作物生长,致使农产品质量下降,而且能通过食物链危害生态安全和人类健康,最终导致严重的污染后果。值得注意的是,相比其他重金属,Cd极易在水稻中蓄积且拥有极强的生物毒性,若长时间食用Cd污染稻米或其他农产品将会对人体健康造成极大威胁[7],而且Cd及其化合物更是被国际癌症研究机构列为人类第Ⅰ类致癌物。此外,据相关报道,中国约有2×107 hm2的耕地受到Cd、Pb等重金属的污染,全国因重金属污染而造成的粮食减产达到10×108 t/a[8]。可见,农田土壤Cd污染已是威胁农作物生长发育、影响粮食安全和农业生态平衡的主要环境问题。农田Cd污染的有效防治和修复关乎国计民生,具有十分重要的现实意义。
近年来,针对农田土壤Cd污染的修复技术不断发展和完善。农田Cd污染修复技术按照技术原理可分为物理修复、化学修复、生物修复及联合修复等,各种修复技术在治理效率、可行性、适用性等方面各有优劣。运用多种修复技术相互结合实施修复是Cd污染农田土壤环境修复的发展趋势,而如何采取环境友好、安全可靠、科学合理、经济高效的修复技术进行农田土壤重金属Cd污染的修复和治理已成为当前社会各界人士研究的热点,这对于推进生态文明建设和农业可持续发展具有非常重要的意义。目前已有许多研究运用不同的修复技术对Cd污染农田土壤进行环境治理与修复,但基于农田Cd污染修复技术的分析与总结相对较少。
因此,现从农田土壤Cd污染的现状、来源、危害及其特点等方面阐述进行农田土壤Cd污染治理和修复的必要性和紧迫性,在前人研究的基础上系统分析并对比当前农田土壤Cd污染修复技术的原理、特点、适用条件、局限性以及实际应用效果等,提出农田Cd污染修复技术未来可能的发展方向,以期为农田土壤Cd污染的修复和防治提供一定的借鉴经验和理论基础。
作为一种常见重金属,Cd在土壤中具有难降解、不可逆、毒性强以及不断累积等特点。Cd的生物毒性在众多重金属中是最强的,并且是活性最大的,即使在弱酸性(pH<6.5)土壤中[9]。与其他元素相比,Cd具有很强的从土壤中迁移到植物体内的能力[10],并且移动性相对其他重金属元素较强[11],更易被作物吸收、富集,并通过食物链等途径对人体健康构成威胁[12]。Cd进入农田土壤会被农作物根系等部位吸收并在植物体内富集,其生物有效态含量会相应增加,当蓄积到一定程度后就会影响作物的生长发育,并通过食物链的逐级生物富集作用最终被人类摄入,危害人体健康。土壤重金属在人体富集,可能诱发多种病症[13]。Cd在人体内累积到一定程度后将会对肾小管等产生危害,出现肾小管功能障碍和骨病等疾病[6]。人若长期暴露于含Cd灰尘或者气溶胶的环境中,将会对人体免疫系统、心脑血管系统等产生危害,可引起肺癌、皮肤癌等疾病[14]。有效防治农田土壤Cd污染是降低其环境危害和风险、保障人体健康的关键,进行农田Cd污染防治和修复十分必要。
此外,农田土壤重金属的赋存形态在一定程度上能够体现其毒性大小和危害程度,也是选择合适的修复方法的重要参考。Tessier五步提取法将土壤Cd的赋存形态可分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态[15]。其中,可交换态Cd易被植物吸收,造成的生物毒性强;而残渣态Cd最为稳定,最难被生物所利用。Cd具有较高的土壤-植物移动性,其在农田土壤-植物体系中的迁移如图1所示。农田土壤中Cd的赋存形态能够反映其毒害作用程度,并且不同形态的Cd具有不同的迁移性、生物有效性及环境效应。因此,修复农田土壤Cd污染需要关注土壤中Cd的赋存形态以及土壤的实际环境条件(pH、CEC、Eh等),不断开展农田土壤Cd污染的监测和防治。
随着城市化和工业化的加快,Cd在农田土壤中不断地积累,部分地区土壤Cd污染形势严峻[16]。《2021年中国生态环境状况公报》[17]指出,影响农用地土壤环境质量的主要污染物是重金属,其中镉为首要污染物。陈文轩等[18]基于2002年来中国各行政区农田土壤重金属实测数据,利用ArcGIS 10.2软件将预处理后的全国各地区土壤重金属含量数据进行分析处理,得到中国农田土壤Cd的空间插值图和各行政区农田土壤Cd超出当地背景值的倍率,发现Cd在甘肃中部、新疆和江苏北部、云南、广西与贵州三省交界、河南与湖北交界、安徽与江西交界以及湖南等地区出现高值,表明这些地区可能存在明显的Cd污染源;各行政区Cd含量远远高于当地农田土壤背景值,其中福建和海南的土壤Cd超出当地背景值的4倍以上。Niu等[19]调查了中国大陆农田土壤中的11种金属,其中发现Cd浓度为0.082~1.31 mg/kg,高于参考标准。有研究人员针对某一区域进行了农田土壤重金属含量的调查,其中发现Cd含量存在超标现象。何凤芹等[20]对珠江三角洲地区某市典型农田土壤重金属污染状况进行调查,测定As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等元素的含量,结果表明监测的133个农田土壤重金属超标率为12.8%,其中7个样品的Cd含量超标。唐莹影等[21]发现广西某铅锌矿区附近村庄土壤中Cd的超标率达到46.43%,研究区内中-重度污染区域占比超过70%,其中Cd、Zn和Pb是主要污染因子。由此可见,重金属Cd是影响农田土壤生态环境的主要污染物,控制农田土壤Cd污染刻不容缓。
重金属作为典型的无机污染物,不能被生物所降解[22],只能被转化[23]。土壤Cd具有很强的迁移性,容易被植物吸收,并能够通过食物链对人群造成潜在的健康风险[24]。发生在2013年的湖南镉大米事件便是农田土壤Cd污染的鲜明案例[25]。进行农田Cd污染防治是维护粮食安全、保障人体健康的必要举措。据报道,中国11个省市的25个地区存在土壤Cd污染问题,Cd污染土壤的面积占耕地总面积的1/6[26],这对于食品安全和人体健康具有潜在危害。此外,很多城市郊区土壤中的重金属污染较为严重[27]。基于当前现状,健全土壤环境监测监管体系,结合实际进行防治和修复农田土壤Cd污染十分必要。
农田土壤重金属Cd污染的来源可分为自然源和人为源。自然源主要包括土壤母质、岩石的风化作用及大气沉降等。人为源主要有工业源(工业生产排放的含镉废水)、农业源(含镉化肥及农药的过度施用)、交通工具燃油排放的尾气等方面[28],是造成农田土壤Cd污染的主要来源。土壤母质、类型等因素在宏观上决定了农田土壤重金属的空间变化,而人类活动是引起农田土壤重金属污染的最根本原因[29]。大气沉降是重金属被吸附于大气中的颗粒物或悬浮物表面,通过大气湿沉降和干沉降方式进入到农田土壤当中,通过不断积累到一定程度后就会导致土壤污染。自然界中的Cd主要存在于地壳表面,母岩的风化有助于Cd的释放。镁铁质和超镁铁质岩石中含有大量的Cd,风化时会将Cd释放于土壤环境中[30]
采矿、冶炼等工业生产活动产生的尾矿、废水、废渣、废气等含有大量的重金属,若处理未达标而排放到周边农田环境中,则易造成污染。杨树峰等[31]发现研究区土壤总体呈强酸性,镉含量范围为0.204~27.984 mg/kg,同时农田土壤镉污染的主要来源为炼锌厂地块,越靠近该污染源,土壤和地表水中的镉含量就越高。梁雅雅等[32]对广东省某铅锌矿区尾矿库周边农田土壤重金属污染状况进行了分析,结果发现稻田土壤和蔬菜土壤中Cd的点位超标率分别达到100.0%和75.9%。陈宇宁等[33]发现江西南丰蜜桔土壤中Cd存在不同程度的潜在风险,其含量高值存在于城区工业园区附近,通过源解析表明Cd主要来自工业活动。农业生产上为提高农作物产量所用的含镉化肥、农药等易残留于农田土壤中,随着地表径流等途径可能进一步污染土壤、地下水等,并且能够富集于农作物体内,影响作物生长和产量,通过食物链则易危害人体健康。Huang等[34]研究发现湖北某农田土壤中Cd平均含量超出背景水平,主成分分析表明Cd主要来源于农药和化肥的施用。王信凯等[35]以长三角地区典型城市的农田土壤Cd为研究对象,发现具有高投入的农药和化肥使用背景的地区已造成当地农田土壤中Cd的积累。
土壤重金属Cd污染修复技术主要有物理修复、化学修复、生物修复以及联合修复等技术,如图2所示。这些技术主要是通过改变土壤中重金属Cd的赋存形态,降低Cd的总量及其生物有效性、毒性和迁移性,进而实现农田Cd污染的修复。目前,修复重金属Cd污染土壤主要是改变Cd在土壤中的赋存形态,降低生物有效态Cd含量而增加残渣态Cd含量,降低其活性和迁移性[30]
物理修复是利用物理方法进行农田Cd污染土壤快速修复的一种技术,主要包括翻土、客土和填埋等工程措施、电动修复、热处理以及玻璃化技术等[4,36],如表1所示。翻土法和客土法的应用前提是需要判断污染土壤的性质及其受Cd污染的程度,通常适用于受重金属Cd污染较轻的土壤[4]。翻土法需要对深层和表层土壤进行混匀,对土壤肥力可能造成负面影响,不利于农田Cd污染的修复。这两种方法在一定程度上能够解决污染问题,但费时费力、不利于进行大面积污染土壤的修复。而填埋方法易影响土壤原来的结构和性质,同样操作较为繁琐,因此应用范围有限、实际应用较少。热处理修复技术主要依靠高温条件促使Cd组分的挥发,修复效率高、周期短、适用性强,但消耗能量大、修复成本高。采用热处理技术进行土壤修复时,需要严格设计并操作加热和蒸汽收集系统,以防污染物的扩散而导致二次污染[37];同时要格外注意加热温度的控制。温度过高容易使土壤中其他原有组分挥发和转化而造成一定干扰,并且容易导致土壤养分的逸散和微生物群落的破坏,不利于植物生长发育和农业土壤生态修复;此外,加热时间也会对Cd的热处理修复效果有一定影响,合适的处理时间和加热温度更有利于Cd的去除。总体而言,热处理技术在农田土壤重金属污染的修复方面具有很大的应用局限性。而玻璃化技术将Cd固定于形成的结构稳定的玻璃体物质中[38],可有效防止Cd在土壤中的迁移和转化,修复效果良好。但该技术同样需要昂贵仪器设备,能耗大、成本高,而且容易破坏土壤生态结构,减少有机质含量,这也限制了其在农业土壤修复方面的实际应用。
相比之下,电动修复技术具有环保、高效、修复周期短、可原位修复等特点[30],方便集中处理土壤中的镉离子,并且能够同时去除多种土壤重金属,长期效果良好[39]。其修复设备以直流电极为核心,两极之间形成电场,促使镉离子向电极移动,电场强度的大小直接决定了对重金属Cd的去除效率。而蓄积于电极上的Cd可通过电镀、电极上的吸附/沉淀、在电极附近抽水或与离子交换树脂络合等方法来实现有效去除[40]。在电动修复中电极的布置一般有3种方式,如图3所示[41]。但该技术在实际应用过程中的可控性较差[42],容易受到土壤原有组分和pH等理化性质的影响[43],同时易造成土壤原来的结构、理化性质、微生物丰度等发生变化,影响土壤肥力和作物生长,因而其修复效能和技术水平有待进一步提升与完善。许多学者将电动修复技术应用于土壤镉污染修复,展现了较高的修复效果。崔路遥等[44]研究表明乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,EDTA)组作电解液时,修复效果优于柠檬酸组和酒石酸组;镉离子会在迁移过程中产生富集现象,并且土壤中各区域镉的弱酸提取态和可还原态占比最多。章梅等[45]研究发现在电压梯度为2 V/cm,修复时间为10 d的条件下,采用柠檬酸作为电解液对棕壤和红壤中Cd的平均去除率达到91.1%。电动修复的效率受到处理时间、土壤污染物类型和数量、土壤类型、pH和有机质含量等因素的综合制约[46],该技术目前仍然处于发展阶段[41]。在具有高修复效率的前提下实现低修复费用和低能耗,同时尽可能降低对土壤环境的影响是电动修复技术的主要研究方向。总之,物理修复技术一般需要结合化学、生物修复等相关技术联合进行,这样往往能够提升实际效果。
Cd污染土壤化学修复是通过向污染土壤中加入化学修复剂,借助其与土壤中重金属Cd之间发生的化学反应如沉淀、吸附、氧化还原、水解等,使Cd浓度下降、总量减少、活性降低,从而改善土壤环境质量而进行的一种治理方法。目前,化学修复技术主要有固化/稳定化、化学钝化以及土壤淋洗等[4,41]。其中化学钝化修复是高效、经济性高、安全的Cd污染土壤修复技术[52],适用于农田土壤Cd污染治理。表2比较了Cd污染农田土壤化学修复技术的优缺点和修复效果。
固化/稳定化技术是指将固化剂或稳定化剂加入Cd污染土壤中,通过固化/稳定化剂与重金属Cd的吸附、螯合、离子交换和化学沉淀等作用来降低土壤中Cd含量,从而使其迁移性、溶解性、毒性和生物有效性下降的一种方法[56-57]。选取环境友好、经济实用的固化/稳定化剂是技术应用的关键前提。常见的固化/稳定化剂主要有水泥、石灰、矿物材料、金属氧化物以及生物炭等[58]。施加石灰、粉煤灰等碱性材料能够提高土壤pH,促使镉离子形成沉淀[59],促进Cd的稳定化。作为矿物材料,黏土矿物如高岭土、蒙脱石、沸石和海泡石等被广泛用于农田土壤重金属固化/稳定化。铁、锰等金属氧化物具有较大的比表面积、优良的孔隙结构和致密的活性官能团[58],在固化/稳定化处理土壤Cd方面具有很大优势并已得到广泛应用。植物吸收重金属Cd取决于农用土壤中Cd有效态的含量,而固化/稳定化技术关键在降低土壤中Cd等重金属的生物有效态含量和可迁移性。
近年来,生物炭作为一种新型土壤重金属修复材料,一般呈碱性,具有较高的阳离子交换量[37],比表面积大、孔隙致密丰富、表面官能团丰富,对于土壤重金属具有良好的吸附固定性能,极具发展潜力。郑丽颖等[60]研究发现700 ℃条件下制备的黄豆秸秆生物炭对土壤中Cd的吸附量达到26.8 mg/g。
Wang等[61]将制备的复合改性生物炭应用于农田土壤和蔬菜土壤,结果表明复合改性生物炭能够降低Cd在土壤中的迁移性,使其转化为更加稳定的组分。图4表示了利用固化/稳定化技术去除农田土壤Cd的机理,表3对比了不同固化/稳定化剂修复土壤Cd的效果。固化/稳定化修复技术作为一种原位修复技术,操作简单、便捷易行、成本较低、修复周期短,能够修复多种重金属复合污染土壤,但其主要是通过改变重金属Cd的赋存形态,使其固定/稳定化,并不能从根本上实现Cd的去除[36]。因此,固化/稳定化技术需与其他修复技术相结合,实现优势互补,降低Cd的生态风险,从而有效去除Cd。
化学钝化是指向Cd污染农田土壤中外源加入环境友好型钝化剂,使其与土壤中的镉离子发生吸附、离子交换、氧化还原、螯合以及沉淀等反应并通过改变土壤的pH、阳离子交换量和氧化还原电位等来改变Cd在土壤中的赋存形态,从而降低其在土壤中的生物有效性,减少植物对重金属的吸收,阻断其通过食物链的传播[67-68]。该技术具有操作易行、修复效率高、成本较低、可原位修复和实用性强等特点,适用并已被广泛应用于农田土壤重金属Cd污染修复[69]。当前,化学钝化剂主要包括无机钝化剂(含磷材料、黏土矿物、石灰和粉煤灰等)、有机钝化剂(生物炭、有机肥、腐殖酸等)、复合钝化剂(多种钝化剂按一定比例组成)以及新型纳米材料等[70-71]。其中,生物炭和纳米材料对土壤重金属污染的修复是近年来的研究热点。此外,多种钝化剂结合使用是进行土壤重金属修复的一个研究趋势,其在一定程度上有助于提高修复效率。
生物炭是由农林废弃物(作物秸秆、木材等)、动物粪便、果皮、城市污泥等固废生物质在缺氧或无氧条件下高温热解制备而成的黑色固态残渣,其原料来源广泛、容易获取且成本低廉。生物炭因其大的比表面积、高孔隙度、丰富的含氧官能团而具有吸附土壤重金属的能力,可通过静电引力、离子交换、沉淀、物理吸附和络合等作用来钝化重金属[72],并且通过酸、碱、金属等改性处理在一定程度上能够提升其重金属钝化效果。Li等[73]发现镁铝改性生物炭主要通过静电引力、沉淀和表面络合等作用钝化土壤Cd,并且对Cd的钝化效率为66%。
Jia等[74]研究发现棉花秸秆生物炭的施加能够提高土壤pH,使土壤可提取态Cd含量降低71.0%。但同时随着施加时间的延长,生物炭的理化性质可能会发生变化,导致其功能出现老化现象,由此对农田土壤的影响尚不清晰,需引起关注并深入探究,同时生物炭的长期效果也需持续关注和研究。
近年来,纳米材料作为一种新型钝化剂,具有比表面积大、吸附性能强、表面活性高等优点,对环境污染物具有较强的吸附性能,因而被广泛应用于土壤重金属污染治理[75]。作为钝化剂施加入土壤后,纳米材料能够改变土壤的pH,降低重金属Cd在土壤中的有效性[76]。李柯衡等[70]研究发现添加纳米生物炭、纳米羟基磷灰石和纳米零价铁后,农田土壤pH分别提高了0.73、0.72、0.16个单位,土壤DTPA和TCLP可提取态Cd含量分别降低46.4%和32.0%、67.9%和41.2%、54.8%和28.9%,并且小白菜中的Cd含量均有显著降低,提高了小白菜的干重和营养品质。Fan等[77]采用亚氨基二乙酸螯合剂包覆核-壳纳米颗粒,获得FS@IDA修复材料用于土壤修复,发现土壤中Cd浓度由10.91 mg/kg降低至1.639 mg/kg,去除率达到84.9%。
土壤淋洗是将含有无机类淋洗剂(MgCl2、FeCl3、HCl等)、螯合剂(EDTA、DTPA等)、表面活性剂(DDT、SDS等)或天然有机酸(草酸、酒石酸等)等的水溶液加入镉污染土壤中进行反复淋洗,通过淋洗剂与土壤Cd的螯合、固定、离子交换、溶解等作用去除土壤Cd[78-79],实现Cd污染土壤的修复。其中,EDTA具有较优的螯合能力和淋洗效果,被广泛应用于农田Cd污染修复[80]。Rui等[81]采用EDTA作为淋洗剂,研究发现两次添加0.1 mol/L EDTA和去离子水,淋洗3次后对土壤Cd的去除率达到88.1%。杨甜莉等[82]以广东省韶关某地重金属污染农田土壤为研究对象,将EDTA作为淋洗剂进行修复实验,研究表明EDTA在0.13 mol/L时对土壤有效Cd的去除率达到84%;同时发现当EDTA与柠檬酸混合体积为1∶1时对Cd的去除率为85.91%,修复效果有所提高。
淋洗技术具有见效快、修复效果较好、易于操作等特点,但容易造成土壤营养成分的减少[42],所洗脱的废液可能导致二次污染,而且技术成本相对较高等[36]。开发和选取低成本、高效、环保的淋洗剂是采用淋洗技术修复农田土壤Cd污染的关键,既能够在环境友好的前提下满足镉污染土壤修复的要求,又能够保持土壤结构和功能的完整性。
Cd污染农田土壤生物修复是利用生物对重金属Cd的吸收、转化和代谢作用,改变其存在价态和赋存形态,从而去除土壤重金属Cd。根据参与修复主体的不同,生物修复可分为植物修复、动物修复和微生物修复,具有环境友好、高效、可原位修复等特点,具有良好的发展前景,已成为近年来的研究热点。Cd污染农田土壤生物修复技术对比如表4所示。
植物修复是利用对Cd具有高耐受性的植物作为修复材料,将其种植于Cd污染土壤中,通过植物对镉离子的吸收、转化、富集等过程降低或消除土壤中Cd含量[86-87]。根据修复原理的区别,植物修复技术通常可分为植物挥发、植物萃取、植物固定、根际生物降解和根际过滤等技术[88],其中植物萃取技术被认为最具应用前景,其是利用龙葵等超富集植物从土壤中吸收重金属,将其转移、储存到茎叶等器官再进行集中处理,实现重金属的去除[89]。王聪等[3]以两种不同甘蓝型油菜苏油一号和绵新油68现场修复Cd污染场地,发现两种油菜种植2个月后,试验场地土壤Cd含量从0.76~1.36 mg/kg下降到0.15~0.48 mg/kg。种植4个月后,土壤Cd含量下降至0.17~0.34 mg/kg。刘沙沙等[90]通过盆栽实验发现三叶鬼针草、印度芥菜和黑麦对济源市某农用地污染土壤中Cd的耐性较强,3种植物地上部分富集Cd的浓度顺序为三叶鬼针草>印度芥菜>黑麦,并且三叶鬼针草对Cd的修复效率最高。Li等[91]以伴矿景天为修复植物,发现其在修复酸性Cd污染土壤时,地上部分Cd含量为550 mg/kg,连续多季节种植会使土壤Cd含量显著降低。植物修复具有环保、经济、有效、修复耗时长等特点,在实际应用时宜将其与其他修复技术相结合,获得更高的修复效益。采用植物修复技术修复镉污染农田土壤关键在于筛选出合适、高效、生物量大、耐镉性强且生长迅速的超积累植物[36],并且受季节变化影响小。
动物修复是以土壤中的蚯蚓、鼠类等大型动物作为修复主体对土壤中的Cd进行吸收、转化、分解等过程并采取措施将动物与土壤分离,从而降低Cd含量。Mostafaii等[92]利用蚯蚓修复Cd污染土壤,研究发现蚯蚓对土壤中Cd的平均去除率可以达到62%。动物修复在一定程度上能够改善土壤环境质量,促进土壤养分循环,保持土壤肥力,但其修复重金属的能力有限,今后需要不断探索动物修复与植物修复、微生物修复等技术进行联合修复以提升对重金属的去除效果。
微生物修复是更加环保、经济、健康的修复技术,被认为是生物修复技术中最具发展潜力和应用前景的修复技术。农田土壤中的重金属Cd不能被生物降解,可被微生物转化。微生物细胞具有体积小、繁殖速度快、容易培养、营养类型丰富、易发生变异、成本低廉等特点而被广泛用于土壤重金属污染修复。微生物对土壤Cd的修复主要是借助微生物细胞对镉离子的吸附、沉淀、氧化还原、离子交换以及络合等作用而降低土壤Cd的生物毒性、迁移性和有效性来实现。林晓燕等[93]从Cd污染稻田土壤中筛选出两株对镉具有较强耐性的细菌菌株,分别鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae),研究发现两株菌株分别在LB固体培养基上耐受400、300 mg/L的Cd2+,并且两株菌株对Cd均具有较高的吸附效率。Cheng等[94]采用4种内生菌,通过土培试验和盆栽试验发现,接种内生菌后,土壤pH有效降低,弱酸提取Cd和可氧化Cd含量增加,可还原Cd和残留Cd含量降低。微生物生长、繁殖等活动以及对重金属Cd的转化、吸附等作用受到温度、pH等条件的影响,适宜微生物生存繁殖的环境更能够使其发挥对Cd的转化去除作用,因而微生物修复技术的应用需要关注外界环境条件的变化以及土著微生物的影响等,同时需要筛选和驯化高效耐镉的微生物菌种。多菌种协同修复是未来微生物修复技术的发展趋势。Wang等[95]将分离鉴定的Enterobacter sp. A11和Comamonas sp. A23两种菌株用于盆栽实验,结果表明在低、中、高镉胁迫条件下土壤稳定态Cd含量增加116.7%~213.4%,同时植物地上部分Cd含量下降38.6%~71.3%;此外,两种菌株对Cd的作用机制是通过产生H2S与被细胞吸附的Cd2+由沉淀作用形成CdS。
联合修复是指采用物理、化学和生物修复中的两种或两种以上修复技术相结合对农田土壤污染进行修复,在一定程度上能够弥补采用一种修复技术的不足,发挥各项技术的优势,实现优势互补,有助于提高修复效果,具有广阔的应用前景。表5总结对比了不同组合的修复技术对农田Cd污染的修复效果。对于中低浓度Cd污染农田土壤,采用化学钝化剂和低累积作物联合修复有望实现Cd超标农田土壤的安全利用;而对于高浓度Cd污染土壤,采取物理、化学、生物等修复技术相互结合进行治理则具有较大的应用可行性。
有研究发现添加耐镉土壤微生物和油菜内生菌既能够促进油菜根部和地上部分的生长,也能将油菜对Cd的吸收效率提高16%~74%[103]。陈亮妹等[104]研究表明施用生物有机肥可降低Cd重度污染农田中各小麦品种的Cd含量且平均降低百分率为29.9%,小麦品种和生物有机肥联合修复农田土壤Cd表现出较好的效果。可见,联合修复技术能够发挥较单一修复方法高的修复效率,提升修复效益。生物炭与化学淋洗剂、钝化剂、植物以及微生物等联合修复是土壤重金属修复的主要研究趋势与发展方向。李明等[105]采用EDTA-2Na淋洗剂和玉米秸秆生物炭联合修复镉污染土壤,结果表明EDTA-2Na对Cd的淋洗效率为81.3%,使有效态Cd下降51.0%;淋洗后加入3%玉米秸秆生物炭可使土壤中的有效态Cd含量从8.13 mg/kg降低至0.42 mg/kg,能够有效降低Cd污染带来的生态风险。选择经济适用、取长补短、科学可行、高效环保的联合修复技术是进行农田Cd污染防控的关键。
在生态文明建设背景下,Cd污染农田土壤的修复必须在具有生态效益的前提下进行,因而开发绿色、可持续、经济、高效的修复技术十分必要,这对于促进经济和社会高质量发展、保障农产品安全和人类健康等具有十分重要的现实意义。Cd污染农田土壤的修复是一个相对复杂的工程,单一修复技术难以实现污染的有效去除和控制,往往需要采取多种技术联合修复并且结合轮作、间作、刈割以及水分调控等农田园艺措施进行管理以达到理想的效果。当前,生物炭材料、纳米材料等化学钝化剂、微生物菌剂和联合修复技术在Cd污染农田土壤修复中的应用是研究热点和难点,具有广阔的发展空间和应用潜力;但同时,不同修复材料和措施对农田土壤结构、性质、功能等的影响需长期监测和深入研究。未来,农田土壤Cd污染的修复和治理需要关注以下方面。
(1)建立健全农田Cd污染监测管理体系,严格控制农田Cd人为输入污染源。农田生态保护以科学预防为主,从源头进行系统治理和有效防控,根据地区差异因地施策、分区分类进行防治,切实提高农田土壤Cd连续监测、风险管控和污染治理效率,实现Cd污染农田安全利用,有效保障农产品安全和人体健康。
(2)科学合理分析与评估农田土壤Cd污染程度,有针对性采取多种修复技术和管理措施联合治理。根据土壤Cd污染程度、Cd赋存形态、修复目标以及技术可行性等因素,综合考虑农田土壤修复的经济成本、修复周期和对周边生态环境的影响,采取最佳的修复方式开展修复是农田土壤Cd污染修复的关键,并进行必要的园艺管理。此外,修复技术的选择应当寻求不同组合技术之间的协调性和适用性,在提高农田土壤Cd污染修复效果的同时能够实现生态环境保护与修复效益最大化。
(3)选择适宜的经济作物并采取风险管理和修复措施进行Cd污染农田边生产边修复,对于农业生产和经济发展意义重大。农田土壤Cd污染修复技术需不断推进技术创新和协同增效以强化田间实际修复效率,在长时间的修复周期内持续关注和研究修复技术对农田生态、土壤结构和功能等方面的影响,进行长期监测、生态评估和适时调控,争取使修复技术的潜在环境风险降至最低。
  • 西藏大学国家级大学生创新训练项目(202310694016)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402996
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 修回日期:2024-12-30
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西藏大学国家级大学生创新训练项目(202310694016)
中央财政支持地方高校发展专项(2023年1号)
中央财政支持地方高校发展专项(2024年1号)
西藏大学人才发展激励计划青年学者项目(2025年1号)
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    1 西藏大学生态环境学院, 拉萨 850000
    2 西藏泽邦环境工程咨询有限公司, 日喀则 857000

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* 李伟(1986—),男,汉族,湖北汉川人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:土壤环境化学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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